Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/patient/breast-treatment-pdq

  Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast. […] The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the cells of the ducts and makes up about 70% to 80% of all breast cancer cases. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast begins in the lining of a breast duct (milk duct) and spreads outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. […] For more information about breast cancer, see: Breast Cancer Prevention, Breast Cancer Screening, Breast Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy, Male Breast Cancer Treatment, Childhood Breast Cancer Treatment. […] The use of certain medicines and other factors decrease the risk of breast cancer. […] Protective factors for breast cancer include the following: Taking any of the following: Estrogen-only hormone therapy after a hysterectomy, Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), Aromatase inhibitors.

• #1 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer occurs when a cell in the breast mutates and starts multiplying rapidly. […] Fortunately, new treatments have pushed the disease’s five-year survival rate to 90%. […] Several factors determine what type of breast cancer you have, your prognosis, and your treatment options. […] Non-invasive ductal carcinoma (also called ductal carcinoma in situ, or DCIS) is an early cancer stage that has not spread beyond the ducts. […] If ductal carcinoma spreads to the surrounding tissue, it is considered invasive. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer. […] Medical oncologist Dr. Senthil Damodaran weighed in and said I didn’t need chemotherapy. […] But I did have four weeks of radiation therapy under radiation oncologist Dr. Wendy Woodward, whose team was absolutely phenomenal.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | Treatment Options for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/treatment.html

  If youve been diagnosed with breast cancer, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. Its important that you think carefully about each of your choices and weigh the benefits of each treatment option against the possible risks and side effects. […] Some treatments, like surgery and radiation, are local, meaning they treat the tumor without affecting the rest of the body. Most women with breast cancer will have some type of surgery to remove the tumor. Depending on the type of breast cancer and how advanced it is, you might need other types of treatment as well, either before or after surgery, or sometimes both. […] Drugs used to treat breast cancer are considered systemic therapies because they can reach cancer cells almost anywhere in the body. Some can be given by mouth, injected into a muscle, or put directly into the bloodstream. Depending on the type of breast cancer, different types of drug treatment might be used, including:

• #1 Breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475

  A lumpectomy involves removing the cancer and some of the healthy tissue that surrounds it. […] During a total mastectomy, the surgeon removes the breast tissue, nipple, areola and skin. This procedure also is known as a simple mastectomy. […] Sentinel node biopsy identifies the first few lymph nodes into which a tumor drains. The surgeon uses a harmless dye and a weak radioactive solution to locate the sentinel nodes. The nodes are removed and tested for signs of cancer. […] Breast cancer surgery typically involves a procedure to remove the breast cancer and a procedure to remove some nearby lymph nodes. […] External beam radiation uses high-powered beams of energy to kill cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. […] Hormone therapy uses medicines to block certain hormones in the body.

• #1 Taking Charge: How Is Breast Cancer Treated? | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/taking-charge-how-is-breast-cancer-treated

  The breast cancer mortality rate the number of breast cancer deaths per 100,000 women has declined in the past decade, most likely due to new, more effective treatments and increased screening of women leading to early detection. […] Treatment options may include the following: […] A total mastectomy is surgical removal of the breast, including as much breast tissue as possible, the nipple and some of the overlying skin. […] A modified radical mastectomy is a more extensive operation that removes not only the entire breast, but also lymph nodes under the arm (axillary nodes). […] Knowing whether the axilliary nodes are involved, or „positive” for cancer, helps your doctor determine whether your cancer is likely to have spread beyond the breast, and which additional treatments, such as chemotherapy, are most likely to help you.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/breast-cancer/treatment/

  Any breast surgery should be performed by an experienced breast surgeon who meets the standards set by European Breast Surgical Oncology Certification (BRESO) and the ECIBC Breast Cancer Service Requirements. The surgeon is a lead member of the multidisciplinary team. A list of certified surgeons is available on the BRESO website. When planning for surgery, clip-marking is used. It a technique where a small, 2-3 mm device of is placed in the breast tissue to indicate where the surgical excision needs to be made. The European Breast Cancer Guidelines recommend that the clip be placed at the time of biopsy. This avoids the need for an additional procedure to insert it before surgery. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is usually performed during the surgery to remove the primary tumour but can be performed before or afterward. This process uses a radioactive substance or blue dye to locate the first lymph nodes to which a tumour is likely to spread. These nodes are then removed and examined by the pathologist for cancer cells as a sign of the tumour having spread beyond the breast. Removing sentinel lymph nodes is preferable to removal of all lymph nodes in order to reduce the occurrence of lymphoedema. Depending on the tumour size and characteristics, a woman may be offered breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. With BCS (also known as lumpectomy), just the tumour and surrounding area are removed in order to maintain the integrity and appearance of the breast. This is recommended only for lower grade cancers, usually in combination with radiotherapy. When a tumour is larger or more invasive, a mastectomy can be performed to remove the whole breast. Depending on the degree of invasiveness, this may also involve axillary lymph node dissection, or removing some of the muscles in the chest wall. Partial mastectomy is another approach for lower grade tumours. Nipple-sparing mastectomy removes the breast tissue while maintaining the nipple. This is particularly useful for breast reconstruction, where the breast is surgically rebuilt and an artificial implant is inserted. This procedure should be performed at the time of the primary surgery or up to 1 year afterwards, as stated in the ECIBC Manual for Breast Cancer Services. This procedure should be offered and covered by the national health system. After surgery, the removed lymph nodes and breast tissue undergo pathology testing to provide information about the tumour that will be essential for later treatment decisions.

• #1 Overview of Breast Cancer Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6092031/

  Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and mastectomy are both well-established local therapies for invasive breast cancer. Multiple randomized clinical trials with follow-up of up to 20 years have demonstrated that BCT is safe and has survival outcomes equivalent to mastectomy in stage I and II breast cancer. […] BCT involves excision of the tumor (lumpectomy) followed by adjuvant whole breast irradiation (WBI). In order to perform BCT, it must be possible to excise the tumor to negative margins with an acceptable cosmetic outcome, the patient must be able to receive radiotherapy, and the breast must be suitable for follow-up to allow prompt detection of local recurrence. […] Adjuvant radiation following lumpectomy decreases local failure rates by about 50% and increases breast cancer-specific survival.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  The American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) recommends the following selection criteria when patients are being considered for treatment with accelerated PBI: Age 45 years for all tumor types; All invasive subtypes or DCIS; Total tumor size (invasive and DCIS) 3 cm; T stage Tis, T1, T2 ( 3 cm); Margins; No tumor on ink for invasive tumors or tumors involved with DCIS; 2 mm for DCIS; Node negative; Multifocal acceptable if total span of tumors is 3 cm; Estrogen receptor positive or negative; Focal lymphovascular invasion; No genetic mutations. […] Attention to bone health is an important aspect of managing breast cancer in women. Many women with breast cancer are postmenopausal and therefore at increased risk for osteoporosis. […] Increasing evidence indicates that in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer, adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment not only improves bone density but also decreases bone metastasis and improves overall survival.

• #1 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  The main treatment for breast cancer in women and people with breasts is usually surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatment with hormones (hormone therapy), and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you may have depends on you how big the cancer is and if it has spread. […] Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells. […] Hormone therapy uses medicines to either lower the amount of certain hormones in the body or block certain hormones from getting to breast cancer cells. […] Targeted medicines kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with secondary or advanced breast cancer, it may be hard to treat and not possible to cure. The aim of treatment will be to slow down the spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, help you feel better and help you live longer.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breast-cancer-therapy

  Minor complications include slight swelling of the breast during radiotherapy. More serious complications include radiation therapy given to the axillary lymph nodes which can increase the risk of patients developing arm swelling following axillary dissection. […] The major goal of follow-up is, if possible, to detect and treat recurrences in the irradiated breast or lymph nodes and new cancers developing later in either breast before they can spread to other parts of the body. Annual follow-up mammograms are an important part of your care. […] Partial breast irradiation with brachytherapy and IORT or IMRT is being explored and compared to whole breast irradiation.

• #1 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Healthcare providers may treat breast cancer with surgery to remove tumors or treatment to kill cancerous cells. […] Healthcare providers determine cancer types and subtypes so they can tailor treatment to be as effective as possible with the fewest possible side effects. […] Providers may combine surgery with one or more of the following treatments: Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, including intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), Immunotherapy, Hormone therapy, including selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) therapy, Targeted therapy. […] People react differently to breast cancer treatments. […] If youre having breast cancer surgery, ask your healthcare provider to explain potential complications, which may include: Infection at the surgical site, Blood clots that can happen after surgery, Nerve damage, Lymphedema.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/breast-cancer/treatment

  In some cases, your treatment team, including your surgeon and medical oncologist may recommend that you receive systemic treatment (chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and/or targeted therapy) for your breast cancer before you have your breast surgery. […] Radiation therapy is a non-invasive form of cancer treatment that uses various forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. […] Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center radiation oncologists were among the first to develop the „deep inspiration breath-hold” technique that involves the patient holding her breath at the deep inspiration level, allowing for the delivery of radiation beams to effectively treat tumors while eliminating direct irradiation of the heart. […] At Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, our breast cancer specialists incorporate survivorship into each patient’s overall care, so physicians and nurses in the Breast Oncology Treatment Center start helping patients become familiar with cancer survivorship even before treatment ends. […] We believe that our patients should get expert survivorship care in the same way that they receive outstanding cancer care in a comprehensive, personalized fashion.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment Options – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-treatment/

  In general, there are five treatment options, and most treatment plans include a combination of the following: surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Some are local, targeting just the area around the tumor. Others are systemic, targeting your whole body with cancer fighting agents. […] A breast cancer care team consists of several specialists of your choosing, including a medical oncologist, surgical oncologist, and more. […] Chemotherapy is a treatment method that uses a combination of drugs to either destroy cancer cells or slow down the growth of cancer cells. […] Radiation uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It is often used after breast cancer surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells. […] Hormonal therapy uses drugs to block or lower the body’s natural hormones in order to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancers.

• #1 Treatment of Early Breast Cancer

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/by-diagnosis/early-stage/

  Neoadjuvant therapy is treatment given before surgery. Treatment can be chemotherapy, HER2-targeted therapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy. […] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, usually all the chemotherapy to treat the breast cancer is given before surgery. […] If your tumor is HER2-positive, you may get neoadjuvant trastuzumab (Herceptin) and neoadjuvant pertuzumab (Perjeta) in addition to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. […] If you have triple negative breast cancer with a high risk of recurrence, you may get neoadjuvant pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in addition to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. […] Some postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive tumors may get neoadjuvant hormone therapy (usually with an aromatase inhibitor) instead of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. […] Throughout your treatment and beyond, you’ll get care from many health care providers. […] Although the exact treatment for breast cancer varies from person to person, evidence-based guidelines help make sure high-quality care is given. […] Research is ongoing to improve all areas of treatment for breast cancer.

• #1 Breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

  Breast cancer screening can be instrumental, given that the size of a breast cancer and its spread are among the most critical factors in predicting the prognosis of the disease. […] In those who have been diagnosed with cancer, a number of treatments may be used, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy. […] Types of surgery vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy. […] After surgery, many undergo radiotherapy to decrease the chance of cancer recurrence. […] Chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurring in the next ten years by around a third. […] For those whose tumors are HER2-positive, adding the HER2-targeted antibody trastuzumab to chemotherapy reduces the chance of cancer recurrence and death by at least a third.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/breast-cancer/treatment/

  Some tumours overexpress HER2, and a specific treatment called trastuzumab blocks the HER2 receptors and stops HER2-associated tumour growth. This treatment is administered intravenously. It is used in people with HER2-positive tumours, commonly in combination with chemotherapy. The combination of anti-HER2 therapy and chemotherapy in women with HER2-positive disease has been shown to approximately halve the risk of recurrence and mortality compared with chemotherapy alone. This type of treatment should be covered by the health system and made available to women as part of the standard therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. […] Chemotherapy is recommended in the vast majority of women with triple-negative, HER2-positive breast cancers and in those with high-risk luminal-like HER2-negative tumours. Oestrogen-receptor-negative tumours show the most benefit from chemotherapy. The most common regimens are based on anthracyclines and taxanes. A therapy of anthracycline followed by a taxane-based therapy regimen is the standard approach for most patients. This sequential use is more effective and less toxic than administering them together. The more common side effects of these treatments can be transitory, such as hair loss, or more lasting such as heart damage with anthracyclines and nerve damage with taxanes. Nonetheless, these therapy regimens reduce breast cancer mortality by about one-third. Chemotherapy can also be administered before surgery to reduce the size of the tumour.

• #1 Do You Still Need Chemo for Breast Cancer? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/chemo-for-breast-cancer

  Some breast cancer patients are getting less chemo or bypassing it resulting in less anxiety, fewer side effects, and better outcomes. Breast cancer is highly treatable, and the majority of patients who receive proper care live long, healthy lives. Cancer treatments have changed to the point where women with certain types of breast cancers need less treatment than they might have anticipated. While some form of surgery either a mastectomy or lumpectomy will usually still be necessary, chemotherapy, a range of drugs that can eradicate cancer cells but cause harsh side effects, might be minimized or not used at all for some patients. In fact, some patients may ultimately do better on other therapies. The more targeted treatments get, the more potential there is to tailor treatment for the individual. We now have clinical trial results showing that many women don’t need to do all of this very toxic therapy.

• #1 Hormone therapy for breast cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/care-sheets/hormone-therapy-for-breast-cancer

  Hormone therapy to treat breast cancer uses drugs or treatments to lower levels or block the action of female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) in a woman’s body. This helps slow the growth of many breast cancers. […] Hormone therapy makes cancer less likely to return after breast cancer surgery. It also slows the growth of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] Hormone therapy can also be used to help prevent cancer in women at high risk for breast cancer. […] Hormone therapy only works on hormone-sensitive cancers. To see if hormone therapy may work, doctors test a sample of the tumor that has been removed during surgery to see if the cancer might be sensitive to hormones. […] Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a drug that prevents estrogen from telling cancer cells to grow. It has a number of benefits: Taking Tamoxifen for 5 years after breast cancer surgery cuts the chance of cancer coming back by half. Some studies show that taking it for 10 years may work even better.

• #1 Tamoxifen: Uses, Side Effects & Risks

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/9785-tamoxifen

  Tamoxifen is a hormone therapy used to treat hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. It can greatly reduce the risk of cancer recurrence (return) and invasive cancer. Some people take tamoxifen to lower the risk of developing breast cancer. The daily oral medication stops cancer cells from using estrogen and progesterone to grow and spread. […] Tamoxifen (Nolvadex or Soltamox) is a drug that treats hormone receptor-positive (hormone-positive) breast cancer. […] Healthcare providers also use tamoxifen to help prevent breast cancer in people over 35 who have a high risk of the disease. […] Since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tamoxifen in 1998, it has become one of the most widely used breast cancer treatments. […] Tamoxifen can help people with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The drug can lower the risk of breast cancer in:

• #1 Hormone therapy for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy

  The aim of treatment for secondary breast cancer is to control the cancer and give you a good quality of life. […] Tamoxifen is one of the most commonly used hormone therapies for breast cancer. […] Your doctor might recommend you take tamoxifen to lower the risk of breast cancer coming back (recurring) after surgery. […] If you can’t have tamoxifen for any reason, your doctor might recommend you have other types of hormone therapy such as an aromatase inhibitor. […] You might have an aromatase inhibitor if you have had the menopause. […] Fulvestrant is a type of hormone therapy for post menopausal women with secondary breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive. […] Elacestrant is another type of hormone treatment. It works in a similar way to fulvestrant and stops the oestrogen receptors from working.

• #1 Hormone Therapy – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-hormone-therapy/

  Aromatase inhibitors are only used in postmenopausal women. They can be given to premenopausal women if steps are taken by the treatment team to put the ovaries to sleep by blocking the ovaries from producing estrogen or progesterone. […] Hormone therapy options may include: […] Your oncologist will discuss with you the most appropriate hormonal therapy regimen based on your breast cancer pathology and your age. It is very important to take prescribed hormone therapy pills every day. Not adhering to the daily schedule and dosage as prescribed may cause you not to reap the benefits of these drugs. Overall, hormonal therapy can reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence by 50%. […] Women with metastatic breast cancer or regionally advanced breast cancer (Stage 3) that carries a high risk of progressing to Stage 4 breast cancer may be given a CDK4/6 inhibitor along with endocrine therapy, a form of hormone therapy.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/breast-cancer/treatment/

  Radiotherapy (RT) of the whole breast after breast-conserving surgery is strongly recommended because it reduces the risk of recurrence. RT after mastectomy in women with positive lymph nodes also reduces the risk of recurrence and mortality. RT can be given after immediate breast reconstruction. The most common type of RT uses a large machine to deliver radiation to the affected area to damage and kill cancer cells. It also affects healthy cells. The most common side effects are fatigue, and skin irritation or swelling in the treated area. RT is generally administered 5 days a week for 3 weeks, depending on the tumour characteristics. Other forms of RT such as partial breast radiation are also in use. […] In cases of hormone-positive tumours, women should be offered hormone therapy that limits or blocks the amount of oestrogen in the body because this hormone makes the tumours grow. Examples of hormone therapies are tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. In premenopausal women, 5 to 10 years of tamoxifen therapy is considered standard of care. In women with higher risk of recurrence, an aromatase inhibitor can be used; however, because these do not stop the ovaries from making oestrogen, ovarian function must be suppressed with other medications. Postmenopausal women can use aromatase inhibitors or tamoxifen. An aromatase inhibitor can be used from the start, or after 2 or 3 years on tamoxifen, or as extended therapy after 5 years on tamoxifen. Hormone therapy can also be started before surgery. Tamoxifen is associated with an increased risk for thromboembolic complications and endometrial hyperplasia, so women with risk factors for these complications should discuss this with their doctor. Aromatase inhibitors are associated with bone and joint pain, and increased risk of osteoporosis. In hormone-positive breast cancer, hormone therapy has been shown to reduce the risk for recurrence and to increase survival compared with no hormonal therapy.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment Options – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-treatment/

  Biologic targeted therapy uses drugs to attack or block the growth of breast cancer cells in specific ways, without harming normal cells. […] Each type of breast cancer treatment comes with unique side effects, many of which can be managed through collaboration with your care team. […] Standard treatments are approved methods to treat breast cancer. Clinical trials are research studies that may help improve treatments. […] Eating well and participating in physical activity during breast cancer treatment may help improve a patient’s overall physical and mental well-being. […] Follow-up care through regular appointments with your care team can ensure that any changes in your health are noted and treated, if needed. […] Bone health is important, no matter your age. Learn how to live a bone-healthy life and how breast cancer treatments can impact bone health. […] The most common form of treatment for breast cancer is surgery.

• #1 Breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

  After their chemotherapy course, those whose tumors are ER-positive or PR-positive benefit from endocrine therapy, which reduces the levels of estrogens and progesterones that hormone receptor-positive breast cancers require to survive. […] Women with breast cancer who had a lumpectomy or a mastectomy and kept their other breast have similar survival rates to those who had a double mastectomy. […] For around 1 in 5 people treated for localized breast cancer, their tumors eventually spread to distant body sites most commonly the nearby bones, liver, lungs, brain, and peritoneum. […] Those with metastatic disease can receive further chemotherapy, typically starting with capecitabine, an anthracycline, or a taxane. […] Up to 70% of those with ER-positive metastatic breast cancer benefit from additional endocrine therapy.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  In September 2024, the FDA approved the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the adjuvant treatment of HR-positive, HER2-negative stage II and III early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence. […] In 2022, the FDA approved adjuvant olaparib (Lynparza) for BRCA-mutated HER2-negative high-risk early breast cancer in adults who have undergone treatment with chemotherapy before or after surgery. […] Adjuvant treatment of breast cancer is designed to treat micrometastatic disease (ie, breast cancer cells that have escaped the breast and regional lymph nodes but which have not yet had an established identifiable metastasis). Treatment is aimed at reducing the risk of future recurrence, thereby reducing breast cancer-related morbidity and mortality. […] Emerging data suggest that adjuvant therapy with bisphosphonates may prevent disease recurrence and prolong survival.

• #1 6 Innovative Breast Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-treatment.html

  Yes, women who have completed breast cancer treatment often use hormone therapy to help prevent the disease from coming back. […] Immunotherapy treats cancers by waking the immune systems natural ability to defend the body from infection and disease, including cancer. […] Right now, pembrolizumab is used in combination with chemotherapy to treat metastatic triple-negative breast cancer.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p171.html

  Breast cancer treatment depends on the stage. Stage 0 is ductal carcinoma in situ, which is noninvasive but progresses to invasive cancer in up to 40% of patients. Ductal carcinoma in situ is treated with lumpectomy and radiation or with mastectomy. If ductal carcinoma in situ is estrogen receptor-positive, patients may also receive endocrine therapy. Early invasive stages (I, IIa, IIb) and locally advanced stages (IIIa, IIIb, IIIc) are nonmetastatic and have three treatment phases. The preoperative phase uses systemic endocrine or immunotherapies when tumors express estrogen, progesterone, or ERBB2 receptors. Preoperative chemotherapy may also be used and is the only option when tumors have none of those three receptors. There are two options for the surgical phase with similar survival rates; a lumpectomy with radiation if the tumor can be excised completely with good cosmetic results, or a mastectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is also performed when there is suspected nodal disease. The postoperative phase includes radiation, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Postmenopausal women should also be offered postoperative bisphosphonates. Stage IV (metastatic) breast cancer is treatable but not curable. Treatment goals include improving the length and quality of life.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  Currently, the standard treatment of DCIS is surgical resection with or without radiation. Adjuvant radiation and hormonal therapies are often reserved for younger women, patients undergoing lumpectomy, or those with the comedo subtype. […] In the United States, approximately 30% of women with DCIS are treated with mastectomy with or without reconstruction, 30% with conservative surgery alone, and 40% with conservative surgery followed by WBRT. […] However, an observational study of 108,196 women with DCIS found that although lumpectomy with radiotherapy or mastectomy reduced the risk for invasive recurrence at 10 years, that approach did not reduce breast cancer-specific mortality. […] The purpose of radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery is to eradicate local subclinical residual disease while reducing local recurrence rates by approximately 75%.

• #1 Treatments for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment

  Your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. The plan is based on your health and specific information about the cancer. What you want is also important when planning treatment. When deciding which treatments to offer for breast cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the main treatment for breast cancer. Other treatments are also used in combination to treat breast cancer, including radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is usually treated with surgery, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. […] Early-stage breast cancer is often treated with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy may also be used. […] Locally advanced breast cancer is often treated with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, surgery and radiation therapy.

• #1 Treatment of Early Breast Cancer

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/treatment/by-diagnosis/early-stage/

  With treatment, people with early breast cancer usually have a very good chance of survival. […] Treatment for early breast cancer (including invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma) includes some combination of: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy, CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitor therapy. […] Surgery is usually the first step in treating early breast cancer. […] People who have a lumpectomy usually have radiation therapy to the breast to kill any cancer cells that may remain in the breast. […] Most people get drug therapies after surgery to lower the risk of breast cancer recurrence. […] Drug therapies for early and locally advanced breast cancers include: Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, HER2-targeted therapy, CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy, Immunotherapy, PARP inhibitor therapy.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  Surgery is considered primary treatment for early-stage breast cancer; many patients are cured with surgery alone. The goals of breast cancer surgery include complete resection of the primary tumor with negative margins to reduce the risk of local recurrences and pathologic staging of the tumor and axillary lymph nodes to provide necessary prognostic information. […] Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy is used in patients with locally advanced breast cancer to reduce tumor volume and allow for definitive surgery. It may allow less extensive surgery (eg, permit breast-conserving surgery in patients who are not candidates for that on initial presentation, or obviate axillary lymph node dissection in patients who present with node-positive breast cancer). In patients with triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2) or HER2-positive disease, response to neoadjuvant therapy can guide the selection of adjuvant therapy.

• #1 Treatments for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment

  Metastatic breast cancer is usually treated with hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy and surgery. […] Recurrent breast cancer is treated with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy. […] Surgery is a medical procedure to examine, remove or repair tissue. Breast cancer is usually treated with surgery. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. Breast cancer is often treated with radiation therapy. […] Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. Breast cancer is often treated with chemotherapy. […] Hormone therapy affects hormones that cancer cells need to grow. Breast cancer is often treated with hormone therapy. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules on cancer cells. Breast cancer is sometimes treated with targeted therapy. […] Breast cancer is sometimes treated with immunotherapy. It helps strengthen the immune system to fight cancer. […] Follow-up is an important part of care for breast cancer. It often involves regular tests and visits with the healthcare team.

• #1 Treatment Planning for Breast Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/breast-cancer/patient-care-resources/treatment-planning.html

  […] […] If you have a confirmed diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer, it’s urgent that you begin treatment right away. We schedule an appointment with a medical oncologist for drug therapy and a surgeon for breast cancer surgery. […] […] […] If you have metastatic breast cancer, your care will likely be managed primarily by a medical oncologist. You will see a surgeon and radiation oncologist, if needed. […] […] […] Your appointment timing depends on your treatment goals: […] If you need treatment for a diagnosis of newly recurrent or metastatic breast cancer, you will see a medical oncologist for drug therapy. […] […] […] If you already have a diagnosis of Breast cancer and want a second opinion about treatment options, we can usually schedule you within 14 days. […] […] […] Our providers use leading edge techniques to diagnose and treat breast cancer. […] […] […] We offer additional steps to protect your health or adjust your treatment. Learn more about our Cancer Genetics Program and cancer risk assessment.

• #1 Breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

  Those with HER2-positive metastatic disease can benefit from continued use of trastuzumab, alone, in combination with pertuzumab, or in combination with chemotherapy. […] Many breast cancer therapies have side effects that can be alleviated with appropriate supportive care. […] In women with non-metastatic breast cancer, psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy can have positive effects on outcomes such as cognitive impairment, anxiety, depression and mood disturbance, and can also improve the quality of life.

• #1 Advances in Breast Cancer Care Mean More Hope and Survivorship for Patients

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/breast-cancer-treatment

  When cancer is detected, modern developments are helping to make even challenging cancers more treatable than ever before. […] There are several subtypes of breast cancer, and for every type we treat there have been treatment advances in recent years. From new immunotherapies and hormone therapy to targeted treatments, we have many more ways to treat breast cancers than even 10 years ago. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is usually treated with targeted antibodies and chemotherapy, followed by a second-line treatment that can stop the cancers progression for an additional year or so. […] Targeted and hormonal therapies use medicines that are directed toward proteins on the surface of breast cancer cells to help slow down their growth. […] Advances in survivorship have not been equally shared by all women.

• #1 Metastatic Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/metastatic-breast-cancer-symptoms-treatment/

  Chemotherapy agents […] Other therapies have been developed to target specific characteristics of cancer cells, such as proteins that allow cancer to grow unchecked. […] While surgery may be an option, it may not be the best one because it is unlikely to excise all cancer cells. However, some doctors recommend targeted surgery and/or radiation to alleviate pain or other specific symptoms.

• #1 Not your grandmother’s breast cancer treatment – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/not-your-grandmothers-breast-cancer-treatment

  Recent advances have transformed a one-size-fits-all approach into a personalized treatment arsenal. […] Indeed, while more than two million women worldwide receive a breast cancer diagnosis each year, the average risk of dying in the following five years has dropped from 14% to 5% since just the 1990s, according to a June 2023 study involving more than a half-million women. […] There’s good reason for this survival swing. While breast cancer was once believed to be a single disease requiring a single treatment approach, scientists can now categorize breast tumors by cell type, opening the door for treatment combinations tailored toward each. […] Nowadays, surgery is still de rigueur for most types of breast cancer. But once-mainstay chemotherapy may be used in smaller amounts or skipped entirely. Meanwhile, newer drugs have enabled doctors to personalize each woman’s arsenal of options. These include immunotherapy which harnesses the power of the immune system to kill cancer cells and targeted therapies aimed at gene mutations or proteins active in cancer growth.

• #1 Do You Still Need Chemo for Breast Cancer? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/chemo-for-breast-cancer

  Almost all women with HER2-positive cancers still need some amount of chemotherapy. And women with triple-negative tumors still need a relatively intensive course of chemotherapy. Specialized testing can determine which of these breast cancers will benefit from chemotherapy. Because of the personalized therapy made possible by these predictive biomarkers, the use of chemotherapy in lymph node-negative and lymph node-positive HR-positive cancers has decreased in recent years, with excellent clinical outcomes. Genomic profiling tests can help determine if a cancer is likely to return and whether or not some patients with small, early cancers will or will not benefit from chemotherapy. […] The amount of chemotherapy, if it’s needed, is typically based on such factors as the tumor subtype and other medical issues the patient may have. Multiple studies have shown that if there is an opportunity to use other, smarter, and more targeted drugs, the patients quality of life can be actually better, and they may have a better outcome. Breast surgeons and radiation oncologists have learned that less treatment is the best approach for many patients.

• #1 Cutting-Edge Breast Cancer Therapy

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/new-breast-cancer-treatments

  There’s no doubt that breast cancer treatment has made great strides in recent years. A diagnosis of breast cancer is no longer a death sentence, and the treatment is no longer more painful than the disease. Today, women with breast cancer live longer — and better — than ever before. Many are completely cured. And the future looks even brighter, with individualized, cutting-edge therapies being tested and developed right now. […] Future breast cancer treatments will be a lot smarter about the cells they target. […] By discovering precisely how tumors differ from person to person, they’ve begun creating treatments that seek out and destroy specific types of cancer cells, and only those cancer cells — leaving healthy cells alone. […] We’ve already learned, for example, that some breast cancers rely on the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to grow. In women with these so-called estrogen- and progesterone-receptor (ER and PR) positive cancers, blocking the activity of the hormones can stop growth or even shrink the tumor.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | Treatment Options for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/treatment.html

  Typically, treatment is based on the type of breast cancer and its stage. Other factors, including your overall health, menopause status, and personal preferences are also taken into account. […] Its important to discuss all of your treatment options, including their goals and possible side effects, with your doctors to help make the decision that best fits your needs. […] Clinical trials are carefully controlled research studies that are done to get a closer look at promising new treatments or procedures. Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment. In some cases they may be the only way to get access to newer treatments. […] You may hear about alternative or complementary methods to relieve symptoms or treat your cancer that your doctors havent mentioned. These methods can include vitamins, herbs, and special diets, or other methods such as acupuncture or massage, to name a few.

• #1 Treatment of Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/treatment/index.html

  Talk to your cancer doctor about the treatment options available for your type and stage of cancer. Your doctor can explain the risks and benefits of each treatment and their side effects. […] Sometimes people get an opinion from more than one cancer doctor. This is called a „second opinion.” Getting a second opinion may help you choose the treatment that is right for you. […] Clinical trials use new treatment options to see if they are safe and effective. If you have cancer, you may want to take part. […] Complementary and alternative medicine are medicines and health practices that are not standard cancer treatments. Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard treatments. Alternative medicine is used instead of standard treatments. […] Many kinds of complementary and alternative medicine have not been tested scientifically and may not be safe. Talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits before you start any kind of complementary or alternative medicine.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breast-cancer-therapy

  Many patients with a recurrence of breast cancer can be successfully treated, often with methods other than radiation if radiation was used in the initial treatment. Five-year cure rates for patients with relapse after breast conservation therapy are approximately 60 percent to 75 percent if the relapse is confined to the breast and a mastectomy is then performed. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays or a stream of particles. When radiation is used at therapeutic doses it can destroy abnormal cells that cause cancer and other illnesses. […] There are usually no immediate side effects from each radiation treatment given to the breast. Most patients develop mild fatigue that builds up gradually over the course of therapy. The most common side effect needing attention is skin reaction. Most patients develop reddening, dryness and itching of the skin after a few weeks.

• #1 Treatments for Breast Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-treatment

  Your treatment may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy. […] Most breast cancer treatments have side effects. […] Many go away when the therapy stops. […] Some may show up later. […] Common side effects include: […] Nausea […] Weight gain or loss […] Fatigue […] Arm swelling […] Hair loss […] Skin or nail changes […] Mouth sores […] Symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes […] Trouble getting pregnant […] Depression […] Trouble sleeping […] Trouble thinking clearly („chemo brain”). […] Some chemotherapy and hormone therapy drugs that treat breast cancer can cause permanent or temporary infertility or early menopause. […] Women who havent yet gone through menopause should use birth control while having these treatments because some chemotherapy drugs are linked to birth defects.

• #1 Hormone therapy for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy

  You might choose to have an operation to remove your ovaries instead of having drug treatment to stop them from working. […] Some side effects are common to all hormone therapies. […] The main side effects of hormone therapy include: hot flushes and sweating, changes to your periods if you are pre menopausal, less interest in sex, vaginal dryness or discharge, feeling sick, painful joints, mood changes, tiredness. […] All the treatments that stop your ovaries working give you an early menopause, but this might be temporary with goserelin.

• #1 10 tips for breast cancer patients during treatment | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-patient-treatment.html

  Take steps to prevent lymphedema. Lymphedema is a side effect of breast cancer treatment that involves swelling of the soft tissues of the arm, hand, or chest wall. It isnt life threatening, but it needs to be treated to avoid getting worse. […] Get exercise. Gentle exercise during treatment, such as regular walks, can help with both the mental and physical effects of treatment. […] Bone up on bone health. Keeping your bones healthy throughout your life is important; however, if youre a woman whos been diagnosed with breast cancer, bone health is especially important. Research shows that some breast cancer treatments can lead to bone loss. […] Treatment and work. Some people are able to work throughout their cancer treatment. Yet for some, reducing ones work capacity or taking a break altogether may be necessary.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | Treatment Options for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/treatment.html

  People with cancer need support and information, no matter what stage of illness they may be in. Knowing all of your options and finding the resources you need will help you make informed decisions about your care. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. Whether or not you continue treatment, there are still things you can do to help maintain or improve your quality of life. […] People who have advanced cancer and who are expected to live less than 6 months may want to consider hospice care. Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #1 Breast Cancer Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-conditions/breast-cancer/treatment

  Advanced surgery options that can save or reconstruct your breast. […] Early access to new drug treatments through our clinical trials. […] New systemic therapies, including many developed at MSK. These are drugs that target specific cancer subtypes. […] Precise radiation therapy treatments. This approach has better results, is safer, and reduces side effects. […] Rehabilitation (rehab) to help you move with less pain. Our rehab experts also help with a type of swelling called lymphedema after your surgery. […] Integrative medicine (also called complementary medicine) to care for side effects of treatment, such as nerve pain and hot flashes. Our integrative medicine experts also can help with general wellness during and after treatment. They can offer advice about supplements. […] Your care team may have a few treatment options to offer you. Treatment is based on the breast cancer type and stage.

• #1 10 tips for breast cancer patients during treatment | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/releases/2010/10/10-tips-breast-cancer-patient-treatment.html

  Get specifics on your diagnosis and treatment. In order to maximize your time with your providers, bring your questions with you in writing to your appointments. Ask for copies of your test results and keep a notebook of all these results. Keep a list of questions that arise between visits so you dont forget, and take notes of the answers. Above all, make informed decisions; learn as much as you can about your diagnosis and treatment. […] Talk to your doctor about coping with menopause symptoms. Breast cancer patients who have undergone chemotherapy, ovary removal, or who have had to discontinue hormone replacement therapy upon diagnosis may experience symptoms of menopause. Talk to your doctor about how to safely minimize menopausal symptoms. […] Get good nutrition. Your cancer treatment may influence your ability to taste and smell, and it may alter your digestion. Foods that you normally enjoy may not taste good during treatment while, paradoxically, foods that normally dont appeal to you might taste better.

• #1 Overview of Breast Cancer Therapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6092031/

  Breast cancer treatment is multidisciplinary. The majority of women with early-stage breast cancer are candidates for breast-conserving surgery with radiotherapy or mastectomy. The risk of local recurrence and the chance of survival does not differ with these approaches. Sentinel node biopsy is used for axillary staging, and individualized approaches are minimizing the need for axillary dissection in sentinel node-positive women. Adjuvant systemic therapy is used in the majority of women based on proven survival benefit, and molecular profiling to individualize treatment based on risk is now a clinical reality for patients with hormone receptor-positive cancers. Follow-up surveillance consists of a history, physical examination, and annual mammography. Following adjuvant systemic treatment, there is currently no evidence that routine imaging improves outcomes in the absence of symptoms. Novel modalities for early tumor detection are welcomed, but will need to demonstrate clinical utility in prospective trials.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow out of control and form tumours. […] Treatment is based on the person, the type of cancer and its spread. Treatment combines surgery, radiation therapy and medications. […] Treatment for breast cancer depends on the subtype of cancer and how much it has spread outside of the breast to lymph nodes (stages II or III) or to other parts of the body (stage IV). […] Doctors combine treatments to minimize the chances of the cancer coming back (recurrence). These include: surgery to remove the breast tumour, radiation therapy to reduce recurrence risk in the breast and surrounding tissues, medications to kill cancer cells and prevent spread, including hormonal therapies, chemotherapy or targeted biological therapies. […] Treatments for breast cancer are more effective and are better tolerated when started early and taken to completion.

• #2 Breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352475

  Breast cancer treatment often starts with surgery to remove the cancer. Most people with breast cancer will have other treatments after surgery, such as radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Some people may have chemotherapy or hormone therapy before surgery. These medicines can help shrink the cancer and make it easier to remove. […] Your treatment plan will depend on your particular breast cancer. Your healthcare team considers the stage of the cancer, how quickly it’s growing and whether the cancer cells are sensitive to hormones. Your care team also considers your overall health and what you prefer. […] There are many options for breast cancer treatment. It can feel overwhelming to consider all the options and make complex decisions about your care. Consider seeking a second opinion from a breast specialist in a breast center or clinic. Talk to breast cancer survivors who have faced the same decision.

• #2 Advances in Breast Cancer Care Mean More Hope and Survivorship for Patients

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/breast-cancer-treatment

  When cancer is detected, modern developments are helping to make even challenging cancers more treatable than ever before. […] There are several subtypes of breast cancer, and for every type we treat there have been treatment advances in recent years. From new immunotherapies and hormone therapy to targeted treatments, we have many more ways to treat breast cancers than even 10 years ago. […] HER2-positive breast cancer is usually treated with targeted antibodies and chemotherapy, followed by a second-line treatment that can stop the cancers progression for an additional year or so. […] Targeted and hormonal therapies use medicines that are directed toward proteins on the surface of breast cancer cells to help slow down their growth. […] Advances in survivorship have not been equally shared by all women.

• #2 Taking Charge: How Is Breast Cancer Treated? | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/taking-charge-how-is-breast-cancer-treated

  The breast cancer mortality rate the number of breast cancer deaths per 100,000 women has declined in the past decade, most likely due to new, more effective treatments and increased screening of women leading to early detection. […] Treatment options may include the following: […] A total mastectomy is surgical removal of the breast, including as much breast tissue as possible, the nipple and some of the overlying skin. […] A modified radical mastectomy is a more extensive operation that removes not only the entire breast, but also lymph nodes under the arm (axillary nodes). […] Knowing whether the axilliary nodes are involved, or „positive” for cancer, helps your doctor determine whether your cancer is likely to have spread beyond the breast, and which additional treatments, such as chemotherapy, are most likely to help you.

• #2 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is primarily treated with surgery and often combined with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. […] Some will receive chemotherapy or targeted therapy before surgery. […] In a typical lumpectomy surgery, the tumor and a small amount of surrounding normal tissue are removed. […] In a typical mastectomy surgery, the tumor and the entire breast are removed. […] In some cases, both breasts are removed (double mastectomy). […] Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to directly kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve pain. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful beams of energy carefully designed to kill breast cancer cells. […] For breast cancer patients, radiation therapy can be used before surgery to shrink large tumors and make the surgery easier on the patient.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/breast-cancer/treatment/

  Any breast surgery should be performed by an experienced breast surgeon who meets the standards set by European Breast Surgical Oncology Certification (BRESO) and the ECIBC Breast Cancer Service Requirements. The surgeon is a lead member of the multidisciplinary team. A list of certified surgeons is available on the BRESO website. When planning for surgery, clip-marking is used. It a technique where a small, 2-3 mm device of is placed in the breast tissue to indicate where the surgical excision needs to be made. The European Breast Cancer Guidelines recommend that the clip be placed at the time of biopsy. This avoids the need for an additional procedure to insert it before surgery. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is usually performed during the surgery to remove the primary tumour but can be performed before or afterward. This process uses a radioactive substance or blue dye to locate the first lymph nodes to which a tumour is likely to spread. These nodes are then removed and examined by the pathologist for cancer cells as a sign of the tumour having spread beyond the breast. Removing sentinel lymph nodes is preferable to removal of all lymph nodes in order to reduce the occurrence of lymphoedema. Depending on the tumour size and characteristics, a woman may be offered breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. With BCS (also known as lumpectomy), just the tumour and surrounding area are removed in order to maintain the integrity and appearance of the breast. This is recommended only for lower grade cancers, usually in combination with radiotherapy. When a tumour is larger or more invasive, a mastectomy can be performed to remove the whole breast. Depending on the degree of invasiveness, this may also involve axillary lymph node dissection, or removing some of the muscles in the chest wall. Partial mastectomy is another approach for lower grade tumours. Nipple-sparing mastectomy removes the breast tissue while maintaining the nipple. This is particularly useful for breast reconstruction, where the breast is surgically rebuilt and an artificial implant is inserted. This procedure should be performed at the time of the primary surgery or up to 1 year afterwards, as stated in the ECIBC Manual for Breast Cancer Services. This procedure should be offered and covered by the national health system. After surgery, the removed lymph nodes and breast tissue undergo pathology testing to provide information about the tumour that will be essential for later treatment decisions.

• #2 Treatment of Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/treatment/index.html

  Breast cancer can be treated in several ways. It depends on the type of breast cancer and how far it has spread. […] People with breast cancer often get more than one kind of treatment. […] Breast cancer is treated in several ways. It depends on the kind of breast cancer and how far it has spread. […] Surgery: Is an operation in which doctors cut out the cancer. […] Chemotherapy: Uses special medicines to shrink or kill the cancer. The drugs can be pills you take or medicines given in your veins, or sometimes both. […] Hormonal therapy: Blocks cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. […] Biological therapy: Works with your body’s immune system to help it fight cancer cells or to control side effects from other cancer treatments. […] Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays (similar to x-rays) to kill the cancer.

• #2 Treatments for Breast Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-treatment

  Doctors also might recommend this method if the disease has spread. […] It helps destroy any cancer cells that the surgeon couldnt remove. […] Other treatments destroy or control cancer cells all over your body: […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. […] You take the medicines as pills or through an IV. […] Many people get it after surgery to kill any cancer cells left behind. […] Doctors also prescribe it before surgery to make tumors smaller. […] Chemo works well against cancer, but it also can harm healthy cells. […] Hormone therapy uses drugs to prevent hormones, especially estrogen, from fueling the growth of breast cancer cells. […] Without estrogen, tumors that depend on this hormone for growth will shrink. […] Medicines include tamoxifen (Nolvadex) for women before and after menopause and aromatase inhibitors including anastrozole (Arimidex), exemestane (Aromasin), and letrozole (Femara) for postmenopausal women.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment: Options by Stage, Side Effects

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments

  Most often, the goal of surgery in treating breast cancer is to remove the entire tumor from the breast or as much as possible. […] Chemotherapy may be recommended before breast cancer surgery (neoadjuvant) or after surgery (adjuvant): […] Neoadjuvant (or primary systemic) breast cancer chemotherapy is used before surgery to reduce the size of large breast tumors and to destroy cancer cells. […] Adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy is used after surgery or radiation therapy to eliminate any remaining cancer cells that may not have been removed during breast cancer surgery and/or radiation therapy. […] Some breast cancers are fueled by the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. […] Hormone therapy only works on breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive, and most breast cancers are in this category.

• #2 Do You Still Need Chemo for Breast Cancer? > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/chemo-for-breast-cancer

  Almost all women with HER2-positive cancers still need some amount of chemotherapy. And women with triple-negative tumors still need a relatively intensive course of chemotherapy. Specialized testing can determine which of these breast cancers will benefit from chemotherapy. Because of the personalized therapy made possible by these predictive biomarkers, the use of chemotherapy in lymph node-negative and lymph node-positive HR-positive cancers has decreased in recent years, with excellent clinical outcomes. Genomic profiling tests can help determine if a cancer is likely to return and whether or not some patients with small, early cancers will or will not benefit from chemotherapy. […] The amount of chemotherapy, if it’s needed, is typically based on such factors as the tumor subtype and other medical issues the patient may have. Multiple studies have shown that if there is an opportunity to use other, smarter, and more targeted drugs, the patients quality of life can be actually better, and they may have a better outcome. Breast surgeons and radiation oncologists have learned that less treatment is the best approach for many patients.

• #2 Hormone therapy for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy

  Hormone therapy works by either lowering the amount of hormones in the body or by blocking them from getting to breast cancer cells. […] One of the most common types of hormone therapy used for breast cancer is tamoxifen. […] Hormone therapy can lower the levels of oestrogen or progesterone in the body, or block their effects. […] You usually have hormone therapy after surgery. Some people may also have it before surgery. […] The most common way to have hormone therapy for breast cancer is after surgery. This is called adjuvant treatment. The aim of hormone treatment after surgery is to lower the risk of the cancer coming back. […] Treatment before surgery is called neo adjuvant therapy. You may have it to try to shrink a large cancer. […] In this case, if your breast cancer is oestrogen receptor positive, your doctor might recommend hormone therapy. This treatment won’t get rid of the cancer but can stop it growing or shrink it.

• #2 Hormone therapy for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/hormone-therapy

  The aim of treatment for secondary breast cancer is to control the cancer and give you a good quality of life. […] Tamoxifen is one of the most commonly used hormone therapies for breast cancer. […] Your doctor might recommend you take tamoxifen to lower the risk of breast cancer coming back (recurring) after surgery. […] If you can’t have tamoxifen for any reason, your doctor might recommend you have other types of hormone therapy such as an aromatase inhibitor. […] You might have an aromatase inhibitor if you have had the menopause. […] Fulvestrant is a type of hormone therapy for post menopausal women with secondary breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive. […] Elacestrant is another type of hormone treatment. It works in a similar way to fulvestrant and stops the oestrogen receptors from working.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment: Options by Stage, Side Effects

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments

  The two most common types of breast cancer hormone therapy are: […] Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): These drugs bind to estrogen receptors in the breast cancer cells to block estrogen from reaching cancer cells, preventing their growth. […] Aromatase inhibitors: These breast cancer hormone therapy drugs block estrogen production by binding to the enzyme responsible for producing estrogen (the aromatase enzyme). […] Radiation therapy for breast cancer destroys or slows the growth of cancer cells by targeting them with high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation, which is designed to damage their DNA. […] In addition to chemotherapy drugs, biological response drugs may be recommended to treat breast tumors that produce too much of, or over-express, a protein called HER2.

• #2 Treatments for Breast Cancer

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-treatment

  Some types of this therapy work by stopping the ovaries from making hormones, either through surgery or medication. […] Fulvestrant(Faslodex) is an injection that keeps estrogen from attaching to cancer cells. […] Elacestrant (Orserdu) is an oral drug that binds to estrogen receptors used to treat postmenopausal women or men with certain types of advanced breast cancer with an ESR1 mutation. […] Targeted therapy such as margetuximab (Margenza), pertuzumab (Perjeta), and trastuzumab (Herceptin) trigger your bodys immune system to help destroy cancer cells. […] These medicines target breast cancer cells that have high levels of a protein called HER2. […] Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla) and fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) combine trastuzumab and chemotherapy to target HER2-positive cancer cells.

• #2 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer.html

  Targeted therapies stop or slow the growth of cancer by interfering with, or targeting, these molecules or the genes that produce them. […] One type of targeted therapy is endocrine therapy (also known as hormone therapy), which is given to patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. […] Patients with HER2-positive breast cancer also receive targeted therapies. […] Breast cancer is treated in our Nellie B. Connally Breast Center.

• #2 Breast Cancer: Treatment and Prevention Options – Drugs.com

  https://www.drugs.com/cancer-breast-treatment.html

  Hormone therapy is used for most HR+ breast cancers and is often the first treatment given. It may be prescribed before surgery, after surgery, or if the cancer returns later. […] The side effects of hormonal therapy depend largely on the specific drug or type of treatment. […] Chemotherapy drugs work in breast cancer by disrupting the life cycle of the cancer cell. Most people receive chemotherapy for breast cancer after they’ve had surgery, but you might receive it before surgery to help shrink your tumor in some cases. […] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is chemotherapy given before surgery to shrink the tumor size. Adjuvant chemotherapy is therapy given after surgery, but before radiation treatment, and helps to kill any remaining cancer cells. […] CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) is a protein enzyme that supports growth and division of cells. CDK 4/6 inhibitors are targeted therapies for hormone positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancers (MBCs). MBCs have spread to other areas in the body. These drugs block the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 proteins to slow cell division and breast cancer growth.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  In 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration approved abemaciclib, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, for adjuvant treatment of adult patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence and a Ki-67 score 20%, as determined by an FDA-approved test. […] Approval for this indication was based on results from the monarchE trial, in which invasive disease-free survival at 2 years was 92.2% with abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy versus 88.7% with endocrine therapy alone. […] In 2021, the FDA approved pembrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody to programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1), for the treatment of patients with high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer in combination with chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment, and then continued as a single agent as adjuvant treatment after surgery.

• #2 Treatments for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/treatment

  Your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. The plan is based on your health and specific information about the cancer. What you want is also important when planning treatment. When deciding which treatments to offer for breast cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery is the main treatment for breast cancer. Other treatments are also used in combination to treat breast cancer, including radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is usually treated with surgery, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. […] Early-stage breast cancer is often treated with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy may also be used. […] Locally advanced breast cancer is often treated with chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, surgery and radiation therapy.

• #2 Early/Moderate Stage Breast Cancer: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/breast/early-moderate-stage-breast-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  Breast cancer is staged into five groups. Staging is based on: […] Staging is important because it helps guide your treatment options. Stages 0, I (1), and II (2) are early or moderate stages. […] This article will focus on treatment for early or moderate stage breast cancer (Stage 0, I, and II). […] Treatment for breast cancer depends on many things, like your cancer stage, age, overall health, and testing results. If you have early or moderate stage breast cancer, your treatment may be different than someone who has advanced breast cancer. Your treatment may include some or all of the following: Surgery. Chemotherapy. Radiation Therapy. Hormone Therapy. Targeted Therapy. Immunotherapy. Clinical Trials. […] Almost all women with early or moderate-stage breast cancer will have some type of surgery during treatment. Surgery is used to test lymph nodes for cancer and to remove as much of the cancer as possible.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  Early breast cancer includes ductal carcinoma in situ and stage I, stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIIA breast cancers. European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines on early breast cancer include the following treatment recommendations: Hormone receptor (HR)positive: Endocrine therapy; Premenopausal patients receiving ovarian function suppression and postmenopausal patients: Adjuvant bisphosphonates; HR-positive/HER2-negative: Neoadjuvant therapy, then primary surgery with or without radiation therapy, then systemic treatment; HER2-positive: cT1 N0: Primary surgery with or without radiation therapy, then systemic treatment; HER2-positive: cT2 or N+: Neoadjuvant therapy, then primary surgery with or without radiation therapy, then systemic treatment; Triple-negative, cT1a or cT1b N0: Primary surgery with or without radiation therapy, then systemic treatment; Triple-negative, cT1c-4 or N+: Neoadjuvant therapy, then primary surgery with or without radiation therapy, then systemic treatment.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment: Options by Stage, Side Effects

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/treatments

  Your multidisciplinary team will work with you to develop a personalized plan to treat your breast cancer in a way that fits your individual needs and goals. […] The care team will create a treatment plan based on a variety of factors, including the cancer stage. […] Treatment may include surgery to remove the breast cancer, possibly followed by radiation or hormonal therapy if the cancer is hormone receptor-positive. […] Your treatment plan may also include surgery and/or radiation. While this diagnosis may be scary, it’s important to know that your cancer care team has more tools to treat stage 4 breast cancer than ever before. […] Despite best efforts and modern advances, sometimes breast cancer returns. If this occurs, your treatment will depend on where the cancer recurs, which treatments you’ve previously undergone and how you’ve responded to them. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is at least a stage 3 and grows quickly. It often causes changes to the skin of the breast. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy (and sometimes targeted therapy), then surgery.

• #2 Treatment Planning for Breast Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/breast-cancer/patient-care-resources/treatment-planning.html

  […] […] At Stanford, our doctors are always working to improve care for people with breast cancer. As an academic medical center, we conduct clinical trials to evaluate new medical techniques, devices, medications, and other treatments for safety and effectiveness. […] […] […] These stages are considered curable, and the goal of treatment is to eliminate the cancer and to help prevent recurrence. Our treatment recommendations will provide options given in specific sequences to provide you the best chance of a cure. […] […] […] Although cancer at this stage is typically incurable (except in rare cases), it is still treatable. We offer the latest therapies to help people with stage IV breast cancer live longer and more comfortably. […] […] […] Your care team will recommend treatment options based on your specific diagnosis.

• #2 Breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

  After their chemotherapy course, those whose tumors are ER-positive or PR-positive benefit from endocrine therapy, which reduces the levels of estrogens and progesterones that hormone receptor-positive breast cancers require to survive. […] Women with breast cancer who had a lumpectomy or a mastectomy and kept their other breast have similar survival rates to those who had a double mastectomy. […] For around 1 in 5 people treated for localized breast cancer, their tumors eventually spread to distant body sites most commonly the nearby bones, liver, lungs, brain, and peritoneum. […] Those with metastatic disease can receive further chemotherapy, typically starting with capecitabine, an anthracycline, or a taxane. […] Up to 70% of those with ER-positive metastatic breast cancer benefit from additional endocrine therapy.

• #2 Not your grandmother’s breast cancer treatment – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/not-your-grandmothers-breast-cancer-treatment

  „As we recognize these important subsets of breast cancer, we’re tailoring treatment to the individual and the special characteristics of each breast cancer,” Dr. Burstein says. „There isn’t an infinite number of treatments, but the toolbox keeps getting bigger.” […] Even the past 10 years brought marked shifts in treatment approach, thanks to extensive research that clarifies how genes and cells behave in various cancer subtypes. […] This, in turn, fueled the development of groundbreaking tests. Some can identify women with BRCA gene mutations that drastically raise their risk of developing breast cancer, while other tests help predict the likelihood a tumor will grow or spread to better pinpoint treatment needs. […] These efforts have revealed that some types of breast cancer may respond to less intensive chemotherapy, while one especially aggressive type needs more.

• #2 Cutting-Edge Breast Cancer Therapy

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/features/new-breast-cancer-treatments

  Hormonal cancer medications even work as preventative medicine: the FDA has recently approved the use of Tamoxifen in women who dont yet have breast cancer but are at high risk of developing it within a few years. […] The drug Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody, attacks this protein and effectively fights the cancer. […] And experts predict that these targeted therapies are just the beginning. […] One of the most promising areas of breast cancer research is targeted therapeutics. […] The first trial of the immunoliposome approach focuses on the HER2 protein. […] Not only did all the women see some degree of improvement, none experienced the typical side effects of chemotherapy. […] Scientists are working to identify — and stop — the genes that cause deregulation in breast tissue. […] According to Winer, „Breast cancer treatment is already more than 'one size fits all.’ We don’t treat all patients with the same therapies.” Now, that individualized approach needs to be taken to the next level, especially among women with early-stage disease.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-conditions/breast-cancer/treatment

  Your care team will include doctors, nurses, and healthcare providers who are experts in breast cancer. They meet often to share treatment ideas, the latest research, and new ways of thinking. […] MSK has one of the countrys largest cancer clinical trials programs. We have more than 50 active clinical trials for new breast cancer treatments. At each MSK site, our research team screens and matches patients to open clinical trials that best fit your treatment needs. […] Anyone can join a clinical trial from the very start of treatment, if theres one thats right for you. […] MSK strongly encourages people from all races, genders, ages, and backgrounds to join clinical trials. Its very important for research studies to include people from many backgrounds. Its how our researchers can learn if a new treatment works for everyone, not just one group of people.

• #2 Breast cancer supportive therapy and survivorship – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/breast-cancer-supportive-therapy/about/pac-20385258

  Breast cancer supportive therapy and survivorship services help you feel better during and after breast cancer treatment. […] Breast cancer supportive therapy generally refers to services that help you feel better during cancer treatment. These services may help you cope with the physical and emotional side effects of cancer treatment. […] The goal of breast cancer supportive therapy and survivorship services is to help you feel better during and after cancer treatment. […] Breast cancer supportive therapy might include attention to symptom control, such as management of pain and menopausal symptoms. […] Breast cancer survivorship services might include follow-up appointments with your healthcare professional. […] Recommendations for lifestyle changes, such as exercise and weight loss, to help your recovery and reduce your risk of cancer recurrence. […] The results of breast cancer supportive therapy and survivorship may take time.

• #2 Breast Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment of Early Breast Cancer, Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1947145-treatment

  The American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) recommends the following selection criteria when patients are being considered for treatment with accelerated PBI: Age 45 years for all tumor types; All invasive subtypes or DCIS; Total tumor size (invasive and DCIS) 3 cm; T stage Tis, T1, T2 ( 3 cm); Margins; No tumor on ink for invasive tumors or tumors involved with DCIS; 2 mm for DCIS; Node negative; Multifocal acceptable if total span of tumors is 3 cm; Estrogen receptor positive or negative; Focal lymphovascular invasion; No genetic mutations. […] Attention to bone health is an important aspect of managing breast cancer in women. Many women with breast cancer are postmenopausal and therefore at increased risk for osteoporosis. […] Increasing evidence indicates that in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer, adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment not only improves bone density but also decreases bone metastasis and improves overall survival.

• #2 Is breast cancer curable? Stages, survival rates, and support

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-breast-cancer-curable

  Survival rates for breast cancer are higher with early diagnosis and treatment. A combination of treatments can effectively treat the condition, and it is possible for the condition to go into complete remission. […] It is possible for breast cancer to go into complete remission. This means that breast cancer treatment has been effective and that the disease will not return. […] Breast cancer is highly treatable in its early stages, and the outlook is generally very positive. […] Advanced cancer is not curable in most cases, according to the ACS. Still, treatment can often help with: shrinking the cancer, slowing the growth of the cancer, relieving symptoms, prolonging a persons life. […] A variety of treatment options can cause the cancer to go into remission at this stage. […] The primary treatment for stage 1 is surgery with radiation. However, some people may benefit from additional treatments, such as chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, to decrease the risk of the cancer coming back.

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