Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/

  The etiology of breast cancer is attributed to a complex interaction between various modifiable and non-modifiable factors. This etiology is determined by genetics, environmental, nutritional, hormonal, and heritable elements that contribute to the development of this disease. Risk factors include prior history of breast cancer, positive family history, obesity, tall stature, smoking, alcohol consumption, early menarche, late menopause, sedentary lifestyle, nulliparity and hormone replacement therapy. […] In the United States, there is a 12.3% average life risk that a woman will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. This makes this disease the second most common cancer for women in the United States following skin cancer. The etiology of breast cancer is a complex interplay between multiple risk factors including prior history of breast cancer, positive family history, obesity, tall stature, smoking, alcohol consumption, early menarche, late menopause, sedentary lifestyle, nulliparity and hormone replacement therapy.

• #2 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy. Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years). […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history of the disease.

• #4 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

  Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue. […] The exact cause of most breast cancers isn’t known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it’s not clear why some people who don’t have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It’s likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you. […] Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #5 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.

• #6 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

  The DNA changes that lead to breast cancer most often happen in the cells that line the milk ducts. These ducts are tubes designed to carry milk to the nipple. Breast cancer that starts in the ducts is called invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer also can start in cells in the milk glands. These glands, called lobules, are designed to make breast milk. Cancer that happens in the lobules is called invasive lobular carcinoma. Other cells in the breast can become cancer cells, though this isn’t common.

• #7 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.

• #8 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html

  We don’t know what causes each case of breast cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers. […] Hormones also seem to play a role in many cases of breast cancer, but just how this happens is not fully understood. […] We do know that normal breast cells can become cancer because of changes or mutations in genes. […] Most breast cancers (about 90%) develop from acquired (not inherited) gene changes that have not yet been identified. […] Cancers can be caused by gene changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause breast cancer. […] Certain inherited gene changes can greatly increase the risk for developing certain cancers and are linked to many of the cancers that run in some families.

• #9 What Are The Causes and Risk Factors Of Breast Cancer? | Onco

  https://onco.com/about-cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer/causes/

  Breast cancer (and the genetic mutations responsible for the disease) can be passed on within a family. Having a close blood relative with confirmed breast cancer increases the risk of developing the disease, especially in later years. A woman is considered to have twice the risk of developing breast cancer, if a direct female blood relative such as her mother, sister (or even daughter) is diagnosed positive. If a woman has two or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer, her risk of developing the disease increases threefold. Up to 10% of all cases of breast cancer are hereditary. […] Hereditary breast cancer constitutes 5-10% of all breast cancers. The most common genetic mutations occur in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Women with a mutated BRCA1 gene have a 60-85% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer while BRCA2 mutated patients have a 40-60% lifetime risk.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk, the most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. Women found to have mutations in these major genes may consider risk reduction strategies such as surgical removal of both breasts or chemoprevention strategies.

• #11 Early-Onset Breast Cancer (Breast Cancer in Young Women)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16805-breast-cancer-in-young-women

  About half of early-onset breast cancers are related to mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes (genetic mutations). If they’re not mutated, these tumor suppressor genes work like a switch to control (turn off) the growth of abnormal cells that might cause cancer. If they’re mutated, the abnormal cells multiply unchecked. If you have a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, you may be at higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer. […] Researchers are looking for other genetic mutations that might increase your risk of early-onset breast cancer. Your risk is higher if you have mutations on genes like TP53, PTEN, STK11, PALB2 and CDH1. […] It’s important to note that not all early-onset breast cancer is genetic. Some breast cancers occur on their own (spontaneously). […] Your family’s medical history plays a big role in your risk of developing breast cancer while you’re young. You’re at higher risk if you have family members who had or have: Breast cancer before age 50.

• #12 Major Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/risk-factors-for-breast-cancer/

  Age: Breast cancer risk increases with age, and most people diagnosed are over 50 years old. […] Sex at birth: Although men can be diagnosed with breast cancer and one in 1,000 will be, the disease overwhelmingly impacts people who are born female. […] Inherited gene mutations: Certain genetic mutations such as BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, CHEK2, and others can increase a persons risk of breast cancer to varying degrees. A person with a BRCA1 mutation, for example, has an up to 72 percent chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer (compared to the average womans 13 percent risk). […] Race and ethnicity: Based on current incidence rates, Black and white women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer than Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, Hispanic women, Latinas, and Native Americans. Race is also associated with a higher risk of certain types of breast cancer. Black women, for example, are more likely to be diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer. Certain ethnic groups are also at a higher risk, such as Ashkenazi Jews, who have far higher rates of BRCA gene mutations than the general population.

• #13 Breast cancer: Symptoms, causes, stages, types, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136

  Breast cancer develops due to genetic changes that can be inherited or acquired (not inherited). […] Researchers associate an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as: estrogen exposure, inherited genetic irregularities, inherited genes that increase the likelihood of cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Females who inherit certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher chance of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. […] Mutations in the TP53 gene also have links to an increased breast cancer risk. […] A person with a previous history of breast cancer is more likely to develop the condition than a person who has not had it before. […] Extended exposure to estrogen and progesterone may increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Some research associates hormone replacement therapy (HRT), specifically estrogen-progesterone therapy, with an increased risk of breast cancer.

• #14 Early-Onset Breast Cancer (Breast Cancer in Young Women)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16805-breast-cancer-in-young-women

  About half of early-onset breast cancers are related to mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes (genetic mutations). If they’re not mutated, these tumor suppressor genes work like a switch to control (turn off) the growth of abnormal cells that might cause cancer. If they’re mutated, the abnormal cells multiply unchecked. If you have a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2, you may be at higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer. […] Researchers are looking for other genetic mutations that might increase your risk of early-onset breast cancer. Your risk is higher if you have mutations on genes like TP53, PTEN, STK11, PALB2 and CDH1. […] It’s important to note that not all early-onset breast cancer is genetic. Some breast cancers occur on their own (spontaneously). […] Your family’s medical history plays a big role in your risk of developing breast cancer while you’re young. You’re at higher risk if you have family members who had or have: Breast cancer before age 50.

• #15 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html

  We don’t know what causes each case of breast cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers. […] Hormones also seem to play a role in many cases of breast cancer, but just how this happens is not fully understood. […] We do know that normal breast cells can become cancer because of changes or mutations in genes. […] Most breast cancers (about 90%) develop from acquired (not inherited) gene changes that have not yet been identified. […] Cancers can be caused by gene changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause breast cancer. […] Certain inherited gene changes can greatly increase the risk for developing certain cancers and are linked to many of the cancers that run in some families.

• #16 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html

  Mutations in tumor suppressor genes like the BRCA genes are considered high penetrance because they often lead to cancer. […] More often, low-penetrance mutations or gene variations are a factor in cancer development. […] Most gene mutations linked to breast cancer are acquired. This means the change takes place in breast cells during a person’s life rather than having been inherited or born with them. […] Most breast cancers have several acquired gene mutations.

• #17 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/

  The goal of this chapter is to explore the etiology of breast cancer to help provide a better understanding of the risk factors of this disease to potentially aid further research into the prevention and management of this disease. […] Most cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women older than 50 years, and the breast cancer risk continues to increase with advancing age. […] A first-degree family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer significantly. Studies show that the risk of breast cancer is doubled in a woman with a first-degree relative with prior breast cancer history. […] The significant association between positive family history and increased breast cancer risk is linked to having gene abnormalities. […] Breast cancer incidence differs around the world. Incidence rates of breast cancer are higher in North America, North and West Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

• #18 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #19 Risk factors for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/risk-factors

  Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK. It is by far the most common cancer in women. […] 1 in 7 women in the UK develop breast cancer during their lifetime. […] Women who are overweight after their menopause have a higher risk of breast cancer than women who are not overweight. […] Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in women. […] There is a very small increased risk of breast cancer when you take the contraceptive pill. […] Your risk of developing breast cancer increases when taking any type of HRT. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of getting breast cancer. […] Most breast cancers occur in women over 50 and it is less common in women under 40. […] Having a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #20 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, accounting for a quarter of new cancer diagnoses in women annually. […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, including inheritance of gene mutations in key genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history. […] Diverse study designs have consistently demonstrated that breast cancer is a hormonally mediated disease caused by repeated exposure of breast cells to circulating ovarian hormones. […] The literature shows that breast cancer risk increases with age; most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] For decades, the epidemiological evidence has shown a clear etiological role of pregnancy-related factors in the development of breast cancer.

• #21 Risk factors for breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer

  Gaining weight after menopause can increase a woman’s risk. […] Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of developing breast cancer by many scientific studies. […] Persistently increased blood levels of estrogen are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, as are increased levels of the androgens androstenedione and testosterone. […] Lower age of first childbirth, having more children, and breastfeeding have all been correlated to lowered breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. […] Hormonal contraceptives may produce a slight increase in the risk of breast cancer diagnosis among current and recent users, but this appears to be a short-term effect. […] Prophylactic oophorectomy and mastectomy in individuals with high-risk mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes reduces the risk of developing breast cancer.

• #22 What causes breast cancer in women? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-breast-cancer-in-women-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-86314

  A range of factors that are known to affect a womans breast cancer risk (like how many children she has) also affect how much oestrogen she is exposed to throughout life. […] Oestrogen causes breast development in puberty and during pregnancy helps the breasts develop for breastfeeding. […] Unfortunately, increased oestrogen over a long time can also cause damage to normal breast cell DNA and cause these damaged cells to multiply, which can start a cancer. […] Factors that increase lifetime oestrogen exposure and, with that, breast cancer risk, include having no or few children and starting your family at an older age. […] Alcohol increases lifetime breast cancer risk by around a tenth per drink per day for the period during which drinking occurs. […] Active smoking, but not passive smoking, also increases risk by about a fifth especially in younger women.

• #23 Breast cancer | Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & Facts | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/breast-cancer

  In addition to genetic mutations, other factors, including prolonged exposure to the hormone estrogen, as when menstruation starts before age 12 and continues beyond age 50, favor the development of cancer. In postmenopausal women, breast cancer risk is increased markedly by elevated circulating concentrations of sex hormones (estrogens and androgens). Concentrations of these hormones have been found to be abnormally high in postmenopausal women who are obese, who drink alcohol, or who smoke. […] In addition, for all women, lack of exercise, obesity, use of oral contraceptives, alcohol consumption, smoking, and previous medical treatments involving chest irradiation are considered risk factors for breast cancer. Women who have had certain kinds of benign tumors are also more prone to developing breast cancer.

• #24 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #25 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes

  Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #26 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Your risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] The main factors that influence risk include being a woman and getting older. […] Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. […] Some women will get breast cancer even without any other risk factors that they know of. […] Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect. […] Most women have some risk factors, but most women do not get breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. […] Most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting menstrual periods before age 12 and starting menopause after age 55 expose women to hormones longer, raising their risk of getting breast cancer.

• #27 5 Common Breast Cancer Causes – Medical Associates of Northwest Arkansas

  https://mana.md/5-common-breast-cancer-causes/

  Breast cancer refers to a group of diseases that affect the tissues of the breasts. Breast cancer isnt completely preventable, and many factors that contribute to breast cancer are beyond your control. Knowing common breast cancer causes is still important, however. […] Being a woman immediately, and drastically, increases your risk for breast cancer. Women are 100 times more likely than men to develop breast cancer. […] Another one of the major breast cancer causes is age. Your cells divide throughout your lifetime. The older you are, the more cell divisions have taken place, and the more opportunities for a mistake in cell divisions. These mistakes are known as mutations, and they cause cancers. […] Breast cancer occurs in dense breast tissue. The more dense breast tissue you have, the more likely it is for breast cancer to develop.

• #28 Early-Onset Breast Cancer (Breast Cancer in Young Women)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16805-breast-cancer-in-young-women

  Breast cancer in young women also known as early-onset breast cancer is when you receive a breast cancer diagnosis between the ages of 18 and 45. […] Breast cancer can strike at any age, though most women are over 50 when they receive a diagnosis. But you can be diagnosed while you’re younger, too. Even adolescents and young adults can get breast cancer. […] When a young person receives a breast cancer diagnosis, their disease may be more advanced than if they were over 45. One reason for this may be that breast cancer in this age group might be more advanced when it’s found, as routine screenings for breast cancer don’t usually start until age 40. Additionally, young women might not recognize symptoms and alert their healthcare provider. […] Breast cancers in women under 45 may also be aggressive and harder to treat based on tumor markers.

• #29 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors

  When it comes to breast cancer risk, there are factors you cant change, like your age, race and genes. But there are others you do have control over, such as your exercise level, alcohol consumption and other lifestyle habits. […] Breast cancer is caused when the DNA in breast cells mutate or change, disabling specific functions that control cell growth and division. […] Risk factors are characteristics and conditions that increase your risk for a disease. Breast cancer risk factors include some you cannot change, such as having a family history of breast cancer, being a woman and getting older. […] Your risk for breast cancer may rise with every drink. […] Breast cancer is on the list of diseases and conditions caused or worsened by being overweight or obese after menopause. […] The less you move, the higher your risk for breast cancer.

• #30 Breast Cancer Causes and Known Risk Factors: Genetics, Hormones, Diet, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer

  The precise causes of breast cancer are unclear, but we know the main risk factors. […] The main risks are being older and having breast cancer in your family. […] About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are inherited. […] Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by the time theyre 80. […] A woman with dense breasts is 1.5 to 2 times more likely to get breast cancer. […] Having atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman’s breast cancer risk by four to five times. […] The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. […] If you had radiation treatment to your chest before age 30, usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma. […] If a family member had ovarian cancer before age 50, your risk is increased. […] Being overweight after menopause increases your odds. […] Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. […] Long-term use of estrogen and progesterone increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Having your first child after age 30 or never having a full-term pregnancy puts you at higher risk.

• #31 Risk factors for breast cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/risks-causes/risk-factors

  Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK. It is by far the most common cancer in women. […] 1 in 7 women in the UK develop breast cancer during their lifetime. […] Women who are overweight after their menopause have a higher risk of breast cancer than women who are not overweight. […] Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer in women. […] There is a very small increased risk of breast cancer when you take the contraceptive pill. […] Your risk of developing breast cancer increases when taking any type of HRT. […] Smoking tobacco increases the risk of getting breast cancer. […] Most breast cancers occur in women over 50 and it is less common in women under 40. […] Having a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #32 What causes breast cancer in women? What we know, don’t know and suspect

  https://theconversation.com/what-causes-breast-cancer-in-women-what-we-know-dont-know-and-suspect-86314

  Obesity has repeatedly been shown to increase breast cancer occurrence by about a fifth, especially in post-menopausal women. […] This may be because fatty tissues produce oestrogen. […] It is well known women who inherit faults in particular genes which repair damaged DNA, particularly the BRCA 1 and 2 genes, have a high risk of both breast and ovarian cancer up to an 80% lifelong risk for breast cancer and 40% for ovarian cancer. […] Even in the absence of such gene faults, a family history of breast cancer does increase personal risk. […] Breast density, which is the whiteness seen on a mammogram, is also very useful in predicting the chances of breast cancer. […] Mammographic density is strongly related to oestrogen exposure and is also modified by menopause and HRT.

• #33 Breast cancer: Symptoms, causes, stages, types, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136

  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) also highlights studies suggesting that oral contraceptives may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity after menopause may contribute to a greater likelihood of developing breast cancer, possibly due to increased estrogen levels. […] According to the NCI, studies consistently find that females who consume alcohol have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who do not. […] Dense breast tissue is a risk factor for breast cancer. […] Undergoing mantle field irradiation treatment for a different cancer may increase the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. […] Some research in a 2023 systematic review associates certain rare cancers, such as lymphoma or squamous cell carcinoma, with breast implants. […] However, the review highlights that experts generally consider breast augmentation to be safe.

• #34 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors

  When it comes to breast cancer risk, there are factors you cant change, like your age, race and genes. But there are others you do have control over, such as your exercise level, alcohol consumption and other lifestyle habits. […] Breast cancer is caused when the DNA in breast cells mutate or change, disabling specific functions that control cell growth and division. […] Risk factors are characteristics and conditions that increase your risk for a disease. Breast cancer risk factors include some you cannot change, such as having a family history of breast cancer, being a woman and getting older. […] Your risk for breast cancer may rise with every drink. […] Breast cancer is on the list of diseases and conditions caused or worsened by being overweight or obese after menopause. […] The less you move, the higher your risk for breast cancer.

• #35 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #36 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes

  Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #37 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.

• #38 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, accounting for a quarter of new cancer diagnoses in women annually. […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, including inheritance of gene mutations in key genes including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB-2, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history. […] Diverse study designs have consistently demonstrated that breast cancer is a hormonally mediated disease caused by repeated exposure of breast cells to circulating ovarian hormones. […] The literature shows that breast cancer risk increases with age; most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] For decades, the epidemiological evidence has shown a clear etiological role of pregnancy-related factors in the development of breast cancer.

• #39 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer incidence is positively correlated with age at first birth, and the risk increases with age. […] The epidemiologic literature also consistently shows that lactation is protective against breast cancer overall. […] Lifestyle is also closely associated with breast cancer risks, including weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, psychological factors, and diet. […] Some environmental pollutants are also reported to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. […] Occupational studies have observed associations with breast cancer for many specific agents and for job classifications that involve exposure to mammary carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] As the population ages, especially in developed countries, the prevalence of breast cancer is expected to continue increasing. […] Identifying opportunities for prevention is a key scientific pursuit of population health scientists and epidemiologists. […] There is evidence of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, including the reproductive, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors considered here.

• #40 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors

  Women who havent had children, or who had their first child after age 30, may have a slightly higher chance of developing breast cancer. […] If you started menstruating before you turned 12, you are at higher risk for breast cancer because of the increased number of years that your breast tissue has been exposed to estrogen. […] If you breastfed, your risk of developing breast cancer may be reduced, especially if you did it for a year or longer. […] Some birth control methods use hormones, which can up breast cancer risk. […] Up to 10 percent of breast cancers may be inherited via gene changes or mutations passed on from your parents, such as the BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] If youve been diagnosed with breast cancer in the past, you are more likely to develop a new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast.

• #41 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/

  Obesity is associated with an overall increased risk of breast cancer. […] Younger age at menarche and later age of menopause increases breast cancer risk. […] Multiple studies have shown that both multiparity and breastfeeding have a protective effect against breast cancer. […] Higher levels of estrogen in premenopausal and post-menopausal women have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors including age, genetics, environment, and reproductive history and probably yet unknown factors. The risk of breast cancer increases with older age and is most common in post-menopausal women. Genetics and heritable factors play an important role in the development of breast cancer. A first-degree family history of breast cancer significantly increases breast cancer risk. Potentially modifiable factors including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and replacement hormonal therapy have all been associated with increased breast cancer risk.

• #42 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer incidence is positively correlated with age at first birth, and the risk increases with age. […] The epidemiologic literature also consistently shows that lactation is protective against breast cancer overall. […] Lifestyle is also closely associated with breast cancer risks, including weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, psychological factors, and diet. […] Some environmental pollutants are also reported to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. […] Occupational studies have observed associations with breast cancer for many specific agents and for job classifications that involve exposure to mammary carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] As the population ages, especially in developed countries, the prevalence of breast cancer is expected to continue increasing. […] Identifying opportunities for prevention is a key scientific pursuit of population health scientists and epidemiologists. […] There is evidence of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, including the reproductive, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors considered here.

• #43 Major Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/risk-factors-for-breast-cancer/

  Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding may offer a small protective benefit: For every 12 months a woman breastfeeds, her relative risk of breast cancer declined by about 4 percent. […] Hormone use: Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) increases users breast cancer risk (especially for HR-positive tumors) to varying degrees depending on years of use and whether the MHT is estrogen-only or estrogen and progesterone in combination. A woman taking estrogen and progesterone MHT for five to 14 years, for example, has double the breast cancer risk compared to a woman who didnt use MHT. Comparatively, a woman taking estrogen-only MHT for the same amount of time sees a lower risk compared to non-users but its important to note that only women who have had a hysterectomy can take estrogen-only MHT. […] Oral hormone-based contraceptives may slightly increase risk, but some studies have shown no association and for many women, contraceptions benefits far outweigh risk.

• #44 Major Risk Factors for Breast Cancer | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/risk-factors-for-breast-cancer/

  Family history: Having first- and second-degree relatives on either side of your family who have been diagnosed with breast cancer can increase your risk. […] Personal history: Previous experience with DCIS, invasive breast cancer, or another cancer can increase chances of being diagnosed with a new, different diagnosis. Radiation therapy, particularly when its given to children, teens, and younger adults with cancer, can also increase a persons risk of a second diagnosis. […] Breast density: Research has shown that breast density (more glandular and fibrous than fatty tissue) elevates your risk of breast cancer partly because dense breasts are more difficult to screen. The denser a persons breasts the higher the risk: Women with more than 75 percent breast density have a four-to-six-fold increased risk, and BCRF research has shown there may be a correlation between breast density and family history.

• #45 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #46

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/g23532282/breast-cancer-causes/

  If you’ve had cancer in one breast, you have a higher risk of developing new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. […] White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than Black women; however, breast cancer is more common in Black women under the age of 45, and Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer at any age. […] Women with dense breasts are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women with average breast density, according to the American Cancer Society. […] If you got your period before the age of 12, that means you’ve experienced more menstrual cycles in your lifetime and have been more exposed to estrogen and progesterone, which increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Conversely, going through menopause after age 55 means you’ve had more menstrual cycles, which again prolongs your exposure to estrogen and progesterone, increasing your risk of breast cancer.

• #47 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #48 Breast cancer (female) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/breast-cancer-female/

  Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK. […] The causes of breast cancer arent fully understood, making it difficult to say why one woman may develop breast cancer and another may not. […] The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age. The condition is most common among women over 50 who have been through the menopause. About 8 out of 10 cases of breast cancer occur in women over 50. […] If you have close relatives who have had breast cancer or ovarian cancer, you may have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] If youve previously had breast cancer or early non-invasive cancer cell changes in breast ducts, you have a higher risk of developing it again, either in your other breast or in the same breast again. […] Certain benign changes in your breast tissue, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia (cells growing abnormally in ducts), or lobular carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells inside your breast lobes), can make getting breast cancer more likely.

• #49 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #50

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/g23532282/breast-cancer-causes/

  Being treated for a childhood cancer with radiation to the chest significantly increases the risk of developing breast cancer later in life, Dr. Specht says. […] Women who took diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogen-like drug administered from the 1940s through the early 1970s to lower the chances of miscarriage, have a slightly increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #51 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes

  Your risk of breast cancer is slightly higher if: Youre tall, You had a higher birthweight (your weight when you were born), You have higher bone density. […] Having radiotherapy to your chest area at a young age, for example to treat Hodgkin lymphoma, increases the risk of breast cancer in the future. […] Studies have looked at the relationship between breast cancer and chemicals in the environment or workplace such as pesticides, traffic fumes and plastics. But the evidence is unclear and more research is needed. […] Theres no strong evidence that eating certain foods will increase or decrease your risk of breast cancer.

• #52 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Research suggests that other factors such as smoking, being exposed to chemicals that can cause cancer, and changes in other hormones due to night shift working also may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, you may have a high risk of getting breast cancer. […] You may also have a high risk for ovarian cancer.

• #53 Risk factors for breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer

  Many xenoestrogens and other endocrine disruptors are potential risk factors of breast cancer. […] Exposure to bisphenol A causes breast cancer. […] Studies have shown that women who eat higher amounts of overcooked meat have also been diagnosed with more post-menopausal breast cancer. […] Multiple studies point to a correlation between benzene exposure and breast cancer risk. […] Although the pesticide DDT was banned in the United States in the 1970s, studies have shown that exposure to DDT before puberty increases the risk of breast cancer later in life. […] Women who have received high-dose ionizing radiation to the chest have a relative risk of breast cancer between 2.1 and 4.0. […] There is no significant association between first-trimester abortion and breast cancer risk. […] There is no persuasive connection between fertility medications and breast cancer.

• #54 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Researchers think that night work, and being exposed to artificial light, lowers the amount of melatonin in the body. […] Most non-cancerous (benign) breast conditions do not increase a womans risk of developing breast cancer. […] Significant evidence shows no link between antiperspirants, deodorants, abortion, breast implants or bras and a higher risk of breast cancer.

• #55 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors

  White and Black women have the highest risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Taller women are more likely to develop breast cancer than their shorter counterparts. […] Dense breasts have more glandular and fibrous tissue and less fatty tissue, and this is known to increase your chances of developing breast cancer. […] Certain noncancerous breast conditions may confer a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] If you had another type of cancer and received radiation therapy to your chest as part of your treatment plan, you may be at higher risk for breast cancer. […] From the 1940s through the early 1970s, some pregnant women were given an estrogen-like drug called DES to lower their chances of having a miscarriage. This may increase chances of breast cancer for moms who took it, and possibly for their kids, too. […] According to the CDC, you are considered high risk for breast cancer if you have: Strong family history of breast cancer (parent, sibling or child) and Inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.

• #56

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/g23532282/breast-cancer-causes/

  If you’ve had cancer in one breast, you have a higher risk of developing new cancer in the other breast or in another part of the same breast. […] White women are slightly more likely to develop breast cancer than Black women; however, breast cancer is more common in Black women under the age of 45, and Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer at any age. […] Women with dense breasts are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to develop breast cancer than women with average breast density, according to the American Cancer Society. […] If you got your period before the age of 12, that means you’ve experienced more menstrual cycles in your lifetime and have been more exposed to estrogen and progesterone, which increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Conversely, going through menopause after age 55 means you’ve had more menstrual cycles, which again prolongs your exposure to estrogen and progesterone, increasing your risk of breast cancer.

• #57 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for breast cancer. […] Women who had breast cancer in the past have a higher risk of developing breast cancer again. […] A family history of breast cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had breast cancer. […] Genetic mutations are changes to a gene. Some gene changes can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer. […] Women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This is because BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are more common in Ashkenazi women. […] Estrogen is the main hormone associated with breast cancer. Estrogen affects the growth of breast cells. […] Women who have received radiation therapy to the chest, neck and armpit area (called the mantle radiation field) have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.

• #58 Risk Factors and Symptoms for Breast Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/breast-surgery/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-symptoms

  Certain factors may increase the chance of developing breast cancer, though these factors do not directly cause cancer. […] About 10 to 15 percent of breast cancers are driven by genetic factors while the remaining are referred to as sporadic and risk is contributed to by a variety of factors. […] Being female is the most important risk factor for breast cancer. Although men can get breast cancer, it is about 100 times more common in women. […] Family history of breast, ovarian or prostate cancer may cause you to be two to three times more likely to develop breast cancer. […] Inherited gene mutations have been linked to breast cancer. These include mutations in the following genes: BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, CHEK2, ATM and PALB2. […] Ashkenazi Jewish heritage poses a slightly higher risk of breast cancer than other women.

• #59 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/

  Obesity is associated with an overall increased risk of breast cancer. […] Younger age at menarche and later age of menopause increases breast cancer risk. […] Multiple studies have shown that both multiparity and breastfeeding have a protective effect against breast cancer. […] Higher levels of estrogen in premenopausal and post-menopausal women have been associated with increased risk of breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is caused by a complex interplay of multiple factors including age, genetics, environment, and reproductive history and probably yet unknown factors. The risk of breast cancer increases with older age and is most common in post-menopausal women. Genetics and heritable factors play an important role in the development of breast cancer. A first-degree family history of breast cancer significantly increases breast cancer risk. Potentially modifiable factors including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, and replacement hormonal therapy have all been associated with increased breast cancer risk.

• #60 The Root Causes of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Action

  https://www.bcaction.org/the-root-causes-of-breast-cancer/

  Seventy percent of people with breast cancer have none of the known risk factors. […] We know that the hormone estrogen is closely linked to the development of breast cancer. […] The social determinants of breast cancer likely contribute significantly to the development and mortality rate of the disease, and these involuntary factors are shown to be of greater impact on women of color and low-income women, since these populations are at greater risk for exposure to toxins and social injustice-related stresses. […] Compelling research and simple intuition tells us that true reduction of both breast cancer incidence and death from the disease requires a better understanding of how the complex tangle of the environmental and social factors, genetics and personal behavior results in different outcomes for different ethnic and economic groups.

• #61 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Your risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] The main factors that influence risk include being a woman and getting older. […] Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. […] Some women will get breast cancer even without any other risk factors that they know of. […] Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect. […] Most women have some risk factors, but most women do not get breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. […] Most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting menstrual periods before age 12 and starting menopause after age 55 expose women to hormones longer, raising their risk of getting breast cancer.

• #62 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in Australia (apart from non-melanoma skin cancer) and the second most common cancer to cause death in women, after lung cancer. […] Breast cancer is the abnormal growth of the cells lining the breast lobules or ducts. These cells grow uncontrollably and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. […] Some factors that increase your risk of breast cancer include: increasing age, family history, inheritance of mutations in the genes BRCA2, BRCA1 (more common with Ashkenazi Jewish heritage) and CHEK2, exposure to female hormones (natural and administered), starting your period before the age of 12, a previous breast cancer diagnosis, a past history of certain non-cancerous breast conditions. […] Lifestyle factors that can also slightly increase the risk of breast cancer in men and women include: being overweight, not enough physical activity, drinking alcohol.

• #63 Breast cancer and the environment | Silent Spring Institute

  https://silentspring.org/why-study-environmental-chemicals-and-breast-cancer

  Chemicals can damage DNA causing uncontrolled cell growth; they can act as tumor promoters that make cells grow; and they can change the way the breast develops, leaving it more vulnerable to carcinogens. […] Chemicals can alter breast development leaving the breast vulnerable to carcinogens, mimic hormones fueling uncontrolled cell growth, and damage DNA causing a cancerous tumor to form. […] These critical time periods are commonly referred to as windows of susceptibility—developmental stages when an individual may be most vulnerable to environmental exposures. […] In a comprehensive review of epidemiology studies on environmental chemicals and breast cancer, Silent Spring scientists revealed strong evidence linking exposure to chemicals early in life with increased risk of breast cancer later on.

• #64 Breast cancer and the environment | Silent Spring Institute

  https://silentspring.org/why-study-environmental-chemicals-and-breast-cancer

  Chemicals can damage DNA causing uncontrolled cell growth; they can act as tumor promoters that make cells grow; and they can change the way the breast develops, leaving it more vulnerable to carcinogens. […] Chemicals can alter breast development leaving the breast vulnerable to carcinogens, mimic hormones fueling uncontrolled cell growth, and damage DNA causing a cancerous tumor to form. […] These critical time periods are commonly referred to as windows of susceptibility—developmental stages when an individual may be most vulnerable to environmental exposures. […] In a comprehensive review of epidemiology studies on environmental chemicals and breast cancer, Silent Spring scientists revealed strong evidence linking exposure to chemicals early in life with increased risk of breast cancer later on.

• #65 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

  Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue. […] The exact cause of most breast cancers isn’t known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it’s not clear why some people who don’t have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It’s likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you. […] Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #66 Breast cancer and the environment | Silent Spring Institute

  https://silentspring.org/why-study-environmental-chemicals-and-breast-cancer

  Chemicals can damage DNA causing uncontrolled cell growth; they can act as tumor promoters that make cells grow; and they can change the way the breast develops, leaving it more vulnerable to carcinogens. […] Chemicals can alter breast development leaving the breast vulnerable to carcinogens, mimic hormones fueling uncontrolled cell growth, and damage DNA causing a cancerous tumor to form. […] These critical time periods are commonly referred to as windows of susceptibility—developmental stages when an individual may be most vulnerable to environmental exposures. […] In a comprehensive review of epidemiology studies on environmental chemicals and breast cancer, Silent Spring scientists revealed strong evidence linking exposure to chemicals early in life with increased risk of breast cancer later on.

• #67 What Causes Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-does-breast-cancer-form.html

  We don’t know what causes each case of breast cancer. But we do know many of the risk factors for these cancers. […] Hormones also seem to play a role in many cases of breast cancer, but just how this happens is not fully understood. […] We do know that normal breast cells can become cancer because of changes or mutations in genes. […] Most breast cancers (about 90%) develop from acquired (not inherited) gene changes that have not yet been identified. […] Cancers can be caused by gene changes that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause breast cancer. […] Certain inherited gene changes can greatly increase the risk for developing certain cancers and are linked to many of the cancers that run in some families.

• #68 Breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer

  Cancer that originates in mammary glands […] Risk factors for developing breast cancer include obesity, a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy during menopause, ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having children late in life (or not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, and a family history of breast cancer. […] About five to ten percent of cases are the result of an inherited genetic predisposition, including BRCA mutations among others. […] The major causes of sporadic breast cancer are associated with hormone levels. Breast cancer is promoted by estrogen. […] Breast cancer, like other cancers, occurs because of an interaction between an environmental (external) factor and a genetically susceptible host. […] Some mutations associated with cancer, such as p53, BRCA1 and BRCA2, occur in mechanisms to correct errors in DNA.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy. Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years). […] Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history of the disease.

• #70 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Your risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] The main factors that influence risk include being a woman and getting older. […] Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. […] Some women will get breast cancer even without any other risk factors that they know of. […] Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect. […] Most women have some risk factors, but most women do not get breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. […] Most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting menstrual periods before age 12 and starting menopause after age 55 expose women to hormones longer, raising their risk of getting breast cancer.

• #71 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that multiply and form tumors. Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men, as well as younger women. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer. These include: […] Up to 15% of people with breast cancer develop the disease because they have inherited genetic mutations. The most common genetic mutations involve the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. […] Tobacco use has been linked to many different types of cancer, including breast cancer. […] Research shows that drinking beverages containing alcohol may increase breast cancer risk. […] If you’ve had prior radiation therapy especially to your head, neck or chest you’re more likely to develop breast cancer. […] People who use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have a higher risk of being diagnosed with the condition.

• #72 The Etiology of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK583809/

  The goal of this chapter is to explore the etiology of breast cancer to help provide a better understanding of the risk factors of this disease to potentially aid further research into the prevention and management of this disease. […] Most cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women older than 50 years, and the breast cancer risk continues to increase with advancing age. […] A first-degree family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer significantly. Studies show that the risk of breast cancer is doubled in a woman with a first-degree relative with prior breast cancer history. […] The significant association between positive family history and increased breast cancer risk is linked to having gene abnormalities. […] Breast cancer incidence differs around the world. Incidence rates of breast cancer are higher in North America, North and West Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

• #73 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #74 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #75 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Dense breasts can sometimes make it hard to see tumors on a mammogram. […] Women with dense breasts are also more likely to get breast cancer. […] Women who have had breast cancer are more likely to get breast cancer a second time. […] Some noncancerous breast diseases such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ are associated with a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Having a family history of breast cancer may increase risk for breast cancer. […] A family history of ovarian cancer or breast cancer in a male relative also raises risk. […] Women who had radiation therapy to the chest or breasts (for instance, treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma) before age 30 have a higher risk of getting breast cancer later in life. […] Women who took DES have a higher risk of getting breast cancer.

• #76 Breast Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/risk-factors

  White and Black women have the highest risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Taller women are more likely to develop breast cancer than their shorter counterparts. […] Dense breasts have more glandular and fibrous tissue and less fatty tissue, and this is known to increase your chances of developing breast cancer. […] Certain noncancerous breast conditions may confer a higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] If you had another type of cancer and received radiation therapy to your chest as part of your treatment plan, you may be at higher risk for breast cancer. […] From the 1940s through the early 1970s, some pregnant women were given an estrogen-like drug called DES to lower their chances of having a miscarriage. This may increase chances of breast cancer for moms who took it, and possibly for their kids, too. […] According to the CDC, you are considered high risk for breast cancer if you have: Strong family history of breast cancer (parent, sibling or child) and Inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.

• #77 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Your risk for breast cancer is due to a combination of factors. […] The main factors that influence risk include being a woman and getting older. […] Most breast cancers are found in women who are 50 years old or older. […] Some women will get breast cancer even without any other risk factors that they know of. […] Having a risk factor does not mean you will get the disease, and not all risk factors have the same effect. […] Most women have some risk factors, but most women do not get breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. […] Most breast cancers are diagnosed after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase risk of breast and ovarian cancer. […] Starting menstrual periods before age 12 and starting menopause after age 55 expose women to hormones longer, raising their risk of getting breast cancer.

• #78 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Research shows that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a long time increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for breast cancer. […] Obesity increases the risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Physical inactivity increases the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women. […] Breast cancer risk is slightly higher for women with higher incomes. […] Research shows that tall women have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer after menopause. […] There is consistent evidence from studies that adult weight gain is a probable cause of post-menopausal breast cancer. […] Recent studies show that active smoking is related to breast cancer in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women. […] Some evidence suggests that a greater birth weight may increase the risk of developing breast cancer before menopause.

• #79 Breast cancer: Symptoms, causes, stages, types, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37136

  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) also highlights studies suggesting that oral contraceptives may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Obesity after menopause may contribute to a greater likelihood of developing breast cancer, possibly due to increased estrogen levels. […] According to the NCI, studies consistently find that females who consume alcohol have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who do not. […] Dense breast tissue is a risk factor for breast cancer. […] Undergoing mantle field irradiation treatment for a different cancer may increase the risk of developing breast cancer later in life. […] Some research in a 2023 systematic review associates certain rare cancers, such as lymphoma or squamous cell carcinoma, with breast implants. […] However, the review highlights that experts generally consider breast augmentation to be safe.

• #80 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #81 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes

  Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #82 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #83 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #84 Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Women whose mothers took DES while pregnant with them also may have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Women who are not physically active have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Older women who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than those at a healthy weight. […] Some forms of hormone replacement therapy (those that include both estrogen and progesterone) taken during menopause can raise risk for breast cancer when taken for more than 5 years. […] Certain oral contraceptives (birth control pills) also have been found to raise breast cancer risk. […] Having the first pregnancy after age 30, not breastfeeding, and never having a full-term pregnancy can raise breast cancer risk. […] Studies show that a woman’s risk for breast cancer increases with the more alcohol she drinks.

• #85 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes

  Theres growing evidence that smoking slightly increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Taking the contraceptive pill slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Starting your period early (before the age of 12) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Going through a later menopause (the average age is 51) slightly increases your risk of breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding your children slightly reduces your risk of breast cancer. […] In general, the risk of some types of breast cancer is higher for women who do not have children or who have them over the age of 30. […] Having dense breasts increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Some benign breast conditions, such as hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia, slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #86 Risk Factors – National Breast Cancer Foundation

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-risk-factors/

  Genetic risk factors that cannot be changed may include: Gender: Breast cancer occurs nearly 100 times more often in women than in men. Age: Two out of three women with invasive cancer are diagnosed after age 55. Race: Breast cancer is diagnosed more often in Caucasian women than women of other races. Family History and Genetic Factors: If your mother, sister, father, or child has been diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer, you have a higher risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the future. Your risk increases if your relative was diagnosed before the age of 50. […] Environmental and lifestyle risk factors that can be changed may include: Lack of Physical Activity: A sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity can increase your risk for breast cancer. Poor Diet: A diet high in saturated fat and lacking fruits and vegetables can increase your risk for breast cancer.

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk, the most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. Women found to have mutations in these major genes may consider risk reduction strategies such as surgical removal of both breasts or chemoprevention strategies.

• #88 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  There is also an association with some benign breast disease and past exposure to radiation. […] There is no proven method of preventing breast cancer, however the risk of breast cancer can be reduced by lowering alcohol consumption and maintaining a healthy weight. […] Women who are at high risk because of a very strong family history may benefit from hormones such as tamoxifen, usually administered over five years. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy can be considered in women at high risk of breast cancer due to gene mutations.

• #89 What causes breast cancer? | LBBC

  https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer

  People at high risk have options to reduce the risk of a breast cancer diagnosis. These options include taking preventive medicines such as hormonal therapies (tamoxifen or raloxifene) or aromatase inhibitors. If you are at high risk, you and your health care team may also discuss the option of having prophylactic, or preventive, surgery, including mastectomy. […] Preventive medicines can be used to lower the risk of developing breast cancer. These drugs include: Tamoxifen, which blocks estrogen in breast cells, which can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk; Raloxifene, which blocks estrogen in breast cells but is only approved for women who have already gone through menopause; Aromatase inhibitors, which lowers estrogen levels in women who have already gone through menopause.

• #90 Breast cancer risk factors and causes | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-breast-cancer/awareness/breast-cancer-risk-factors-and-causes/

  Theres no one cause of breast cancer but certain things can increase your risk of developing it. […] Theres no single cause but your genes, lifestyle and environment all play a part. […] Things that increase your risk of breast cancer are called risk factors. […] We cannot say for certain who will get breast cancer or what caused someones breast cancer. […] You can reduce your risk of breast cancer by limiting alcohol, keeping to a healthy weight and being physically active regularly. […] Regularly drinking alcohol increases your risk of breast cancer. And the more you drink, the higher your risk. […] Your risk of breast cancer increases if youre overweight or living with obesity after the menopause. […] You can reduce your risk of breast cancer by being physically active regularly.

• #91 What causes breast cancer? | LBBC

  https://www.lbbc.org/about-breast-cancer/what-is-breast-cancer/what-causes-breast-cancer

  A woman’s race or ethnicity affects how likely she is to be diagnosed with breast cancer, the kind of breast cancer she may be more likely to develop, and the kind of care she may receive. For example: White women have a higher chance of developing breast cancer than Black women. Women of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are more likely to develop breast cancer because they may have a higher rate of the BRCA1 mutation. Black women are more likely to develop a more aggressive form of breast cancer called triple-negative breast cancer before the age of 50. Black women and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be diagnosed early and receive standard treatments. […] While total prevention of breast cancer is not currently possible, there are many ways to reduce risk. These include: Avoiding or limiting alcohol use, Exercising regularly, Maintaining a healthy weight, especially after menopause, Limiting use of birth control that uses hormones, Limiting postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, Breastfeeding, if you have children and if breastfeeding is possible for you, especially if you are able to breastfeed for one year, Talking with your doctor about breast cancer screening and the best age to start.

• #92 What causes breast cancer and how to prevent it | HealthPartners Blog

  https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/what-can-cause-breast-cancer/

  Breast implants can cause an exceptionally rare cancer called breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). […] The best ways to reduce your breast cancer risks are to get regular exercise, watch your weight, limit drinking and quit smoking. Most importantly, get regular mammograms, even if you dont have any signs or symptoms of breast cancer.

• #93 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer incidence is positively correlated with age at first birth, and the risk increases with age. […] The epidemiologic literature also consistently shows that lactation is protective against breast cancer overall. […] Lifestyle is also closely associated with breast cancer risks, including weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, psychological factors, and diet. […] Some environmental pollutants are also reported to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. […] Occupational studies have observed associations with breast cancer for many specific agents and for job classifications that involve exposure to mammary carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] As the population ages, especially in developed countries, the prevalence of breast cancer is expected to continue increasing. […] Identifying opportunities for prevention is a key scientific pursuit of population health scientists and epidemiologists. […] There is evidence of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, including the reproductive, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors considered here.

• #94 Causes and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer, What Do We Know for Sure? An Evidence Synthesis of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/8/1583

  Even though a large number of studies have identified genetic and many other risk factors for breast cancer, we do not fully understand what actually causes this disease. […] The causes and risk factors of breast cancer are not fully understood, yet there is a huge amount of research and, already, many existing systematic reviews on the topic. […] In summary, breast cancer incidence rates are significantly higher among more highly educated women and women with higher socioeconomic status, and it is therefore reasonable to assume that the way women live their lives may impact their risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer.

• #95 The Root Causes of Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Action

  https://www.bcaction.org/the-root-causes-of-breast-cancer/

  To address and end the disease, we strive to eliminate involuntary exposures to harmful chemicals present in our daily lives that are making us sick. […] As we push for more and better data, we continue to demand that lawmakers and industry abide by the Precautionary Principle by acting now, on the basis of the weight of the evidence that already exists, to reduce and eliminate our exposure to chemicals we know or suspect cause breast cancer and other chronic diseases. […] The challenge of breast cancer in an environmentally complex world requires innovative and collaborative approaches in addressing this issue politically and scientifically.

• #96 Etiology of breast cancer: A perspective from epidemiologic studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11256529/

  Breast cancer incidence is positively correlated with age at first birth, and the risk increases with age. […] The epidemiologic literature also consistently shows that lactation is protective against breast cancer overall. […] Lifestyle is also closely associated with breast cancer risks, including weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, psychological factors, and diet. […] Some environmental pollutants are also reported to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. […] Occupational studies have observed associations with breast cancer for many specific agents and for job classifications that involve exposure to mammary carcinogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals. […] As the population ages, especially in developed countries, the prevalence of breast cancer is expected to continue increasing. […] Identifying opportunities for prevention is a key scientific pursuit of population health scientists and epidemiologists. […] There is evidence of many factors that contribute to breast cancer risk, including the reproductive, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors considered here.

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