Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #2 Breast Cancer Statistics And Resources | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/breast-cancer-statistics-and-resources/

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and the most common cancer diagnosed in American women. It is a leading cause of cancer death in less developed countries and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. […] In 2022, about 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer worldwide and 670,000 died. Every 14 seconds, somewhere in the world, a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women both in the developed and less developed world. In 2012, it represented about 12 percent of all new cancer cases and 25 percent of all cancers in women. […] Globally, breast cancer now represents one in four of all cancers in women. Since 2008, worldwide breast cancer incidence has increased by more than 20 percent. Mortality has increased by 14 percent.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #4 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The epidemiology of breast cancer has been deeply and constantly investigated over the decades. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of breast cancer including its incidence, prevalence, and mortality across different demographic and geographic aspects, as well as identifying the risk factors, could facilitate the development of proper public health policies. Screening is a key part of the overall management of breast cancer, which can detect breast cancer at an early stage, thereby reducing the associated mortality dramatically. […] The past three decades witnessed a 128% increase in the total number of incident cases worldwide. In 2020, female breast cancer became the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally for the first time, with an estimated 2.26 million new cases reported. The most recent prediction suggests that by 2040, the global burden of breast cancer is expected to increase to over 3 million new cases annually.

• #5 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The epidemiology of breast cancer has been deeply and constantly investigated over the decades. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics of breast cancer including its incidence, prevalence, and mortality across different demographic and geographic aspects, as well as identifying the risk factors, could facilitate the development of proper public health policies. Screening is a key part of the overall management of breast cancer, which can detect breast cancer at an early stage, thereby reducing the associated mortality dramatically. […] The past three decades witnessed a 128% increase in the total number of incident cases worldwide. In 2020, female breast cancer became the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally for the first time, with an estimated 2.26 million new cases reported. The most recent prediction suggests that by 2040, the global burden of breast cancer is expected to increase to over 3 million new cases annually.

• #6 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The mortality rate of breast cancer also fluctuated over the past few decades. The latest global statistics showed that breast cancer was the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, ranking fifth in overall cancer deaths. […] Globally, there exist notable variations across different regions and among various ethnicity, often reflecting a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare access factors. […] Various studies have demonstrated significant disparities in breast cancer incidence and mortality across different racial and ethnic groups. […] In China, breast cancer poses as a significant public health issue. As of 2015, it was identified as the most common cancer and one of the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the country.

• #7 Breast cancer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_cancer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Asian, Hispanic, and Native-American women, have a lower risk of developing and dying from breast cancer. […] The incidence of breast cancer varies greatly around the world: it is lowest in less-developed countries and greatest in the more-developed countries. […] In the twelve world regions, the annual age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 women are as follows: in Eastern Asia, 18; South Central Asia, 22; Sub-Saharan Africa, 22; South-Eastern Asia, 26; North Africa and Western Asia, 28; South and Central America, 42; Eastern Europe, 49; Southern Europe, 56; Northern Europe, 73; Oceania, 74; Western Europe, 78; and in North America, 90. […] Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women. […] In the United States, breast cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death (after lung cancer and colon cancer).

• #8 Breast Cancer Epidemiology – Maina Foundation

  https://mainafoundation.org/breast-cancer-fast-facts/

  Most frequent cancer among women impacts 2.1 million women each year. […] Cause of the most cancer-related deaths among women. […] In 2018, approximately 627,000 women died from breast cancer (15% of all cancer deaths among women). […] Breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed regions, however rates are increasing in nearly every region worldwide. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] About 1 in 8 U.S. women (about 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased slightly (by 0.3% per year). […] About 85% of breast cancers occur in women who have no family history of breast cancer. […] The female breast cancer death rate peaked at 33.2 per 100,000 in 1989 and decreased by 40% to 19.8 in 2017.

• #9 Breast Cancer Statistics | How Common Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers. It accounts for about 30% (or 1 in 3) of all new female cancers each year. […] About 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women. […] About 42,170 women will die from breast cancer. […] Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women. The median age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is 62. […] Overall, the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased by 1% per year. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] Breast cancer death rates have been decreasing steadily since 1989, for an overall decline of 44% through 2022. […] Black women have the highest death rate from breast cancer. […] At every age, Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other race or ethnic group. […] At this time there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States.

• #10 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  There are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] An estimated 42,170 U.S. women will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] 1 in 8 women, or approximately 13% of the female population in the U.S., will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women, except for skin cancers. […] It is estimated that in 2024, approximately 30% of all new female cancer diagnoses will be breast cancer. […] On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. […] Approximately 66% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at a localized stage, before cancer has spread outside of the breast, when it is easiest to treat. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%.

• #11 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 316,950 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 15.5% […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 42,170 […] % of All Cancer Deaths 6.8% […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 13.0 percent of women will be diagnosed with female breast cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 4,091,181 women living with female breast cancer in the United States. […] Female breast cancer represents 15.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 316,950 new cases of female breast cancer and an estimated 42,170 people will die of this disease.

• #12 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. In 2025, an estimated 316,950 women and 2,800 men will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer, and an additional 59,080 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer will be diagnosed. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. Advances in early detection and treatment methods have significantly increased breast cancer survival rates in recent years, and there are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] Awareness of the facts and statistics surrounding breast cancer in the United States is key in empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health. […] In 2025, an estimated 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women in the U.S., as well as 59,080 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.

• #13 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #14 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #15 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 316,950 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 15.5% […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 42,170 […] % of All Cancer Deaths 6.8% […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 13.0 percent of women will be diagnosed with female breast cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 4,091,181 women living with female breast cancer in the United States. […] Female breast cancer represents 15.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 316,950 new cases of female breast cancer and an estimated 42,170 people will die of this disease.

• #16 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  There are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] An estimated 42,170 U.S. women will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] 1 in 8 women, or approximately 13% of the female population in the U.S., will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women, except for skin cancers. […] It is estimated that in 2024, approximately 30% of all new female cancer diagnoses will be breast cancer. […] On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. […] Approximately 66% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at a localized stage, before cancer has spread outside of the breast, when it is easiest to treat. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%.

• #17 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #18 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #19 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 316,950 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 15.5% […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 42,170 […] % of All Cancer Deaths 6.8% […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 13.0 percent of women will be diagnosed with female breast cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 4,091,181 women living with female breast cancer in the United States. […] Female breast cancer represents 15.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 316,950 new cases of female breast cancer and an estimated 42,170 people will die of this disease.

• #20 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  There are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] An estimated 42,170 U.S. women will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] 1 in 8 women, or approximately 13% of the female population in the U.S., will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women, except for skin cancers. […] It is estimated that in 2024, approximately 30% of all new female cancer diagnoses will be breast cancer. […] On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. […] Approximately 66% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at a localized stage, before cancer has spread outside of the breast, when it is easiest to treat. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%.

• #21 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #22 Breast Cancer Statistics | How Common Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers. It accounts for about 30% (or 1 in 3) of all new female cancers each year. […] About 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women. […] About 42,170 women will die from breast cancer. […] Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women. The median age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is 62. […] Overall, the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased by 1% per year. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] Breast cancer death rates have been decreasing steadily since 1989, for an overall decline of 44% through 2022. […] Black women have the highest death rate from breast cancer. […] At every age, Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other race or ethnic group. […] At this time there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States.

• #23 Breast cancer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_cancer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  About 1 out of 8 women in United states will develop invasive breast cancer. […] Annually (i.e in 2019) around 268,600 and 62,930 new cases of invasive and non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed respectively. […] In men, life time likelihood of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 883. […] Annually 2,670 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed in males. […] Breast cancer increasing pattern of incidence rates began decreasing after year 2000 in US. […] A decreasing pattern of death rates has been observed since 1989 which might be explained by treatment advances, earlier cancer detection courtesy of screening programs, and increased awareness. […] In the subgroup of women under 45, African-American women breast incidence of breast cancer is higher compared to the white women, and they are more likely to die of breast cancer.

• #24 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The mortality rate of breast cancer also fluctuated over the past few decades. The latest global statistics showed that breast cancer was the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, ranking fifth in overall cancer deaths. […] Globally, there exist notable variations across different regions and among various ethnicity, often reflecting a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and healthcare access factors. […] Various studies have demonstrated significant disparities in breast cancer incidence and mortality across different racial and ethnic groups. […] In China, breast cancer poses as a significant public health issue. As of 2015, it was identified as the most common cancer and one of the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the country.

• #25 Breast Cancer Statistics | How Common Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers. It accounts for about 30% (or 1 in 3) of all new female cancers each year. […] About 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women. […] About 42,170 women will die from breast cancer. […] Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women. The median age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is 62. […] Overall, the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased by 1% per year. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] Breast cancer death rates have been decreasing steadily since 1989, for an overall decline of 44% through 2022. […] Black women have the highest death rate from breast cancer. […] At every age, Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other race or ethnic group. […] At this time there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States.

• #26 Breast Cancer Statistics | How Common Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers. It accounts for about 30% (or 1 in 3) of all new female cancers each year. […] About 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women. […] About 42,170 women will die from breast cancer. […] Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women. The median age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is 62. […] Overall, the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased by 1% per year. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] Breast cancer death rates have been decreasing steadily since 1989, for an overall decline of 44% through 2022. […] Black women have the highest death rate from breast cancer. […] At every age, Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other race or ethnic group. […] At this time there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States.

• #27 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  Mortality from breast cancer is highest for Black women, even when accounting for differences in age and stage at diagnosis; mortality is approximately 40% higher for Black women compared with White women. […] Disparities in follow-up after screening and treatment have been observed for Asian, Black, and Hispanic women. […] Improvements in access to effective health care, removal of financial barriers, and use of support services to ensure equitable follow-up after screening and timely and effective treatment of breast cancer have the potential to reduce mortality for individuals experiencing disparities related to racism, rural location, low income, or other factors associated with lower breast cancer survival.

• #28 Breast cancer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_cancer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  About 1 out of 8 women in United states will develop invasive breast cancer. […] Annually (i.e in 2019) around 268,600 and 62,930 new cases of invasive and non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed respectively. […] In men, life time likelihood of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 883. […] Annually 2,670 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed in males. […] Breast cancer increasing pattern of incidence rates began decreasing after year 2000 in US. […] A decreasing pattern of death rates has been observed since 1989 which might be explained by treatment advances, earlier cancer detection courtesy of screening programs, and increased awareness. […] In the subgroup of women under 45, African-American women breast incidence of breast cancer is higher compared to the white women, and they are more likely to die of breast cancer.

• #29 2 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer | Meeting Psychosocial Needs of Women with Breast Cancer | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10909/chapter/4

  In 1999, there were an estimated 2 million women with a history of breast cancer, representing 41 percent of the nearly 5 million female cancer survivors or 23 percent of 8.9 million total cancer survivors. […] The prognosis of invasive breast cancer is strongly influenced by the stage of the disease, or how far the cancer has spread when it is first diagnosed. […] Most breast cancer (63 percent) is localized at diagnosis, but this varies by race. […] The risk of breast cancer and death from breast cancer increases sharply with age for both white and African American women (American Cancer Society, 2001). […] The incidence of breast cancer is higher among white as compared to African American women. […] The breast cancer mortality rate is higher among African American as compared to white women.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01805999

  This review of published data on the epidemiology, pathology, and molecular biology of breast cancer in African American women seeks to identify how the etiology and presentation of the disease differ from those in white women. […] Data from six case-control studies suggest that the relative risks associated with both established and probable breast cancer risk factors are similar in African American and white women. […] Lower survival in African American compared to white women is primarily attributable to diagnosis at a later stage. […] However, evidence from a number of studies suggests that tumors in African American women may exhibit a more aggressive phenotype, which could also contribute to the survival disparity. […] Tumors in African American women are more likely to occur at a younger age, to be poorly differentiated and estrogen receptor negative, and to exhibit high grade nuclear atypia, more aggressive histology (more medullary and less lobular), and higher S-phase.

• #31 Breast cancer epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Breast_cancer_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Asian, Hispanic, and Native-American women, have a lower risk of developing and dying from breast cancer. […] The incidence of breast cancer varies greatly around the world: it is lowest in less-developed countries and greatest in the more-developed countries. […] In the twelve world regions, the annual age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 women are as follows: in Eastern Asia, 18; South Central Asia, 22; Sub-Saharan Africa, 22; South-Eastern Asia, 26; North Africa and Western Asia, 28; South and Central America, 42; Eastern Europe, 49; Southern Europe, 56; Northern Europe, 73; Oceania, 74; Western Europe, 78; and in North America, 90. […] Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women. […] In the United States, breast cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death (after lung cancer and colon cancer).

• #32 2 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer | Meeting Psychosocial Needs of Women with Breast Cancer | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10909/chapter/4

  The presence of additional illnesses and various socio-demographic factors (e.g., lack of health insurance) also contribute to the observed differences in survival between African Americans and whites. […] Breast cancer represents a significant health burden to American women. […] In 2002 there were an estimated 203,500 diagnoses of invasive breast cancer and 39,600 deaths. […] Age is a key risk factor associated with breast cancer, with 45 percent of new cases and 59 percent of deaths occurring among women age 65 and older. […] Most women (63 percent) are diagnosed with localized breast cancer that has a very favorable prognosis. […] Although African American women are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, when they are diagnosed, they are more likely to be diagnosed with regional or distant disease that has a less favorable prognosis. […] Other racial and ethnic groups (i.e., Asian and Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Hispanics) have both lower breast cancer incidence and mortality rates.

• #33 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  Mortality from breast cancer is highest for Black women, even when accounting for differences in age and stage at diagnosis; mortality is approximately 40% higher for Black women compared with White women. […] Disparities in follow-up after screening and treatment have been observed for Asian, Black, and Hispanic women. […] Improvements in access to effective health care, removal of financial barriers, and use of support services to ensure equitable follow-up after screening and timely and effective treatment of breast cancer have the potential to reduce mortality for individuals experiencing disparities related to racism, rural location, low income, or other factors associated with lower breast cancer survival.

• #34 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #35 Breast Cancer Statistics | How Common Is Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/about/how-common-is-breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, except for skin cancers. It accounts for about 30% (or 1 in 3) of all new female cancers each year. […] About 316,950 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in women. […] About 42,170 women will die from breast cancer. […] Breast cancer mainly occurs in middle-aged and older women. The median age at the time of breast cancer diagnosis is 62. […] Overall, the average risk of a woman in the United States developing breast cancer sometime in her life is about 13%. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased by 1% per year. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] Breast cancer death rates have been decreasing steadily since 1989, for an overall decline of 44% through 2022. […] Black women have the highest death rate from breast cancer. […] At every age, Black women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other race or ethnic group. […] At this time there are more than 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States.

• #36 2 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer | Meeting Psychosocial Needs of Women with Breast Cancer | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10909/chapter/4

  The presence of additional illnesses and various socio-demographic factors (e.g., lack of health insurance) also contribute to the observed differences in survival between African Americans and whites. […] Breast cancer represents a significant health burden to American women. […] In 2002 there were an estimated 203,500 diagnoses of invasive breast cancer and 39,600 deaths. […] Age is a key risk factor associated with breast cancer, with 45 percent of new cases and 59 percent of deaths occurring among women age 65 and older. […] Most women (63 percent) are diagnosed with localized breast cancer that has a very favorable prognosis. […] Although African American women are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, when they are diagnosed, they are more likely to be diagnosed with regional or distant disease that has a less favorable prognosis. […] Other racial and ethnic groups (i.e., Asian and Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Hispanics) have both lower breast cancer incidence and mortality rates.

• #37 Behavior of breast cancer in young women: A Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database review. – ASCO

  https://www.asco.org/abstracts-presentations/ABSTRACT102683

  Advanced age is a major risk factor for breast cancer in women. […] Our study was done to evaluate tumor characteristic and cancer specific survival among young women. […] The primary outcome was 5-year cancer-specific survival. […] Breast cancer is uncommon among young women (age 35). Compared to other age groups, breast cancer in young women presents with bigger tumor, higher nodal positivity, an advanced stage, higher tumor grade, higher hormone receptor negativity, and worse 5-year cancer-specific survival.

• #38 Epidemiology and prognosis of breast cancer in young women – Assi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/1215

  Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women with 6.6% of cases diagnosed in young women below the age of 40. […] Age Standardized Incidence Rates of breast cancer in young women vary little between different countries. […] Review of modifiable risk factors shows that long-term use of oral contraceptives, low body mass index (BMI) and high animal fat diet consumption are associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer. […] Non-modifiable risk factors such as family history and genetic mutations do account for increased risks of breast cancer in premenopausal women. […] Breast cancer in young women is associated with adverse pathological factors, including high grade tumors, hormone receptor negativity, and HER2 overexpression. […] This has a significant negative impact on the rate of local recurrence and overall survival.

• #39 Behavior of breast cancer in young women: A Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database review. – ASCO

  https://www.asco.org/abstracts-presentations/ABSTRACT102683

  Advanced age is a major risk factor for breast cancer in women. […] Our study was done to evaluate tumor characteristic and cancer specific survival among young women. […] The primary outcome was 5-year cancer-specific survival. […] Breast cancer is uncommon among young women (age 35). Compared to other age groups, breast cancer in young women presents with bigger tumor, higher nodal positivity, an advanced stage, higher tumor grade, higher hormone receptor negativity, and worse 5-year cancer-specific survival.

• #40 Epidemiology and prognosis of breast cancer in young women – Assi – Journal of Thoracic Disease

  https://jtd.amegroups.org/article/view/1215

  Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women with 6.6% of cases diagnosed in young women below the age of 40. […] Age Standardized Incidence Rates of breast cancer in young women vary little between different countries. […] Review of modifiable risk factors shows that long-term use of oral contraceptives, low body mass index (BMI) and high animal fat diet consumption are associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer. […] Non-modifiable risk factors such as family history and genetic mutations do account for increased risks of breast cancer in premenopausal women. […] Breast cancer in young women is associated with adverse pathological factors, including high grade tumors, hormone receptor negativity, and HER2 overexpression. […] This has a significant negative impact on the rate of local recurrence and overall survival.

• #41 Gestational breast cancer: Epidemiology and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gestational-breast-cancer-epidemiology-and-diagnosis

  Gestational or pregnancy-associated breast cancer is defined as breast cancer that is diagnosed during pregnancy, in the first postpartum year, or any time during lactation. Breast cancer occurring during pregnancy presents a challenging clinical situation since the welfare of both the mother and the fetus must be taken into account in any treatment planning. […] The epidemiology and diagnosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer will be reviewed here. […] Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Pregnancy itself may transiently increase an individual woman’s risk of developing breast cancer, despite its long-term protective effect on the development of breast cancer. […] In women under age 30, as many as 20 percent of breast cancers are pregnancy associated; however, in women under age 50, fewer than 5 percent are pregnancy associated, given that the risk of nonpregnancy-associated breast cancer increases with age.

• #42 Epidemiology of breast cancer in young women – Archive ouverte HAL

  https://hal.science/hal-00565563v1

  Breast cancer is mainly a postmenopausal disease, but in younger women breast tumors often exhibit more aggressive features and worse prognosis. Furthermore, high-risk and low-risk tumors present different age distributions suggesting that breast cancer comprises a mixture of two different disease processes. […] In agreement with this hypothesis, breast cancer presents different epidemiologic traits in pre- and postmenopausal women. Regarding racial distribution, incidence is higher in black women at younger ages in US, while the reverse is true among women older than 50 years. Genetic predisposition is a stronger risk factor in young women. On the contrary, nulliparity and obesity decrease the risk of early-onset breast cancers while are associated with higher incidence in older women. Epidemiologic data related with the hormonal exposure in utero suggest that the effect is stronger in early breast cancers. In most developed countries, breast cancer has shown an upward trend until recent years in postmenopausal women, while incidence rates in younger women have been stable. However, Spain is an exception to this rule: Spanish women younger than 45 years of age have registered a steady increase of breast cancer that may be related with the remarkable lifestyle changes experienced by women born in the second half of the twentieth century.

• #43 Epidemiology of breast cancer in young women – Archive ouverte HAL

  https://hal.science/hal-00565563v1

  Breast cancer is mainly a postmenopausal disease, but in younger women breast tumors often exhibit more aggressive features and worse prognosis. Furthermore, high-risk and low-risk tumors present different age distributions suggesting that breast cancer comprises a mixture of two different disease processes. […] In agreement with this hypothesis, breast cancer presents different epidemiologic traits in pre- and postmenopausal women. Regarding racial distribution, incidence is higher in black women at younger ages in US, while the reverse is true among women older than 50 years. Genetic predisposition is a stronger risk factor in young women. On the contrary, nulliparity and obesity decrease the risk of early-onset breast cancers while are associated with higher incidence in older women. Epidemiologic data related with the hormonal exposure in utero suggest that the effect is stronger in early breast cancers. In most developed countries, breast cancer has shown an upward trend until recent years in postmenopausal women, while incidence rates in younger women have been stable. However, Spain is an exception to this rule: Spanish women younger than 45 years of age have registered a steady increase of breast cancer that may be related with the remarkable lifestyle changes experienced by women born in the second half of the twentieth century.

• #44 Late-stage breast cancer diagnosis on the rise in US | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1066905

  Between 2004 and 2021, the biggest annual percentage increase in the incidence of metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis occurred in women between the ages of 20 and 39 (2.9%). […] The significant increase in metastatic disease at diagnosis among all U.S. women and across all age groups is an alarming new finding, said lead author R. Edward Hendrick, Ph.D., clinical professor, department of radiology at the University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine. […] The researchers said several factors may be contributing to the increased incidence of metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis, including the lack of a national, organized screening program and inconsistent screening guidelines, which discourages attendance. […] Fewer than 50% of U.S. women participate in annual breast cancer screening, Dr. Monticciolo said.

• #45 Breast Cancer Epidemiology – Maina Foundation

  https://mainafoundation.org/breast-cancer-fast-facts/

  There has been a decline in breast cancer mortality rates since 1989, which have been attributed to both improvements in treatment and early detection by mammography. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer and has the highest mortality among females in India. […] There is an increasing incidence of breast cancer in younger age groups (30-40s). […] India is predicted to see an increase in breast cancer incidence and mortality in the next 2 decades. […] Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women in Brazil. […] Sao Paolo City’s breast cancer mortality rate is significantly higher than the national average. […] Breast cancer is still being diagnosed too frequently in late stages. […] Several mapping data papers suggest issues of inequity related to breast cancer early diagnosis and treatment.

• #46 Breast Cancer Epidemiology – Maina Foundation

  https://mainafoundation.org/breast-cancer-fast-facts/

  Most frequent cancer among women impacts 2.1 million women each year. […] Cause of the most cancer-related deaths among women. […] In 2018, approximately 627,000 women died from breast cancer (15% of all cancer deaths among women). […] Breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed regions, however rates are increasing in nearly every region worldwide. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. […] About 1 in 8 U.S. women (about 12%) will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. […] In recent years, incidence rates have increased slightly (by 0.3% per year). […] About 85% of breast cancers occur in women who have no family history of breast cancer. […] The female breast cancer death rate peaked at 33.2 per 100,000 in 1989 and decreased by 40% to 19.8 in 2017.

• #47 An overview of breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and cancer risks reduction – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/MOJBM/an-overview-of-breast-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-pathophysiology-and-cancer-risks-reduction.html

  The objectives of this review is to add to the body of knowledge, information on the epidemiology of breast cancer, risk factors, breast cancer pathology, risk factors reduction and prevention, with the aim of reducing breast cancer incidence, prevalence and burden. […] The etiology of breast cancer is not fully understood. A variety of interrelated factors, such as genetics, hormones, the environment, sociobiology and physiology among others can influence breast cancer development. […] Studies have shown that a number of conditions known as risk factors encourage or predispose one to cancer. Some identified risk factors for breast cancer include: Environmental factors, Sociobiological factors, Nutritional factors, Physiological factors, Genetic factor, Family risk factors, Alcohol, A woman’s hormonal history, History of breast cancer, Obesity, Hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives, The immune system, Tobacco, Exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens), Infections.

• #48 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The diversity in clinicopathological features of tumors across different regions and ethnicities partly explains the worldwide epidemiological pattern of breast cancer. […] Risk factors play important role in the onset and progression of tumors, and can be categorized into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the global cancer burden. […] Hereditary breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases. Individuals with a positive family history, especially those with a first-degree relative affected, are at a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. […] Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is responsible for developing women sexual characteristics and plays an important role in the metabolism. However, estrogen and estrogen metabolites also have potential carcinogenic effects, either by acting on ER, affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, or by causing oxidative damage to DNA.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history of the disease. […] Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk, the most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. […] Treatment for breast cancer depends on the subtype of cancer and how much it has spread outside of the breast to lymph nodes (stages II or III) or to other parts of the body (stage IV). […] The objective of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) is to reduce global breast cancer mortality by 2.5% per year, thereby averting 2.5 million breast cancer deaths globally between 2020 and 2040.

• #52 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The diversity in clinicopathological features of tumors across different regions and ethnicities partly explains the worldwide epidemiological pattern of breast cancer. […] Risk factors play important role in the onset and progression of tumors, and can be categorized into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the global cancer burden. […] Hereditary breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases. Individuals with a positive family history, especially those with a first-degree relative affected, are at a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. […] Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is responsible for developing women sexual characteristics and plays an important role in the metabolism. However, estrogen and estrogen metabolites also have potential carcinogenic effects, either by acting on ER, affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, or by causing oxidative damage to DNA.

• #53 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The diversity in clinicopathological features of tumors across different regions and ethnicities partly explains the worldwide epidemiological pattern of breast cancer. […] Risk factors play important role in the onset and progression of tumors, and can be categorized into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the global cancer burden. […] Hereditary breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases. Individuals with a positive family history, especially those with a first-degree relative affected, are at a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. […] Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is responsible for developing women sexual characteristics and plays an important role in the metabolism. However, estrogen and estrogen metabolites also have potential carcinogenic effects, either by acting on ER, affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, or by causing oxidative damage to DNA.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Family history of breast cancer increases the risk of breast cancer, but most women diagnosed with breast cancer do not have a known family history of the disease. […] Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk, the most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. […] Treatment for breast cancer depends on the subtype of cancer and how much it has spread outside of the breast to lymph nodes (stages II or III) or to other parts of the body (stage IV). […] The objective of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) is to reduce global breast cancer mortality by 2.5% per year, thereby averting 2.5 million breast cancer deaths globally between 2020 and 2040.

• #55 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31456177/

  Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. […] In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. […] Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #57

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer

  To differentiate between the NICE and NHS BSP guidance, very high risk is defined by the NHS BSP as: women with a lifetime risk of 40% or greater due to a specific genetic abnormality in the woman or her family. […] A woman is considered to be at very high risk if she has a test result that identifies a germline pathogenic variant in a gene that would confer a 40% to 95% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Women who have previously received total body irradiation are at an elevated risk of breast cancer in the years following treatment. […] Screening with mammography can be safely performed during pregnancy but as mammographic density increases during pregnancy and lactation, its effectiveness is reduced. […] MRI during pregnancy is not recommended due to the high level of background parenchymal enhancement during pregnancy and lactation. […] Transgender (trans) men and non-binary people who have breast tissue and fulfil the criteria to be eligible for very high risk screening will be invited for screening if they are registered with a GP with a gender marker of female or indeterminate.

• #58 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  The diversity in clinicopathological features of tumors across different regions and ethnicities partly explains the worldwide epidemiological pattern of breast cancer. […] Risk factors play important role in the onset and progression of tumors, and can be categorized into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the global cancer burden. […] Hereditary breast cancer accounts for approximately 5% to 10% of all breast cancer cases. Individuals with a positive family history, especially those with a first-degree relative affected, are at a significantly increased risk for breast cancer. […] Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is responsible for developing women sexual characteristics and plays an important role in the metabolism. However, estrogen and estrogen metabolites also have potential carcinogenic effects, either by acting on ER, affecting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, or by causing oxidative damage to DNA.

• #59 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31456177/

  Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. […] In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. […] Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #61 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2017/07/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-screening-in-average-risk-women

  The main factors for breast cancer are female sex (more than 99% of cases of breast cancer occur in women) and advancing age. Although other characteristics have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, most women in whom invasive breast cancer is diagnosed do not have identifiable risk factors. […] Breast cancer risk appears to differ between postmenopausal women who use combined hormonal therapy and those who use estrogen therapy alone. In the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial, postmenopausal women taking estrogen and progestin had higher breast cancer risk during the intervention and early postintervention parts of the study. In postmenopausal women who previously had a hysterectomy and were randomized to receive estrogen alone or placebo, breast cancer risk did not appear increased.

• #62 Any type of hormonal contraceptive may increase risk of breast cancer — Cancer Epidemiology Unit (CEU)

  https://www.ceu.ox.ac.uk/news/any-type-of-hormonal-contraceptive-may-increase-risk-of-breast-cancer

  An analysis of data by researchers at Oxford Population Healths Cancer Epidemiology Unit has shown that use of progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives is associated with a 20-30% higher risk of breast cancer. […] Previous studies have shown that use of the combined contraceptive pill, which combines oestrogen and progestogen, is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing breast cancer that declines after stopping use. […] In the CPRD data, there was a significant increase in risk of breast cancer associated with hormonal contraceptive use, regardless of whether the contraceptive last prescribed was a combined (oestrogen and progestogen) oral preparation (23%), a progestogen-only oral preparation (26%), an injected progestogen (25%), or a progestogen-releasing intra-uterine device (32%);

• #63 Any type of hormonal contraceptive may increase risk of breast cancer — Cancer Epidemiology Unit (CEU)

  https://www.ceu.ox.ac.uk/news/any-type-of-hormonal-contraceptive-may-increase-risk-of-breast-cancer

  An analysis of data by researchers at Oxford Population Healths Cancer Epidemiology Unit has shown that use of progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives is associated with a 20-30% higher risk of breast cancer. […] Previous studies have shown that use of the combined contraceptive pill, which combines oestrogen and progestogen, is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing breast cancer that declines after stopping use. […] In the CPRD data, there was a significant increase in risk of breast cancer associated with hormonal contraceptive use, regardless of whether the contraceptive last prescribed was a combined (oestrogen and progestogen) oral preparation (23%), a progestogen-only oral preparation (26%), an injected progestogen (25%), or a progestogen-releasing intra-uterine device (32%);

• #64

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #66 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31456177/

  Epidemiologic studies have contributed importantly to current knowledge of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer. Worldwide, breast cancer is an important cause of human suffering and premature mortality among women. […] In the United States, breast cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women than any site other than lung cancer. A variety of risk factors for breast cancer have been well-established by epidemiologic studies including race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as modifiable exposures such as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and certain female reproductive factors. […] Younger age at menarche, parity, and older age at first full-term pregnancy may influence breast cancer risk through long-term effects on sex hormone levels or by other biological mechanisms. Recent studies have suggested that triple negative breast cancers may have a distinct etiology. Genetic variants and mutations in genes that code for proteins having a role in DNA repair pathways and the homologous recombination of DNA double stranded breaks (APEX1, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC2, XRCC3, ATM, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51, XPD), have been implicated in some cases of breast cancer.

• #67

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/09000/breast_cancer_among_women_who_work_at_night.24.aspx

  Although most breast cancers appear to be attributable to environmental exposures, little is known about specific causes for this disease. Therefore, it is important to conduct epidemiologic studies in order to test all biological plausible hypotheses. […] As an initial step to evaluate an association between night work and female breast cancer, we used a comprehensive data linkage for this purpose, in which it was possible to control for the major confounder, i.e. the reproductive outcome. […] A major problem, however, is often the relatively imprecise available information on some exposures. […] Thus, among these groups, which have a lower proportion of night workers than those in our recent study, the increased relative risk of breast cancer further supports our hypothesis. […] Further, confounders such as alcohol, use of oral contraceptives or a lower level of physical activity among the night-time workers may at least partly have contributed to their observed increased risk of breast cancer, and should be considered in subsequent studies.

• #69

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2001/09000/breast_cancer_among_women_who_work_at_night.23.aspx

  The recent case-control study by Hansen investigated the linkage between female breast cancer and night work. Hansen found an increased risk of breast cancer among female night workers (odds ratio 1.5) […] The study did control for important confounders such as parity, socio-economic status and age at birth of first and last child. Hansen states that previous descriptive studies have found a linkage between female breast cancer and night workers such as flight attendants and radio/telegraph operators. Thus, the observed increased risk of female breast cancer in these descriptive studies may not be primarily due to night work, but may be mediated by other risk factors.

• #70 Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

  https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/BCEP

  Exposure to road traffic noise was associated with increased risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (ER-) breast cancer in a previous cohort study, but not with overall or ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer, or … […] Limited evidence, mostly from studies in Western populations, suggests that the prognostic effects of lifestyle-related risk factors may be molecular subtype-dependent. […] Although it has been well-documented that obesity is associated with decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer and increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, it is unclear whether these associations d… […] High mammographic density is a strong, well-established breast cancer risk factor. […] Plausible biological reasons exist regarding why smoking could affect breast cancer risk, but epidemiological evidence is inconsistent.

• #71 Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

  https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/BCEP

  Body size in early life is inversely associated with adult breast cancer (BC) risk, but it is unclear whether the associations differ by tumor characteristics. […] Regular users of aspirin may have reduced risk of breast cancer. […] A novel line of research suggests that eating at nighttime may have several metabolic consequences that are highly relevant to breast cancer. […] Early age at menarche, nulliparity, late age at first completed pregnancy, and never having breastfed, are established breast cancer risk factors. […] In a recent casecontrol study, long-term use of calcium channel blocking drugs was associated with a greater-than-twofold increased breast cancer risk.

• #72 What CDC Is Doing About Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/what-cdc-is-doing/index.html

  CDC is working to prevent and control breast cancer in several ways. […] The ASTHO Breast Cancer Disparities Online Toolkit provides resources for identifying, measuring, and addressing disparities in avoidable deaths from breast cancer among different groups of women. […] CDC works with public, non-profit, and private partners to address breast cancer in women younger than 45 years of age through a variety of activities. […] Cancer surveillance is the collection of information about cancer, including: Which groups of people were diagnosed with breast cancer. […] This information allows scientists to see which groups of people are more or less likely to get breast cancer. […] CDC supports cancer surveillance through the National Program of Cancer Registries. […] CDC’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control supports studies that help improve efforts to prevent and control breast cancer. […] CDC supports programs designed to prevent or control cancer.

• #73 What CDC Is Doing About Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/what-cdc-is-doing/index.html

  CDC is working to prevent and control breast cancer in several ways. […] The ASTHO Breast Cancer Disparities Online Toolkit provides resources for identifying, measuring, and addressing disparities in avoidable deaths from breast cancer among different groups of women. […] CDC works with public, non-profit, and private partners to address breast cancer in women younger than 45 years of age through a variety of activities. […] Cancer surveillance is the collection of information about cancer, including: Which groups of people were diagnosed with breast cancer. […] This information allows scientists to see which groups of people are more or less likely to get breast cancer. […] CDC supports cancer surveillance through the National Program of Cancer Registries. […] CDC’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control supports studies that help improve efforts to prevent and control breast cancer. […] CDC supports programs designed to prevent or control cancer.

• #74 What CDC Is Doing About Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/what-cdc-is-doing/index.html

  CDC is working to prevent and control breast cancer in several ways. […] The ASTHO Breast Cancer Disparities Online Toolkit provides resources for identifying, measuring, and addressing disparities in avoidable deaths from breast cancer among different groups of women. […] CDC works with public, non-profit, and private partners to address breast cancer in women younger than 45 years of age through a variety of activities. […] Cancer surveillance is the collection of information about cancer, including: Which groups of people were diagnosed with breast cancer. […] This information allows scientists to see which groups of people are more or less likely to get breast cancer. […] CDC supports cancer surveillance through the National Program of Cancer Registries. […] CDC’s Division of Cancer Prevention and Control supports studies that help improve efforts to prevent and control breast cancer. […] CDC supports programs designed to prevent or control cancer.

• #75

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-021-06499-8

  The Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) model predicts risk of invasive breast cancer risk based on age, race, family history, breast density, and history of benign breast disease, including lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). […] The BCSC model has moderate accuracy in predicting invasive breast cancer risk among women with LCIS with fair discrimination for risk prediction between individuals.

• #76 The African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium Study – EGA European Genome-Phenome Archive

  https://www.ega-archive.org/studies/phs000669

  The AMBER Consortium Study was formed to pool interview data, questionnaire data, and biological samples from epidemiological studies of breast cancer in African-American women to discover the potential causes of early-onset and aggressive breast cancer in African-American women. […] The Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS): a North Carolina population-based case-control study of breast cancer, conducted in three phases. […] The Women’s Circle of Health Study (WCHS): a multi-site case-control study in New York City (NYC) and New Jersey (NJ) aimed at evaluating risk factors for early and aggressive breast cancer in women of AA and EA ancestry. […] Black Women’s Health Study (BWHS): an ongoing prospective cohort study of health and illness among U.S. black women, with a focus on cancer.

• #77

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer

  The national cancer strategy requires the NHS breast screening programme (BSP) to manage the surveillance of women at very high risk of developing breast cancer to national standards across England. […] Women at very high risk eligible for screening in the NHS BSP are a subset of the high-risk group defined by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). […] The NHS BSP screens very high risk women with digital X-ray mammography and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) according to the frequencies published in this guidance. […] The NICE familial breast cancer guidelines categorise women at increased risk of breast cancer into moderate or high risk categories. […] Only a subset of those defined by NICE as being at high risk reach the very high risk group threshold used in the NHS BSP.

• #78

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer

  To differentiate between the NICE and NHS BSP guidance, very high risk is defined by the NHS BSP as: women with a lifetime risk of 40% or greater due to a specific genetic abnormality in the woman or her family. […] A woman is considered to be at very high risk if she has a test result that identifies a germline pathogenic variant in a gene that would confer a 40% to 95% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Women who have previously received total body irradiation are at an elevated risk of breast cancer in the years following treatment. […] Screening with mammography can be safely performed during pregnancy but as mammographic density increases during pregnancy and lactation, its effectiveness is reduced. […] MRI during pregnancy is not recommended due to the high level of background parenchymal enhancement during pregnancy and lactation. […] Transgender (trans) men and non-binary people who have breast tissue and fulfil the criteria to be eligible for very high risk screening will be invited for screening if they are registered with a GP with a gender marker of female or indeterminate.

• #79 Surveillance Breast Cancer Program | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/chelsea/womens-cancer-program/surveillance-breast-program

  The Surveillance Breast Program is ideal for you if you have a background of, or have experienced, any of the following: Family history of breast or ovarian cancer (including male breast cancer). […] A BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 genetic mutation. […] Personal history of Hodgkin’s lymphoma with radiation to the upper chest. […] Personal history of precancerous conditions, such as abnormal cells in the milk glands, known as lobular carcinoma in situ (LCUS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). […] Our Surveillance Breast Program brings together a talented and highly trained team of breast specialists who rally around you. […] In this program, we use a variety of imaging procedures, including: Digital mammography: uses low-dose X-rays that typically provide the first indication of cancer.

• #80 Surveillance Breast Cancer Program | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/chelsea/womens-cancer-program/surveillance-breast-program

  Ultrasound: uses sound waves and is particularly effective for dense breasts. […] Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses a magnetic field and wave energy. […] Breast-specific gamma imaging: uses a radioactive tracer and gamma camera and is especially helpful with dense breasts. […] If appropriate, we can also perform fine needle aspirations, which are biopsies of particular sites in the breast that are of concern. […] In addition to helping you address the medical aspects of being at increased risk for breast cancer, we are also here to support you and your loved ones emotionally.

• #81 Surveillance Breast Cancer Program | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/chelsea/womens-cancer-program/surveillance-breast-program

  Ultrasound: uses sound waves and is particularly effective for dense breasts. […] Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses a magnetic field and wave energy. […] Breast-specific gamma imaging: uses a radioactive tracer and gamma camera and is especially helpful with dense breasts. […] If appropriate, we can also perform fine needle aspirations, which are biopsies of particular sites in the breast that are of concern. […] In addition to helping you address the medical aspects of being at increased risk for breast cancer, we are also here to support you and your loved ones emotionally.

• #82 Surveillance Breast Cancer Program | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/chelsea/womens-cancer-program/surveillance-breast-program

  Ultrasound: uses sound waves and is particularly effective for dense breasts. […] Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses a magnetic field and wave energy. […] Breast-specific gamma imaging: uses a radioactive tracer and gamma camera and is especially helpful with dense breasts. […] If appropriate, we can also perform fine needle aspirations, which are biopsies of particular sites in the breast that are of concern. […] In addition to helping you address the medical aspects of being at increased risk for breast cancer, we are also here to support you and your loved ones emotionally.

• #83

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer

  To differentiate between the NICE and NHS BSP guidance, very high risk is defined by the NHS BSP as: women with a lifetime risk of 40% or greater due to a specific genetic abnormality in the woman or her family. […] A woman is considered to be at very high risk if she has a test result that identifies a germline pathogenic variant in a gene that would confer a 40% to 95% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Women who have previously received total body irradiation are at an elevated risk of breast cancer in the years following treatment. […] Screening with mammography can be safely performed during pregnancy but as mammographic density increases during pregnancy and lactation, its effectiveness is reduced. […] MRI during pregnancy is not recommended due to the high level of background parenchymal enhancement during pregnancy and lactation. […] Transgender (trans) men and non-binary people who have breast tissue and fulfil the criteria to be eligible for very high risk screening will be invited for screening if they are registered with a GP with a gender marker of female or indeterminate.

• #84

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/protocols-for-surveillance-of-women-at-higher-risk-of-developing-breast-cancer

  To differentiate between the NICE and NHS BSP guidance, very high risk is defined by the NHS BSP as: women with a lifetime risk of 40% or greater due to a specific genetic abnormality in the woman or her family. […] A woman is considered to be at very high risk if she has a test result that identifies a germline pathogenic variant in a gene that would confer a 40% to 95% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Women who have previously received total body irradiation are at an elevated risk of breast cancer in the years following treatment. […] Screening with mammography can be safely performed during pregnancy but as mammographic density increases during pregnancy and lactation, its effectiveness is reduced. […] MRI during pregnancy is not recommended due to the high level of background parenchymal enhancement during pregnancy and lactation. […] Transgender (trans) men and non-binary people who have breast tissue and fulfil the criteria to be eligible for very high risk screening will be invited for screening if they are registered with a GP with a gender marker of female or indeterminate.

• #85 Breast cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10774137/

  Currently, breast cancer screening programs are well-established in developed regions like Europe and the US. For example, nearly all European countries have population-based screening programs, though inequalities between them have been identified. In contrast, in low-income areas such as sub-Saharan Africa, no countries have established systematic screening programs, and awareness of breast cancer is poor. […] Personalized and risk-based screening strategies are essential for the early detection and effective management of breast cancer.

• #86 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force now recommends that all women get screened every other year starting at age 40. This final recommendation also urgently calls for research in key areas. […] The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. This is a B grade. […] Black women are 40 percent more likely to die from breast cancer than White women and too often get aggressive cancers at young ages. Ensuring Black women start screening at 40 is an important first step, yet it is not enough to improve these inequities. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that biennial screening mammography in women aged 40 to 74 years has a moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older.

• #87 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force now recommends that all women get screened every other year starting at age 40. This final recommendation also urgently calls for research in key areas. […] The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. This is a B grade. […] Black women are 40 percent more likely to die from breast cancer than White women and too often get aggressive cancers at young ages. Ensuring Black women start screening at 40 is an important first step, yet it is not enough to improve these inequities. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that biennial screening mammography in women aged 40 to 74 years has a moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older.

• #88 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2017/07/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-screening-in-average-risk-women

  Women at average risk of breast cancer should be offered screening mammography starting at age 40 years. Women at average risk of breast cancer should initiate screening mammography no earlier than age 40 years. If they have not initiated screening in their 40s, they should begin screening mammography by no later than age 50 years. The decision about the age to begin mammography screening should be made through a shared decision-making process. […] Women at average risk of breast cancer should have screening mammography every 1 or 2 years based on an informed, shared decision-making process that includes a discussion of the benefits and harms of annual and biennial screening and incorporates patient values and preferences. Women at average risk of breast cancer should continue screening mammography until at least age 75 years.

• #89 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2017/07/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-screening-in-average-risk-women

  Women at average risk of breast cancer should be offered screening mammography starting at age 40 years. Women at average risk of breast cancer should initiate screening mammography no earlier than age 40 years. If they have not initiated screening in their 40s, they should begin screening mammography by no later than age 50 years. The decision about the age to begin mammography screening should be made through a shared decision-making process. […] Women at average risk of breast cancer should have screening mammography every 1 or 2 years based on an informed, shared decision-making process that includes a discussion of the benefits and harms of annual and biennial screening and incorporates patient values and preferences. Women at average risk of breast cancer should continue screening mammography until at least age 75 years.

• #90 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2017/07/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-screening-in-average-risk-women

  Women at average risk of breast cancer should be offered screening mammography starting at age 40 years. Women at average risk of breast cancer should initiate screening mammography no earlier than age 40 years. If they have not initiated screening in their 40s, they should begin screening mammography by no later than age 50 years. The decision about the age to begin mammography screening should be made through a shared decision-making process. […] Women at average risk of breast cancer should have screening mammography every 1 or 2 years based on an informed, shared decision-making process that includes a discussion of the benefits and harms of annual and biennial screening and incorporates patient values and preferences. Women at average risk of breast cancer should continue screening mammography until at least age 75 years.

• #91 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force now recommends that all women get screened every other year starting at age 40. This final recommendation also urgently calls for research in key areas. […] The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. This is a B grade. […] Black women are 40 percent more likely to die from breast cancer than White women and too often get aggressive cancers at young ages. Ensuring Black women start screening at 40 is an important first step, yet it is not enough to improve these inequities. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that biennial screening mammography in women aged 40 to 74 years has a moderate net benefit. […] The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient to determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years or older.

• #92 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  Mortality from breast cancer is highest for Black women, even when accounting for differences in age and stage at diagnosis; mortality is approximately 40% higher for Black women compared with White women. […] Disparities in follow-up after screening and treatment have been observed for Asian, Black, and Hispanic women. […] Improvements in access to effective health care, removal of financial barriers, and use of support services to ensure equitable follow-up after screening and timely and effective treatment of breast cancer have the potential to reduce mortality for individuals experiencing disparities related to racism, rural location, low income, or other factors associated with lower breast cancer survival.

• #93 An overview of breast cancer epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and cancer risks reduction – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/MOJBM/an-overview-of-breast-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-pathophysiology-and-cancer-risks-reduction.html

  Early detection of breast cancer can play a significant role in reducing its incidence and burden. Breast cancer mortality can be reduced if cases were detected and treated early. Constant mammograms and breast examinations nevertheless do not prevent cancer, but these screening tests enable its early detection; when treatment is most likely to be effective. Although the presence or absence of risk factors is not a confirmation for the establishment of cancer or not in an individual, modifying some of the risk factors is crucial in the prevention of breast and other forms of cancer.

• #94 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  Breast cancer survival rates are calculated using different forms of data, including the type and staging of breast cancer at diagnosis. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. of localized (early stage) breast cancer is 99%. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women, behind lung cancer. The chance that a woman will die from breast cancer is 1 in 39, or about 2.5%. […] In 2025, an estimated 42,170 women will die from breast cancer in the U.S. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options. […] Women who receive regular screenings for breast cancer have a 26% lower breast cancer death rate than women who do not receive screenings.

• #95 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  There are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] An estimated 42,170 U.S. women will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] 1 in 8 women, or approximately 13% of the female population in the U.S., will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women, except for skin cancers. […] It is estimated that in 2024, approximately 30% of all new female cancer diagnoses will be breast cancer. […] On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. […] Approximately 66% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at a localized stage, before cancer has spread outside of the breast, when it is easiest to treat. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%.

• #96 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  There are currently over 4 million breast cancer survivors in the United States. […] An estimated 42,170 U.S. women will die from breast cancer in 2025. […] 1 in 8 women, or approximately 13% of the female population in the U.S., will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women, except for skin cancers. […] It is estimated that in 2024, approximately 30% of all new female cancer diagnoses will be breast cancer. […] On average, every 2 minutes a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States. […] Approximately 66% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at a localized stage, before cancer has spread outside of the breast, when it is easiest to treat. […] The 5-year relative survival rate for cancer diagnosed at the localized stage is 99%.

• #97 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women. […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Overall, female breast cancer survival is good. […] Female breast cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. […] The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year based on 2019-2023, age-adjusted. […] The percent of female breast cancer deaths is highest among women aged 65-74. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Age-adjusted rates for new female breast cancer cases have been rising on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.2% each year over 2014-2023.

• #98 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  Breast cancer survival rates are calculated using different forms of data, including the type and staging of breast cancer at diagnosis. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. of localized (early stage) breast cancer is 99%. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women, behind lung cancer. The chance that a woman will die from breast cancer is 1 in 39, or about 2.5%. […] In 2025, an estimated 42,170 women will die from breast cancer in the U.S. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options. […] Women who receive regular screenings for breast cancer have a 26% lower breast cancer death rate than women who do not receive screenings.

• #99 Female Breast Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 316,950 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 15.5% […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 42,170 […] % of All Cancer Deaths 6.8% […] The rate of new cases of female breast cancer was 130.8 per 100,000 women per year. The death rate was 19.2 per 100,000 women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 13.0 percent of women will be diagnosed with female breast cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 4,091,181 women living with female breast cancer in the United States. […] Female breast cancer represents 15.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 316,950 new cases of female breast cancer and an estimated 42,170 people will die of this disease.

• #100

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer caused 670 000 deaths globally in 2022. […] Roughly half of all breast cancers occur in women with no specific risk factors other than sex and age. […] Breast cancer was the most common cancer in women in 157 countries out of 185 in 2022. […] In 2022, there were 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast cancer and 670 000 deaths globally. Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy.

• #101 Female Breast Cancer Subtypes — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast-subtypes.html

  There are four main female breast cancer subtypes, including the following in order of prevalence: […] When all subtypes are combined, female breast cancer is fairly common. In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 316,950 new cases of female breast cancer. […] The breast cancer subtype HR+/HER2- is the most common subtype with an age-adjusted rate of 91.3 new cases per 100,000 women, based on 20182022 cases. […] This is a rate more than six times higher than the HR-/Her2- breast cancer rate of 13.9 and the HR+/HER2+ breast cancer rate of 12.3, and over 17 times higher than HR-/HER2+ breast cancer rate of 5.1. All rates are age-adjusted. […] The best survival pattern was observed among women with the HR+/Her2- subtype, followed by the HR+/Her2+ subtype and the HR-/Her2+ subtype. The HR-/Her2- subtype had the worst survival.

• #102 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  Breast cancer survival rates are calculated using different forms of data, including the type and staging of breast cancer at diagnosis. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. for all types and stages of breast cancer combined is 91%. […] The 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. of localized (early stage) breast cancer is 99%. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women, behind lung cancer. The chance that a woman will die from breast cancer is 1 in 39, or about 2.5%. […] In 2025, an estimated 42,170 women will die from breast cancer in the U.S. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options. […] Women who receive regular screenings for breast cancer have a 26% lower breast cancer death rate than women who do not receive screenings.

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