Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast Cancer Facts & Stats 2024 – Incidence, Age, Survival, & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/

  1 in 8 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime. […] When caught in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. […] The early detection of breast cancer through annual mammography and other breast exams is the best defense against receiving a late-stage breast cancer diagnosis. […] Generally speaking, the earlier the cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. […] Awareness of the facts and statistics surrounding breast cancer in the United States is key in empowering individuals to make informed decisions about their health. […] Women who receive regular screenings for breast cancer have a 26% lower breast cancer death rate than women who do not receive screenings. […] Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women, behind lung cancer. […] Breast cancer death rates have slowly decreased since 1989, for an overall decline of 43% through 2020. This is in part due to better screening and early detection efforts, increased awareness, and continually improving treatment options.

• #2 Breast cancer facts | Breast Cancer Now

  https://breastcancernow.org/about-us/why-we-do-it/breast-cancer-facts-and-statistics

  Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK with 1 woman diagnosed every 10 minutes. […] The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed, the better the chance of successful treatment. […] Over half UK women do not check their breasts regularly for potential signs of breast cancer. […] Checking your breasts only takes a few minutes. […] Everyone can take steps to lower their chances of getting breast cancer by making small healthy changes and living well now, including drinking less alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight and keeping physically active. […] 99% of breast cancer cases are in women. […] Almost 9 in 10 (86%) of women survive breast cancer for 5 years or more. […] Breast cancer survival is improving and has doubled in the past 50 years in the UK due to a combination of improvements in treatment and care, earlier detection through screening and a focus on targets, including faster diagnosis.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Breast cancer occurs in every country of the world in women at any age after puberty but with increasing rates in later life. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. The treatment of breast cancer in men follows the same principles of management as for women. […] Treatment is based on the person, the type of cancer and its spread. Treatment combines surgery, radiation therapy and medications. […] Treatments for breast cancer are more effective and are better tolerated when started early and taken to completion. […] Women with breast wounds that do not heal should seek medical care to have a biopsy performed. […] The objective of the WHO Global Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) is to reduce global breast cancer mortality by 2.5% per year, thereby averting 2.5 million breast cancer deaths globally between 2020 and 2040.

• #4 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Is the leading type of cancer in women.Most breast cancer begins in the lining of the milk ducts, sometimes the lobule. […] The most significant risk factors for breast cancer are gender (being a woman) and age (growing older). […] A womans risk of breast cancer approximately doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer. […] Chemotherapy is the primary used as adjuvant treatment postoperatively; usually begins 4 weeks after surgery (very stressful for a patient who just finished major surgery). […] Chemotherapy is also used as primary treatment in inflammatory breast cancer and as palliative treatment in metastatic disease or recurrence.

• #5 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer occurs when a cell in the breast mutates and starts multiplying rapidly. There are more than 275,000 breast cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. Fortunately, new treatments have pushed the disease’s five-year survival rate to 90%. […] Breast cancer occurs when cells of the breast tissue grow and multiply uncontrollably. It primarily affects women but can also affect men. Several factors determine what type of breast cancer you have, your prognosis, and your treatment options. […] Breast cancer symptoms vary from person to person and there is no exact definition of what a lump or mass feels like. The best thing to do is to be familiar with your breasts so you know how normal feels and looks. If you notice any changes, tell your doctor. […] Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. So, you may be wondering how to avoid breast cancer.

• #6 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. About 83% of breast cancer diagnoses each year are among women aged 50 or older. […] Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can reduce deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] Breast cancer screening can decrease the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

• #7 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women aged 35-44 years. […] Breast cancer risk is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Key risk factors include: Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2). Family history (especially first-degree relatives diagnosed at a young age). Early menarche (12 years old) and late menopause (55 years old). Nulliparity (never having children) or late first pregnancy (30 years old). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and prolonged estrogen exposure. […] Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease among women. […] Breast cancer is characterized by tumor development within the breast tissue. […] Breast cancer is a potentially fatal disease. […] Breast cancer can occur in both men and women. […] Breast cancer risk increases with age, making advancing age one of the most significant risk factors.

• #8 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women aged 35-44 years. […] Breast cancer risk is influenced by genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Key risk factors include: Genetic mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2). Family history (especially first-degree relatives diagnosed at a young age). Early menarche (12 years old) and late menopause (55 years old). Nulliparity (never having children) or late first pregnancy (30 years old). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and prolonged estrogen exposure. […] Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease among women. […] Breast cancer is characterized by tumor development within the breast tissue. […] Breast cancer is a potentially fatal disease. […] Breast cancer can occur in both men and women. […] Breast cancer risk increases with age, making advancing age one of the most significant risk factors.

• #9 Breast Cancer Inherited Risk | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/cancer-care-services/prevention-screening/risk-assessment/inherited-cancer/breast-cancer-inherited

  Simply being a woman is the main risk factor for developing breast cancer. Although women have many more breast cells than men, the main reason they develop breast cancer more often is because their breast cells are constantly exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which promote cell growth. Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is about 100 times more common among women than men. […] Your risk of developing breast cancer increases as you age. About 2 out of 3 invasive breast cancers are found in women age 55 or older. […] The chance of developing breast cancer increases if a close relative, either male or female, had breast cancer. About 20 to 30 percent of women with breast cancer have a family member with the disease. […] Breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene changes. The most common are in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes which cause a significantly increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer.

• #10 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Most breast cancers occur in women. The main reason women develop breast cancer is because their breast cells are exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, especially estrogen, are linked with breast cancer and encourage the growth of some breast cancers. […] Breast cancer mostly occurs in women between 50 and 69 years of age. […] Women who had breast cancer in the past have a higher risk of developing breast cancer again. […] A family history of breast cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had breast cancer. […] The risk of developing breast cancer is higher if one or more first-degree relatives (such as a mother, sister or daughter) had breast cancer, especially if they were diagnosed before menopause. […] Studies show that women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have up to an 85% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime.

• #11 Patient education: Factors that affect breast cancer risk in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factors-that-affect-breast-cancer-risk-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  It is important to remember that breast cancer can also occur in women who have no identifiable risk factors. The average woman has approximately a 10 to 15 percent chance of developing breast cancer if she lives into her 90s. On the other hand, the risk of developing breast cancer in a woman with a strong family history of the disease who has inherited one of the genes that predispose her to breast cancer is over 50 percent. Even if your personal risk factors suggest that you have a low risk of breast cancer, it’s still important to talk to your provider about your options for breast cancer screening. […] Increasing age — The primary risk factor for breast cancer in most women is older age. The incidence of breast cancer rises sharply with age until the age of 45 to 50, at which point the rise is less steep. At age 75 to 80, the incidence rates flatten out and then start to decline.

• #12 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Most breast cancers occur in women. The main reason women develop breast cancer is because their breast cells are exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, especially estrogen, are linked with breast cancer and encourage the growth of some breast cancers. […] Breast cancer mostly occurs in women between 50 and 69 years of age. […] Women who had breast cancer in the past have a higher risk of developing breast cancer again. […] A family history of breast cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had breast cancer. […] The risk of developing breast cancer is higher if one or more first-degree relatives (such as a mother, sister or daughter) had breast cancer, especially if they were diagnosed before menopause. […] Studies show that women with inherited BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations have up to an 85% chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime.

• #13 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Is the leading type of cancer in women.Most breast cancer begins in the lining of the milk ducts, sometimes the lobule. […] The most significant risk factors for breast cancer are gender (being a woman) and age (growing older). […] A womans risk of breast cancer approximately doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer. […] Chemotherapy is the primary used as adjuvant treatment postoperatively; usually begins 4 weeks after surgery (very stressful for a patient who just finished major surgery). […] Chemotherapy is also used as primary treatment in inflammatory breast cancer and as palliative treatment in metastatic disease or recurrence.

• #14 Patient education: Factors that affect breast cancer risk in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factors-that-affect-breast-cancer-risk-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  Hormonal factors — Having high levels of estrogen is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. […] Menopausal hormone therapy — Long-term use of combined oral estrogen-progestin (eg, for five years or more) to treat symptoms of menopause in women ages 50 to 79 increases the risk of breast cancer as well as heart disease, stroke, and clots in the legs. […] Pregnancy and breastfeeding — Some studies suggest that women who have given birth multiple times are less likely to develop breast cancer later in life than women who have never given birth. However, other studies suggest that this only holds true for women who started having children at a younger age (ie, before 35). Breastfeeding has also been found to be associated with a lower risk of developing breast cancer; the protective effect seems to increase with longer duration of breastfeeding.

• #15 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Women with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than women with little or no dense breast tissue. […] Atypical hyperplasia increases a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for breast cancer. […] Obesity increases the risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Physical inactivity increases the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women. […] Breast cancer risk is slightly higher for women with higher incomes. […] Research shows that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a long time increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Oral contraceptives that contain both estrogen and progesterone can slightly increase the risk for breast cancer.

• #16 Patient education: Factors that affect breast cancer risk in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/factors-that-affect-breast-cancer-risk-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  Sex — Breast cancer occurs 100 times more frequently in females than in males. However, males can get breast cancer too. […] Race/ethnicity — In the United States, White women have the highest rate of breast cancer; for every 100,000 women, there are 124 cases diagnosed. The rate of breast cancer is lower in Black women (113 per 100,000), American Indians/Alaska natives (92 per 100,000), and Hispanic women (90 per 100,000). It is lowest in Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (82 per 100,000). […] Weight — Weight gain and obesity are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in women who have been through menopause. A higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women, although the mechanism behind this association is not clear.

• #17 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Women with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than women with little or no dense breast tissue. […] Atypical hyperplasia increases a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for breast cancer. […] Obesity increases the risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Physical inactivity increases the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women. […] Breast cancer risk is slightly higher for women with higher incomes. […] Research shows that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a long time increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Oral contraceptives that contain both estrogen and progesterone can slightly increase the risk for breast cancer.

• #18 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  Women with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of developing breast cancer than women with little or no dense breast tissue. […] Atypical hyperplasia increases a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk for breast cancer. […] Obesity increases the risk for breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Physical inactivity increases the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and post-menopausal women. […] Breast cancer risk is slightly higher for women with higher incomes. […] Research shows that taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a long time increases the risk of breast cancer. […] Oral contraceptives that contain both estrogen and progesterone can slightly increase the risk for breast cancer.

• #19 Breast Cancer Inherited Risk | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/cancer-care-services/prevention-screening/risk-assessment/inherited-cancer/breast-cancer-inherited

  A woman with cancer in one breast is three to four times more likely to develop a new cancer in the other breast, or in another part of the same breast. This is different from a recurrence, or return of the first cancer. […] About 80 percent of all breast changes that are biopsied, or tested, are found to be benign, or not cancerous. But, some of these benign breast conditions are linked to an increase in breast cancer risk. […] Receiving radiation therapy to the chest between the ages of 10 and 30 can increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer appears to be highest if the radiation was given during adolescence, when the breasts are still developing. […] Use of hormones after menopause called hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk for developing breast cancer.

• #20 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #21 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] A balanced diet can help you stay at a healthy weight. And healthy weight is a key factor in helping prevent breast cancer. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer.

• #22 Breastfeeding lowers your breast cancer risk | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/breastfeeding-breast-cancer-prevention.h19-1589046.html

  Breastfeeding can lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows mothers who breastfeed lower their risk of pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer. […] Most women who breastfeed experience hormonal changes during lactation that delay their menstrual periods. This reduces a woman’s lifetime exposure to hormones like estrogen, which can promote breast cancer cell growth. […] In addition, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, you shed breast tissue. This shedding can help remove cells with potential DNA damage, thus helping to reduce your chances of developing breast cancer. […] Breastfeeding past six months is not only beneficial for your child’s health, but the longer you do it, the more protection you receive against breast and ovarian cancers. […] In a study by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, researchers found that for every 12 months a woman breastfed, her risk of breast cancer decreased by 4.3%. […] Furthermore, Australian researchers found that women who breastfed for more than 13 months were 63% less likely to develop ovarian cancer than women who breastfed for less than seven months.

• #23 Breast Cancer Inherited Risk | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/cancer-care-services/prevention-screening/risk-assessment/inherited-cancer/breast-cancer-inherited

  Having many pregnancies and becoming pregnant at an early age reduces breast cancer risk. Pregnancy reduces a woman’s total number of lifetime menstrual cycles, which may be the reason for this effect. […] Some studies have suggested that breastfeeding may slightly lower breast cancer risk. This is more likely if breastfeeding is continued for 1.5 to 2 years or if many children of the same mother are breastfed. […] High-fat diets can lead to being overweight or obese, which is a breast cancer risk factor. A diet high in fat has also been shown to influence the risk of developing several other types of cancer. […] The American Cancer Society recommends that women limit their consumption of alcohol to no more than one drink per day to reduce their breast cancer risk. […] Evidence is growing that physical activity in the form of exercise reduces breast cancer risk. The only question is how much exercise do you need? In one study from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) as little as 1.25 to 2.5 hours per week of brisk walking reduced a woman’s risk by 18 percent. Walking 10 hours a week reduced the risk even more.

• #24 Breast Cancer Inherited Risk | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/cancer-care-services/prevention-screening/risk-assessment/inherited-cancer/breast-cancer-inherited

  Having many pregnancies and becoming pregnant at an early age reduces breast cancer risk. Pregnancy reduces a woman’s total number of lifetime menstrual cycles, which may be the reason for this effect. […] Some studies have suggested that breastfeeding may slightly lower breast cancer risk. This is more likely if breastfeeding is continued for 1.5 to 2 years or if many children of the same mother are breastfed. […] High-fat diets can lead to being overweight or obese, which is a breast cancer risk factor. A diet high in fat has also been shown to influence the risk of developing several other types of cancer. […] The American Cancer Society recommends that women limit their consumption of alcohol to no more than one drink per day to reduce their breast cancer risk. […] Evidence is growing that physical activity in the form of exercise reduces breast cancer risk. The only question is how much exercise do you need? In one study from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) as little as 1.25 to 2.5 hours per week of brisk walking reduced a woman’s risk by 18 percent. Walking 10 hours a week reduced the risk even more.

• #25 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #26 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is a significant health concern, the leading cause of death among women of childbearing age varies by region and demographic. […] Breast cancer can present in various ways, including: A painless or tender lump in the breast or underarm. Changes in breast size or shape. Skin dimpling or puckering. Nipple discharge (other than breast milk), especially if bloody. […] Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and even early-stage tumors can shed cancerous cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Systemic chemotherapy helps eradicate these microscopic cancer cells that may not be detectable at the time of diagnosis, reducing the risk of metastasis and recurrence. […] Breast cancer can cause changes in the surrounding tissues, leading to fibrosis and retraction of the skin. Tumors infiltrating the ligaments or lymphatic system may cause skin changes, including dimpling, thickening, or a retracted nipple. […] Breast cancer is a significant health concern, the leading cause of death among women of childbearing age varies by region and demographic.

• #27 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease. 80% to 90% of all cancers are the result of the things we do to ourselves. Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer. Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. It’s the most common malignant condition of breast. It can occur in both men and women, but it’s far more common in women. […] New lump in the breast or underarm Thickening or swelling of part of the breast Mass which is hard with irregular borders Irritation or dimpling of breast skin Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area Nipple discharge other than breast milk Any change in the size or the shape of the breast. […] Breast cancer is often divided into either: Non-invasive breast cancer (carcinoma in situ) found in the ducts of the breast (ductal carcinoma in situ) which has not spread into the breast tissue surrounding the ducts. Invasive breast cancer where the cancer cells have spread through the lining of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue.

• #28 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

  If you find a lump or other change in your breast, make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional. Don’t wait for your next mammogram to see if the change you found is breast cancer. Report any changes in your breasts even if a recent mammogram showed there was no breast cancer. […] Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of breast cancer. […] To perform a breast self-exam for breast awareness, follow a pattern that ensures you cover your entire breast. […] If you have a high risk of breast cancer, you might consider other options to lower the risk. You might have a high risk if you have a family history of breast cancer. Your risk also might be higher if you have a history of precancerous cells in the breast tissue. Talk about your risk with your healthcare team. Your team might have options for lowering your risk, such as preventive medicines. […] Using estrogen-blocking medicines can lower the risk of breast cancer in those who have a high risk. Options include medicines called selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. These medicines also are used as hormone therapy treatment for breast cancer.

• #29 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage. […] Breast cancers diagnosed at an early stage are much less expensive to treat than those diagnosed at a late stage. […] CDC’s National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) helps women with low incomes who are uninsured or underinsured get access to timely breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnosis services. […] Since 1991, NBCCEDP-funded programs have served more than 6.3 million women and provided more than 16.3 million breast and cervical cancer screening exams.

• #30 Patient education – Breast Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/breast-cancer/patient-education

  About 8 out of 10 invasive breast cancers are infiltrating ductal carcinomas. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules). Like IDC, it can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. […] Monthly breast self examinations and annual clinical exams and mammograms in women 50 years and older could prevent as many as 30 percent of those deaths. […] The American Cancer Society recommends women begin annual screening mammograms at age 40. Women should begin breast self examinations as early as in their 20s. […] More than 85 percent of women diagnosed do not have a family history of breast cancer that’s why breast self examinations and annual exams and mammograms by your doctor are so important to early detection, treatment, and survival. […] Physicians recommend self-examinations, mammograms and clinical breast examinations to aid in early detection.

• #31 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. […] Black women are 40 percent more likely to die from breast cancer than White women and too often get aggressive cancers at young ages. Ensuring Black women start screening at 40 is an important first step, yet it is not enough to improve these inequities. […] It is important to note that all women, including those with dense breasts, should be screened starting at age 40. While we call for more research, these women should talk to their clinicians about their options for follow-up testing so that they can get the care that’s right for them. […] Mortality from breast cancer is highest for Black women, even when accounting for differences in age and stage at diagnosis; mortality is approximately 40% higher for Black women compared with White women.

• #32 Patient education – Breast Cancer – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/breast-cancer/patient-education

  Yearly mammograms are recommended starting at age 40 and continuing for as long as a woman is in good health. […] Women at increased risk (for example, family history, genetic tendency, past breast cancer) should talk with their doctors about the benefits and limitations of starting mammography screening earlier, having additional tests (for example, breast ultrasound or MRI) or having more frequent exams. […] The team of University of Florida physicians and surgeons at the UF Health Breast Center provide comprehensive evaluation and treatment plans for new patients with breast cancer or suspected breast cancer and offer second opinions for breast cancer patients making treatment decisions. […] The High Risk Program at the UF Breast Center not only identifies women at a higher risk level but also provides individualized preventive care to reduce that risk.

• #33 Breast Cancer | Woman’s Hospital

  https://www.womans.org/services/cancer/breast

  We care for women from breast cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, surgery, recovery and survivorship. […] Know the signs and symptoms of breast cancer and pay attention to changes, lumps or abnormalities. They may not be due to cancer, but should be investigated as soon as possible. […] There are different types of breast cancer and breast conditions. Common types of breast cancer include ductal carcinoma that begins in the lining of the ducts or lobular carcinoma which occurs in the lobules (milk-producing glands). […] Early detection can save your life. Make breast self-awareness a part of your regular routine. See your provider for a clinical breast exam. Schedule your yearly mammogram. […] If imaging shows an abnormality, your doctor will follow up with a series of tests to determine whether cancer is present. A biopsy is the only definitive way to make a cancer diagnosis. […] Treatment plans depend on the type and stage of cancer. A multidisciplinary approach can consist of chemotherapy/endocrine therapy, radiation therapy, or surgery.

• #34 Breast Health Services | Women & Infants Hospital in Rhode Island

  https://www.womenandinfants.org/services/breast-health

  Most women experience some form of breast changes, and it’s important to know your normal breasts. […] Diagnoses are made earlier due to advanced screening mammography and our ability to detect cancer at earlier stages. […] If breast cancer is diagnosed, other tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body, in a process called staging. The type and stage of breast cancer lets the doctor know what kind of treatment you need. […] Mammogram screening recommendations vary from different government-sponsored groups and medical societies. […] There is a familial risk, meaning that there is an increase in risk if one has family members, especially a first-degree relative such as a sister or mother, with breast cancer. […] Breast density describes the ability of the x-ray to penetrate the breast and give resolution on mammogram.

• #35 Women’s Preventive Services Guidelines | HRSA

  https://www.hrsa.gov/womens-guidelines

  In December 2024, HRSA approved updates to the Guidelines for two listed preventive services: […] Breast Cancer Screening for Women at Average Risk. […] The Womens Preventive Services Initiative recommends that women at average risk of breast cancer initiate mammography screening no earlier than age 40 years and no later than age 50 years. Screening mammography should occur at least biennially and as frequently as annually. […] Screening should continue through at least age 74 years, and age alone should not be the basis for discontinuing screening. […] Women at increased risk also should undergo periodic mammography screening, however, recommendations for additional services are beyond the scope of this recommendation. […] The Womens Preventive Services Initiative recommends patient navigation services for breast and cervical cancer screening and follow-up, as relevant, to increase utilization of screening recommendations based on an assessment of the patients needs for navigation services.

• #36 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening

  The Task Force recommends that all women get screened for breast cancer every other year, starting at age 40 and continuing through age 74, to reduce their risk of dying from this disease. […] Black women are 40 percent more likely to die from breast cancer than White women and too often get aggressive cancers at young ages. Ensuring Black women start screening at 40 is an important first step, yet it is not enough to improve these inequities. […] It is important to note that all women, including those with dense breasts, should be screened starting at age 40. While we call for more research, these women should talk to their clinicians about their options for follow-up testing so that they can get the care that’s right for them. […] Mortality from breast cancer is highest for Black women, even when accounting for differences in age and stage at diagnosis; mortality is approximately 40% higher for Black women compared with White women.

• #37 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2017/07/breast-cancer-risk-assessment-and-screening-in-average-risk-women

  Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. Regular screening mammography starting at age 40 years reduces breast cancer mortality in average-risk women. […] Breast cancer risk assessment is very important for identifying women who may benefit from more intensive breast cancer surveillance; however, there is no standardized approach to office-based breast cancer risk assessment in the United States. […] The purpose of this Practice Bulletin is to discuss breast cancer risk assessment, review breast cancer screening guidelines in average-risk women, and outline some of the controversies surrounding breast cancer screening. […] Women at average risk of breast cancer should be offered screening mammography starting at age 40 years. Women at average risk of breast cancer should initiate screening mammography no earlier than age 40 years. If they have not initiated screening in their 40s, they should begin screening mammography by no later than age 50 years. The decision about the age to begin mammography screening should be made through a shared decision-making process. This discussion should include information about the potential benefits and harms.

• #38 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. About 83% of breast cancer diagnoses each year are among women aged 50 or older. […] Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can reduce deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] Breast cancer screening can decrease the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

• #39 SciELO Brazil – NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/583YFyYhTjDhBqrn5WJBBKK/

  The objective was to understand and to analyze the management of nursing care for women with breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy. […] Nurses play an important role in managing care, and contribute to a closer look at the recognition of such needs, prioritizing the quality of life. […] In the face of the decision to undergo palliative chemotherapy, one must be attentive to the need for care that the patient may present. The nurse is the professional directly dealing with women and their families, being responsible for the administration of the chemotherapeutic agents. […] The present study aimed to understand and analyze the management of nursing care for women with breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy. […] The five categories focused on the following central phenomenon; the nurses manage care for women with advanced breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy employing steps of the nursing process. Such care is provided especially at the time of the nursing consultation, which is guided by the needs of the patients.

• #40 Specialist breast care nurses for supportive care of women with breast cancer | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD005634/BREASTCA_specialist-breast-care-nurses-supportive-care-women-breast-cancer

  Which interventions carried out by specialist breast care nurses (SBCNs) improve quality of life outcomes for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer? […] Breast cancer is a complex disease and the most common cancer among women globally. […] SBCNs are defined as nurses with 'advanced knowledge’ who meet women at diagnosis and provide information and emotional support, patient advocacy, and continuity across the care pathway, seeking to address the multifactorial patient’s needs. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer can improve quality of life and satisfaction with care. […] Overall, the studies captured a specific time point in a persons care within a role that was multifactorial. […] The evidence suggests that, when compared to usual care, SBCN interventions improve health-related quality of life, satisfaction with care, anxiety and depression.

• #41 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Nursing diagnoses include anxiety related to diagnosis of breast cancer, anticipatory grieving related to loss and possible or impending death, acute pain related to tumor compression on nerve endings, disturbed sleep pattern related to pain and anxiety, disturbed body image related to loss of a body part, and sexual dysfunction related to body image or self-esteem disturbance. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: PRE-OP Explain breast cancer and treatment options, reduce fear and anxiety and improve coping abilities, promote decision-making abilities, provide routine pre-op care: Consent, NPO, Meds, Teaching about breathing exercise. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: POST-OP Position patient: Supine, affected extremity elevated to reduce edema, relieve pain and discomfort: Moderate elevation of extremity, injection of pain meds, warm shower on 2nd day post-op.

• #42 Nursing Care Plan for Breast Cancer – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is a complex and devastating disease that affects millions of women worldwide. Nurses play a crucial role in the care and support of patients with breast cancer, providing comprehensive care plans that encompass assessment, diagnosis, interventions, and evaluation. […] Conducting a comprehensive nursing assessment is crucial in developing an individualized care plan for patients with breast cancer. […] Assess the patients emotional well-being and psychological response to the diagnosis of breast cancer. […] Breast cancer diagnosis can lead to significant anxiety and distress for patients. […] Breast cancer treatments can cause acute pain, discomfort, and localized tissue damage, affecting the patients quality of life. […] Breast cancer and its treatment can result in changes to the patients physical appearance, leading to body image disturbances and decreased self-esteem.

• #43 Nursing Care Plan for Breast Cancer – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy, can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infection. […] Breast cancer is a complex disease, and patients may lack knowledge about their condition, treatment options, and necessary self-care measures. […] Breast cancer can significantly impact the patients emotional well-being, leading to feelings of fear, sadness, or overwhelming. […] Establish a trusting and empathetic nurse-patient relationship. […] Assess the patients pain levels using appropriate pain assessment tools. […] Educate the patient on wound care techniques, such as proper cleaning, dressing changes, and signs of infection. […] Provide information on self-breast examination techniques and the importance of regular monitoring. […] Collaborate with the interdisciplinary healthcare team to coordinate comprehensive care, including surgical interventions, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and follow-up care.

• #44 Breast Cancer: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/breast-cancer-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Breast cancer can affect one or both breasts and is usually found through an exam or mammogram and then diagnosed through a biopsy to determine if cells are malignant. […] While breast cancer occurs mostly in women, men can get breast cancer as well. The majority of breast cancer occurs in women who are 50 years of age or older. […] Nurses can expect to encounter patients with breast cancer in a variety of settings. Women are routinely assessed for breast cancer and nurses may be involved in performing mammograms. Once diagnosed, nurses will have roles in the patients treatment including both outpatient and in the hospital. Nurses provide support and education to their patients before, during, and after treatment for breast cancer. […] Once the nurse identifies nursing diagnoses for breast cancer, nursing care plans help prioritize assessments and interventions for both short and long-term goals of care.

• #45 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Breast Cancer | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-ncp-for-breast-cancer

  To guide nursing professionals in effectively managing patients with breast cancer. This care plan focuses on understanding breast cancers pathophysiology, recognizing its symptoms, and implementing comprehensive nursing interventions for symptom management, complication prevention, emotional support, and patient education. […] Effective management of symptoms related to breast cancer and its treatment. […] Prevention or management of treatment-related complications. […] Maintenance of body image and self-esteem. […] Patient and family understanding of the disease process, treatment options, and lifestyle adaptations. […] This care plan provides a holistic approach to managing breast cancer, focusing on symptom management, complication prevention, emotional and psychological support, and patient and family education. Tailoring interventions to individual patient needs is essential for effective care and improved quality of life.

• #46 Nursing Care Plan for Breast Cancer – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer treatments, such as surgery or chemotherapy, can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infection. […] Breast cancer is a complex disease, and patients may lack knowledge about their condition, treatment options, and necessary self-care measures. […] Breast cancer can significantly impact the patients emotional well-being, leading to feelings of fear, sadness, or overwhelming. […] Establish a trusting and empathetic nurse-patient relationship. […] Assess the patients pain levels using appropriate pain assessment tools. […] Educate the patient on wound care techniques, such as proper cleaning, dressing changes, and signs of infection. […] Provide information on self-breast examination techniques and the importance of regular monitoring. […] Collaborate with the interdisciplinary healthcare team to coordinate comprehensive care, including surgical interventions, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and follow-up care.

• #47 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Nursing diagnoses include anxiety related to diagnosis of breast cancer, anticipatory grieving related to loss and possible or impending death, acute pain related to tumor compression on nerve endings, disturbed sleep pattern related to pain and anxiety, disturbed body image related to loss of a body part, and sexual dysfunction related to body image or self-esteem disturbance. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: PRE-OP Explain breast cancer and treatment options, reduce fear and anxiety and improve coping abilities, promote decision-making abilities, provide routine pre-op care: Consent, NPO, Meds, Teaching about breathing exercise. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: POST-OP Position patient: Supine, affected extremity elevated to reduce edema, relieve pain and discomfort: Moderate elevation of extremity, injection of pain meds, warm shower on 2nd day post-op.

• #48 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, alopecia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis, anxiety, and depression. […] Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating emotional shock to the woman. Provide psychological support to the patient throughout the diagnostic and treatment process. […] Teach all women the recommended cancer-screening procedures. […] Response to surgical interventions: Condition of dressing and wound, stability of vital signs, recovery from anesthesia. […] Knowledge of and intent to comply with adjuvant therapies. […] The patient can expect to return home with dressings and wound drains. Instruct the patient to do the following: empty the drainage receptacle twice a day, record the amount on a flow sheet, and take this information along when keeping a doctor’s appointment; report symptoms of infection or excess drainage on the dressing or the drainage device; sponge bathe until the sutures and drains are removed; continue with daily lower arm ROM exercises until the surgeon orders more strenuous exercises; avoid caffeinated foods and drinks, nicotine, and secondary smoke for 3 weeks postoperatively.

• #49 The role of the breast care nurse

  https://www.svph.org.au/patient-news/the-role-of-the-breast-care-nurse

  A breast cancer diagnosis and the treatment that follows can be a highly challenging and emotional experience for most women and their families. There is strong evidence to demonstrate that women who are well supported throughout their treatment have more positive outcomes and improved psychological well-being. […] Breast care nurses (BCN) are in a unique position to offer comprehensive, compassionate support, whilst making a significant contribution to improving the care delivered to breast cancer patients. BCNs are clinical nurse consultants who play an integral role within the multidisciplinary team (MDT). They provide women with evidence based information, specialised support and continuity of care, from diagnosis through to the completion of treatment. […] The key aspects of the BCN role include: Continuity of care, Supportive care, Coordination of care, Provision of Information, Collaboration, Clinical leadership.

• #50 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092434/

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone follow-up interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #51 The role of the breast care nurse

  https://www.svph.org.au/patient-news/the-role-of-the-breast-care-nurse

  The BCN provides continuity of care which promotes a close working relationship with each woman. This enables them to feel comfortable expressing their emotions or concerns. Women are seen at diagnosis and at regular intervals throughout their treatment by the BCN and receive regular phone calls until the completion of treatment. […] The supportive care takes a holistic approach encompassing the physical, psychological and psychosocial needs of each individual woman. […] The BCN provides coordination of care by ensuring woman receive appropriate and timely access to a range of allied health professionals and support services. […] The BCN plays an important role in providing verbal and written information in a clear, comprehensive manner that is timely and practical. The BCN encourages and assists women to be well informed about breast cancer treatment so they can take an active role in their own care. […] The BCN plays a key role in providing information and education to both health professionals and the general public. This encompasses all aspects of breast cancer disease including raising awareness and the importance of early detection through educational forums and conferences.

• #52 The role of the breast care nurse

  https://www.svph.org.au/patient-news/the-role-of-the-breast-care-nurse

  The BCN provides continuity of care which promotes a close working relationship with each woman. This enables them to feel comfortable expressing their emotions or concerns. Women are seen at diagnosis and at regular intervals throughout their treatment by the BCN and receive regular phone calls until the completion of treatment. […] The supportive care takes a holistic approach encompassing the physical, psychological and psychosocial needs of each individual woman. […] The BCN provides coordination of care by ensuring woman receive appropriate and timely access to a range of allied health professionals and support services. […] The BCN plays an important role in providing verbal and written information in a clear, comprehensive manner that is timely and practical. The BCN encourages and assists women to be well informed about breast cancer treatment so they can take an active role in their own care. […] The BCN plays a key role in providing information and education to both health professionals and the general public. This encompasses all aspects of breast cancer disease including raising awareness and the importance of early detection through educational forums and conferences.

• #53 Nursing Considerations for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care | Oncology Nursing Society

  http://www.ons.org/publications-research/voice/news-views/01-2021/nursing-considerations-breast-cancer-survivorship

  Survivors should also follow general screening recommendations for other cancers, such as colonoscopy screening beginning at age 45 and an annual skin examination. […] Educate, monitor, and refer for lymphedema management. […] Conduct routine assessment and management of psychosocial concerns (e.g., distress, anxiety, depression, financial toxicity). […] Coordinate and communicate the survivorship care plan with the entire healthcare team.

• #54 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092434/

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone follow-up interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #55 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] To assess the effects of individual interventions carried out by SBCNs on indicators of quality of life, anxiety, depression, and participant satisfaction. […] We included 14 RCTs involving 2905 women. With the exception of one study (women with advanced breast cancer), all the women were diagnosed with primary breast cancer. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone followup interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer.

• #56 The role of the breast care nurse

  https://www.svph.org.au/patient-news/the-role-of-the-breast-care-nurse

  The BCN provides continuity of care which promotes a close working relationship with each woman. This enables them to feel comfortable expressing their emotions or concerns. Women are seen at diagnosis and at regular intervals throughout their treatment by the BCN and receive regular phone calls until the completion of treatment. […] The supportive care takes a holistic approach encompassing the physical, psychological and psychosocial needs of each individual woman. […] The BCN provides coordination of care by ensuring woman receive appropriate and timely access to a range of allied health professionals and support services. […] The BCN plays an important role in providing verbal and written information in a clear, comprehensive manner that is timely and practical. The BCN encourages and assists women to be well informed about breast cancer treatment so they can take an active role in their own care. […] The BCN plays a key role in providing information and education to both health professionals and the general public. This encompasses all aspects of breast cancer disease including raising awareness and the importance of early detection through educational forums and conferences.

• #57 Nursing Considerations for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care | Oncology Nursing Society

  http://www.ons.org/publications-research/voice/news-views/01-2021/nursing-considerations-breast-cancer-survivorship

  Survivors should also follow general screening recommendations for other cancers, such as colonoscopy screening beginning at age 45 and an annual skin examination. […] Educate, monitor, and refer for lymphedema management. […] Conduct routine assessment and management of psychosocial concerns (e.g., distress, anxiety, depression, financial toxicity). […] Coordinate and communicate the survivorship care plan with the entire healthcare team.

• #58 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  The review highlighted the role of the SBCN as having evolved since its early focus on diagnosis to deliver supportive care interventions during treatment and followup, reflecting an increasingly complex care pathway. […] The important role of the SBCN in the provision of complex interventions is evident in all the studies, however, this expertise needs to be better articulated in the reporting to allow successful translation to practice. […] There are opportunities for the SBCN to improve the quality of life outcomes for women with early and advanced breast cancer and more clinically applied studies are needed to increase evidence in this area. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer, may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #59 Potential inequities in availability of care from breast care nurses: a qualitative study reporting the experiences and perspectives of women with metastatic breast cancer in Australia | BMC Health Services Research | Full Text

  https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08269-8

  Findings indicate that there may be gaps and inequities in supportive care in Australia for people diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, a finding that supports earlier reports of limited access to breast care nurses for people with metastatic breast cancer in Australia. […] The specialised metastatic breast care nurse could potentially play a key role in addressing the high level of unmet supportive care needs and improve continuity of care for these patients. […] The goal of contemporary supportive care in cancer is to maximise physical and emotional care, support patients through cancer therapies, enhance their adherence to treatments, facilitate transitions of care, and prepare patients and their families for the challenges ahead. […] Supportive care in cancer has traditionally focused on the initial diagnostic and treatment phases and on end-of-life care.

• #60 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  The main treatment for breast cancer in women and people with breasts is usually surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatment with hormones (hormone therapy), and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you may have depends on you how big the cancer is and if it has spread. […] You may have radiotherapy for breast cancer: after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms. […] You may have chemotherapy for breast cancer: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes or is growing quickly; either before or after surgery if you have certain types of breast cancer; if you have secondary breast cancer to help make the cancer smaller and control your symptoms.

• #61 Breast Cancer | The University of Kansas Cancer Center

  https://www.kucancercenter.org/cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer

  A breast cancer diagnosis is life-changing, not just for you but for your immediate family as well. […] At The University of Kansas Cancer Center, our breast cancer team treats women and men with breast cancer. Our breast cancer specialists work as a team to provide comprehensive, compassionate and personalized care for people with breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. About 1 in 8 women receives a breast cancer diagnosis in her lifetime. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to surviving breast cancer. More than 90% of people diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer survive 10 years or more. […] All women should take an active role in managing their breast health: […] Your care team will include physicians who specialize in breast medical oncology, breast radiology, breast surgical oncology, breast reconstructive surgery, breast radiation oncology and breast pathology. These are experts whose clinical practice is dedicated to breast cancer. Together, they will design the best integrated plan of care for each individual.

• #62 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  The main treatment for breast cancer in women and people with breasts is usually surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatment with hormones (hormone therapy), and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you may have depends on you how big the cancer is and if it has spread. […] You may have radiotherapy for breast cancer: after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms. […] You may have chemotherapy for breast cancer: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes or is growing quickly; either before or after surgery if you have certain types of breast cancer; if you have secondary breast cancer to help make the cancer smaller and control your symptoms.

• #63 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery in women with larger breast tumors. Chemotherapy is also used in women whose cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Hormonal therapy is prescribed to women with ER-positive breast cancer to block certain hormones that fuel cancer growth. […] Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for most women who have undergone lumpectomy and for some women who have mastectomy surgery. In these cases, the purpose of radiation is to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur. […] Surgical Treatment Lumpectomy is also referred to as breast-conserving therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes.

• #64 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer. […] For localised breast cancer, the most extensive surgical option is to remove the breast and lymph nodes under the arm. When part of the breast is removed it is referred to as breast conserving surgery or a lumpectomy. […] When the whole breast is removed it is called a mastectomy. […] Before or after surgery you may think about how to restore your breast shape. You may consider a breast prosthesis or reconstruction. A breast prosthesis is a synthetic breast or part of a breast worn in a bra or under clothing to replace part or all of your breast. […] Breast reconstruction is an operation to make a new breast. Talk to your health care team about your options. […] Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is recommended after breast-conserving surgery to help destroy any undetected cancer.

• #65 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer. […] For localised breast cancer, the most extensive surgical option is to remove the breast and lymph nodes under the arm. When part of the breast is removed it is referred to as breast conserving surgery or a lumpectomy. […] When the whole breast is removed it is called a mastectomy. […] Before or after surgery you may think about how to restore your breast shape. You may consider a breast prosthesis or reconstruction. A breast prosthesis is a synthetic breast or part of a breast worn in a bra or under clothing to replace part or all of your breast. […] Breast reconstruction is an operation to make a new breast. Talk to your health care team about your options. […] Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is recommended after breast-conserving surgery to help destroy any undetected cancer.

• #66 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  The main treatment for breast cancer in women and people with breasts is usually surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatment with hormones (hormone therapy), and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you may have depends on you how big the cancer is and if it has spread. […] You may have radiotherapy for breast cancer: after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms. […] You may have chemotherapy for breast cancer: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes or is growing quickly; either before or after surgery if you have certain types of breast cancer; if you have secondary breast cancer to help make the cancer smaller and control your symptoms.

• #67 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer. […] For localised breast cancer, the most extensive surgical option is to remove the breast and lymph nodes under the arm. When part of the breast is removed it is referred to as breast conserving surgery or a lumpectomy. […] When the whole breast is removed it is called a mastectomy. […] Before or after surgery you may think about how to restore your breast shape. You may consider a breast prosthesis or reconstruction. A breast prosthesis is a synthetic breast or part of a breast worn in a bra or under clothing to replace part or all of your breast. […] Breast reconstruction is an operation to make a new breast. Talk to your health care team about your options. […] Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is recommended after breast-conserving surgery to help destroy any undetected cancer.

• #68 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Is the leading type of cancer in women.Most breast cancer begins in the lining of the milk ducts, sometimes the lobule. […] The most significant risk factors for breast cancer are gender (being a woman) and age (growing older). […] A womans risk of breast cancer approximately doubles if she has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, daughter) who has been diagnosed with breast cancer. About 20-30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer. […] Chemotherapy is the primary used as adjuvant treatment postoperatively; usually begins 4 weeks after surgery (very stressful for a patient who just finished major surgery). […] Chemotherapy is also used as primary treatment in inflammatory breast cancer and as palliative treatment in metastatic disease or recurrence.

• #69 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  The main treatment for breast cancer in women and people with breasts is usually surgery. Other common treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, treatment with hormones (hormone therapy), and targeted medicines and immunotherapy. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you may have depends on you how big the cancer is and if it has spread. […] You may have radiotherapy for breast cancer: after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms. […] You may have chemotherapy for breast cancer: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery if the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes or is growing quickly; either before or after surgery if you have certain types of breast cancer; if you have secondary breast cancer to help make the cancer smaller and control your symptoms.

• #70 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery in women with larger breast tumors. Chemotherapy is also used in women whose cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Hormonal therapy is prescribed to women with ER-positive breast cancer to block certain hormones that fuel cancer growth. […] Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for most women who have undergone lumpectomy and for some women who have mastectomy surgery. In these cases, the purpose of radiation is to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur. […] Surgical Treatment Lumpectomy is also referred to as breast-conserving therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes.

• #71 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  Hormone therapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] Targeted medicines and immunotherapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] The aim of treatment will be to slow down the spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, help you feel better and help you live longer. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #72 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is sometimes given before surgery in women with larger breast tumors. Chemotherapy is also used in women whose cancer has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Hormonal therapy is prescribed to women with ER-positive breast cancer to block certain hormones that fuel cancer growth. […] Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for most women who have undergone lumpectomy and for some women who have mastectomy surgery. In these cases, the purpose of radiation is to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur. […] Surgical Treatment Lumpectomy is also referred to as breast-conserving therapy. The surgeon removes the cancerous area and a surrounding margin of normal tissue. A second incision may be made in order to remove the lymph nodes.

• #73 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  Hormone therapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] Targeted medicines and immunotherapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] The aim of treatment will be to slow down the spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, help you feel better and help you live longer. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #74 Treatment for breast cancer in women – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-women/treatment-for-breast-cancer-in-women/

  Hormone therapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] Targeted medicines and immunotherapy may be used: before surgery to help make the cancer smaller; after surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back; if you have secondary breast cancer to help control your symptoms; if you are not able to have surgery. […] The aim of treatment will be to slow down the spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, help you feel better and help you live longer. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #75 Stage 4 (IV) Breast Cancer: Survival Rates, Treatment & Prognosis

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-stage-4/

  Stage 4 breast cancer is advanced breast cancer that has metastasized, or spread, from the original location in the breast to other organs of the body, such as the bones, lungs, liver, or brain. Stage 4 breast cancer is also called metastatic breast cancer or breast cancer recurrence. […] Although Stage 4 breast cancer is not curable, it is usually treatable. Current advances in research and medical technology mean that more and more women are living longer by managing the disease as a chronic illness with a focus on quality of life as a primary goal. […] Since Stage 4 breast cancer will be part of a patient’s life for the rest of their life, the goal of Stage 4 breast cancer treatment differs from the treatment goals of other stages of breast cancer. Because it is incurable, the focus of Stage 4 breast cancer treatment is to control the disease through continuous treatment and monitoring, with a focus on the patient’s quality of life as a primary goal.

• #76 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  It is also recommended if lymph nodes were removed from under the arm and there is a risk that the cancer will return to this area. […] In some cases of breast cancer, your medical team may talk to you about palliative care. Palliative care aims to improve your quality of life by alleviating symptoms of cancer. […] Treatment for breast cancer and even the cancer itself, can cause side effects. The types and severity of any side effects you may experience will depend on the type of treatment you have and may vary from person to person. […] Depending on your treatment, your treatment team may consist of a number of different health professionals, such as breast care nurses – provide information and support to people affected by breast cancer during and after treatment. […] Women aged between 50 and 74 are invited to access free screening mammograms every two years via the BreastScreen Australia Program. […] There is no proven method of preventing breast cancer, however the risk of breast cancer can be reduced by lowering alcohol consumption and maintaining a healthy weight. […] The most common types of breast cancer have a very good long-term prognosis, especially if the cancer is found early.

• #77 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  The review highlighted the role of the SBCN as having evolved since its early focus on diagnosis to deliver supportive care interventions during treatment and followup, reflecting an increasingly complex care pathway. […] The important role of the SBCN in the provision of complex interventions is evident in all the studies, however, this expertise needs to be better articulated in the reporting to allow successful translation to practice. […] There are opportunities for the SBCN to improve the quality of life outcomes for women with early and advanced breast cancer and more clinically applied studies are needed to increase evidence in this area. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer, may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #78 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Nursing diagnoses include anxiety related to diagnosis of breast cancer, anticipatory grieving related to loss and possible or impending death, acute pain related to tumor compression on nerve endings, disturbed sleep pattern related to pain and anxiety, disturbed body image related to loss of a body part, and sexual dysfunction related to body image or self-esteem disturbance. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: PRE-OP Explain breast cancer and treatment options, reduce fear and anxiety and improve coping abilities, promote decision-making abilities, provide routine pre-op care: Consent, NPO, Meds, Teaching about breathing exercise. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: POST-OP Position patient: Supine, affected extremity elevated to reduce edema, relieve pain and discomfort: Moderate elevation of extremity, injection of pain meds, warm shower on 2nd day post-op.

• #79 Breast cancer for nursing | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/emperorsafad/breast-cancer-for-nursing

  Nursing diagnoses include anxiety related to diagnosis of breast cancer, anticipatory grieving related to loss and possible or impending death, acute pain related to tumor compression on nerve endings, disturbed sleep pattern related to pain and anxiety, disturbed body image related to loss of a body part, and sexual dysfunction related to body image or self-esteem disturbance. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: PRE-OP Explain breast cancer and treatment options, reduce fear and anxiety and improve coping abilities, promote decision-making abilities, provide routine pre-op care: Consent, NPO, Meds, Teaching about breathing exercise. […] NURSING INTERVENTION: POST-OP Position patient: Supine, affected extremity elevated to reduce edema, relieve pain and discomfort: Moderate elevation of extremity, injection of pain meds, warm shower on 2nd day post-op.

• #80 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, alopecia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis, anxiety, and depression. […] Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating emotional shock to the woman. Provide psychological support to the patient throughout the diagnostic and treatment process. […] Teach all women the recommended cancer-screening procedures. […] Response to surgical interventions: Condition of dressing and wound, stability of vital signs, recovery from anesthesia. […] Knowledge of and intent to comply with adjuvant therapies. […] The patient can expect to return home with dressings and wound drains. Instruct the patient to do the following: empty the drainage receptacle twice a day, record the amount on a flow sheet, and take this information along when keeping a doctor’s appointment; report symptoms of infection or excess drainage on the dressing or the drainage device; sponge bathe until the sutures and drains are removed; continue with daily lower arm ROM exercises until the surgeon orders more strenuous exercises; avoid caffeinated foods and drinks, nicotine, and secondary smoke for 3 weeks postoperatively.

• #81 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, alopecia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis, anxiety, and depression. […] Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating emotional shock to the woman. Provide psychological support to the patient throughout the diagnostic and treatment process. […] Teach all women the recommended cancer-screening procedures. […] Response to surgical interventions: Condition of dressing and wound, stability of vital signs, recovery from anesthesia. […] Knowledge of and intent to comply with adjuvant therapies. […] The patient can expect to return home with dressings and wound drains. Instruct the patient to do the following: empty the drainage receptacle twice a day, record the amount on a flow sheet, and take this information along when keeping a doctor’s appointment; report symptoms of infection or excess drainage on the dressing or the drainage device; sponge bathe until the sutures and drains are removed; continue with daily lower arm ROM exercises until the surgeon orders more strenuous exercises; avoid caffeinated foods and drinks, nicotine, and secondary smoke for 3 weeks postoperatively.

• #82 Breast Cancer Nursing Care Plan & Management – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/breast-cancer/

  Monitor for adverse effects of chemotherapy; bone marrow suppression, nausea and vomiting, alopecia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, stomatitis, anxiety, and depression. […] Realize that a diagnosis of breast cancer is a devastating emotional shock to the woman. Provide psychological support to the patient throughout the diagnostic and treatment process. […] Teach all women the recommended cancer-screening procedures. […] Response to surgical interventions: Condition of dressing and wound, stability of vital signs, recovery from anesthesia. […] Knowledge of and intent to comply with adjuvant therapies. […] The patient can expect to return home with dressings and wound drains. Instruct the patient to do the following: empty the drainage receptacle twice a day, record the amount on a flow sheet, and take this information along when keeping a doctor’s appointment; report symptoms of infection or excess drainage on the dressing or the drainage device; sponge bathe until the sutures and drains are removed; continue with daily lower arm ROM exercises until the surgeon orders more strenuous exercises; avoid caffeinated foods and drinks, nicotine, and secondary smoke for 3 weeks postoperatively.

• #83 Breast cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer

  Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer. […] For localised breast cancer, the most extensive surgical option is to remove the breast and lymph nodes under the arm. When part of the breast is removed it is referred to as breast conserving surgery or a lumpectomy. […] When the whole breast is removed it is called a mastectomy. […] Before or after surgery you may think about how to restore your breast shape. You may consider a breast prosthesis or reconstruction. A breast prosthesis is a synthetic breast or part of a breast worn in a bra or under clothing to replace part or all of your breast. […] Breast reconstruction is an operation to make a new breast. Talk to your health care team about your options. […] Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) is recommended after breast-conserving surgery to help destroy any undetected cancer.

• #84 Nursing Considerations for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care | Oncology Nursing Society

  http://www.ons.org/publications-research/voice/news-views/01-2021/nursing-considerations-breast-cancer-survivorship

  More than 3.5 million people in the United States are living with a breast cancer diagnosis. […] Despite their large number, patients often report they do not receive appropriate follow-up care after completing treatment and the situation is worsening, with pandemic-related delays in care affecting approximately half of breast cancer survivors. […] The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer updated its 2020 standards to include a dedicated survivorship program team to develop appropriate services such as treatment summaries, care plans, and screening and preventative services. […] Each survivor needs a comprehensive care plan individualized to their personal health, family history, and type of treatment. […] Understanding the unique side effects associated with specific treatment types will help nurses to determine relevant recommendations for the care plan.

• #85 Nursing Considerations for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care | Oncology Nursing Society

  http://www.ons.org/publications-research/voice/news-views/01-2021/nursing-considerations-breast-cancer-survivorship

  Survivors should also follow general screening recommendations for other cancers, such as colonoscopy screening beginning at age 45 and an annual skin examination. […] Educate, monitor, and refer for lymphedema management. […] Conduct routine assessment and management of psychosocial concerns (e.g., distress, anxiety, depression, financial toxicity). […] Coordinate and communicate the survivorship care plan with the entire healthcare team.

• #86 Common Issues in Breast Cancer Survivors | Duke Cancer Institute

  https://www.dukecancerinstitute.org/blogs/common-issues-breast-cancer-survivors

  More breast cancer patients than ever before are being declared NED (no evidence of disease), after the completion of active breast cancer treatment and deemed cured or in full remission after theyve remained cancer-free for at least five years. […] Because of the great number of survivors, those who specialize in taking care of women with breast cancer find themselves under administrative pressure to discharge survivors from their practice suspend follow-up appointments in order to accommodate new patients and to care for women with metastatic breast cancer. […] Care of women who complete active therapy for breast cancer is shifting from the breast cancer specialist to other providers, including primary care providers and other specialists who are not as familiar with the evaluation and management of unique issues faced by many breast cancer survivors, says Duke Cancer Institute breast medical oncologist and professor of Medicine Gretchen Kimmick, MD, MS.

• #87 Nursing Considerations for Breast Cancer Survivorship Care | Oncology Nursing Society

  http://www.ons.org/publications-research/voice/news-views/01-2021/nursing-considerations-breast-cancer-survivorship

  Survivors should also follow general screening recommendations for other cancers, such as colonoscopy screening beginning at age 45 and an annual skin examination. […] Educate, monitor, and refer for lymphedema management. […] Conduct routine assessment and management of psychosocial concerns (e.g., distress, anxiety, depression, financial toxicity). […] Coordinate and communicate the survivorship care plan with the entire healthcare team.

• #88 SciELO Brazil – NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/583YFyYhTjDhBqrn5WJBBKK/

  The objective was to understand and to analyze the management of nursing care for women with breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy. […] Nurses play an important role in managing care, and contribute to a closer look at the recognition of such needs, prioritizing the quality of life. […] In the face of the decision to undergo palliative chemotherapy, one must be attentive to the need for care that the patient may present. The nurse is the professional directly dealing with women and their families, being responsible for the administration of the chemotherapeutic agents. […] The present study aimed to understand and analyze the management of nursing care for women with breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy. […] The five categories focused on the following central phenomenon; the nurses manage care for women with advanced breast cancer in palliative chemotherapy employing steps of the nursing process. Such care is provided especially at the time of the nursing consultation, which is guided by the needs of the patients.

• #89 SciELO Brazil – NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/583YFyYhTjDhBqrn5WJBBKK/

  The importance of the nurse in the life of the patient at this time was observed in the interviews. It became clear that, because of the bonds created, the professional closest to the patient and their families is the nurse. […] The consultation provides an opportunity for integration, creating bonds and establishing relationships of trust, which can promote adherence to treatment. […] The bonds created during the nursing consultation facilitate the removal of doubts on the part of patients so that they feel at ease in sharing their difficulties. […] It is of extreme importance that women understand the proposals of the chemotherapy treatment that will be used. […] The problems presented for properly conducting the management of nursing care refer to the institutional difficulties related to the deficit of human, physical and structural resources and to the high demand of patients.

• #90 SciELO Brazil – NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/583YFyYhTjDhBqrn5WJBBKK/

  The importance of the nurse in the life of the patient at this time was observed in the interviews. It became clear that, because of the bonds created, the professional closest to the patient and their families is the nurse. […] The consultation provides an opportunity for integration, creating bonds and establishing relationships of trust, which can promote adherence to treatment. […] The bonds created during the nursing consultation facilitate the removal of doubts on the part of patients so that they feel at ease in sharing their difficulties. […] It is of extreme importance that women understand the proposals of the chemotherapy treatment that will be used. […] The problems presented for properly conducting the management of nursing care refer to the institutional difficulties related to the deficit of human, physical and structural resources and to the high demand of patients.

• #91 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092434/

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone follow-up interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #92 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] To assess the effects of individual interventions carried out by SBCNs on indicators of quality of life, anxiety, depression, and participant satisfaction. […] We included 14 RCTs involving 2905 women. With the exception of one study (women with advanced breast cancer), all the women were diagnosed with primary breast cancer. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone followup interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer.

• #93 Application of Nursing Intervention Plan Based on Symptom Management Theory among Breast Cancer Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9410828/

  In order to explore the application effect of nursing intervention based on symptom management theory in breast cancer patients, a total of 120 breast cancer patients who were hospitalized in the Thyroid and Breast Surgery Department of Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital from July 2018 to July 2021 were selected as the research subjects. Patients from the control group received routine nursing, while patients from the intervention group underwent nursing interventions based on symptom management theory. […] In conclusion, nursing interventions based on symptom management theory could decrease symptom distress among breast cancer patients, increase their hope levels, improve their life quality, relieve the negative emotions, enhance the sleep quality, and reduce their pain. It is worthy of clinical application.

• #94 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092434/

  Interventions by specialist breast cancer nurses (SBCNs) aim to support women and help them cope with the impact of the disease on their quality of life. […] Evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions delivered by SBCNs for women with primary breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care and other supportive interventions, during diagnosis, treatment and survivorship. […] SBCN-led telephone follow-up interventions were equally as effective as standard care, for women with primary breast cancer. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #95 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  The review highlighted the role of the SBCN as having evolved since its early focus on diagnosis to deliver supportive care interventions during treatment and followup, reflecting an increasingly complex care pathway. […] The important role of the SBCN in the provision of complex interventions is evident in all the studies, however, this expertise needs to be better articulated in the reporting to allow successful translation to practice. […] There are opportunities for the SBCN to improve the quality of life outcomes for women with early and advanced breast cancer and more clinically applied studies are needed to increase evidence in this area. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer, may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #96 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer – Brown, T – 2021 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005634.pub3/abstract

  SBCN-led telephone followup interventions for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care. […] One study (low-quality evidence) showed that there was no difference in cancer-specific quality of life outcomes at three months, following a brief psychosocial nursing intervention, compared with standard care for women with advanced breast cancer.

• #97 Application of Nursing Intervention Plan Based on Symptom Management Theory among Breast Cancer Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9410828/

  Therefore, how to improve the symptoms of breast cancer patients during the period of treatment, help patients increase the life quality and recuperate as soon as possible and return to society have become the key issue of current research. […] The results of this study showed that the symptom distress in the intervention group was significantly less than that in the control group. Moreover, the scores in terms of positive attitude, positive actions, close relationships, and total scores of hope levels were obviously higher than those in the control group, while the scores regarding physical well-being, social/family well-being, emotional well-being, functional well-being, additional concerns, and total scores of life quality were significantly increased, compared with those in the control group.

• #98 Specialist breast care nurses for support of women with breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8092434/

  Overall, the studies captured a specific time point in a person’s care within a role that was multifactorial. […] The availability of the SBCN and the provision of reassurance and practical information was seen to be particularly useful. […] Women themselves have reported positive outcomes from their interactions with the SBCN. […] The SBCN is a well-respected and well-established entity within these teams and has been shown to impact positively on the overall quality of clinical care provided to women and to exert a positive influence on the work of their teams and their medical colleagues. […] It is important to understand the effectiveness of these interventions which may include using a focused intervention or the SBCN undertaking new roles within the multidisciplinary team. […] The evidence suggests that psychosocial interventions carried out by SBCNs for women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer may improve or are at least as effective as standard care for general health-related quality of life, cancer-specific quality of life, anxiety and depression outcomes and satisfaction with care.

• #99 Application of Nursing Intervention Plan Based on Symptom Management Theory among Breast Cancer Patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9410828/

  In conclusion, a nursing intervention plan based on symptom management theory meets the needs of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and could effectively improve symptom distress, increase hope levels, enhance life quality and sleep quality, relieve the pain degree, and decrease negative emotions, which are worth being promoted in clinical care.

• #100 Too Young to Screen: Breast Cancer in Younger Women > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/breast-cancer-younger-women

  Any time a woman feels a breast mass, which does not go away, while doing a breast self-exam at any age, she should get it checked out, says Dr. Silber. […] While a breast cancer diagnosis at any age poses a variety of challenges, younger women with breast cancer tend to have a unique set of economic, reproductive, and body-image concerns. […] At the time they are diagnosed with breast cancer, younger women are less likely to be financially sound or to have established themselves in a career that provides sick leave and paid time off; theyre also likelier to have small children, she says. […] For young women, a breast cancer diagnosis also creates uncertainty about having a family. Because cancer treatments can affect ovarian function, specialists with expertise in working with women with cancer can help preserve fertility before treatment begins by freezing eggs or embryos, through a process called cryopreservation.

• #101

  https://atriumhealth.org/medical-services/specialty-care/cancer-care/breast-cancer/young-womens-breast-cancer-program

  When youre diagnosed with breast cancer at age 45 or younger, you face unique challenges as you balance cancer treatment with relationships, raising a family, careers and education. […] The Sandra Levine Young Women’s Breast Cancer Program provides support and education to breast cancer patients, ages 18-45, receiving treatment at Atrium Health Levine Cancer: […] A Young Womens Support Group, which gives young women with breast cancer the opportunity to meet and talk with others who will understand in a safe, encouraging environment. […] Mind-Body-Spirit Connection, a quarterly speaker series that invites health and wellness experts to speak on topics that matter to young women with breast cancer, like mindfulness, brain fog, supplement use, heart health and more. […] A Peer Matching Program, which matches program participants with others who are close in age, diagnosis and/or treatment.

• #102 SciELO Brazil – NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER IN PALLIATIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

  https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/583YFyYhTjDhBqrn5WJBBKK/

  The importance of the nurse in the life of the patient at this time was observed in the interviews. It became clear that, because of the bonds created, the professional closest to the patient and their families is the nurse. […] The consultation provides an opportunity for integration, creating bonds and establishing relationships of trust, which can promote adherence to treatment. […] The bonds created during the nursing consultation facilitate the removal of doubts on the part of patients so that they feel at ease in sharing their difficulties. […] It is of extreme importance that women understand the proposals of the chemotherapy treatment that will be used. […] The problems presented for properly conducting the management of nursing care refer to the institutional difficulties related to the deficit of human, physical and structural resources and to the high demand of patients.

• #103 Potential inequities in availability of care from breast care nurses: a qualitative study reporting the experiences and perspectives of women with metastatic breast cancer in Australia | BMC Health Services Research | Full Text

  https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08269-8

  Consequently, those living long-term with advanced or metastatic cancers often report unmet supportive care needs, in particular, high levels of informational, psychological, physical and functional unmet needs. […] The importance of appropriate support for those with metastatic breast cancer has been recognised internationally and in Australia. […] The breast care nurse is a well-respected and well-established entity within breast care teams, and has been shown to impact positively on the overall quality of clinical care provided to patients with breast cancer. […] However, to date the primary focus of these nurse specialists has been in providing care during the diagnostic and early-stage treatment phases. […] The gaps in supportive care was more recently highlighted by Australias peak breast cancer advocacy organisation, Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA).

• #104 Potential inequities in availability of care from breast care nurses: a qualitative study reporting the experiences and perspectives of women with metastatic breast cancer in Australia | BMC Health Services Research | Full Text

  https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08269-8

  Findings indicate that there may be gaps and inequities in supportive care in Australia for people diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, a finding that supports earlier reports of limited access to breast care nurses for people with metastatic breast cancer in Australia. […] The specialised metastatic breast care nurse could potentially play a key role in addressing the high level of unmet supportive care needs and improve continuity of care for these patients. […] The goal of contemporary supportive care in cancer is to maximise physical and emotional care, support patients through cancer therapies, enhance their adherence to treatments, facilitate transitions of care, and prepare patients and their families for the challenges ahead. […] Supportive care in cancer has traditionally focused on the initial diagnostic and treatment phases and on end-of-life care.

• #105 Potential inequities in availability of care from breast care nurses: a qualitative study reporting the experiences and perspectives of women with metastatic breast cancer in Australia | BMC Health Services Research | Full Text

  https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-022-08269-8

  When available, care from a breast care nurse was highly regarded and complemented and extended care from the oncologist. […] These gaps and inequities in care are potentially concerning given the increasing attention on cancer survivorship in those with advanced cancer. […] The current study reinforces and extends the findings of a 2009-2010 evaluation of the implementation of the specialised metastatic breast cancer nurse role in a cancer centre in New South Wales, Australia which reported strong support from patients and healthcare professionals for the continuation and expansion of the specialised metastatic breast cancer nurse role.

• #106

  https://journals.lww.com/cancernursingonline/fulltext/2015/11000/nurses_and_women_with_breast_cancer__no_time_to.10.aspx

  Breast cancer continues to threaten womens health all over the world despite the many advances in treatments in recent years. Nurses need to actively use their health training and counselor roles to educate women about risk factors for breast cancer and ways to reduce them. […] Nevertheless, we can provide women with the tools to understand the importance of early diagnosis and how to effectively and regularly utilize breast cancer screening methods. After a breast cancer diagnosis, the long, exhausting, and complicated treatments create challenges for both patients and families. […] Therefore, women who received a diagnosis of breast cancer should receive the highest level of holistic nursing care for as long as they need this support. […] All women, no matter where they live, deserve information and support as they navigate the journey of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. […] We can provide the nurses of the countries in need with the training, training materials, and our efforts to establish breast centers.

• #107 Nursing Care Plan for Breast Cancer – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-breast-cancer/

  Assess for signs and symptoms of infection, such as fever, redness, swelling, or discharge, and initiate appropriate interventions. […] Breast cancer is a complex and challenging disease that requires a comprehensive nursing care plan to address the physical, emotional, and educational needs of patients. […] By conducting a thorough nursing assessment, nurses can identify the specific needs, concerns, and risk factors of each patient, allowing for individualized care planning. […] Nursing diagnoses related to anxiety, acute pain, disturbed body image, the risk for infection, deficient knowledge, and impaired coping provide a framework for nursing interventions.

• #108 The role of the breast care nurse

  https://www.svph.org.au/patient-news/the-role-of-the-breast-care-nurse

  A breast cancer diagnosis and the treatment that follows can be a highly challenging and emotional experience for most women and their families. There is strong evidence to demonstrate that women who are well supported throughout their treatment have more positive outcomes and improved psychological well-being. […] Breast care nurses (BCN) are in a unique position to offer comprehensive, compassionate support, whilst making a significant contribution to improving the care delivered to breast cancer patients. BCNs are clinical nurse consultants who play an integral role within the multidisciplinary team (MDT). They provide women with evidence based information, specialised support and continuity of care, from diagnosis through to the completion of treatment. […] The key aspects of the BCN role include: Continuity of care, Supportive care, Coordination of care, Provision of Information, Collaboration, Clinical leadership.

• #109

  https://journals.lww.com/cancernursingonline/fulltext/2015/11000/nurses_and_women_with_breast_cancer__no_time_to.10.aspx

  Breast cancer continues to threaten womens health all over the world despite the many advances in treatments in recent years. Nurses need to actively use their health training and counselor roles to educate women about risk factors for breast cancer and ways to reduce them. […] Nevertheless, we can provide women with the tools to understand the importance of early diagnosis and how to effectively and regularly utilize breast cancer screening methods. After a breast cancer diagnosis, the long, exhausting, and complicated treatments create challenges for both patients and families. […] Therefore, women who received a diagnosis of breast cancer should receive the highest level of holistic nursing care for as long as they need this support. […] All women, no matter where they live, deserve information and support as they navigate the journey of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. […] We can provide the nurses of the countries in need with the training, training materials, and our efforts to establish breast centers.

Zobacz więcej