Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Breast Cancer Prevention | General Surgery

  https://generalsurgery.ucsf.edu/condition/breast-cancer-prevention

  Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in American women. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age, a personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease, inherited risk of breast cancer, dense breast tissue, reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen, taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause, radiation therapy to the breast or chest, obesity, drinking alcohol. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen, taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators, risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy, ovarian ablation, getting enough exercise. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #2 Breast Cancer Prevention | UCSF Department of Surgery

  https://surgery.ucsf.edu/condition/breast-cancer-prevention

  Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in American women. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age, A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease, Inherited risk of breast cancer, Dense breast tissue, Reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen, Taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause, Radiation therapy to the breast or chest, Obesity, Drinking alcohol. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen, Taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators, Risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy, Ovarian ablation, Getting enough exercise. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #3 Breast Cancer Prevention: Ways to Reduce Your Risk | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-prevention-risk-reduction/

  According to a 2017 American Cancer Society (ACS) study, nearly 42 percent of cancer diagnoses and 45 percent of deaths in the US are linked to controllable risk factors for cancer. For breast cancer specifically, ACS estimates that about 30 percent of postmenopausal breast cancer diagnoses are linked to modifiable risk factors. Other studies have shown that as many as 50 to 70 percent of breast cancers can be prevented depending on when people adopt risk-reducing behaviors and lifestyle changes. […] While lifestyle choices can potentially lower your overall risk of breast cancer, its important to note that there is no guaranteed breast cancer diet, exercise regimen, so-called cancer-fighting superfood, or other silver bullet that is guaranteed to lead to total breast cancer prevention. […] The good news is studies have consistently shown that losing weight and maintaining a healthy diet can decrease your cancer risk. One 2020 BCRF-supported study from Dr. Walter Willett showed that women over 50 who sustained weight loss of 10 or more pounds could potentially reduce their future breast cancer risk by 32 percent.

• #4 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  Breast cancer is an increasing public health problem. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the introduction of methods to predict women at elevated risk and prevent the disease has been less successful. […] The panel estimated from the relevant literature that potentially 50% of breast cancer could be prevented in the subgroup of women at high and moderate risk of breast cancer by using current chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole) and that, in all women, lifestyle measures, including weight control, exercise, and moderating alcohol intake, could reduce breast cancer risk by about 30%. […] There is probably sufficient evidence from the randomized trials for the use of SERMs and AIs for use in women at high and moderate breast cancer risk and sufficient observational data to advise weight control, exercise, and moderation of alcohol intake.

• #5 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) has estimated that over 40% of post-menopausal breast cancer could be prevented by reductions in alcohol, excess body weight, and inactivity. […] Strong observational data indicate that weight gain in the premenopausal period and being overweight or obese after menopause increase breast cancer risk. […] The studies outlined above highlight the prospects of using SNPs for improved risk prediction in high-risk clinics and in the general population. Further improvements may come from introducing more SNPs and the prospects of being able to predict the risk of specific breast cancer subtypes, such as ER+[59], ER[60], grade III [61], and triple-negative [62] tumors, separately, knowledge of which could direct preventative approaches. […] The studies outlined above indicate the interactions which occur between epithelial cells and between them and stromal cells such as macrophages, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. They indicate the potential for new approaches to prevention, although translation to the clinic will be difficult.

• #6 Breast cancer prevention | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/breast-cancer-prevention_en

  Breast cancer is linked to various risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, personal history of proliferative benign breast disease, inherited mutations of certain genes such as BReast CAncer gene 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2), dense breasts on mammogram, older age, greater birthweight (for premenopausal breast cancer) and greater adult attained height (WHO 2023, WCRF, AICR 2018). […] Modifiable risk factors include alcohol consumption, body weight, physical (in)activity, smoking, and nutrition. […] At EU level, one of the main pillars of Europes Beating Cancer Plan (EC 2021) is the prevention pillar, including actions to improve health literacy, to reduce tobacco and harmful alcohol consumption, to improve access to healthy diets and physical activity. Breast cancer, as many other forms of cancer, shares risk factors with other major non-communicable diseases.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. […] Certain factors increase the risk of breast cancer including increasing age, obesity, harmful use of alcohol, family history of breast cancer, history of radiation exposure, reproductive history (such as age that menstrual periods began and age at first pregnancy), tobacco use and postmenopausal hormone therapy. […] Approximately half of breast cancers develop in women who have no identifiable breast cancer risk factor other than gender (female) and age (over 40 years). […] Certain inherited high penetrance gene mutations greatly increase breast cancer risk, the most dominant being mutations in the genes BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB-2. Women found to have mutations in these major genes may consider risk reduction strategies such as surgical removal of both breasts or chemoprevention strategies.

• #8 Breast Cancer Prevention | General Surgery

  https://generalsurgery.ucsf.edu/condition/breast-cancer-prevention

  Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer in American women. […] Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] The following are risk factors for breast cancer: Older age, a personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease, inherited risk of breast cancer, dense breast tissue, reproductive history resulting in greater exposure to estrogen, taking hormone therapy for symptoms of menopause, radiation therapy to the breast or chest, obesity, drinking alcohol. […] The following are protective factors for breast cancer: Reproductive history resulting in less exposure to estrogen, taking selective estrogen receptor modulators or aromatase inhibitors and inactivators, risk-reducing or prophylactic mastectomy, ovarian ablation, getting enough exercise. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent breast cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #9 Breast Cancer Inherited Risk | Fox Chase Cancer Center – Philadelphia PA

  https://www.foxchase.org/cancer-care-services/prevention-screening/risk-assessment/inherited-cancer/breast-cancer-inherited

  Simply being a woman is the main risk factor for developing breast cancer. […] Your risk of developing breast cancer increases as you age. […] The chance of developing breast cancer increases if a close relative, either male or female, had breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene changes. […] A woman with cancer in one breast is three to four times more likely to develop a new cancer in the other breast, or in another part of the same breast. […] About 80 percent of all breast changes that are biopsied, or tested, are found to be benign, or not cancerous. […] Receiving radiation therapy to the chest between the ages of 10 and 30 can increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Use of hormones after menopause called hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk for developing breast cancer.

• #10 Breast Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.breast-cancer-prevention-pdq%C2%AE-prevention-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000257994

  Women with a family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) have an increased risk of breast cancer. […] Women who have inherited changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in certain other genes have a higher risk of breast cancer. […] Having breast tissue that is dense on a mammogram is a factor in breast cancer risk. […] Estrogen is a hormone made by the body. It helps the body develop and maintain female sex characteristics. Being exposed to estrogen over a long time may increase the risk of breast cancer. […] The following factors in a woman’s reproductive history increase the length of time her breast tissue is exposed to estrogen and may increase the risk of breast cancer: Early menstruation, Starting menopause at a later age, Older age at birth of first child or never having given birth.

• #11 Risks for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes breast cancer develops in women who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] The main reason women develop breast cancer is because their breast cells are exposed to the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones, especially estrogen, are linked with breast cancer and encourage the growth of some breast cancers. […] The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age. Breast cancer mostly occurs in women between 50 and 69 years of age. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for breast cancer. […] Women who had breast cancer in the past have a higher risk of developing breast cancer again.

• #12 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #13 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  There is no sure way to prevent breast cancer. But there are steps you can take that might lower your risk. […] Many risk factors for breast cancer are beyond your control, like being born female and getting older. But other risk factors can be changed. This includes lifestyle changes like being physically active and staying at a healthy weight. Making these changes may lower your chance of getting breast cancer. […] There are several things all women can do to lower the risk of developing breast cancer. […] Both increased body weight and weight gain as an adult are linked with a higher risk of breast cancer after menopause. The American Cancer Society recommends you stay at a healthy weight throughout your life and avoid gaining excess body weight by balancing your food intake with physical activity.

• #14 Breast Cancer Prevention: Current Approaches and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5939980/

  The objective of this review is to discuss strategies in current use to prevent breast cancer, as well as potential approaches that could be used in the future. […] Current strategies to decrease a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer include primary prevention, such as avoiding tobacco, exogenous hormone use and excess exposure to ionizing radiation, maintaining a normal weight, exercise, breastfeeding, eating a healthy diet and minimizing alcohol intake. […] Chemoprevention medications are available for those at high risk, though they are underutilized in eligible women. […] Mastectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy are reasonable strategies for women who have deleterious mutations in genes that dramatically increase the risk of developing cancer in either breast. […] There are a variety of strategies in development for the prevention of breast cancer.

• #15 Breast Cancer Prevention | Breast Cancer Trials

  https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/breast-cancer-prevention/?srsltid=AfmBOopCAga4bG4cw8ELyaRpn_rm-PiUVSDcSlVjVWTSLNaDyQYX5B55

  Currently, there is no way to definitively prevent breast cancer from occurring. However, there are ways to manage some breast cancer risk factors to reduce the likelihood of future breast cancer. […] Women can decrease their risk of breast cancer by engaging in regular exercise. Research has shown that in postmenopausal women, exercise and physical activity decreases the risk for breast cancer by changing oestrogen, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. […] Obesity is associated with a 20% to 40% increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Its important to be aware of your family history with breast cancer, as a persons risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer increases if they have a close relative who has had breast cancer. […] Alcohol is the most-established dietary risk factor, thought to be due to the increase of endogenous oestrogen levels it causes.

• #16 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #17 Reducing Risk for Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/prevention/index.html

  Many factors over the course of a lifetime can influence your breast cancer risk. […] You can help lower your risk of breast cancer by taking care of your health. […] Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight can help lower your risk of breast cancer. […] Keep a healthy weight. […] Be physically active. […] Choose not to drink alcohol, or drink alcohol in moderation. […] If you are taking, or have been told to take, hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives (birth control pills), ask your doctor about the risks and find out if it is right for you. […] Breastfeed your children, if possible. […] If you have a family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, talk to your doctor about other ways to lower your risk. […] Staying healthy throughout your life can lower your risk of developing cancer, and improve your chances of surviving cancer if it occurs.

• #18 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods. […] High-level research shows that a Mediterranean-style diet, with a high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, plant protein, and whole grains, is protective against breast cancer.

• #19 Breast Cancer Prevention: Ways to Reduce Your Risk | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-prevention-risk-reduction/

  According to a 2017 American Cancer Society (ACS) study, nearly 42 percent of cancer diagnoses and 45 percent of deaths in the US are linked to controllable risk factors for cancer. For breast cancer specifically, ACS estimates that about 30 percent of postmenopausal breast cancer diagnoses are linked to modifiable risk factors. Other studies have shown that as many as 50 to 70 percent of breast cancers can be prevented depending on when people adopt risk-reducing behaviors and lifestyle changes. […] While lifestyle choices can potentially lower your overall risk of breast cancer, its important to note that there is no guaranteed breast cancer diet, exercise regimen, so-called cancer-fighting superfood, or other silver bullet that is guaranteed to lead to total breast cancer prevention. […] The good news is studies have consistently shown that losing weight and maintaining a healthy diet can decrease your cancer risk. One 2020 BCRF-supported study from Dr. Walter Willett showed that women over 50 who sustained weight loss of 10 or more pounds could potentially reduce their future breast cancer risk by 32 percent.

• #20 Preventing Breast Cancer in Black Women

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-prevention-5192061

  For example, the Mediterranean diet—which consists of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has consistently been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. […] Emphasizing modifiable and lifestyle risk factors is essential to developing a strategy for breast cancer prevention and increased treatment efficacy. […] Smoking raises the risk for all cancers, including breast cancer in Black women. […] Having one drink per day has been found to increase breast cancer risk by 7% to 10% in adult women. […] Black women have the highest obesity rates in the United States. High body weight women are 1.5 times more likely to develop breast cancer after menopause. […] Physical activity is protective against breast cancer by as much as 25% to 30%. […] Taking certain forms of hormone replacement therapy for five or more years has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.

• #21 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breast cancer prevention starts with healthy habits such as limiting alcohol and staying physically active. Learn what you can do to lower your breast cancer risk. […] Research shows that lifestyle changes can lower the chances of getting breast cancer, even in people at high risk. To lower your risk: […] Limit or stay away from alcohol. It’s safest not to drink alcohol. But if you do drink it, enjoy it in moderation. The more alcohol you have, the greater your risk of getting breast cancer. […] Stay at a healthy weight. Ask a member of your health care team whether your weight is healthy. If it is, work to maintain that weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your health care professional how to do so. […] Get active. Physical activity can help you stay at a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer.

• #22 Breast cancer prevention: How to reduce your risk – Tekton Research

  https://tektonresearch.com/breast-cancer-prevention-how-to-reduce-your-risk/

  Be physically active. Physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight, which helps prevent breast cancer. Most healthy adults should aim for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity weekly, plus strength training at least twice a week. […] Breast-feed. Breast-feeding might play a role in breast cancer prevention. The longer you breast-feed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy. Combination hormone therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer. Talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits of hormone therapy. You might be able to manage your symptoms with nonhormonal therapies and medications. If you decide that the benefits of short-term hormone therapy outweigh the risks, use the lowest dose that works for you and continue to have your doctor monitor the length of time youre taking hormones.

• #23 Breast Cancer Prevention | Breast Cancer Trials

  https://www.breastcancertrials.org.au/breast-cancer-prevention/?srsltid=AfmBOopCAga4bG4cw8ELyaRpn_rm-PiUVSDcSlVjVWTSLNaDyQYX5B55

  Currently, there is no way to definitively prevent breast cancer from occurring. However, there are ways to manage some breast cancer risk factors to reduce the likelihood of future breast cancer. […] Women can decrease their risk of breast cancer by engaging in regular exercise. Research has shown that in postmenopausal women, exercise and physical activity decreases the risk for breast cancer by changing oestrogen, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. […] Obesity is associated with a 20% to 40% increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women. […] Its important to be aware of your family history with breast cancer, as a persons risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer increases if they have a close relative who has had breast cancer. […] Alcohol is the most-established dietary risk factor, thought to be due to the increase of endogenous oestrogen levels it causes.

• #24

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/cancer-institute/cancers-we-treat/breast-cancer/prevention

  Find a cancer specialist […] Learn about ways you can help lower your risk. […] Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, especially for women after menopause. […] Eat right: Unhealthy eating habits are thought to be partly responsible for about 30% – 40% of all cancers. […] Be physically active: Research shows a link between exercising four to seven hours per week and a lower risk of breast cancer. […] Limit alcohol: Women who have three alcoholic drinks per week have a 15% higher risk of breast cancer, compared to women who don’t drink at all. […] Stop smoking: Smoking is linked to a higher risk of breast cancer in younger, premenopausal women. […] Watch your estrogen exposure: Because the female hormone estrogen stimulates breast cell growth, exposure to estrogen over long periods of time, such as with hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk of breast cancer.

• #25 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  There is a link between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer. This risk increases with increasing alcohol intake, although any amount of alcohol has an associated risk. […] Among a sample of women in the United States who drank 4 or more drinks a week, reducing intake to no alcohol or less than 1 serving a day was estimated to reduce their risk of breast cancer by 35%. […] Having children at a younger age (under 30 years) and having several children reduces breast cancer risk particularly oestrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Breast-feeding for long periods of time (eg, 2 years per child) and breastfeeding multiple children is protective against breast cancer. […] Recent use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) (particularly oestrogen plus progestin) and recent use of oral contraceptives are both associated with increases in overall breast cancer risk. […] Women without a history of breast cancer are advised to discuss the risks and benefits of taking MHT with their doctor in order to make an informed decision as to whether this therapy is right for them.

• #26 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away. […] Some people have a higher risk of breast cancer. This can be due to things such as having a family history of the disease or certain gene changes. If your health care professional tells you that your risk is higher, you may be advised to take steps such as:

• #27 Preventing Breast Cancer in Black Women

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-prevention-5192061

  For example, the Mediterranean diet—which consists of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has consistently been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. […] Emphasizing modifiable and lifestyle risk factors is essential to developing a strategy for breast cancer prevention and increased treatment efficacy. […] Smoking raises the risk for all cancers, including breast cancer in Black women. […] Having one drink per day has been found to increase breast cancer risk by 7% to 10% in adult women. […] Black women have the highest obesity rates in the United States. High body weight women are 1.5 times more likely to develop breast cancer after menopause. […] Physical activity is protective against breast cancer by as much as 25% to 30%. […] Taking certain forms of hormone replacement therapy for five or more years has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.

• #28 Primary prevention and breast health – Europa Donna

  https://www.europadonna.org/prevention-and-breast-health/primary-prevention-and-breast-health/

  Women should pursue a healthy lifestyle that will reduce the known breast cancer risk factors as much as possible, including avoiding obesity and being overweight, increasing physical activity and adopting healthy habits. Recent studies indicate that women who avoid being overweight reduce their risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight throughout life could reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by 50%. Postmenopausal women who are overweight or obese and achieve a healthy weight may decrease their risk of breast cancer by 50%. […] Eating a well-balanced diet is recommended. It should include fresh fruit and vegetables in daily food choices, while limiting consumption of red meat and avoid processed foods. […] High-level research shows that a Mediterranean-style diet, with a high intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, nuts, plant protein, and whole grains, is protective against breast cancer.

• #29 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away. […] Some people have a higher risk of breast cancer. This can be due to things such as having a family history of the disease or certain gene changes. If your health care professional tells you that your risk is higher, you may be advised to take steps such as:

• #30 Preventing Breast Cancer in Black Women

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/breast-cancer-prevention-5192061

  For example, the Mediterranean diet—which consists of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish, and olive oil—has consistently been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. […] Emphasizing modifiable and lifestyle risk factors is essential to developing a strategy for breast cancer prevention and increased treatment efficacy. […] Smoking raises the risk for all cancers, including breast cancer in Black women. […] Having one drink per day has been found to increase breast cancer risk by 7% to 10% in adult women. […] Black women have the highest obesity rates in the United States. High body weight women are 1.5 times more likely to develop breast cancer after menopause. […] Physical activity is protective against breast cancer by as much as 25% to 30%. […] Taking certain forms of hormone replacement therapy for five or more years has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer.

• #31 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away. […] Some people have a higher risk of breast cancer. This can be due to things such as having a family history of the disease or certain gene changes. If your health care professional tells you that your risk is higher, you may be advised to take steps such as:

• #32 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  Many studies have shown that moderate to vigorous physical activity is linked with lower breast cancer risk, so its important to get regular physical activity. […] Alcohol increases risk of breast cancer. Even drinking small amounts of alcohol has been linked with an increase in risk. It is best not to drink alcohol at all. For women who do drink, they should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink a day. […] Women who choose to breastfeed for at least several months after childbirth may also get an added benefit of reducing their breast cancer risk. […] Using hormone therapy after menopause can increase your risk of breast cancer. To avoid this, talk to your health care provider about non-hormonal options to treat menopausal symptoms. […] If you are at increased risk for breast cancer, there are some things you can consider that might help lower your chances of developing breast cancer (or help find it early): Genetic counseling and testing for breast cancer risk (if it hasnt been done already), Medicines to lower breast cancer risk, Preventive (prophylactic) surgery, Close observation to look for early signs of breast cancer.

• #33 California Breast Cancer Plan: Paths to Prevention – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/california-breast-cancer-primary-prevention-plan/

  Reducing the societal burden of breast cancer is possible. […] We have an obligation as a society to take action to reduce the number of people being diagnosed with this disease. […] Primary prevention: Preventing the onset of disease by eliminating or reducing exposures to risk factors. […] We cant change our genes, but we can modify our environment as individuals and collectively. […] Learn about 23 risk factors that we can impact, both directly and indirectly, for positive health outcomes. […] Breastfeeding protects mothers against all types of breast cancer because it causes protective physiological changes in the breast. […] Everyday consumer products like beauty products, cleaning products, and food packaging can contain harmful chemicals linked to breast cancer. […] Studies have shown an increased incidence of breast cancer in those exposed to artificial light at night and those working.

• #34 Women’s health

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  Breastfeed. If you have a baby, breastfeeding might play a role in helping prevent breast cancer. The longer you breastfeed, the greater the protective effect. […] Limit hormone therapy after menopause. Combination hormone therapy uses estrogen and progestin. It may raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you smoke, quit. Some research suggests that smoking tobacco raises the risk of breast cancer. […] Eating a healthy diet might lower your risk of some types of cancer. […] Some research suggests that people who eat a Mediterranean diet might have a lower risk of breast cancer, especially after menopause. […] There’s some evidence that hormonal types of birth control raise the risk of breast cancer. […] If you notice any changes in how your breasts look or feel, tell a member of your health care team right away. […] Some people have a higher risk of breast cancer. This can be due to things such as having a family history of the disease or certain gene changes. If your health care professional tells you that your risk is higher, you may be advised to take steps such as:

• #35 Reducing your risk for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing breast cancer by doing the following. […] Drinking alcohol increases your risk of developing breast cancer. To reduce your cancer risk, it’s best not to drink alcohol. […] Research shows that being obese increases your risk of breast cancer. You can lower your risk by having a healthy body weight. […] Research shows that you can lower your risk of breast cancer by being physically active. […] Discuss the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its alternatives with your doctor. Women at high risk for breast cancer are often advised not to take HRT because of the relationship between estrogen and breast cancer. […] Research shows that breastfeeding protects against breast cancer. […] Having at least one full-term pregnancy, particularly before the age of 30, lowers the risk that a woman will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Each additional birth further lowers the long-term risk of developing breast cancer.

• #36 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #37 Breast Cancer Prevention for Los Angeles & Beverly Hills – Bedford Breast Center

  https://www.bedfordbreastcenter.com/resources/prevention/

  Smoking has been implicated in increasing cancer risk and is proven to cause lung and heart disease. […] Studies by the Womens Health Initiative found that women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have an increased risk of developing breast cancer, particularly if theyve taken the treatment for five years or more. […] Regular breast self-exams are a step you can take to safeguard your health. Regular breast self-exams will acquaint you with how your breasts normally look and feel. This will help you recognize if changes occur, such as lumps, dimples, or nipple discharge. […] In addition to regular self-exams, annual breast cancer screenings can help identify abnormalities early. […] Anti-hormone therapy is a treatment used to prevent recurring cancer or the development of another primary cancer. […] BRCA genetic testing finds mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that put you at an increased risk of female breast and ovarian cancers. […] Women with a highly elevated risk of developing cancer may consider prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy.

• #38 Breast cancer prevention tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/important-information-for-breast-cancer-prevention

  The most important prevention steps you can take are to: […] Be familiar with your breasts, and promptly report any changes to your health care provider. […] Be aware of any cancer history in your family, and discuss it with your health care provider. […] Follow the screening recommendations pertaining to your age and breast cancer risk. […] Stay active and exercise.

• #39 Health and Economic Benefits of Breast Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/breast-cancer.html

  Breast cancer screening can find cancers early when they are easier to treat, and reduces late-stage diagnoses, deaths, and treatment costs. […] To help find breast cancer early, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 40 to 74 who are at average risk of breast cancer get a mammogram every 2 years. […] Breast cancer screening can: REDUCE deaths. Compared to no screening, screening every 2 years for women aged 50 to 74 reduces breast cancer deaths by 26%, or 7 deaths averted for every 1,000 women screened. […] DECREASE the number of women diagnosed with late-stage cancer. Screening has contributed to a 29% reduction in the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] DETECT cancer sooner when it is easier to treat. Almost 99% of women diagnosed with breast cancer at the earliest stage live for 5 years or more, compared to about 32% of those diagnosed at the most advanced stage.

• #40 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #41 Breast cancer chemoprevention: Drugs that reduce risk

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045353

  Preventive medications can reduce breast cancer risk. […] If you’re at high risk of breast cancer, you may be able to improve your odds of staying cancer-free by taking certain medicines an approach known as chemoprevention or preventive therapy. […] Medications for breast cancer chemoprevention are the subject of much ongoing research. […] Tamoxifen is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’re 35 and older, whether or not you’ve gone through menopause. […] Raloxifene is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’ve undergone menopause (postmenopausal). […] Aromatase inhibitors have been studied and shown to be effective to treat breast cancer and to prevent breast cancer recurrence after menopause. […] Based on these results, you and your health care provider may choose to use aromatase inhibitors to reduce the risk of breast cancer, though these drugs aren’t approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this use. […] As more results from research studies become available, health care providers will have a better idea of the long-term health implications for these drugs and their effectiveness in breast cancer chemoprevention.

• #42 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  Women at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends that clinicians offer to prescribe risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, to women who are at increased risk for breast cancer and at low risk for adverse medication effects. B […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends against the routine use of risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, in women who are not at increased risk for breast cancer. D […] The USPSTF found convincing evidence that risk-reducing medications (tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors) provide at least a moderate benefit in reducing risk for invasive estrogen receptor (ER)positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer.

• #43 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] The American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force list exemestane and anastrozole as risk-reducing drug options for postmenopausal women who dont have breast cancer, but are at high risk of breast cancer.

• #44 Breast Cancer Prevention: Tamoxifen and Raloxifene | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/tamoxifen-and-raloxifene-for-breast-cancer-prevention.html

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene have been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a higher-than-average risk, but these drugs can have their own risks and side effects. […] Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs approved in the US to help lower the risk of breast cancer, although for some women, other drugs called aromatase inhibitors might be an option as well. […] Estrogen can fuel the growth of breast cancer cells. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene block estrogen in breast cells. This is why these drugs can be useful in lowering breast cancer risk. […] The effect of these drugs on breast cancer risk has varied in different studies. When the results of all the studies are taken together, the overall reduction in risk for these drugs is about 40% (more than a third). […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can help prevent osteoporosis, a severe weakening of the bones that can increase the risk of bone fractures and is more common after menopause. […] Because tamoxifen acts like estrogen in the uterus, it can increase your risk of cancers of the uterus, including endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma. […] Raloxifene does not act like estrogen in the uterus and is not linked to an increased risk of uterine cancer.

• #45 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Many women at increased risk for breast cancer could benefit from preventive therapy. Preventive therapy options for breast cancer risk reduction have expanded in the last few years to include both selective receptor modulators (tamoxifen and raloxifene) and aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole and exemestane). […] Women most likely to benefit from preventive therapy include those at high risk under the age of 50 years and those with atypical hyperplasia. […] Published guidelines on chemoprevention for breast cancer have been updated to increase awareness and encourage discussion between patients and their physicians regarding evidence-based studies evaluating the benefits of preventive options for women at increased risk for breast cancer. […] It is prudent that these barriers be overcome to enable high-risk women with a favorable risk-to-benefit ratio to be offered chemoprevention to reduce their likelihood of developing hormone receptor-positive breast cancer.

• #46 Breast cancer chemoprevention: Drugs that reduce risk

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/in-depth/breast-cancer/art-20045353

  Preventive medications can reduce breast cancer risk. […] If you’re at high risk of breast cancer, you may be able to improve your odds of staying cancer-free by taking certain medicines an approach known as chemoprevention or preventive therapy. […] Medications for breast cancer chemoprevention are the subject of much ongoing research. […] Tamoxifen is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’re 35 and older, whether or not you’ve gone through menopause. […] Raloxifene is used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer if you’re at high risk and you’ve undergone menopause (postmenopausal). […] Aromatase inhibitors have been studied and shown to be effective to treat breast cancer and to prevent breast cancer recurrence after menopause. […] Based on these results, you and your health care provider may choose to use aromatase inhibitors to reduce the risk of breast cancer, though these drugs aren’t approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for this use. […] As more results from research studies become available, health care providers will have a better idea of the long-term health implications for these drugs and their effectiveness in breast cancer chemoprevention.

• #47 Breast Cancer Prevention Medication | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/risk-factor/options-for-women-at-high-risk/drugs/

  Tamoxifen and raloxifene are the only drugs FDA-approved for breast cancer risk reduction in women who do not have breast cancer but are at higher risk. […] In women who dont have breast cancer, but are at higher risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen and raloxifene can be used to lower risk. […] Both tamoxifen and raloxifene can lower the risk of invasive breast cancer and non-invasive breast cancer, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). […] Tamoxifen lowers risk by about 50% in women at high risk. […] Raloxifene lowers risk by about 38% in women at high risk. […] The American Society for Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force list exemestane and anastrozole as risk-reducing drug options for postmenopausal women who dont have breast cancer, but are at high risk of breast cancer.

• #48 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  Women at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends that clinicians offer to prescribe risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, to women who are at increased risk for breast cancer and at low risk for adverse medication effects. B […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer aged 35 years or older The USPSTF recommends against the routine use of risk-reducing medications, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors, in women who are not at increased risk for breast cancer. D […] The USPSTF found convincing evidence that risk-reducing medications (tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors) provide at least a moderate benefit in reducing risk for invasive estrogen receptor (ER)positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer.

• #49 Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4550636/

  Physicians have an important role in counseling women on the effectiveness of lifestyle modification and avoidance of long-term postmenopausal hormone therapy in the primary prevention of breast cancer. […] Women with a history of prior chest-wall radiation age 30 years, or women with a history of LCIS, are considered to be high enough risk to be considered for preventive therapy. […] The NCCN Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Panel has adopted the 1.7 % or greater 5-year actuarial breast cancer risk defined by the modified Gail model as the risk threshold for discussion of chemoprevention. […] In general, women with a history of AH, or women under the age of 50 years, are more likely to benefit from preventive therapy. […] It is important that high-risk women be considered for chemoprevention, several barriers have been identified that impact uptake, compliance, and adherence. […] Physicians are strongly encouraged to assess breast cancer risk and appropriately identify high-risk women with a positive risk-benefit ratio eligible for chemoprevention.

• #50 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit from taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of invasive breast cancer in women at increased risk. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the potential harms of taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of breast cancer outweigh the potential benefits in women not at increased risk for the disease. […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer, such as women younger than 60 years with no additional risk factors for breast cancer, or women with a low 5-year risk of breast cancer should not be routinely offered medications to reduce risk of breast cancer, since the risk of harms from these medications likely outweighs their potential benefit. […] The USPSTF has made recommendations on screening for breast cancer and for risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA genetic mutations.

• #51 Breast cancer prevention as the best strategy | BIDMC of Boston

  https://www.bidmc.org/about-bidmc/blogs/living-with-cancer/2019/11/breast-cancer-prevention-as-the-best-strategy

  Increasing numbers of long-term studies have identified protective measures that could lower the numbers of women who are diagnosed with the disease. […] The United States Preventive Services Task Force has published new recommendations about medications to reduce risk in women who are at high risk. […] Women who are estimated to have a 3 percent or higher risk of developing invasive breast cancer in the next five years are the target population for this intervention. […] Other than medication, which is appropriate for a rather small number of women, what else could be considered preventative? Lifestyle factors are usually mentioned: maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, moderate alcohol intake, and eating a healthy diet. […] It is reasonable to be hopeful that, in the future, we will know much more about how to prevent breast cancer and the next generations will have better tools than mammograms and healthy habits.

• #52 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #53 Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/breast-cancer/prevention

  Doctors can help women decide whether to have surgery to reduce their risk of developing breast cancer. This option is most often recommended for women with genetic mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, although some women with a strong family history of breast cancer may also consider it. […] A bilateral mastectomy involves removing both breasts. This procedure can greatly reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Women with BRCA mutations who have completed their childbearing may be candidates for surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes. This procedure is called a bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. Ovaries produce estrogen, which can increase the risk of breast cancer. Removing them can slow or prevent the growth of cancer.

• #54 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Risk-reducing (also called preventive or prophylactic) surgery can lower the risk of breast cancer in people who are at very high risk, such as women who carry a harmful mutation in a breast cancer susceptibility gene such as BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, or PTEN. […] The main type of surgery to reduce breast cancer risk is the removal of both breasts, called bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy (or bilateral prophylactic mastectomy). […] Bilateral mastectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer by at least 95% in women who have a harmful (disease-causing) variant in the BRCA1 gene or the BRCA2 gene and up to 90% in women who have a strong family history of breast cancer. […] People who are known to have inherited a harmful mutation that greatly increases their risk of developing breast cancer may consider having bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy to reduce this risk.

• #55

• #56 Breast Cancer Prevention: Current Approaches and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5939980/

  BSO reduces breast cancer risk in premenopausal BRCA 1 and 2 mutation carriers by approximately 50%, similar to tamoxifen, compared to a 90% reduction in similar women who undergo bilateral mastectomy. […] We need to encourage activities such as breastfeeding that are associated with lower risk of breast cancer, at least among women with a family history of the disease. […] We need to develop new technologies to better identify women at the greatest risk of developing breast cancer. […] We need to develop tools that can better predict which women are at the greatest risk of developing breast cancer so that healthcare providers can better counsel them, and that women can better weigh the risks and benefits of active intervention, such as chemoprevention, vs. observation.

• #57 Reducing your risk for breast cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/risks/reducing-your-risk

  If you follow the screening guidelines for breast cancer, the cancer can be found before you notice symptoms. […] Some people can have a higher than average risk for breast cancer. […] Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) are anti-estrogen drugs. […] Having one or both breasts removed by surgery before cancer develops is called prophylactic mastectomy. […] Surgically removing both ovaries before cancer develops is called prophylactic oophorectomy. The ovaries are the body’s main source of estrogen, so removing them lowers the level of estrogen in the body. This can lower the risk for breast cancer in women with BRCA mutations.

• #58 Reducing Risk for Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/prevention/index.html

  Many factors over the course of a lifetime can influence your breast cancer risk. […] You can help lower your risk of breast cancer by taking care of your health. […] Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight can help lower your risk of breast cancer. […] Keep a healthy weight. […] Be physically active. […] Choose not to drink alcohol, or drink alcohol in moderation. […] If you are taking, or have been told to take, hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives (birth control pills), ask your doctor about the risks and find out if it is right for you. […] Breastfeed your children, if possible. […] If you have a family history of breast cancer or inherited changes in your BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, talk to your doctor about other ways to lower your risk. […] Staying healthy throughout your life can lower your risk of developing cancer, and improve your chances of surviving cancer if it occurs.

• #59 Breast cancer prevention tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/important-information-for-breast-cancer-prevention

  It’s probably fair to assume that you’re aware October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month. […] I encourage you to be aware of the risk factors for breast cancer and what strategies you can implement in your lifestyle to reduce your risk. […] If you have breast cancer risk factors, I recommend talking with your doctor about ways you can lower your risk and about screening for breast cancer. […] Living a healthy lifestyle (limiting alcohol consumption to less than one drink per day, exercising, controlling your weight), taking certain medications (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, anastrozole) and surgery (removal of both breasts and ovaries in women with higher risk, such as carriers of a BRCA mutation) are all strategies to help reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends breast cancer screening starting at age 25, with a physical exam and risk assessment every one to three years. It’s then recommended to receive an annual screening mammogram starting at age 40.

• #60 Surgery to Reduce the Risk of Breast Cancer Fact Sheet – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-reducing-surgery-fact-sheet

  Yes. Some people who have been diagnosed with cancer in one breast, particularly those who are known to be at very high risk, may consider having the other breast (called the contralateral breast) removed as well, even if there is no sign of cancer in that breast. Removal of the contralateral breast during breast cancer surgery (known as contralateral prophylactic mastectomy) reduces the risk of breast cancer in that breast. […] People with a harmful BRCA variant who have surgery to treat breast cancer may also consider having risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy to improve their long-term outcomes. […] Options for some people who are at very high risk of breast cancer (or of contralateral breast cancer, if they have previously been treated for breast cancer) and wish to avoid risk-reducing surgery include: More frequent breast cancer screening (also called enhanced surveillance). […] Risk-reducing medications (sometimes called chemoprevention). Tamoxifen and raloxifene are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reduce breast cancer risk in women who, based on their personal and family medical history, have an increased risk of breast cancer.

• #61 Preventive Treatments for Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/breast-cancer/prevention

  NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center offers a screening and prevention program for women and men who are at a particularly high risk of developing breast cancer. In addition to regular screening, doctors can recommend several preventive treatments that help reduce this risk. […] Certain hormone therapies can be used preventively if doctors determine you are at high risk of developing breast tumors that have certain hormone receptors. These types of cancers are known as estrogen receptor positive and progesterone receptor positive. […] Doctors may prescribe selective estrogen receptor modulators to lower a womans risk of developing breast cancer. The medication tamoxifen is used in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. While it decreases the risk of breast cancer, it can increase the risk of uterine cancer, more commonly in postmenopausal women.

• #62 Recommendation: Breast Cancer: Medication Use to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-medications-for-risk-reduction

  The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit from taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, or aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of invasive breast cancer in women at increased risk. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that the potential harms of taking tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibitors to reduce risk of breast cancer outweigh the potential benefits in women not at increased risk for the disease. […] Women not at increased risk for breast cancer, such as women younger than 60 years with no additional risk factors for breast cancer, or women with a low 5-year risk of breast cancer should not be routinely offered medications to reduce risk of breast cancer, since the risk of harms from these medications likely outweighs their potential benefit. […] The USPSTF has made recommendations on screening for breast cancer and for risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA genetic mutations.

• #63 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Breast cancer mortality is at its lowest level in 30 years progress that has largely been fueled by advances in early detection and treatment. […] BCRF embarked on a bold new initiative in 2019 to apply the principles of precision medicine to prevention research to address this underfunded area of research. […] We envision a future where doctors customize a prevention plan based on an individual persons biology, history, and lifestyle to stop cancer before it starts, said Dr. Dorraya El-Ashry, BCRFs chief scientific officer. […] Just as emerging technologies are transforming precision medicine, this new initiative is capitalizing on these new techniques and discoveries to reduce the incidence of breast cancer with all possible speed. […] Women at high risk of developing breast cancer may benefit from preventive therapy with anti-estrogen/hormonal medicines like tamoxifen and exemestane to decrease the risk of future invasive breast cancer.

• #64 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  The European Collaborative on Personalized Early Detection and Prevention of Breast Cancer (ENVISION) brings together several international research consortia working on different aspects of the personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer. […] The priority areas identified were: 1) breast cancer subtype-specific risk assessment tools applicable to women of all ancestries; 2) intermediate surrogate markers of response to preventive measures; 3) novel non-surgical preventive measures to reduce the incidence of breast cancer of poor prognosis; and 4) hybrid effectiveness-implementation research combined with modelling studies to evaluate the long-term population outcomes of risk-based early detection strategies. […] Women with pathogenic germline mutations in cancer susceptibility genes that is, in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) may opt to undergo prophylactic bilateral mastectomy; primary chemoprophylaxis with tamoxifen or other selective oestrogen receptor modulators has also been recommended in this group, albeit the uptake is low.

• #65 Personalized early detection and prevention of breast cancer: ENVISION consensus statement | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-020-0388-9

  Currently, genetic testing remains somewhat restricted for women with breast cancer; those with triple-negative, bilateral or young-onset disease might be offered a test at diagnosis, but most will be offered testing only if they also have a noted family history of the disease. […] The 2019 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations expand the population in which eligibility for genetic testing should be assessed to include women with a personal or family history of breast, ovarian, tubal or peritoneal cancer, in addition to women who have an ancestry associated with pathogenic BRCA1/2 variants. […] Personalized approaches to the prevention or early detection of breast cancer have emerged as highly promising strategies. […] Several international research consortia are studying ways to better understand, estimate and reduce breast cancer risk, to use risk-based stratification to prevent consequential cancers, to evaluate the benefit-harm trade-offs of such strategies and to assess the acceptability and feasibility of implementing risk-stratified prevention and early detection programmes.

• #66 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Dr. Khan will explore personalized dosing of tamoxifen to improve compliance and expand its use in more women at risk for breast cancer.

• #67 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Dr. Khan will explore personalized dosing of tamoxifen to improve compliance and expand its use in more women at risk for breast cancer.

• #68 BCRF’S Precision Prevention Initiative | Breast Cancer Research Foundation

  https://www.bcrf.org/precision-prevention-initiative/

  Dr. De Censi anticipates that the results of this study will inform new approaches to breast cancer prevention that are better tolerated and have potential for broader uptake and impact. […] Dr. dos Santos is leveraging her finding that specific subtypes of immune cells that suppress tumorigenesis are present post-pregnancy and determining if milk-associated probiotics may mediate their anti-tumorigenic function. […] Dr. Finn has been testing one such vaccine based on the tumor antigen MUC1 that is expressed on early, precancerous cells. […] Dr. Ligibel has demonstrated that irisin, a substance released by muscle during exercise, slows breast cancer development potentially through immune system activation. […] Dr. Khan will explore personalized dosing of tamoxifen to improve compliance and expand its use in more women at risk for breast cancer.

• #69 Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2

  Breast cancer is an increasing public health problem. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the introduction of methods to predict women at elevated risk and prevent the disease has been less successful. […] The panel estimated from the relevant literature that potentially 50% of breast cancer could be prevented in the subgroup of women at high and moderate risk of breast cancer by using current chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole) and that, in all women, lifestyle measures, including weight control, exercise, and moderating alcohol intake, could reduce breast cancer risk by about 30%. […] There is probably sufficient evidence from the randomized trials for the use of SERMs and AIs for use in women at high and moderate breast cancer risk and sufficient observational data to advise weight control, exercise, and moderation of alcohol intake.

• #70 Breast Cancer Prevention: Current Approaches and Future Directions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5939980/

  The objective of this review is to discuss strategies in current use to prevent breast cancer, as well as potential approaches that could be used in the future. […] Current strategies to decrease a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer include primary prevention, such as avoiding tobacco, exogenous hormone use and excess exposure to ionizing radiation, maintaining a normal weight, exercise, breastfeeding, eating a healthy diet and minimizing alcohol intake. […] Chemoprevention medications are available for those at high risk, though they are underutilized in eligible women. […] Mastectomy and/or bilateral oophorectomy are reasonable strategies for women who have deleterious mutations in genes that dramatically increase the risk of developing cancer in either breast. […] There are a variety of strategies in development for the prevention of breast cancer.

• #71 Can I Lower My Risk of Breast Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/risk-and-prevention/can-i-lower-my-risk.html

  Many studies have shown that moderate to vigorous physical activity is linked with lower breast cancer risk, so its important to get regular physical activity. […] Alcohol increases risk of breast cancer. Even drinking small amounts of alcohol has been linked with an increase in risk. It is best not to drink alcohol at all. For women who do drink, they should have no more than 1 alcoholic drink a day. […] Women who choose to breastfeed for at least several months after childbirth may also get an added benefit of reducing their breast cancer risk. […] Using hormone therapy after menopause can increase your risk of breast cancer. To avoid this, talk to your health care provider about non-hormonal options to treat menopausal symptoms. […] If you are at increased risk for breast cancer, there are some things you can consider that might help lower your chances of developing breast cancer (or help find it early): Genetic counseling and testing for breast cancer risk (if it hasnt been done already), Medicines to lower breast cancer risk, Preventive (prophylactic) surgery, Close observation to look for early signs of breast cancer.

• #72 Breast cancer prevention tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/important-information-for-breast-cancer-prevention

  It’s probably fair to assume that you’re aware October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month. […] I encourage you to be aware of the risk factors for breast cancer and what strategies you can implement in your lifestyle to reduce your risk. […] If you have breast cancer risk factors, I recommend talking with your doctor about ways you can lower your risk and about screening for breast cancer. […] Living a healthy lifestyle (limiting alcohol consumption to less than one drink per day, exercising, controlling your weight), taking certain medications (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, anastrozole) and surgery (removal of both breasts and ovaries in women with higher risk, such as carriers of a BRCA mutation) are all strategies to help reduce your risk of developing breast cancer. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends breast cancer screening starting at age 25, with a physical exam and risk assessment every one to three years. It’s then recommended to receive an annual screening mammogram starting at age 40.

• #73 7 Tips to Reduce Your Breast Cancer Risk | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/blog/tips-to-reduce-breast-cancer-risk.html

  Nearly 300,000 Americans, mostly women, will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2023. […] Only about 30% of breast cancers have a strong genetic link, said Patricia Thompson, PhD, co-director of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program, which is part of the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Cedars-Sinai. That leaves about 70% of breast cancers linked to other factors, some of which are modifiable. […] No one has zero risk of developing breast cancer, and the first step toward risk management and reduction is to learn about your risk factors. […] Managing your risk of developing breast cancer can feel overwhelming. But whether you have a genetic susceptibility to the disease or not, there are plenty of things you can do to safeguard your health. […] Screening wont reduce your risk of developing breast cancer, but it can improve your chances of a good outcome if you are diagnosed.

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