Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Mouth cancer diagnosis might start with an exam of the lips and mouth. A healthcare professional might remove a sample of tissue for testing to see if you have mouth cancer. […] In a physical exam for mouth cancer, a healthcare professional looks at and feels your lips and mouth. That person checks for any lumps and areas of irritation. White patches in the mouth, called leukoplakia, and sores may be early signs of cancer. […] If something concerning is found in an exam, the next step might be a mouth cancer biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For a mouth cancer biopsy, a healthcare professional may use a cutting tool to cut away some concerning tissue from the mouth. […] In the lab, tests can check the tissue for signs of cancer. Other tests might look for changes in the DNA inside the cancer cells. Results from these tests may help your healthcare team make a treatment plan.

• #2 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  A doctor or dentist may find some oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers or pre-cancers during a routine exam, but many of these cancers are found because the person has noticed a sign or symptom and brought it to their attention. Then, if cancer is suspected, other tests will be needed. […] The doctor will look for possible signs of mouth or throat cancer or pre-cancer. These could be bumps or other changed areas on your head, face or neck, or problems with the nerves of the face and mouth. The doctor will look at the entire inside of your mouth, and might feel around in it with a gloved finger. Other tests might be used to look for abnormal areas in your mouth or throat. […] If there is a reason to think you might have cancer, your doctor will refer you to a specialist. These specialists are oral and maxillofacial surgeons or head and neck surgeons.

• #3 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  A physical exam allows your doctor to look for any signs of oral cancer. During a physical exam, your doctor may: assess facial symmetry, speech, swallowing, breathing and hearing; carefully look at the mouth; feel for lumps or swelling on the inside of the mouth, including the cheeks and lips; feel the floor of the mouth, tongue and roof of the mouth; check tongue movements; feel the neck for any lumps or swelling; check the salivary glands; look at the throat using an endoscope. […] Exfoliative cytology is a test used to look for abnormal or cancerous cells. The doctor or dentist uses a cotton swab, brush or small wooden stick to scrape a small sample of cells from an area and places them on a glass slide. They stain the sample with dye and examine it under a microscope. This test can detect cell changes and may show that further tests are needed. If an abnormality is found, doctors may do a biopsy.

• #4 Early Detection, Diagnosis and Staging – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/early-detection-diagnosis-staging/

  Screening for oral cancer should include a thorough history and physical examination. The clinician should visually inspect and palpate the head, neck, oral, and pharyngeal regions. […] Diagnosis can be delayed by several months or more if the clinician treats the patient’s complaints empirically with drugs instead of providing a thorough physical examination and workup. Patients with complaints lasting longer than 2-4 weeks should be referred promptly to an appropriate specialist to obtain a definitive diagnosis. If the specialist detects a persistent oral lesion, a biopsy should be performed without delay. […] A definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy of the tissue. Biopsies may be obtained using surgical scalpels or biopsy punches and typically can be performed under local anesthesia.

• #5 Paul Roebucks Diagnosis Process | Mouth Cancer Foundation

  https://www.mouthcancerfoundation.org/patient-experiences/ambassador-paul-roebucks-blog-explains-the-process-of-diagnosis/

  Here is what to expect if you are referred for an oral Cancer diagnosis (UK) […] The process will start with your doctor or dentist contacting the hospital to arrange a meeting with a maxillofacial consultant. This first meeting should be within 2 weeks. If you haven’t got a confirmed date within 2 weeks speak up. […] At the first meeting with the consultant, they’ll look feel and poke about in your mouth. In addition to the usual blood tests, they will then probably activate two concurrent events following that meeting before deciding next steps. […] They’ll likely send you for a scan (which they’ll book for you) of your head neck and chest. (CT scan most Likely, rather than an MRI scan). This Is largely to determine signs of cancer outside the immediately affected areas. […] In addition, they’ll book you in for a biopsy and at that meeting they’ll cut a small bit out of your tongue out to examine. That’ll be sent to a pathologist and he/she will analyse.

• #6 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The advantage of this test is that it’s easy to do and causes very little pain. This can lead to an earlier diagnosis and a greater chance of treatment being successful if cancer is found. […] For an incisional biopsy, a small piece of tissue is cut from the area that looks abnormal. This is the most common type of biopsy used to check changes in the mouth or throat. […] For a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, a very thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe pulls out (aspirates) some cells from a tumor or lump. […] All biopsy samples are sent to a lab to be checked closely by a pathologist, a doctor who is specially trained to diagnose cancer from a biopsy. […] For cancers of the throat, the biopsy samples are often tested (for the p16 protein) to see if HPV infection is present.

• #7 Oral cancer diagnostics: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8820315/

  Cancer has continued to be a challenge to physicians from ancient times to the present. […] Early diagnosis is vital in reducing cancer-associated mortality especially with oral cancer. Even though the mainstay of oral cancer diagnosis still continues to be a trained clinician and histopathologic examination of malignant tissues. […] The present review describes the conventional to most advanced diagnostic modalities used as oral cancer diagnostics. It also includes the new technologies available and the future trends in oral cancer diagnostics. […] This review enlightens all the diagnostic modalities/technologies used in diagnosis of oral cancer very ranging from conventional to most advanced one. […] The gold standard for diagnosis of oral cancer is tissue biopsy with histological assessment. This technique requires a trained health professional and is invasive, painful, expensive, and time consuming.

• #8 Diagnosis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/discovery-diagnosis/diagnosis/

  A thorough oral screening also includes indirect examination of the nasopharynx and larynx, and involves manually feeling the neck for swollen lymph nodes, and other abnormalities such as hardened masses. […] After the physical examination of your mouth, if your doctor finds any areas that are suspicious, he may recommend a biopsy. This is simply taking a small portion of the suspicious tissue for examination under a microscope. […] The most traditional type of biopsy is incisional. […] In an incisional biopsy, the doctor will remove part or all of the lesion depending on its size and his ability to define the extent of it at this early stage. […] The success of this method depends on how accurately the needle is placed, and, as with all biopsies, on the skill and experience of the tissue pathologist who will be examining the cells.

• #9 Early Detection, Diagnosis and Staging – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/early-detection-diagnosis-staging/

  Most carcinomas of the oral cavity do not need a “panendoscopy” for definitive diagnosis. […] Diagnostic imaging often detects subsurface masses and intraosseous lesions. Although imaging of pathologic lesions does not produce a definite diagnosis, it frequently helps to define the extent of the tumor. […] Fine needle aspiration biopsy is an accepted procedure for diagnosing many subsurface lesions such as salivary gland tumors and nodal disease. […] The stage of the disease depends on several factors, including the size of the primary lesion, local extension, lymph node involvement, and evidence of distant metastasis. […] The individual clinical parameters in the TNM classification system are grouped to determine the appropriate disease stage; stages are ranked numerically from 0 (which has the best prognosis) to IV (the worst prognosis). […] The use of immunohistochemical techniques to establish a definitive diagnosis has expanded during the past decade and continues to be refined. […] Current research is exploring the genetics of biochemical processes that may affect the development of oral cancer.

• #10 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The specialist will pay special attention to the head and neck area, being sure to look and feel for any abnormal areas. […] The doctor may use mirrors or special fiber-optic scopes to look at these areas. […] To make sure there are no other cancers in the esophagus or lung, a panendoscopy might be done. […] During a panendoscopy, the doctor uses different types of endoscopes passed down the mouth or nose to do a laryngoscopy/pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and (at times) bronchoscopy. […] A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer is present. A sample of tissue or cells is always needed to confirm a cancer diagnosis before treatment is started. […] For exfoliative cytology, the doctor scrapes the changed area and smears the collected tissue onto a glass slide.

• #11 Diagnosis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/discovery-diagnosis/diagnosis/

  Another form of incisional biopsy is referred to as a punch biopsy. […] Some dental offices are doing a “brush biopsy” where a sampling of cells is collected by aggressively rubbing a brush against the suspect area. […] The entire point of course, is that no treatment decisions should be made before there is confirmation of malignancy. […] Other ways to determine the presence or extent of oral cancer exist. […] CT, or CAT (co-axial tomography) scan technology has developed rapidly over the last few decades, and these scans can provide images of great diagnostic quality and usefulness. […] However, CT is only able to detect the actual presence of masses, and only a biopsy can verify that the mass is malignant. […] Another recent technology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), is helpful in providing accurate views of the affected area.

• #12 Current Insights into Oral Cancer Diagnostics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/7/1287

  Vital staining is a conventional tissue staining method that uses toluidine blue, a metachromatic dye, to stain cells with an increased DNA content and dysplastic or malignant cells containing abnormal DNA. […] A recent hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of Toluidine blue staining, which was served as an adjunct tool to standard clinical examination to facilitate early detection of oral cavity and oropharynx malignant lesions. […] The OralCDx® Brush Test (CDx Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA) is a minimally invasive brush biopsy that is coupled with an artificial intelligence computer-assisted tissue analysis. […] Light-based technologies for detecting OPMDs and oral cancer have been used in clinical practice for several years. […] The role of biomarkers for oral cancer detection has emerged in recent years as a new method for clinical diagnostics.

• #13 Oral Cancer: Diagnosis 

  https://library.oumedicine.com/Wellness/Cholesterol/Tools/34,AOraD1

  A biopsy is the only sure way to know if you have cancer and exactly what kind of cancer it is. […] Your healthcare provider may cut out a small piece of the changed tissue. If the suspicious area is easy to reach, medicines can be used to numb your mouth and do this in the office. If the area is deeper in your mouth or throat, this biopsy is done in a hospital. This is the most commonly used type of biopsy to check for oral cancer. […] Once the biopsy is done, the samples are sent to a lab for testing. They’re also often tested to see if they contain a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). […] When your healthcare provider has the results of your biopsy, they will contact you. Ask how you can expect to find out your biopsy results. Will it be a phone call or do you need to make an appointment? […] Your provider will talk with you about other tests you may need if oral cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what your next steps should be.

• #14 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Your healthcare team may do other tests to see if the cancer has spread beyond the mouth. Your healthcare team may use the results of these tests to give your cancer a stage. The stage tells your healthcare team about the extent of the cancer and about the prognosis. It also helps guide the treatment plan. […] Mouth cancer staging tests may include: Using a small camera to look at the throat. During a procedure called endoscopy, a healthcare professional passes a thin, flexible tube equipped with a camera down the throat. The procedure helps the health professional look for signs that cancer has spread beyond the mouth. […] Imaging tests. A variety of imaging tests may help check whether cancer has spread beyond the mouth. Imaging tests may include X-ray, CT, MRI and positron emission tomography scans, also called PET scans. Not everyone needs each test. Your healthcare team decides which tests are needed based on your condition.

• #15 Tests for Oral Cavity (Mouth) and Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancers | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Imaging tests are not used to diagnose oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers, but they may be done for a number of reasons before and after a cancer diagnosis. […] No blood test can diagnose cancer in the oral cavity or oropharynx. Still, your doctor may order routine blood tests to get an idea of your overall health, especially before treatment. […] If radiation therapy will be part of the treatment, you’ll be asked to see a dentist before starting. […] Your care team will most likely have your hearing checked (with an audiogram) before starting treatment to compare to later if you happen to have hearing problems from chemo. […] Often, you will have a nutritionist who will evaluate your nutrition status before, during, and after your treatment to try and keep your weight and protein stores as normal as possible.

• #16 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. Doctors sometimes apply dye to an abnormal area in the mouth (such as an area of leukoplakia or erythroplakia) to help them see the biopsy site more clearly. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] An endoscopy is done when diagnosing and staging oral cancer. It allows a doctor to look inside the body using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end. This tool is called an endoscope. […] A CT scan is used to provide information about the size, shape and location of a tumour. It can also be used to see if cancer has spread to the lower jawbone or lymph nodes in the neck. A CT scan of the chest can also be used to see if cancer has spread to the lungs.

• #17 Diagnosing Oral Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis

  Doctors may also perform more extensive surgical biopsies in the hospital using general anesthesia. […] Oral cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes, causing swelling and one or more neck masses. If you have these symptoms, your NYU Langone doctor may perform fine needle aspiration, in which he or she inserts a small needle into a mass and removes a sample of cells for examination under a microscope. […] If you’ve received a diagnosis of oral cancer, your doctor may recommend a CT scan, in which two- or three-dimensional, cross-sectional images of the body are created using X-rays and a computer. This helps the doctor determine whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the neck or to structures like the hard palate or the upper or lower jawbone. […] An MRI scan uses a magnetic field to create images of the body. It can detect whether oral cancer has spread to the soft tissue of the head and neck, including brain tissue.

• #18 Diagnosis of oral cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/oral/diagnosis

  An MRI is used to provide information about the size, shape and location of a tumour. It is often used after a CT scan to get additional information. It can be used to assess the soft tissues of the head and neck. It can also be used to measure how deep a tumour has grown into a structure in the mouth or see if the tumour is spreading along a nerve. MRI can be used to see if cancer might have spread to the lymph nodes in the neck. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. It may be combined with a CT scan (called a PET-CT scan).

• #19 Diagnosing Oral Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis

  To determine whether oral cancer has spread throughout the body, your doctor may order a PET/CT scan, which combines CT scan technology and PET imaging. […] NYU Langone doctors are investigating a new way to diagnose early oral cancer. As part of a clinical trial, researchers are evaluating whether a special microchip sensor can identify oral cancer in cell samples removed from the surface of the mouth.

• #20 Mouth Cancer: Causes and Diagnosis | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/causes-and-diagnosis-of-mouth-cancer

  Mouth cancer is one of the most common types of cancer which affects the cells of lips, gums, lips, tongue and other associated tissues of the oral cavity. […] Mouth cancer is fatal so early detection is important. PET-CT is very helpful tool in detecting the mouth cancer at the earliest of the stages. […] PET-CT can show a number of processing that occurs in the Mouth and these include: Used to evaluate the extent of cancer, Look for the staging of cancer, Response of treatment that was targeted, Location of primary mouth tumor, Evaluation of lymph node involvement, Prognosis. […] Early detection of mouth cancer is important for effective treatment and stops the spread. PET-CT is very effective radiological tool for the detection of mouth cancer. […] Yes, PET-CT is effective diagnostic tool in detection of Mouth cancer.

• #21 Floor of the mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/floor-mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20446340

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose floor of the mouth cancer may include: […] In a physical exam, a health care professional looks at your mouth and neck. The health professional checks for any lumps in the mouth and on the neck. Your neck also is checked for swollen lymph nodes. When floor of the mouth cancer spreads, it often goes to the lymph nodes first. […] Called a biopsy, this test involves taking a sample of cells from the mouth. There are different types of biopsy procedures. A sample may be collected by cutting out a piece of the suspicious tissue or the entire area. Another type of biopsy uses a thin needle that’s inserted directly into the suspicious area to collect a sample of cells. The samples are sent to a lab to be tested. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous. […] Imaging tests capture pictures of the inside of the body. The pictures can show the size and location of a tumor. Imaging tests used for floor of the mouth cancer may include X-rays and scans such as CT, MRI and positron emission tomography, also called PET.

• #22 Diagnosis Oral Cancer and Precancer

  https://dental.nyu.edu/research/nyu-oral-cancer-center/oral-cancer/diagnosis-of-oral-cancer-and-precancer.html

  These scans provide information about the size, shape and exact position of the tumor and may identify enlarged lymph nodes containing cancer cells. […] Used to display the body’s metabolism. Since cancer cells divide rapidly, any increased activity identified on a PET scan can indicate primary and metastatic tumors. PET scans are only used for the evaluation of oral cancer patients under certain circumstances. […] May determine cancer spread to the jaws or lungs.

• #23 Mouth cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/mouth-cancer

  A doctor called a pathologist looks at the sample under a microscope to check for cancer cells. […] If you have a lump or a swelling in your neck, you usually have an ultrasound scan of the area. This uses soundwaves to produce a picture of your neck and nearby lymph nodes. […] You may have a fine needle aspiration test to see whether there are any cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the neck. But it can also be used to take samples from the mouth. The doctor passes a fine needle into the lump. They withdraw (aspirate) some cells into the syringe. Sometimes they use an ultrasound scan to help the doctor to guide the needle into the area. […] These tests may be used to help diagnose mouth cancer and to check whether it has spread. […] A CT scan takes a series of x-rays, which build up a three-dimensional (3D) picture of the inside of the head and neck.

• #24 Diagnosis and Stages of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages

  An endoscope, a thin tube with a light and lens, is used to view areas of your throat and mouth. […] This noninvasive test takes detailed images of internal organs to detect abnormalities. […] Uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs. […] Uses radioactive dyes to detect cancer in the body. […] Produces detailed images of soft tissues, like the tonsils and tongue base, and helps determine tumor size. […] Also called an upper GI series, this test checks for swallowing abnormalities as these may result from oral or oropharyngeal cancers. You’ll drink a chalky solution while X-rays are taken. […] After a diagnosis, the cancer is staged to determine its extent, which helps in planning treatment. Your healthcare provider will decide which tests are necessary for your specific case.

• #25 Oral cancer diagnostics: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8820315/

  The STOP has four items-white lesion, white lesion with ulcer, mucosal change and persistent ulcer with scores ranging from 0 to 3 and color coding of risk from green being low risk, blue as general risk to be guarded with caution while yellow, orange, and red signify significant high and severe risk for progression to cancer. […] The sensitivity of toluidine blue stain to be 92.5% and specificity to be 63.2%, with a PPV of 0.841 and a NPV to be 0.800. […] The sensitivity of this investigation is reported to be 87.5% and specificity to be 84.2% by Epstein et al. […] The sensitivity of epithelial hyperplasia and moderate dysplasia were respectively 75% and 83.3% specificity for epithelial hyperplasia in T scan group was 25%. […] The technique is highly sensitive in itself but has the major drawback of minor contaminations causing difficulties in interpretation of results. […] The flurry of technological advances should not detract us from our end goal of providing affordable, equitable and noninvasive means of cancer diagnosis which compromises neither on quality nor on ease of access.

• #26 Diagnosis and Tests for Oral Cancer | Tests to diagnose Oral cancer

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/oral-cancer/diagnosis-tests

  VELscope – Fluorescence visualization, special light is used to detect changes in the oral mucosa. […] Toluidine blue (TB) and Lugols iodine staining It is used to highlight the abnormal areas of mucosa. Abnormal tissue stains brown and normal tissue does not stain. […] Biopsy There are various types of biopsies as mentioned below, 1. FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) A long needle is inserted into the lesion to draw out the fluid and cells for examination. 2. Core needle biopsy A larger needle with a cutting tip is inserted to take some tissues out from the suspected area. 3. Brush biopsy A brush is used to collect the sample. 4. Incisional biopsy A portion of the lump is removed. 5. Excisional biopsy The whole organ or lump is removed. 6. Vacuum assisted biopsy A suction device is used to draw fluid and cells to take sample.

• #27 Mouth Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/mouth-cancer-diagnosis

  Before you begin treatment, your care team will need to diagnose which type of mouth cancer you have. This is a key first step in developing the best treatment plan for you. […] An oral tissue biopsy is the first step in diagnosing mouth cancer. During the biopsy, your surgeon removes a small amount of abnormal tissue from the area where mouth cancer is suspected. The tissue sample is then sent to a pathologist, who examines it under a microscope and works with the other members of your care team to make a diagnosis. […] As part of making a diagnosis, a radiologist will take special x-rays of your mouth, such as CT scans, MRIs, or Panorex. […] These imaging tests provide more details about the tissue. If cancer is found, the scans can show how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] Genomic testing is also called tumor sequencing or molecular profiling. It involves looking at the cells obtained from a biopsy to see if there are any genetic mutations that could be linked to the type of cancer you have.

• #28 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  The use of CTC counts for predicting tumor relapse, especially the risk of early locoregional relapse, may become feasible. […] The phrase molecular characterization of CTCs refers to the identification of potential targets for individualized therapies, as well as the use of repeated CTC assessments in individual patients for treatment surveillance. […] The OSCC genome contains numerous alterations, such as frequent oncogenic drivers and novel therapeutic candidates. […] The inclusion of genomic analyses in prospective clinical trials is important, as these findings will be useful if they are extended to a well-annotated and clinically relevant cohort. […] Cumulative salivary proteome data highlight the potential use of salivary biomarkers as early diagnostic and screening tools for oral tumors.

• #29 Early Detection for Mouth and Throat Cancers | Touro University

  https://www.touro.edu/news–events/stories/early-detection-for-mouth-and-throat-cancers.php

  A new saliva test was found to be highly accurate in the early detection of oral and throat cancers, a breakthrough that could potentially reduce mortality rates for these cancers. […] Early diagnosis of mouth and throat cancer has been difficult because it relies on a visual exam, typically by a dentist, but these cancers often have little to no symptoms in the early stages. […] Several diagnostic tools are available to help providers determine if a biopsy is needed, but there is no consensus on which are the most effective, and their accuracy is not high enough, ranging from about 80% to 88% accurate. […] The study found that the test had a 90% sensitivity (true positive rate) for oral cancer and 84.2% for throat cancer, at a specificity of 94% (true negative rate). […] This test has the potential to be used for early screening in primary care settings and in secondary care centers, reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies under some scenarios, the authors wrote. […] The non-invasive test, which has been fast-tracked by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), offers important advantages over existing diagnostic tests because of its high sensitivity and specificity.

• #30 Mouth cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351002

  Mouth cancer stages range from 0 to 4. The lowest stages mean the cancer is small and hasn’t grown very deep into the tissue in the mouth. As the cancer grows larger and grows deeper into the tissue, the stages get higher. A stage 4 mouth cancer can mean the cancer has grown very large or has spread to the lymph nodes. Stage 4 mouth cancer also can mean the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

• #31 Mouth Cancer Stages 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/mouth/mouth-cancer-diagnosis/mouth-cancer-stages

  At some point, your doctor will tell you what stage of mouth cancer you have. Put simply, the stage describes how widespread or advanced the cancer is. Determining the stage of oral cancer helps doctors explain the extent of the cancer to you. It also helps them determine how to move forward with treatment, including surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. […] Your doctor will assign a stage to your oral cancer after your physical exam and the initial results from your oral tissue biopsy or imaging tests. The stage may be adjusted if you have additional tests or after surgery. […] Mouth cancer may be stage IV when it is first diagnosed. Stage IV mouth cancer can also be recurrent mouth cancer (cancer that has come back after treatment). The cancer may recur in the part of the body where it originally developed (regional recurrence), in the lymph nodes (regional relapse), or in another part of the body (called distant recurrence). […] Stage III and stage IV cancers are more likely to recur than earlier-stage cancers.

• #32 Mouth cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/mouth-cancer

  An MRI scan uses magnetism to build up a detailed picture of areas of the head and neck. […] The results of your tests helps your doctors find out more about the size, depth and position of the cancer and whether it has spread. This is called staging. […] The grade of the cancer describes how the cancer cells look under the microscope. This gives an idea of how quickly the cancer might develop. […] Knowing the grade and stage helps your doctors plan the best treatment for you. […] The most commonly used staging systems for mouth cancer are the TNM and number staging systems. […] TNM stands for tumour, node and metastases. […] T describes the size of the tumour and whether it has grown into the surrounding areas. It is numbered 0 and 4 depending on the size and extent of the tumour.

• #33 Diagnosis and Stages of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages

  After being diagnosed with oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer, doctors will determine if and how far the cancer has spread. This process, called staging, assesses the severity of the cancer and guides treatment decisions. […] The most commonly used staging system for these cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which evaluates three key factors: Tumor Size (T), Lymph Node Involvement (N), Metastasis (M). […] Once the T, N, and M categories are determined, they are combined in a process called stage grouping to assign an overall stage to the cancer. […] The staging may vary depending on whether the oropharyngeal cancer is associated with HPV. Other factors in staging include the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.

• #34 Mouth cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/mouth-cancer

  Nodes describes whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. […] M describes whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body (called metastatic cancer). […] A doctor looks at a sample of the cancer cells under a microscope to find out the grade of the cancer. […] Treatment for mouth cancers include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Sometimes targeted therapies and immunotherapies might be used. […] Surgery is the main treatment for early-stage mouth cancer. It is often the only treatment needed to remove an early-stage mouth cancer. […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to destroy the cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] Chemoradiation or chemoradiotherapy is when you have chemotherapy and radiotherapy together.

• #35 Oral Cancers: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/oral-cancer

  Your doctor or dentist will perform a physical exam. This includes closely examining the roof and floor of your mouth, the back of your throat, tongue, and cheeks, and the lymph nodes in your neck. If your doctor cannot determine why you’re having your symptoms, you may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. […] If your doctor finds any tumors, growths, or suspicious lesions, they’ll perform a brush biopsy or a tissue biopsy. A brush biopsy is a painless test that collects cells from the tumor by brushing them onto a slide. A tissue biopsy involves removing a piece of the tissue so it can be examined under a microscope for cancerous cells. […] In addition, your doctor may perform one or more of the following tests: X-rays to see if cancer cells have spread to the jaw, chest, or lungs; a CT scan to reveal any tumors in your mouth, throat, neck, lungs, or elsewhere in your body; a PET scan to determine if the cancer has traveled to lymph nodes or other organs; a MRI scan to show a more accurate image of the head and neck, and determine the extent or stage of the cancer; an endoscopy to examine the nasal passages, sinuses, inner throat, windpipe, and trachea. […] The earlier the stage at diagnosis, the higher the chance of survival after treatment. In fact, the five-year overall survival rate in those with stage 1 and 2 oral cancers is typically 70 to 90 percent. This makes timely diagnosis and treatment all the more important.

• #36 Oral Cancer | MouthHealthy – Oral Health Information from the ADA

  https://www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/oral-cancer

  During your regular exam, your dentist will ask about changes in your medical history and whether youve been having any new or unusual symptoms. Next, they will check your lips, cheek lining, gums, tongue (front and back), the floor and roof of your mouth, your throat, tonsils and the area where your tongue meets the bottom of your mouth. […] Dental checkups can save your life by detecting oral cancer early. […] You may need special tests or a follow-up exam a week or two later to see if the questionable spots have cleared up on their own. Together, you and your dentist can choose the best strategy for testing, diagnosis and treatment (if you need it). […] Oral cancers that are found early are usually treated with surgery or radiation therapy. Cases that are found later may need a combination of treatments.

• #36 Oral Cancer | MouthHealthy – Oral Health Information from the ADA

  https://www.mouthhealthy.org/all-topics-a-z/oral-cancer

  Dentists are often the first health professionals to notice the signs of oral cancer, which can appear inside the mouth and throat or on the tonsils and tongue. […] Dentists watch for signs of oral cancer, because finding it early can be the key to successful treatment. […] Call your dentist right away if any of these issues last longer than two weeks: A sore or irritation that doesn’t go away, Red or white patches on your gums, tongue or lining of the mouth, Pain, tenderness or numbness in your mouth or lips, A lump, thickening, rough spot, crust or small rough area, Difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking or moving your tongue or jaw, A change in the way your teeth fit together when you close your mouth, Loose teeth or dentures that dont fit well anymore, The feeling something is caught in your throat, Being hoarse, or noticing a change in your voice.

• #37 Oral Cancer Screening: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21056-oral-cancer-screening

  Oral cancer screenings help healthcare providers look for signs of cancer in your mouth. Theyll examine the lining of your cheeks, gums, lips, tongue, and floor and roof of your mouth to check for lesions and abnormalities. If they find anything suspicious, theyll refer you to an oncologist for further testing. […] An oral cancer screening is an exam to look for signs of cancer in your mouth. Oral cancers include mouth cancer, jaw cancer and tongue cancer. […] Oral cancer is a common cancer of the head and neck, affecting people all around the world. Nearly 54,000 Americans receive an oral or oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis each year. […] Oral cancer screenings are the best tool available for early diagnosis and treatment. […] Healthcare providers use oral cancer screenings to find cancer before symptoms develop. When providers detect oral cancer in its early stages, treatment may be more successful.

• #38 Oral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/oral-cancer

  If they find something suspicious, the next step is to take a sample of tissue to check under a microscope. That’s called a biopsy. They may refer you to a specialist or do the test themselves. […] There are different types of biopsies, and your doctor can decide which one is best. […] Experts recommend getting checked every year starting at age 18, and sooner if you start smoking or having sex.

• #39 Diagnosis – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/discovery-diagnosis/diagnosis/

  Any discussion of diagnosis must be prefaced with the issue of discovery. You are the most important factor in an early diagnosis. You should always contact your doctor or dentist immediately if you notice the following symptoms in yourself or a loved one: A sore or lesion in the mouth that does not heal within two weeks. A lump or thickening in the cheek. A white or red patch on the gums, tongue, tonsil, or lining of the mouth. A sore throat or a feeling that something is caught in the throat. Difficulty chewing or swallowing. Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue. Numbness of the tongue or other area of the mouth. Swelling of the jaw that causes dentures to fit poorly or become uncomfortable. Chronic hoarseness. […] These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious problems, but they also indicate the possible presence of oral cancer. Only a professional will be able to tell you definitively.

• #40 Symptoms of mouth cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/mouth-cancer/symptoms/

  Symptoms of mouth cancer can affect any part of your mouth including the gums, tongue, inside the cheeks, or lips. […] Symptoms can include: a mouth ulcer in your mouth that lasts more than 3 weeks […] a red or white patch inside your mouth […] a lump inside your mouth or on your lip […] pain inside your mouth […] difficulty swallowing […] difficulty speaking or a hoarse (croaky) voice […] a lump in your neck or throat […] losing weight without trying. […] You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms that could be cancer. This does not definitely mean you have cancer.

• #41 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), one of the most common types of cancers worldwide, is diagnosed mainly through tissue biopsy. […] However, owing to the tumor heterogeneity and other drawbacks, such as the invasiveness of the biopsy procedure and high cost and limited usefulness of longitudinal surveillance, there has been a focus on adopting more rapid, economical, and noninvasive screening methods. […] Currently, routine oral examination (visual and tactile inspection of accessible oral structures), together with tissue biopsy, remains the gold standard for diagnosing potentially malignant diseases (PMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). […] Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore noninvasive, rapid, and economical screening methods with high enough sensitivity and specificity for the early diagnosis of oral cancer.

• #42 Current Insights into Oral Cancer Diagnostics

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/11/7/1287

  At present, there are only a few clinical-validated and FDA-, CE-, or CLIA-approved biomarker tests that are available for clinical applications of oral cancer detection. […] AI-based technology with clinical decision making or diagnoses systems can be useful modalities in oral cancer screening, lesion discrimination, and prediction model. […] Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a unique microelectromechanical system that can be used to detect protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) biomarkers. […] Considering the size of the research and development in the field of oral cancer diagnostics, the diagnostic methods described in this article are mostly those already in clinical use or commercially available, and are showing great promises in clinical application.

• #43 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  Herein, we review the current status on research into noninvasive diagnostic methods, such as liquid biopsy, optical detection systems, nano detection technology, microfluidic systems, and artificial intelligence approaches. […] The use of liquid biopsy for cancer screening, as well as patient stratification and monitoring, has been documented extensively. […] Its use in OSCC is particularly stressed upon, as this is a highly heterogeneous tumor that necessitates molecular characterization for its effective monitoring and management. […] Blood and salivary biomarkers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and exosomes, among other molecules. […] Studies on patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have demonstrated that the individuals without detected CTCs in their blood have a significantly higher probability of disease-free survival.

• #44 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  Nano detection technologies are regarded as novel noninvasive approaches. […] The manipulation of materials with a length scale of 1-100 nm in at least one dimension is referred to as nanotechnology. […] The use of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to enhance image-based diagnosis is becoming more popular, with the two main divisions being deep learning and machine learning. […] Oral brush cytology (OBC) is a minimally invasive and safe method for extracting cells from the oral mucosa. […] The primary advantage of OBC is that it is a simple, minimally invasive, and relatively painless technique for representative cell diagnosis of the oral mucosa. […] Microfluidic systems can act as a miniature automated version of an integrated experimental program on a single device often referred to as a lab on a chip and can be used for the screening of oral cancer.

• #45 Early diagnosis of oral cancer using a hybrid arrangement of deep belief networkand combined group teaching algorithm | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-49438-x

  Oral cancer can occur in different parts of the mouth, including the lips, palate, gums, and inside the cheeks. If not treated in time, it can be life-threatening. […] In this study, a new deep learning-based methodology has been proposed for optimal oral cancer diagnosis from the images. […] The results showed that the DBN-CGTO method achieved a precision rate of 97.71%, sensitivity rate of 92.37%, the Matthews Correlation Coefficient of 94.65%, and 94.65% F1 score, which signifies its ability as the highest efficiency among the others to accurately classify positive samples while remaining the independent correct classification of negative samples. […] Early detection of oral cancer leads to complete treatment and recovery. Therefore, it can be say that oral cancer diagnosis at an early stages that lesions are localized and small, is supposed to be the most operative means to decrease the disease and its death cases.

• #46 More than a sweet treat: 'lollipops’ could help diagnose mouth cancerfacebook icontwitter iconlinkedin iconfacebook icontwitter iconinstagram iconlinkedin iconyoutube iconfundraising regulator icon

  https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2024/10/25/scientists-developing-lollipops-to-diagnose-mouth-cancer-su2c/

  More than a sweet treat: ‘lollipops’ could help diagnose mouth cancer […] Today, diagnosing mouth cancer usually involves scalpels, stitches and anaesthetic. Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C) is funding a project that could replace it all with ‘lollipops’. […] If it works, the lollipop could be a much less invasive alternative to biopsies, which involve cutting out small pieces of tissue to send for testing. It could also help doctors diagnose oral cancers earlier, when treatment is more likely to be successful. […] “Smart hydrogels have really exciting potential for diagnosing mouth cancer,” says Dr Gupta. […] “In the first instance, it would likely be more appropriate to use this tool to screen individuals that are at high risk,” she says. […] “We’re really excited to start the next phase of this project. We’re hoping that we can be the first to make a device which is much kinder for diagnosing mouth cancer for patients and easier for GPs to use.” […] Excellent news about developments in the diagnosis of mouth and stomach cancer. Anything that improves early treatment of cancer can only be encouraging news. Well done to the many researchers of these worthwhile projects. […] Fantastic news on the new ways to diagnose mouth and stomach cancer.

• #47 Current advances in noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-022-00916-4

  In general, these diagnostic methods are minimally invasive, painless, rapid, and economical, and their sensitivity and specificity indicate their excellent application prospects. […] However, to date, they have all had limited application. […] Each method has its own disadvantages and necessitates further research and breakthrough before these methods can be applied effectively for the early diagnosis of oral cancer.

• #48 New method to test for oral cancer | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/03/240304135753.htm

  A team of researchers has discovered a noninvasive, low-cost test to detect oral cancer, monitor precancerous lesions and determine when a biopsy is warranted. […] Oral cancers and precancerous mouth lesions are considered especially difficult to diagnose early and accurately. […] The study’s lab-based approach, which is now patented, can reduce biopsies in primary care clinics by 95% because it can tell clinicians who actually needs a biopsy. […] The test can also be used in developing countries where oral cancer is rampant and pathology services are questionable or lacking. […] The positive data from the lab-based approach has inspired the development of a point-of-care (POC) device in collaboration with Umut Gurkan, the Wilbert J. Austin Professor of Engineering at the Case School of Engineering. […] The POC diagnostic approach measures the protein ratio and could be used directly in a clinic, providing results within half-hour.

• #49 Paul Roebucks Diagnosis Process | Mouth Cancer Foundation

  https://www.mouthcancerfoundation.org/patient-experiences/ambassador-paul-roebucks-blog-explains-the-process-of-diagnosis/

  When your CT scan and biopsy’s results are completed that team will talk about those results and your condition and they’ll collectively agree your treatment options and next steps. […] This is the meeting where you will find out if you have a cancer, and how / if it can be treated. […] At this finding meeting the consultant will tell you the results of the blood tests, scans, biopsy and pathology. […] The cancer will be graded 1 to 4. […] He/she will also advise you of the treatment options and recommendations of the multi-disciplinary meeting, along with his opinion of the exact next steps/treatment. […] If it’s surgery they may also wish to discuss dates with you. This is a priority cancer for the NHS, any surgery will be undertaken promptly. […] The tests and result meeting should happen within a couple/three weeks of your first meeting with the consultant, once your results are in that committee they proceed swiftly.

• #50 Oral Cancer Screening: What To Expect

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/21056-oral-cancer-screening

  Oral cancer screenings dont diagnose cancer. Healthcare providers use screenings to look for signs of cancer. If your provider finds anything suspicious, theyll refer you to an oncologist for further testing, diagnosis and treatment. […] Oral cancer screenings can help detect early signs of oral cancer. But the only surefire way to find out if you have oral cancer is to collect suspicious cells and test them in a laboratory. If your healthcare provider suspects oral cancer, then theyll refer you to another specialist for evaluation. […] After your oral cancer screening, your healthcare provider will share their findings with you. If the screening indicates that cancer could be present, your provider will refer you to a specialist for further assessment. […] If you develop mouth pain or notice any new lumps, bumps or lesions, call your healthcare provider right away. Early detection is key, so if you think something isnt quite right, dont wait to seek medical care. […] Oral cancer is a common cancer affecting the head and neck. With frighteningly high fatality rates, early detection is the key for timely diagnosis and treatment. Routine screenings give you the best chance for finding oral cancer in its early stages.

• #51 Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer: A Complex Polyhedral Problem with a Difficult Solution

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/13/3270

  Achieving an early diagnosis of oral cancer is also significantly challenged by the inefficacy of mass population-based screening programs for this type of tumor, which is not very prevalent in many countries of the world, with opportunistic detection being the type of screening that has proven to be most effective. […] Improving this type of screening concerns all actors involved in achieving an early diagnosis of oral cancer.

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