Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news/item/29-11-2023-comprehensive-assessment-of-evidence-on-oral-cancer-prevention-released-29-november-2023

  Oral cancer is the 13th most common cancer worldwide, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths in 2020. […] Worldwide, most patients with oral cancer present in advanced stages with a poor prognosis because of a lack of access to promotive, preventive and early detection programmes. […] Early detection programmes that target high-risk populations, in selected settings where incidence is quite high such as in South and South-East Asia and in the Western Pacific islands, may reduce oral cancer incidence and mortality, particularly of the advanced stages of cancer. […] To reduce the global burden of oral cancer, the Handbook calls for increased public awareness around its risks and causes, along with increased research on oral cancer prevention, and improved early detection services.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health

  Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13th most common cancer worldwide. The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 389 846 new cases and 188 438 deaths in 2022. Oral cancer is more common in men and in older people, more deadly in men compared to women and it varies strongly by socio-economic circumstances. […] Tobacco, alcohol and areca nut (betel quid) use are among the leading causes of oral cancer. In North America and Europe, human papillomavirus infections are responsible for a growing percentage of oral cancers among young people.

• #3 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of cancers diagnosed annually in the United States; risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. […] During 2007-2016, incidence of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined increased, despite decreases in those at multiple anatomic sites. The overall increase was driven by increases in HPV-associated cancers of the tonsil, base of tongue, oropharynx, other oral cavity and pharynx, and the gum and anterior tongue. […] U.S. Cancer Statistics data were analyzed to examine trends in incidence of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx by anatomic site, sex, race/ethnicity, and age group. During 2007-2016, incidence rates increased for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx combined, base of tongue, anterior tongue, gum, tonsil, oropharynx, and other oral cavity and pharynx.

• #4 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx account for 3% of all cancers in the United States. Oral cancer usually includes cancer of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, and other sites in the mouth; while pharyngeal cancer includes cancers of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. More than 90% of oral or pharyngeal cancers are squamous cell in origin. […] Incidence, mortality, and survival are the primary measures for assessing the impact of cancer in population groups. Incidence is the frequency of new cancer cases during a defined period of time, generally expressed as the rate per 100,000 persons per year; the mortality rate is the frequency of cancer deaths per 100,000 persons per year. The observed survival rate is the proportion of persons with cancer who survive for a specified period of time after diagnosis, usually 5 years.

• #5 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 59,660 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 12,770 […] % of All New Cancer Cases 2.9% […] % of All Cancer Deaths 2.1% […] The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 1.2 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with oral cavity and pharynx cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 452,075 people living with oral cavity and pharynx cancer in the United States. […] Oral cavity and pharynx cancer represents 2.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 59,660 new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer and an estimated 12,770 people will die of this disease.

• #6 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline.

• #7 Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Asia in the Past Decade- An Update (2000-2012)

  https://journal.waocp.org/article_28157.html

  The prevalence of oral cancers (OC) is high in Asian countries, especially in South and Southeast Asia. […] High incidence rates were reported from developing nations like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Sri Lanka. […] The 5 year survival rate has been low for OC, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment. […] Hence, it is important to control OC by screening for early diagnosis and controlling tobacco and alcohol use. It is also necessary to have cancer surveillance at the national-level to collect and utilise data for cancer prevention and control programs.

• #8 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  Background: One of the most common cancers is squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck which is a serious health challenge worldwide. Considering the importance of knowledge of incidence, death and risk factors in prevention programs, this study was conducted to investigate the incidence, mortality and risk factors for oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. […] The five countries with the highest number of cancer of the oral cavity and lip included India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men versus women, 5.5 and 2.5 per hundred thousand, respectively). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral cavity cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for this type of cancer was 1.9 per 100,000 people in the world (2.7 vs. 1.2 in every 100,000 of men vs. women, respectively). The most important risk factors for oral and lip cancer include tobacco smoke, alcohol drinking, viral infections, exposure to sunlight, and socioeconomic status.

• #9

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. […] Epidemiological studies focusing on oral cancer encounter complexities arising from various anatomical sub-sites, leading to diverse reporting practices. […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. […] India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. […] In India, there are approximately 77,000 new cases of oral cancer reported each year, resulting in around 52,000 deaths, indicating the substantial burden of this disease.

• #10 Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77956

  One of the most common types of cancer is head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancers are the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer in developing countries. Oral cancer, which is a subset of head and neck cancers, refers to any cancerous growth in the oral cavity. Risk factors for oral cancer include age, malnutrition, genetic factors, family history, X-rays, papilloma virus, alcohol, smoking, tobacco, which three last are the strongest risk factors. The highest incidence of tobacco related oral cancer is seen in low and middle income countries. Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck. […] Oral cancer is a serious and growing problem in many countries. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of oral cancer and its mortality varies in different parts of the world. In developing countries, oral cancer is the sixth cancer among men and the tenth cancer in women. Worldwide, more than 400,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year, two-thirds of which occur in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In these high-risk countries, oral cancer is the most common malignancy, accounting for over 25% of all new cases of cancer each year. […] Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck.

• #11 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #12 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #13 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline.

• #14 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For oral cancer, death rates are higher among males, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.

• #15 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For oral cancer, death rates are higher among males, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.

• #16 Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html

  The rate of new cases of oral cavity and pharynx cancer was 11.6 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For oral cancer, death rates are higher among males, particularly among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new oral cavity and pharynx cancer cases have been rising on average 1.0% each year over 20132022. […] Age-adjusted death rates have been rising on average 0.8% each year over 20142023.

• #17 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Prevalence of OC/OPC in Medicaid enrollees decreased each year (129.8 cases per 100,000 enrollees in 2012 to 88.5 in 2019); commercial enrollees showed a lower, more stable prevalence (64.7 per 100,000 in 2012 and 2019). […] Incidence trended downward in both cohorts, with higher incidence in the Medicaid (51.4-37.6 cases per 100,000) than the commercial cohort (31.9-31.0 per 100,000). […] Mortality rates decreased for Medicaid enrollees during 2012-2014 but increased in the commercial cohort. […] OC/OPC incidence was higher among adults who were older, male, and white; used tobacco or alcohol; or had prior human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis and lower among those who had seen a dentist the prior year. […] Medicaid enrollees experienced higher OC/OPC incidence, prevalence, and mortality compared with commercially insured adults.

• #18 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Prevalence of OC/OPC in Medicaid enrollees decreased each year (129.8 cases per 100,000 enrollees in 2012 to 88.5 in 2019); commercial enrollees showed a lower, more stable prevalence (64.7 per 100,000 in 2012 and 2019). […] Incidence trended downward in both cohorts, with higher incidence in the Medicaid (51.4-37.6 cases per 100,000) than the commercial cohort (31.9-31.0 per 100,000). […] Mortality rates decreased for Medicaid enrollees during 2012-2014 but increased in the commercial cohort. […] OC/OPC incidence was higher among adults who were older, male, and white; used tobacco or alcohol; or had prior human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome diagnosis and lower among those who had seen a dentist the prior year. […] Medicaid enrollees experienced higher OC/OPC incidence, prevalence, and mortality compared with commercially insured adults.

• #19 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline.

• #20 About Oral Cancer | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/about-oral-cancer.html

  In 2020, the latest year for which incidence data are available, in the United States, 45,703 new cases of Oral Cavity and Pharynx cancer were reported, and 10,835 people died of this cancer. […] These cancers were most commonly diagnosed in men, occurring almost three times more often in men than in women. […] The death rate was almost three times higher among men than women, with the highest death rates seen in non-Hispanic white men and non-Hispanic black men. […] Two of the most common risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx are alcohol and tobacco use. […] Cancers in the back of the tongue and the upper throat are called oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is unclear if HPV itself causes these cancers, or if other factors (such as tobacco and alcohol use) interact with HPV to cause these cancers.

• #21 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline.

• #22 About Oral Cancer | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/about-oral-cancer.html

  In 2020, the latest year for which incidence data are available, in the United States, 45,703 new cases of Oral Cavity and Pharynx cancer were reported, and 10,835 people died of this cancer. […] These cancers were most commonly diagnosed in men, occurring almost three times more often in men than in women. […] The death rate was almost three times higher among men than women, with the highest death rates seen in non-Hispanic white men and non-Hispanic black men. […] Two of the most common risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx are alcohol and tobacco use. […] Cancers in the back of the tongue and the upper throat are called oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is unclear if HPV itself causes these cancers, or if other factors (such as tobacco and alcohol use) interact with HPV to cause these cancers.

• #23 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Geographic variations in mortality have been noted. […] Trends over time in oral cancer incidence are very different for different subgroups of the population. […] Persons with oral cancer often have multiple primary lesions, and have up to a 20-fold increased risk of having a second oral cancer. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] For cases diagnosed in 1981-1986, the 5-year survival rate for pharyngeal cancers (33%) was slightly more than half that for cancers of the oral cavity (60%). […] Five-year relative survival rates vary with the stage at diagnosis; localized cancers have the highest survival rates and cancers with distant metastasis the lowest. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years.

• #24 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  Oral SCC more frequently affects men than women (M:F = 1.5:1) most probably because more men than women indulge in high-risk habits. The probability of developing oral SCC increases with the period of exposure to risk factors, and increasing age adds the further dimension of age-related mutagenic and epigenetic changes. In the USA the median age of diagnosis of oral SCC is 62 years. However, the incidence of oral SCC in persons under the age of 45 is increasing. […] A number of conditions have been associated with an elevated risk of developing oral SCC including Li Fraumeni syndrome, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Fanconi anemia, chemotherapy induced immunosuppression of organ transplantation, dyskeratosis congenita, xeroderma pigmentosum and discoid lupus erythematosus. […] The mean 5-year survival rate of persons with oral SCC is about 50% with no gender difference; but black persons have a lower five year survival rate than persons of other races. Other socio-demographic factors such as age, potentially carcinogenic habits (using alcohol, tobacco, betel quid) or socio-economic status are not consistently related to survival rates.

• #25 Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/37/3/249

  Objectives: To review the oral cancer (OC) studies that were conducted in Arab countries with regard to epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis. […] Eight prevalence studies found an OC prevalence ranging from 1.8 to 2.13 per 100,000 persons. Oral cancer patients were mostly in their fifth to sixth decade of life, and the incidence in younger age was reported in some Arab countries. Yemenis have an alarming high prevalence of OC among people younger than 45 years. […] No solid evidence exists regarding the true OC prevalence/incidence in most Arab countries due to the lack of national cancer registries and population-based studies. […] The prevalence of OC was the highest in countries/regions where tobacco-chewing habits are popular. […] The increase in the incidence of OC in younger Yemeni population is an alarming problem that calls for more attention and awareness from the community and public health organizations. […] The great challenge is the early detection of OC, which improves prognosis and quality of life. We suggest that OC screening of high-risk population is needed to decrease the severity of disease at diagnosis or diagnose potentially malignant lesions before malignant transition occurs.

• #26 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  Oral SCC more frequently affects men than women (M:F = 1.5:1) most probably because more men than women indulge in high-risk habits. The probability of developing oral SCC increases with the period of exposure to risk factors, and increasing age adds the further dimension of age-related mutagenic and epigenetic changes. In the USA the median age of diagnosis of oral SCC is 62 years. However, the incidence of oral SCC in persons under the age of 45 is increasing. […] A number of conditions have been associated with an elevated risk of developing oral SCC including Li Fraumeni syndrome, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Fanconi anemia, chemotherapy induced immunosuppression of organ transplantation, dyskeratosis congenita, xeroderma pigmentosum and discoid lupus erythematosus. […] The mean 5-year survival rate of persons with oral SCC is about 50% with no gender difference; but black persons have a lower five year survival rate than persons of other races. Other socio-demographic factors such as age, potentially carcinogenic habits (using alcohol, tobacco, betel quid) or socio-economic status are not consistently related to survival rates.

• #27 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Data for describing the patterns of oral cancer come from two main sources, mortality data derived from death certificates and cancer registries. […] The National Cancer Institute (NCI) collects data from nine cancer registries (5 states and 4 metropolitan areas) as part of its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. […] Based on 1991 SEER data, the overall incidence and mortality rates for oral and pharyngeal cancer combined are 10.4 per 100,000 population and 2.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. […] Mortality rates show similar differentials: 4.5 per 100,000 per year for males, 1.7 per 100,000 per year for females. […] Black males in the United States have an incidence rate of oral cancers about one-third higher than their white counterparts (20.7 versus 15.3 per 100,000 annually) but more than twice the mortality rate (8.9 versus 4.1 deaths per 100,000).

• #28 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  It is estimated that approximately $4.5 billion is spent in the United States each year on the treatment of head and neck cancers. […] The demographics of those who develop this cancer have been consistent for some time. […] The exact causes of those affected at a younger age are becoming more apparent in peer-reviewed research, revealing a viral etiology (cause), the human papillomavirus version 16. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly version 16, has now been shown to be sexually transmitted between partners and is conclusively implicated in the increasing incidence of young, non-smoking oropharyngeal cancer patients. […] It is cancer that occurs twice as often in the black population as in whites, and survival statistics for blacks over five years are also poorer at 33%, versus 55% for whites.

• #29 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287178/

  Downward trends have been observed in oral cancer incidence and mortality in the US over the past 30 years; however, these declines are not uniform within this population. […] Several studies have now demonstrated an increase in the incidence and mortality from oral cancers among certain demographic groups, which may have resulted from increased risks or risk behaviors. […] This study examines the underlying data that comprise these trends, to identify specific populations that may be at greater risk for morbidity and mortality from oral cancers. […] While oral cancer incidence and mortality rates have been declining over the past thirty years, these declines have reversed in the past five years among some demographic groups, including black females and white males. […] Sorting of these data by state revealed that eight states exhibited increasing rates of oral cancer deaths, Nevada, North Carolina, Iowa, Ohio, Maine, Idaho, North Dakota, and Wyoming, in stark contrast to the national downward trend.

• #30 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Downward trends have been observed in oral cancer incidence and mortality in the US over the past 30 years; however, these declines are not uniform within this population. […] Several studies have now demonstrated an increase in the incidence and mortality from oral cancers among certain demographic groups, which may have resulted from increased risks or risk behaviors. […] This study examines the underlying data that comprise these trends, to identify specific populations that may be at greater risk for morbidity and mortality from oral cancers. […] While oral cancer incidence and mortality rates have been declining over the past thirty years, these declines have reversed in the past five years among some demographic groups, including black females and white males. […] Sorting of these data by state revealed that eight states exhibited increasing rates of oral cancer deaths, Nevada, North Carolina, Iowa, Ohio, Maine, Idaho, North Dakota, and Wyoming, in stark contrast to the national downward trend.

• #31 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287178/

  Furthermore, a detailed analysis of data from these states revealed increasing rates of oral cancer among older white males, also contrary to the overall trends observed at the national level. […] These results signify that, despite the declining long-term trends in oral cancer incidence and mortality nationally, localized geographic areas exist where the incidence and mortality from oral cancers have been increasing. […] This study will examine the underlying data that comprise the general trends, to identify specific populations within the US that may be at greater risk for morbidity and mortality from oral cancers. […] Due to the recently observed increases in oral cancer among particular segments of the US population, a more detailed analysis of the underlying data which comprise these general, long-term declining trends provides valuable information about significant short-term increases in specific geographic areas and among specific demographic groups.

• #32 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2287178/

  The identification of differential oral cancer trends among specific geographic areas and demographic groups in the US could indicate a shift in the epidemiology of this cancer. […] The most recent Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data confirms that six of the eight states identified in this report with increasing trends in oral cancer mortality were also among the states with higher than average rates of current smokers, which include Ohio, Nevada, North Carolina, Wyoming, Iowa and Maine. […] Identifying those demographic groups and geographic areas experiencing increases in oral cancer will help direct public health research to understand how and why these rates may be increasing.

• #33 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  The oral cancer incidence and mortality trends were then further delineated into three, distinct time periods, 1975-2004 (30 year), 1995-2004 (10 year) and 2000-2004 (5 year), to allow for greater specificity within the overall temporal trend analysis. […] Analysis of the AAIR geographic distribution data identified seven states in the highest quantile (11.7 to 13.7 cases per 100,000), the District of Columbia (13.7), Oklahoma (12.7), Louisiana (12.7), Georgia (12.6), Florida (12.5), Maine (12.2) and New Hampshire (11.8). […] The identification of differential oral cancer trends among specific geographic areas and demographic groups in the US could indicate a shift in the epidemiology of this cancer. […] The most recent Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data confirms that six of the eight states identified in this report with increasing trends in oral cancer mortality were also among the states with higher than average rates of current smokers, which include Ohio, Nevada, North Carolina, Wyoming, Iowa and Maine.

• #34 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #35 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #36 Incidence of Mouth Cancer in Iraq

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijodh/international-journal-of-oral-and-dental-health-ijodh-9-154.php?jid=ijodh

  More than 80% or mouth cancers can be attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. […] The relationship between diet and nutrition to the risk of cancer development has been established by several epidemiological studies. […] Age-group 61-70 years was highly affected as stated by the Iraqi Cancer Registry. […] Mouth cancer is incident among all types of communities and population samples from both urban and rural regions of Iraq. […] Therefore, due to lack of effective chemotherapy or vaccine against cancer, an urgent and efficient preventive and control measures is essential.

• #37 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #38 Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-the-oral-cancer/

  Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer. Clinical statistics obtained in our department and measures for prevention of oral cancer that we addressed are presented, as well as epidemiology is discussed in this article. The number of cancer patients as well as patients with oral cancers is increasing with the advent of a super-aging society in Japan. The incidence rates of oral cancer are different by ethnic, country, region, lifestyle, and practice. Although an exact nationwide survey on oral cancers has not been conducted yet, the numbers of death from oropharyngeal cancers per 100,000 of population in males and females were 2.4 and 1.3, 5.1 and 2.9 in 1975 and 1995, respectively, and are estimated to increase to 8.6 and 5.2 by 2015 according to the Annual Report on Health and Welfare. Treatment performance has also been improved during these years; however, the increase of death from cancers largely exceeds the treatment performance. This means the development of cancers also increases. The incidence of oral cancers in Japan is as described in the above section, and this number corresponds to about 1 % of the total cancer number and 40 % of the total number of head and neck cancers. Therefore, it is considered that such steady increase was caused by an increase of super-aging people. Age-adjusted prevalence of oral cancer is highest in 60s similar to other cancers, and the male-to-female ratio is 3:2, which is higher in males than in females. According to nationwide statistics of Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons on oral cancers in 2002, of 1777 patients, male patients were 1,051 (59.1 %) and female patients were 726 (40.9 %). By age groups, 50s patients were 323 (18.1 %), 60s patients were 471 (26.5 %), and 70s patients were 517 (29.1 %), and patients of 50 years old and older account for 80 % of the total patients. The incidence of oral cancers is high in countries with a higher rate of both smoking and drinking habit, especially high in south Asian countries. It is considered that a habit of chewing tobacco such as betel nut highly contributes to this tendency, and it is estimated that the incidence rate of oral cancer is 0.55 % and the number of patients with oral cancer reaches 2.5 million in India. Mortality rate from oropharyngeal cancer in Japan is lower than France and Italy, and this is considered because this is largely affected by food and life habitat. Cancer registry is increasingly becoming popular, but still inadequate. Establishment of nationwide cancer registry in consideration of the Private Information Protection Law would be required.

• #39 Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/epidemiology-of-the-oral-cancer/

  Epidemiology of the Oral Cancer. Clinical statistics obtained in our department and measures for prevention of oral cancer that we addressed are presented, as well as epidemiology is discussed in this article. The number of cancer patients as well as patients with oral cancers is increasing with the advent of a super-aging society in Japan. The incidence rates of oral cancer are different by ethnic, country, region, lifestyle, and practice. Although an exact nationwide survey on oral cancers has not been conducted yet, the numbers of death from oropharyngeal cancers per 100,000 of population in males and females were 2.4 and 1.3, 5.1 and 2.9 in 1975 and 1995, respectively, and are estimated to increase to 8.6 and 5.2 by 2015 according to the Annual Report on Health and Welfare. Treatment performance has also been improved during these years; however, the increase of death from cancers largely exceeds the treatment performance. This means the development of cancers also increases. The incidence of oral cancers in Japan is as described in the above section, and this number corresponds to about 1 % of the total cancer number and 40 % of the total number of head and neck cancers. Therefore, it is considered that such steady increase was caused by an increase of super-aging people. Age-adjusted prevalence of oral cancer is highest in 60s similar to other cancers, and the male-to-female ratio is 3:2, which is higher in males than in females. According to nationwide statistics of Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons on oral cancers in 2002, of 1777 patients, male patients were 1,051 (59.1 %) and female patients were 726 (40.9 %). By age groups, 50s patients were 323 (18.1 %), 60s patients were 471 (26.5 %), and 70s patients were 517 (29.1 %), and patients of 50 years old and older account for 80 % of the total patients. The incidence of oral cancers is high in countries with a higher rate of both smoking and drinking habit, especially high in south Asian countries. It is considered that a habit of chewing tobacco such as betel nut highly contributes to this tendency, and it is estimated that the incidence rate of oral cancer is 0.55 % and the number of patients with oral cancer reaches 2.5 million in India. Mortality rate from oropharyngeal cancer in Japan is lower than France and Italy, and this is considered because this is largely affected by food and life habitat. Cancer registry is increasingly becoming popular, but still inadequate. Establishment of nationwide cancer registry in consideration of the Private Information Protection Law would be required.

• #40 Epidemiology of oral cancer | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/epidemiology-of-oral-cancer-83982007/83982007

  Oral cancer is a major public health issue globally and in India. It is the 8th most common cancer worldwide and the 3rd most common cancer in South-Central Asia. India has a high prevalence of oral cancer due to use of tobacco, betel quid, smoking and indigenous oral habits. Studies in India find oral cancer incidence as high as 19 per 100,000 annually. Risk factors include tobacco use, smoking, alcohol, betel quid chewing, HPV infection, and nutritional deficiencies. Men are twice as likely as women to develop oral cancer due to higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use. […] The Indian subcontinent, especially India itself because of its large population, has long been regarded as the global epicenter of oral cancer. With an annual incidence rate of 64,460 in India, it is estimated that among the 400 million individuals aged 15 years and over, 47% use tobacco in one form or the other. As cancer registration is not Compulsory in India, it is probable that the true incidence and mortality are much higher: many cases go unrecorded and/or are lost to follow-up.

• #41 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #42 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #43 Oral Cavity & Oropharyngeal Cancer Key Statistics 2021 | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  About 59,660 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] About 12,770 deaths from oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer. […] These cancers are more than twice as common in men as in women. […] Overall, the lifetime risk of developing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is about 1 in 59 for men and 1 in 139 for women. […] Since the mid-2000s, incidence rates have increased by about 1% per year, mostly because of a rise in cancers linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. […] The death rate for cancers of the mouth and throat increased by 0.7% per year from 2009 through 2022, after decades of decline.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health

  Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13th most common cancer worldwide. The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 389 846 new cases and 188 438 deaths in 2022. Oral cancer is more common in men and in older people, more deadly in men compared to women and it varies strongly by socio-economic circumstances. […] Tobacco, alcohol and areca nut (betel quid) use are among the leading causes of oral cancer. In North America and Europe, human papillomavirus infections are responsible for a growing percentage of oral cancers among young people.

• #45 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Understanding the causative factors of cancer will contribute to the prevention of the disease. […] Tobacco use in all its forms is number one on the list of risk factors for true oral cavity cancers in individuals over 50. […] When you combine tobacco with heavy use of alcohol, your risk is significantly increased, as the two act synergistically. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly HPV16, has been definitively implicated in oropharyngeal cancers. […] It is likely that the changes in sexual behaviors of young adults over the last few decades, which are continuing today, are increasing the spread of HPV and the oncogenic versions of it. […] Studies indicate that a diet low in fruits and vegetables could be a risk factor and that, conversely, one high in these foods may have a protective value against many types of cancer.

• #46 Incidence of Mouth Cancer in Iraq

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijodh/international-journal-of-oral-and-dental-health-ijodh-9-154.php?jid=ijodh

  More than 80% or mouth cancers can be attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. […] The relationship between diet and nutrition to the risk of cancer development has been established by several epidemiological studies. […] Age-group 61-70 years was highly affected as stated by the Iraqi Cancer Registry. […] Mouth cancer is incident among all types of communities and population samples from both urban and rural regions of Iraq. […] Therefore, due to lack of effective chemotherapy or vaccine against cancer, an urgent and efficient preventive and control measures is essential.

• #47 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #48 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2018.922

  Oropharyngeal cancer has also been shown to be the most rapidly rising cancer in Scotland. […] These observed trends are more marked among men, and the burden of both oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is greater among those from more deprived communities. […] The trends in the incidence rates of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer for England, N. Ireland, and Scotland (2000-2016), and for Wales (2000-2015) are shown in Figure 1. […] The INHANCE pooled dataset and analyses provide sufficiently high numbers of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cases who were non-smokers and/or non-alcohol consumers to enable a better understanding of these risks. […] The strengthening evidence around HPV (in the case of oropharyngeal cancer), evidence on the benefits of quitting tobacco and alcohol use and further understanding of the role of diet, oral health, and genetics combined with the dominant role of socioeconomic factors and inequalities are all important in designing and managing both population and individual risk reduction strategies.

• #49 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Close to 58,500 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer this year. It will cause over 12,250 deaths, killing roughly 1 person per hour, 24 hours per day. Of those 58,500 newly diagnosed individuals, only slightly more than half will be alive in 5 years. (Approximately 57%) This is a number that has not significantly improved in decades. […] The death rate for oral cancer is higher than that of cancers that we hear about routinely, such as cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, laryngeal cancer, cancer of the testes, and many others. […] Worldwide, the problem is much greater, with over 450,000 new cases being found each year. […] Historically the death rate associated with this cancer is particularly high not because it is hard to discover or diagnose, but due to the cancer being routinely discovered late in its development.

• #50 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Geographic variations in mortality have been noted. […] Trends over time in oral cancer incidence are very different for different subgroups of the population. […] Persons with oral cancer often have multiple primary lesions, and have up to a 20-fold increased risk of having a second oral cancer. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] For cases diagnosed in 1981-1986, the 5-year survival rate for pharyngeal cancers (33%) was slightly more than half that for cancers of the oral cavity (60%). […] Five-year relative survival rates vary with the stage at diagnosis; localized cancers have the highest survival rates and cancers with distant metastasis the lowest. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years.

• #51 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Close to 58,500 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer this year. It will cause over 12,250 deaths, killing roughly 1 person per hour, 24 hours per day. Of those 58,500 newly diagnosed individuals, only slightly more than half will be alive in 5 years. (Approximately 57%) This is a number that has not significantly improved in decades. […] The death rate for oral cancer is higher than that of cancers that we hear about routinely, such as cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, laryngeal cancer, cancer of the testes, and many others. […] Worldwide, the problem is much greater, with over 450,000 new cases being found each year. […] Historically the death rate associated with this cancer is particularly high not because it is hard to discover or diagnose, but due to the cancer being routinely discovered late in its development.

• #52 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Geographic variations in mortality have been noted. […] Trends over time in oral cancer incidence are very different for different subgroups of the population. […] Persons with oral cancer often have multiple primary lesions, and have up to a 20-fold increased risk of having a second oral cancer. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] For cases diagnosed in 1981-1986, the 5-year survival rate for pharyngeal cancers (33%) was slightly more than half that for cancers of the oral cavity (60%). […] Five-year relative survival rates vary with the stage at diagnosis; localized cancers have the highest survival rates and cancers with distant metastasis the lowest. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years.

• #53 Descriptive Epidemiology – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc/descriptive-epidemiology/

  Geographic variations in mortality have been noted. […] Trends over time in oral cancer incidence are very different for different subgroups of the population. […] Persons with oral cancer often have multiple primary lesions, and have up to a 20-fold increased risk of having a second oral cancer. […] Five-Year Relative Survival Rates Based on data from 1983-1990, the overall 5-year survival rate for oral cancer was 52.5%. […] For cases diagnosed in 1981-1986, the 5-year survival rate for pharyngeal cancers (33%) was slightly more than half that for cancers of the oral cavity (60%). […] Five-year relative survival rates vary with the stage at diagnosis; localized cancers have the highest survival rates and cancers with distant metastasis the lowest. […] In a review of SEER data from 1973 to 1985, Silverman and Gorsky found that more than 95% of oral cancers occurred in persons older than 40, with a median age at diagnosis of 63 years.

• #54 SciELO Brazil – Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/jKmLSDsfpRhQLx4rfNr6mNx/

  The survival rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were and associated with the anatomical site of the tumor. […] The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42% and 38%, respectively. […] The anatomical location had a significant association with survival rate (p=0.001), with the rates were better in the lips (p=0.04), and worse in the oropharynx (p=0.03). […] The survival rate of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer was shown to be low in this study. The anatomical site influenced patient survival, in which tumors located in the oropharynx presented with worse survival rates, while those located on the lip had the best rates.

• #55 SciELO Brazil – Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis

  https://www.scielo.br/j/eins/a/jKmLSDsfpRhQLx4rfNr6mNx/

  The survival rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were and associated with the anatomical site of the tumor. […] The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42% and 38%, respectively. […] The anatomical location had a significant association with survival rate (p=0.001), with the rates were better in the lips (p=0.04), and worse in the oropharynx (p=0.03). […] The survival rate of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer was shown to be low in this study. The anatomical site influenced patient survival, in which tumors located in the oropharynx presented with worse survival rates, while those located on the lip had the best rates.

• #56 Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology and survival analysis – einstein (São Paulo)Accessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://journal.einstein.br/article/oral-and-oropharyngeal-cancer-epidemiology-and-survival-analysis/

  To evaluate the epidemiological profile and survival rate of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients seen at a university hospital. […] A cross-sectional study was carried out by means of the pathological reports of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer, seen at a university hospital of the Southern Region, between January 2004 and December 2014. Information was collected on patients and tumors. The mortality rate was gathered from the patient death registry in the Mortality Information System. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test to compare variables. […] The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42% and 38%, respectively. The anatomical location had a significant association with survival rate (p=0.001), with the rates were better in the lips (p=0.04), and worse in the oropharynx (p=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between survival rates according to age, sex, ethnicity, schooling level and histologic grade. […] The survival rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancer were and associated with the anatomical site of the tumor.

• #57

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/delivering-better-oral-health-an-evidence-based-toolkit-for-prevention/chapter-6-oral-cancer

  Oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates are rising rapidly in all 4 UK countries, with 2,977 people in England diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in 2016. In Wales, oropharyngeal cancer now exceeds oral cavity cancer rates, and has been reported as the fastest rising incidence of any cancer in Scotland. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer is more than 3 times higher among men than women, and over 3-fold higher among those from more deprived socioeconomic areas than less deprived areas. […] Survival rates are improving but remain poor overall. Just over half of all people (56%) diagnosed with mouth cancer between 2009 and 2013 in England survived for 5 years or more. The prognosis for oropharyngeal cancer is a little better, with 66% of people diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer during 2009 to 2013 surviving for 5 years or more. Earlier detection can improve prognosis.

• #58 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Close to 58,500 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer this year. It will cause over 12,250 deaths, killing roughly 1 person per hour, 24 hours per day. Of those 58,500 newly diagnosed individuals, only slightly more than half will be alive in 5 years. (Approximately 57%) This is a number that has not significantly improved in decades. […] The death rate for oral cancer is higher than that of cancers that we hear about routinely, such as cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, laryngeal cancer, cancer of the testes, and many others. […] Worldwide, the problem is much greater, with over 450,000 new cases being found each year. […] Historically the death rate associated with this cancer is particularly high not because it is hard to discover or diagnose, but due to the cancer being routinely discovered late in its development.

• #59 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  Today (2022), that statement is still true, as there is no comprehensive program in the US to screen for the disease opportunistically, and without that, late-stage discovery is more common. […] Another obstacle to early discovery (and resulting in better outcomes) is the advent of a virus, HPV16, contributing more to the incidence rate of oral cancers, particularly in the posterior part of the mouth (the oropharynx, the tonsils, the base of the tongue areas) which many times does not produce visible lesions or discolorations that have historically been the early warning signs of the disease process in the anterior (front) of the mouth. […] Oral cancer is hazardous because, in its early stages, it may not be noticed by the patient, as it can frequently prosper without producing pain or symptoms they might readily recognize, and because it has a high risk of producing second primary tumors.

• #60 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  It is estimated that approximately $4.5 billion is spent in the United States each year on the treatment of head and neck cancers. […] The demographics of those who develop this cancer have been consistent for some time. […] The exact causes of those affected at a younger age are becoming more apparent in peer-reviewed research, revealing a viral etiology (cause), the human papillomavirus version 16. […] The human papillomavirus, particularly version 16, has now been shown to be sexually transmitted between partners and is conclusively implicated in the increasing incidence of young, non-smoking oropharyngeal cancer patients. […] It is cancer that occurs twice as often in the black population as in whites, and survival statistics for blacks over five years are also poorer at 33%, versus 55% for whites.

• #61 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Individuals with infrequent dental visits are often diagnosed with OC/OPC at later stages than are individuals who visit a dentist more regularly. […] Overall, the total costs associated with the treatment of OC/OPC were higher for commercial insurance enrollees than for Medicaid enrollees by an average of $8.6 million per year between 2016 and 2019.

• #62 Epidemiology of oral cancer in Arab countries | Saudi Medical Journal

  https://smj.org.sa/content/37/3/249

  Objectives: To review the oral cancer (OC) studies that were conducted in Arab countries with regard to epidemiology, risk factors, and prognosis. […] Eight prevalence studies found an OC prevalence ranging from 1.8 to 2.13 per 100,000 persons. Oral cancer patients were mostly in their fifth to sixth decade of life, and the incidence in younger age was reported in some Arab countries. Yemenis have an alarming high prevalence of OC among people younger than 45 years. […] No solid evidence exists regarding the true OC prevalence/incidence in most Arab countries due to the lack of national cancer registries and population-based studies. […] The prevalence of OC was the highest in countries/regions where tobacco-chewing habits are popular. […] The increase in the incidence of OC in younger Yemeni population is an alarming problem that calls for more attention and awareness from the community and public health organizations. […] The great challenge is the early detection of OC, which improves prognosis and quality of life. We suggest that OC screening of high-risk population is needed to decrease the severity of disease at diagnosis or diagnose potentially malignant lesions before malignant transition occurs.

• #63 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  One of the real dangers of this cancer is that in its early stages, it can go unnoticed. […] The good news is that your Physician or Dentist can, in many cases, see or feel the precursor tissue changes or actual cancer while it is still very small or in its earliest stages. […] If your dentist or doctor decides that an area is suspicious, the only way to know if it is dangerous is to do a biopsy of the area. […] After a definitive diagnosis has been made and cancer has been staged, treatment may begin. […] Treatment of oral cancers is ideally a multidisciplinary approach involving the efforts of surgeons, radiation oncologists, chemotherapy oncologists, dental practitioners, nutritionists, and rehabilitation and restorative specialists. […] Chemotherapy, while able to kill cancer cells itself, is currently not used as a monotherapy for oral cancers. […] Targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies are now an FDA-approved adjunctive treatment for combating head and neck cancers.

• #64 Oral Cancer Facts – Oral Cancer Foundation | Information and Resources about Oral Head and Neck Cancer

  https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/

  One of the real dangers of this cancer is that in its early stages, it can go unnoticed. […] The good news is that your Physician or Dentist can, in many cases, see or feel the precursor tissue changes or actual cancer while it is still very small or in its earliest stages. […] If your dentist or doctor decides that an area is suspicious, the only way to know if it is dangerous is to do a biopsy of the area. […] After a definitive diagnosis has been made and cancer has been staged, treatment may begin. […] Treatment of oral cancers is ideally a multidisciplinary approach involving the efforts of surgeons, radiation oncologists, chemotherapy oncologists, dental practitioners, nutritionists, and rehabilitation and restorative specialists. […] Chemotherapy, while able to kill cancer cells itself, is currently not used as a monotherapy for oral cancers. […] Targeted therapies such as monoclonal antibodies are now an FDA-approved adjunctive treatment for combating head and neck cancers.

• #65 About Oral Cancer | Oral Health | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/about-oral-cancer.html

  To help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, limit alcohol and do not use tobacco. […] Cancers detected at earlier stages have better survival rates. […] Treatments for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx can include surgery and chemotherapy. […] National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program.

• #66

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1221

  According to recent statistics, only a minority of oral and pharyngeal cancers, approximately 30%, are detected at an early stage, whereas 50% are diagnosed at a more advanced stage (stage III or IV) when they have already spread to other parts of the body. […] Early detection through regular screening can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates for patients with oral cancer.

• #67

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  A study conducted by Byakodi et al. in 2011 evaluated the prevalence of oral cancer in the Indian population over two years in the Sangli district. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms. […] One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

• #68

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  A study conducted by Byakodi et al. in 2011 evaluated the prevalence of oral cancer in the Indian population over two years in the Sangli district. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms. […] One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

• #69

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  A study conducted by Byakodi et al. in 2011 evaluated the prevalence of oral cancer in the Indian population over two years in the Sangli district. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms. […] One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

• #70

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  A study conducted by Byakodi et al. in 2011 evaluated the prevalence of oral cancer in the Indian population over two years in the Sangli district. […] The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms. […] One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

• #71

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The National Cancer Institute estimates that in 2023, there will be 54,540 new cases of oral cancer globally. […] Despite advancements in oral cancer therapy, the prognosis for OSCC remains unfavorable. Therefore, the focus should be on oral cancer prevention. […] Oral cancer screening is a preventive measure designed to identify early signs of oral cancer or precancerous lesions in the mouth. […] There are different methods and techniques currently available for oral cancer screening that can potentially aid in screening healthy individuals who show no symptoms. […] One common approach is visual inspection, where a dental or healthcare professional carefully examines the oral cavity for any visible signs of abnormalities. […] Toluidine blue staining is a cost-effective, non-invasive technique widely used as an adjunct in diagnosing malignant and pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity.

• #72

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #73

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #74

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #75

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #76

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #77

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #78

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #79

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #80

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #81

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Autofluorescence imaging is an adjunctive tool that can provide valuable insights into oral lesions, complementing clinical examinations using white light. […] In an optical coherence tomography scanning system, a low-coherence light is coupled with a fiber-optic interferometer. […] Salivaomics is a field that focuses on analyzing biological molecules in saliva, which can provide insights into various human disease processes. […] HPV infection, recognized as the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection, has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and OSCC. […] AI techniques are gaining significant attention as a means to enhance image-based diagnosis of oral cancer. […] An oral cancer screening program is a systematic approach aimed at detecting and diagnosing oral cancer at an early stage.

• #82

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #83

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #84

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #85

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #86 Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77956

  One of the most common types of cancer is head and neck cancer. Head and neck cancers are the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer in developing countries. Oral cancer, which is a subset of head and neck cancers, refers to any cancerous growth in the oral cavity. Risk factors for oral cancer include age, malnutrition, genetic factors, family history, X-rays, papilloma virus, alcohol, smoking, tobacco, which three last are the strongest risk factors. The highest incidence of tobacco related oral cancer is seen in low and middle income countries. Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck. […] Oral cancer is a serious and growing problem in many countries. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of oral cancer and its mortality varies in different parts of the world. In developing countries, oral cancer is the sixth cancer among men and the tenth cancer in women. Worldwide, more than 400,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year, two-thirds of which occur in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In these high-risk countries, oral cancer is the most common malignancy, accounting for over 25% of all new cases of cancer each year. […] Screening programs can be valuable in patients from high-risk groups (smokers and alcoholics) or in patients with a previous diagnosis of cancer outside the head and neck.

• #87 Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Taiwan: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/7/2175

  Oral cancer (OC) is prevalent cancer worldwide, with varying incidence rates in different regions. […] The study found a correlation between the incidence of OC and changes in cigarette and alcohol consumption and the production of betel quid. […] The age-standardized mortality of cancer of the lip and oral cavity was 2.8 per 100,000 in men and 1.0 per 100,000 in women worldwide. […] In many countries, including the USA, population-based screening for oral cancer is not recommended due to insufficient evidence demonstrating its efficacy in reducing mortality. […] Taiwan has been conducting a national population-based screening program for oral cancer since 2004. […] The epidemiology of oral cancer and the relationship between oral cancer and its risk factors may differ in different countries and at different times.

• #88 Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Taiwan: A Population-Based Cancer Registry Study

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/7/2175

  Oral cancer (OC) is prevalent cancer worldwide, with varying incidence rates in different regions. […] The study found a correlation between the incidence of OC and changes in cigarette and alcohol consumption and the production of betel quid. […] The age-standardized mortality of cancer of the lip and oral cavity was 2.8 per 100,000 in men and 1.0 per 100,000 in women worldwide. […] In many countries, including the USA, population-based screening for oral cancer is not recommended due to insufficient evidence demonstrating its efficacy in reducing mortality. […] Taiwan has been conducting a national population-based screening program for oral cancer since 2004. […] The epidemiology of oral cancer and the relationship between oral cancer and its risk factors may differ in different countries and at different times.

• #89 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  The overall aim of cancer prevention is to reduce the incidence of the disease; and of cancer control is to detect the disease in its initial stages and to promptly institute effective and efficient treatment. […] Measures directed at the public to reduce the incidence of oral SCC and to alert those at risk to the benefits of early detection should include education about the risk factors associated with the disease, about the early signs and symptoms of the disease, and about the hazards of delaying seeking professional advice.

• #90 Oral Cancer

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/cancer/type/oral.html

  According to the Illinois State Cancer Registry, there were 1,962 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer diagnosed in Illinois in 2021. Of these new cases, there were 1,436 cases in men and 526 cases in females. In 2021, 399 Illinoisans died from oral and pharyngeal cancer. Oral cancer is twice as common in men than women. In addition, oral cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer in African American men. […] The likelihood of developing oral and pharyngeal cancer increases with age. Half of all cases are in persons older than age 65; 90% are older than age 45. […] Most oral cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. […] Tobacco and alcohol are the largest risk factors for oral cancer. The best way to prevent this cancer is to never start smoking or using smokeless tobacco. If you use tobacco now, quit. If you drink, reduce alcohol intake. Most oral cancers could be prevented if people did not use tobacco or drink heavily.

• #91 Oral Cancer

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/cancer/type/oral.html

  According to the Illinois State Cancer Registry, there were 1,962 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancer diagnosed in Illinois in 2021. Of these new cases, there were 1,436 cases in men and 526 cases in females. In 2021, 399 Illinoisans died from oral and pharyngeal cancer. Oral cancer is twice as common in men than women. In addition, oral cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer in African American men. […] The likelihood of developing oral and pharyngeal cancer increases with age. Half of all cases are in persons older than age 65; 90% are older than age 45. […] Most oral cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors whenever possible. […] Tobacco and alcohol are the largest risk factors for oral cancer. The best way to prevent this cancer is to never start smoking or using smokeless tobacco. If you use tobacco now, quit. If you drink, reduce alcohol intake. Most oral cancers could be prevented if people did not use tobacco or drink heavily.

• #92 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #93 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #94 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. […] The overall increasing trend in oral cancer rates was the result of a combination of increasing rates among whites and A/PI, stable rates in AI/AN, and decreasing rates among blacks and Hispanics. […] Public health efforts that focus on increasing HPV vaccination are an essential component of cancer prevention. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.

• #95 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #96 Oral cavity and lip cancer in the world: An epidemiological review | Biomedical Research and Therapy

  http://bmrat.org/index.php/BMRAT/article/view/619

  In order to reduce the burden of this cancer, there are the strategies for preventing risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol control, and vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancers. Also, early detection by screening high-risk populations for oral cancer as well as risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients are effective. […] The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of oral cavity and lip cancer in the world. Findings of the study showed that the five countries with the highest number of oral cavity and lip cancers were India, the United States, China, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The standard incidence of these cancers in the world was 4 per 100,000 people (in men 5.5 and 2.5 in women per every 100,000). The five countries with the highest number of deaths from oral and lip cancer were India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Russia. In 2012, the standardized death rate for oral and lip cancer in the world was 1.9 per 100,000 people (2.7 in men and 1.2 in women per every 100,000). Excessive use of tobacco (both smoked and chewable), marijuana smoke, alcohol consumption, diet, and body mass index are all risk factors for oral cancer. It seems that other factors, including HPV infection, genetic or family factors, oral health behaviors, systemic diseases, social inequalities and occupational exposures, are all considered as risk factors for oral cavity cancer. Exposure to sunlight, tobacco smoke, viruses, and racial variations play an important role in the progress of lip cancer. Also, genetic or family factors, immunosuppressive regimens, occupation, place of residence, and socioeconomic status are the most salient factors contributing to the development of lip cancer. In general, in order to reduce the burden of this cancer, strategies for preventing risk factors, including through controlling tobacco and alcohol use, vaccination against HPV infection to prevent oral cancer, early detection of screening of high-risk populations, and risk reduction through training programs for physician and patients, can all be effective.

• #97 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. […] The overall increasing trend in oral cancer rates was the result of a combination of increasing rates among whites and A/PI, stable rates in AI/AN, and decreasing rates among blacks and Hispanics. […] Public health efforts that focus on increasing HPV vaccination are an essential component of cancer prevention. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.

• #98

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #99

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  Implementing of cancer screening programs is hindered by fragmented, low-resource settings lacking workforce and technical facilities common in developing countries, underscoring the need for an organized healthcare system as a primary requirement. […] Screening for oral cavity cancer and OPMDs using risk prediction models has been recognized as a cost-effective approach. […] Improving public awareness about oral cancer and its symptoms is crucial in addressing this issue.

• #100 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  The overall aim of cancer prevention is to reduce the incidence of the disease; and of cancer control is to detect the disease in its initial stages and to promptly institute effective and efficient treatment. […] Measures directed at the public to reduce the incidence of oral SCC and to alert those at risk to the benefits of early detection should include education about the risk factors associated with the disease, about the early signs and symptoms of the disease, and about the hazards of delaying seeking professional advice.

• #101 Incidence of Mouth Cancer in Iraq

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijodh/international-journal-of-oral-and-dental-health-ijodh-9-154.php?jid=ijodh

  The incidence of mouth cancers among Iraqi people is reviewed from 1973-2021 in different Iraqi provinces. The incidence rates are also illustrated in relation to age, sex, site of cancer and year of registration. […] The risk factors for the incidence can be attributed to tobacco and/or alcohol consumption. The relationship between diet and nutrition to the risk of cancer development has been established by several epidemiological and laboratory studies. […] Implementing a national control program should include a primary health care, health education, well-balanced diet, environmental sanitation and health education to stress the important of the hazard of tobacco and alcohol. […] In Iraq, mouth cancer represents 4.5% of all malignant cancers as recorded by Iraq cancer registry, the present review aimed to determine the analysis of Iraqi mouth cancers data according to age, sex, year of registration and cancer site over time.

• #102 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #103 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #104 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Individuals with infrequent dental visits are often diagnosed with OC/OPC at later stages than are individuals who visit a dentist more regularly. […] Overall, the total costs associated with the treatment of OC/OPC were higher for commercial insurance enrollees than for Medicaid enrollees by an average of $8.6 million per year between 2016 and 2019.

• #105 Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation and Treatment

  https://www.scirp.org/html/8-8901296_21591.htm

  The stage of advancement of oral SCC at the time of diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor. Oral SCC is most frequently diagnosed late in the course of the disease because affected persons fail to seek professional advice timeously, either because they do not understand the significance of early signs and symptoms, or because they are ignorant of the health implications. […] The presence of extracapsular lymphnode spread is associated with a high-rate of local and regional recurrence, distant metastasis and mortality. About 8% of patients with oral SCC will have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, most frequently to the lungs. […] Important factors at the time of diagnosis of oral SCC determining survival are the presence of regional lymphnode metastases, the size (surface dimension) and depth (extent of local infiltration) of the carcinoma, the oral anatomical site affected and the histopathological grade of the carcinoma.

• #106 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Although tobacco and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for developing oral cancer, implicated in as many as 90 to 95% of head and neck cancers, other potential risk factors have recently emerged. […] Identifying those demographic groups and geographic areas experiencing increases in oral cancer will help direct public health research to understand how and why these rates may be increasing. […] It is imperative that further analysis of the contributing factors that underlie these temporal and geographic trends be undertaken.

• #107 The changing epidemiology of oral cancer: definitions, trends, and risk factors | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2018.922

  Discusses issues affecting the definition of oral cancer and makes the case that emerging differences in the aetiology of the disease at different sites requires oral cavity cancer and oropharyngeal cancer to be clearly defined, recorded, and reported separately. […] Highlights that incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is rapidly rising across the UK. Rates of oral cavity cancer are higher in Northern Ireland and higher still (and relatively stable) in Scotland, but rising in England and Wales. […] Emerging evidence of the role played by risk factors in different anatomical sites means that oral cavity cancer and oropharynx cancer should be considered distinct disease entities and a standardised attribution of anatomical subsites will be helpful in ensuring consistency in how data are presented.

• #108 Mortality and disease burden of oral cancer in China: a time-trend analysis on the China Death Surveillance Database from 2006 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-04717-5

  Therefore, Chinese need to avoid or delay oral cancer through a healthy diet, maintaining oral hygiene, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol, and timely examination and treatment of oral related diseases, especially males and people in rural areas. […] To summarize, our study shows that the disease burden of oral cancer ASMRs in China remains stable or declining.

• #109 Trends in Incidence of Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx — United States 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915a1.htm

  Ongoing implementation of proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates might help prevent cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. […] The overall increasing trend in oral cancer rates was the result of a combination of increasing rates among whites and A/PI, stable rates in AI/AN, and decreasing rates among blacks and Hispanics. […] Public health efforts that focus on increasing HPV vaccination are an essential component of cancer prevention. […] Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx can be caused by exposure to risk factors that are common in the United States, including tobacco use, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Cancer control initiatives that use proven population-based strategies to prevent tobacco use initiation, promote smoking cessation, reduce alcohol use, and increase HPV vaccination rates could help reduce cancer risk.

• #110 Oral Cancer Prevalence, Mortality, and Costs in Medicaid and Commercial Insurance Claims Data

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9437560/

  Having seen a dentist within the prior year was associated with a lower risk of OC/OPC diagnosis. […] Expanding Medicaid dental benefits may allow OC/OPC to be diagnosed at earlier stages through regular dental visits. […] The incidence rates of cancer in some areas of the mouth (lip, gingiva, floor of the mouth) have decreased in the U.S. over the last few decades, attributed to decreasing rates of tobacco use and alcohol consumption overall. […] Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancers in the base of the tongue, pharyngeal wall, tonsil, and soft palate has increased, which some have associated with an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV). […] The incidence of oral cancer is 2 to 3 times higher in men than women. […] Common risk factors for OC/OPC are tobacco use, alcohol consumption, older age, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and HPV infection.

• #111

  https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00029S

  The effect of cancer on the population can be effectively evaluated by considering key indicators such as the incidence rate, survival rate, and mortality rate within the specific population. […] Epidemiological studies focusing on oral cancer encounter complexities arising from various anatomical sub-sites, leading to diverse reporting practices. […] Based on the aforementioned classifications, recent data from GLOBOCAN 2020 revealed approximately 377,713 new cases of oral cancer detected in both sexes, resulting in approximately 177,757 deaths worldwide. […] India has a high incidence of oral cancer, attributed to cultural, ethnic, and geographical factors, along with prevalent addictive habits. […] A study conducted by Byakodi et al. in 2011 evaluated the prevalence of oral cancer in the Indian population over two years in the Sangli district.

• #112 Mortality and disease burden of oral cancer in China: a time-trend analysis on the China Death Surveillance Database from 2006 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-04717-5

  The ASMR of males was 2.313.16 times higher than that of females per year. […] The median of LLE for overall, males and females caused by oral cancer from 2006 to 2021 were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.03 years, respectively. […] There was a decrease of standardized YLL rate from 2006 to 2021 for overall (AAPC:1.31%, 95% CI:2.24%~0.37%) and for female (AAPC:1.63%, 95% CI:2.30%~0.95%). […] ASMR in urban areas was 1.021.28 times higher than that in rural areas from 2006 to2011, but 0.850.97 times lower in urban areas than that in rural areas from 2018 to 2021. […] The disease burden was higher in urban areas than in rural areas in 2006, whereas the reverse was observed in 2021. […] There are severe health gaps and disparities in trends between sexes and different areas in China. […] Males and rural populations need to be focused on targeted interventions for the main influencing factors.

• #113

  https://www.who.int/news/item/29-11-2023-comprehensive-assessment-of-evidence-on-oral-cancer-prevention-released-29-november-2023

  Oral cancer is the 13th most common cancer worldwide, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths in 2020. […] Worldwide, most patients with oral cancer present in advanced stages with a poor prognosis because of a lack of access to promotive, preventive and early detection programmes. […] Early detection programmes that target high-risk populations, in selected settings where incidence is quite high such as in South and South-East Asia and in the Western Pacific islands, may reduce oral cancer incidence and mortality, particularly of the advanced stages of cancer. […] To reduce the global burden of oral cancer, the Handbook calls for increased public awareness around its risks and causes, along with increased research on oral cancer prevention, and improved early detection services.

• #114 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Although tobacco and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for developing oral cancer, implicated in as many as 90 to 95% of head and neck cancers, other potential risk factors have recently emerged. […] Identifying those demographic groups and geographic areas experiencing increases in oral cancer will help direct public health research to understand how and why these rates may be increasing. […] It is imperative that further analysis of the contributing factors that underlie these temporal and geographic trends be undertaken.

• #115 Analysis of oral cancer epidemiology in the US reveals state-specific trends: implications for oral cancer prevention | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-8-87

  Although tobacco and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for developing oral cancer, implicated in as many as 90 to 95% of head and neck cancers, other potential risk factors have recently emerged. […] Identifying those demographic groups and geographic areas experiencing increases in oral cancer will help direct public health research to understand how and why these rates may be increasing. […] It is imperative that further analysis of the contributing factors that underlie these temporal and geographic trends be undertaken.

• #116

  https://www.who.int/news/item/29-11-2023-comprehensive-assessment-of-evidence-on-oral-cancer-prevention-released-29-november-2023

  Oral cancer is the 13th most common cancer worldwide, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths in 2020. […] Worldwide, most patients with oral cancer present in advanced stages with a poor prognosis because of a lack of access to promotive, preventive and early detection programmes. […] Early detection programmes that target high-risk populations, in selected settings where incidence is quite high such as in South and South-East Asia and in the Western Pacific islands, may reduce oral cancer incidence and mortality, particularly of the advanced stages of cancer. […] To reduce the global burden of oral cancer, the Handbook calls for increased public awareness around its risks and causes, along with increased research on oral cancer prevention, and improved early detection services.

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