Entropion
Patofizjologia i mechanizm

Entropion to patologiczne odwrócenie brzegu powieki w kierunku gałki ocznej, prowadzące do kontaktu rzęs i skóry z rogówką i spojówką, co skutkuje podrażnieniem, dyskomfortem i ryzykiem uszkodzenia powierzchni oka. Najczęstszą formą jest entropion inwolucyjny, występujący u około 2,1% osób powyżej 60 roku życia, związany z degeneracją i dezorganizacją włókien kolagenowych tarczki powiekowej, osłabieniem retraktorów dolnej powieki oraz nakładaniem się mięśnia okrężnego oka przegrody przedtarczowej. Inne typy to entropion bliznowaty, spastyczny i wrodzony, różniące się etiologią i mechanizmem powstawania. Diagnostyka opiera się na ocenie klinicznej, w tym testach cyfrowego odwrócenia i snapback, które pozwalają różnicować typy entropion oraz ocenić wiotkość powieki (odciągnięcie powieki >6 mm wskazuje na wiotkość). Objawy obejmują przekrwienie spojówki, epiteliopatię rogówki, owrzodzenia i bliznowacenie, wynikające z abrazyjnego kontaktu rzęs z powierzchnią oka.

Patogeneza entropion

Entropion to nieprawidłowe ustawienie powieki, charakteryzujące się jej do wewnętrznym obrotem w kierunku gałki ocznej. Prowadzi to do kontaktu rzęs i skóry powieki z rogówką i spojówką, powodując podrażnienie, dyskomfort oraz potencjalne uszkodzenie powierzchni oka.12 Choroba ta występuje u około 2,1% osób powyżej 60 roku życia, co czyni wiek głównym czynnikiem ryzyka.3

Klasyfikacja entropion

Entropion klasyfikuje się w zależności od etiologii jako:45

  • Inwolucyjny (najczęstszy typ, związany ze zmianami zależnymi od wieku)
  • Bliznowaty (spowodowany skurczeniem się tylnej blaszki powieki)
  • Spastyczny (wynikający z kurczu mięśnia okrężnego oka)
  • Wrodzony (występujący od urodzenia, najrzadszy)

Mechanizmy patofizjologiczne entropion inwolucyjnego

Patofizjologia entropion inwolucyjnego obejmuje klasyczną triadę czynników:67

  • Poziome rozluźnienie powieki
  • Oderwanie lub osłabienie retraktorów powieki dolnej
  • Nakładanie się mięśnia okrężnego oka przegrody przedtarczowej nad częścią przedtarczową

Stabilność dolnej powieki jest utrzymywana przez napięcie mięśnia okrężnego oka części przedtarczowej, retraktory dolnej powieki oraz integralność tarczki i więzadeł kątowych. Rozluźnienie poziomego napięcia tych struktur, szczególnie bocznego więzadła kątowego, predysponuje brzeg powieki do rotacji do wewnątrz.8 Osłabienie tych struktur pozwala na inwersję powieki.9

Zmiany strukturalne w tkance łącznej

Badania histologiczne tarczek powiekowych u pacjentów z entropion inwolucyjnym wykazują degenerację i dezorganizację włókien kolagenowych z nieprawidłową elastogenezą.1011 Wraz z wiekiem, tarczka zmienia się z głównie włókien kolagenowych na włókna elastyczne, a całkowita liczba kolagenu i włókien zmniejsza się.12 To przesunięcie w populacji włókien wiąże się ze zwiększoną poziomą wiotkością powieki, a zanik tarczki jest związany z entropion.13

Ostatnio wykazano zmniejszenie ilości włókien elastycznych z nieprawidłowościami ultrastrukturalnymi oraz nadekspresję enzymów degradujących elastynę w inwolucyjnym ektropion i entropion. Może to być konsekwencją miejscowego niedokrwienia, stanu zapalnego i/lub przewlekłego stresu mechanicznego.14

Rola retraktorów powieki

Retraktory dolnej powieki mają drobne przedłużenia do mięśnia okrężnego oka i pokrywającej go skóry. Gdy te połączenia słabną lub rozrywają się, mięsień okrężny przegrody przedtarczowej może przemieszczać się ku górze i nakładać na mięsień przedtarczowy, obracając brzeg powieki w kierunku gałki ocznej.15

Odłączenie retraktorów dolnej powieki od dolnej granicy tarczki powoduje pionowe rozluźnienie, które pozwala dolnej granicy tarczki przemieścić się do przodu z jednoczesnym przemieszczeniem tylnym górnej tarczki i wewnętrzną rotacją dolnego brzegu powieki.16

Nakładanie się mięśnia okrężnego oka wynika z względnej nierównowagi między siłą kurczącego się mięśnia okrężnego oka a stabilnością tarczki, która zależy od odpowiedniego napięcia poziomego i funkcji retraktora dolnej powieki.17

Zanik tkanki tłuszczowej oczodołu

Zawartość tłuszczu oczodołowego i ogólna objętość zmniejszają się wraz z wiekiem lub po urazie, powodując enoftalmus. Pacjenci w podeszłym wieku oraz pacjenci azjatyccy mają zwiększone przednie uwypuklenie tłuszczu oczodołowego, co tworzy wektor siły działający na dolną powiekę, predysponujący do entropion.18

Inwersja brzegu powieki jest również uważana za wynik zaniku tarczki z utratą podparcia z pionowej powieki i zaniku tłuszczu oczodołowego.19

Patofizjologia innych typów entropion

Entropion spastyczny

Ostry entropion spastyczny to stan, który pojawia się w następstwie podrażnienia oka lub stanu zapalnego.2021 Podrażnienie oka spowodowane suchością lub stanem zapalnym może skłonić pacjenta do próby złagodzenia objawów poprzez pocieranie powiek lub zaciskanie ich. Może to prowadzić do skurczu mięśni powiek i wewnętrznego obrotu brzegu powieki w kierunku rogówki (entropion spastyczny).22

Ten typ entropion jest ściśle związany z entropion inwolucyjnym, ponieważ występuje głównie u pacjentów z wczesnymi zmianami inwolucyjnymi powieki. Po zabiegu chirurgicznym oka lub okolicznych struktur, zwłaszcza gdy występuje obrzęk powieki, mięsień Riolana może ulec skurczowi, prowadząc do rozwoju entropion spastycznego.23

Entropion bliznowaty

Entropion bliznowaty jest spowodowany pionowym skurczeniem tarczkowo-spojówkowym i wewnętrznym obrotem brzegu powieki.2425 Powstaje w wyniku skrócenia tylnej blaszki powieki, często wtórnie do procesu zapalnego, który powoduje bliznowacenie-spojowki/” title=”bliznowacenie spojówki” class=”to-tag” data-termid=”18538″>bliznowacenie i skurcz spojówki.26

Bliznowacenie spojówki powiekowej prowadzi do skurczu tkanki, powodując zawijanie się do wewnątrz brzegu powieki.27 Entropion bliznowaty jest zwykle indukowany przez podstawowe stany patologiczne, które powinny być leczone przed interwencją chirurgiczną, zwłaszcza entropion wtórny do pemfigoidu ocznego i zespołu Stevensa-Johnsona.28

Entropion wrodzony

Entropion wrodzony to bardzo rzadki stan.29 Gdy entropion jest obecny od urodzenia, może być spowodowany dodatkowym fałdem skóry na powiece, który powoduje skierowanie rzęs do wewnątrz.30

Konsekwencje patofizjologiczne

Objawy entropion są związane z abrazyjnym kontaktem między skeratynizowaną skórą odwróconego brzegu powieki (i związanymi z nią rzęsami) a powierzchnią rogówki i spojówki.31 Dodatkowo, ekspozycja oczna z powodu lagoftalmosu lub niepełnego mrugania może nasilać objawy.32

Rzęsy ocierające się o rogówkę mogą prowadzić do:3334

  • Owrzodzenia rogówki
  • Bliznowacenia
  • Przewlekłej choroby powierzchni oka
  • Keratynizacji rogówki

Objawy często obserwowane podczas badania obejmują przekrwienie spojówki, reakcję brodawkową spojówki oraz linijne lub punktowe nadżerki nabłonka, z jawną epiteliopatią rogówki i rozpadem w ciężkich przypadkach.35

Diagnostyka entropion

Diagnostyka entropion jest zwykle prosta. Celem badania powieki jest określenie rodzaju entropion.36 Pierwszą rzeczą jest ocena, czy entropion jest bliznowaty. Zwykle bliznowacenie spojówki i tarczki jest oczywiste. Występuje również większy opór przy odwracaniu odwróconej powieki do jej normalnej pozycji.37

Test cyfrowego odwrócenia może odróżnić entropion bliznowaty od inwolucyjnego. Stosuje się cyfrową trakcję powieki, aby przywrócić powiekę do normalnej pozycji anatomicznej. Koryguje to nieprawidłową pozycję brzegu w entropion inwolucyjnym, ale nie w entropion bliznowatym.38

W teście powrotu po odciągnięciu (ang. snapback test) stosuje się trakcję dolną do powieki, a następnie ją zwalnia. Normalna powieka natychmiast wraca do swojej normalnej pozycji przy gałce ocznej, ale w entropion inwolucyjnym powieka nadal zwisa, aż do mrugnięcia.39 Test odciągnięcia powieki wykonuje się przez pociągnięcie centralnej powieki od oka. Jeśli można ją odciągnąć o więcej niż 6 mm od gałki ocznej, występuje wiotkość powieki.40

Leczenie entropion

Leczenie entropion ma na celu skorygowanie podstawowych czynników odpowiedzialnych za nieprawidłowe ustawienie powieki (tj. poziomą wiotkość powieki, oderwanie retraktora, nakładanie się mięśnia okrężnego oka).41 Wykazano, że połączenie procedur, które uwzględniają wszystkie trzy podstawowe czynniki etiologiczne, skutkuje niższym wskaźnikiem nawrotów niż techniki, które uwzględniają tylko jeden lub dwa z trzech.42

Leczenie zachowawcze zwykle nie jest skuteczne. Możliwe jest tymczasowe zabezpieczenie oka soczewkami kontaktowymi lub podniesienie dolnej powieki od oka za pomocą opatrunku plastrowego. Jednak te metody nie zapewniają trwałej ulgi, ponieważ nie korygują nieprawidłowego ustawienia powiek.43

Zabieg chirurgiczny entropion prawie zawsze jest nieunikniony. Entropion nie ustępuje samoistnie.44 Podczas operacji pozycja powieki jest korygowana przy użyciu różnych technik chirurgicznych. Dokładna procedura zależy od tego, co spowodowało entropion i co utrzymuje powiekę w jej zwiniętej pozycji.45

Najczęściej stosowane procedury chirurgiczne do leczenia entropion inwolucyjnego to:46

  • Szwy odwracające dolnej powieki
  • Przesunięcie retraktora dolnej powieki z procedurą bocznego pasma tarczki

Szwy odwracające są powszechnie uważane za tymczasową formę leczenia, ale wielu pacjentów osiąga trwały wynik tylko za pomocą szwów.47 W przypadku wszystkich innych pacjentów, przesunięcie retraktora dolnej powieki w połączeniu z procedurą bocznego pasma tarczki wykonuje się na sali operacyjnej.48

Opisano nową technikę chirurgiczną do korekcji entropion inwolucyjnego przy użyciu szwów zagrzebanych przez spojówkę, które umożliwiają zaangażowanie i przesunięcie retraktorów dolnej powieki w dolnej granicy tarczki. Ta metoda jest skuteczna w naprawie odwróconej powieki przy minimalnym uszkodzeniu tkanki powieki.49

Zabieg łączący resekcję pięciokątną i plikację retraktora dolnego również wykazał skuteczność w korekcji entropion inwolucyjnego u pacjentów z udokumentowaną wiotkością powieki w populacji chińskiej. W tej technice ważnym krokiem, oprócz skrócenia powieki i plikacji retraktora dolnego, jest uwzględnienie tłuszczowej poduszki oczodołowej, mięśnia okrężnego oka i skóry, które również tworzą pionowy wektor zapobiegający rotacji wewnętrznej.50

Podsumowanie

Entropion to wieloczynnikowe zaburzenie, którego patogeneza obejmuje nakładanie się mięśnia okrężnego przegrody przedtarczowej, oderwanie retraktorów dolnej powieki, zwiększoną poziomą wiotkość tarczki i więzadeł kątowych, bliznowacenie po wcześniejszych operacjach, napromienianiu i urazach.51 Najczęstszą przyczyną entropion są zmiany inwolucyjne, które obejmują złożone procesy degeneracyjne w tkance łącznej powiek.

Zrozumienie dokładnych mechanizmów patofizjologicznych zaangażowanych w rozwój entropion jest kluczowe dla skutecznego leczenia, które powinno uwzględniać wszystkie podstawowe czynniki etiologiczne, aby zminimalizować ryzyko nawrotu i zapewnić najlepsze wyniki funkcjonalne i kosmetyczne dla pacjentów.52

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. As we age, the canthal tendons relax, and the eyelid retractors attenuate, causing misposition of the eyelid margin. […] Pathophysiology is dependent on the type of entropion seen. In general, the lower lid is stabilized from, the lower lid retractors, orbicularis, tarsus, and canthal tendons. The canthal tendons and tarsal plate horizontally stabilize the lid. The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #2 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. […] Involutional entropion is due to a combination of causative factors: loss of horizontal lid support with canthal tendon laxity; disinsertion, atrophy or dehiscence of lower lid retractors; overriding of the preseptal over pretarsal orbicularis oculi; loss of vertical lid support with tarsal atrophy; and orbital fat atrophy leading to enophthalmos that allows inversion of the lid margin. […] The lower lid derives stability from the tone of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi, lower lid retractors and integrity of the tarsus and canthal tendons. […] Loosening of horizontal tension of these structures, especially the lateral canthal tendon, predisposes the lid margin to rotate.
  • #3 Entropion: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Surgery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17880-entropion
    Entropion is a condition that occurs when your eyelid turns inward toward your eyeball. When this happens, your eyelid skin and eyelashes rub against the surface of your eye. This friction often causes discomfort and irritation to your cornea (front of your eye). […] There are three characteristics of an eyelid with entropion: eyelid looseness (laxity), eyelid retractor disinsertion and excessively strong eyelid closing muscles which cause your eyelid to turn in rather than out. Lower eyelid laxity is common in people over the age of 60 because their eyelid supports weaken with age. Other causes of an in-turned eyelid include: […] Aging is the biggest risk factor for entropion. Its most common in people over 60 years old. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, it affects about 2.1% of people over the age of 60.
  • #4 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Entropion is as an eyelid malposition marked by an inward turning of the eyelid margin. Entropion is categorized based on etiology as involutional, cicatricial, or spastic, with involutional being the most common. The symptoms of entropion are related to abrasive contact between the keratinized skin of the inverted eyelid margin (and associated eyelashes) and the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. Additionally, ocular exposure due to lagophthalmos or incomplete blink can contribute. Patients commonly report ocular irritation, discharge, erythema, and tearing. Signs of ocular irritation are frequently seen on examination, including conjunctival injection, papillary conjunctival reaction, and linear or punctate epithelial erosions with frank corneal epitheliopathy and breakdown manifesting in severe cases.
  • #5 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Entropion can have an involutional, spastic, cicatricial, or congenital cause. […] Involutional entropion occurs as a result of age-related changes to the eyelids. […] The main cause is laxity of the lower eyelid horizontally. […] Spastic entropion is closely related to involutional entropion, because it primarily occurs in patients with early involutional changes to the eyelid. […] Cicatricial entropion occurs when scarring of the eyelid causes shrinkage of the posterior lamella, often occurring secondary to disease. […] Congenital entropion is a very rare condition. […] The orbicularis oculi muscle and the posterior lamella are especially important in the development of entropion. […] After surgery to the eye or the surrounding structures, especially when eyelid edema is present, the Riolan muscle can spasm, leading to the development of spastic entropion. […] Scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva will lead to contraction of the tissue, causing the eyelid margin itself to roll inward.
  • #6 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Involutional entropion has classically been attributed to the triad of horizontal lower eyelid laxity, dehiscence of the lower eyelid retractors, and an over-riding orbicularis oculi muscle. Age-related enophthalmos has also been proposed as an etiologic factor although this association has been debated in the literature. Additionally, a decreased vertical height of the tarsus has been postulated to be a causal factor in the development of involutional entropion. […] Horizontal eyelid laxity is caused by age-related stretching of the lateral canthal tendon, with or without involvement of the medial canthal tendon. Horizontal eyelid laxity can be detected by a positive distraction test and/or snap back test. […] Disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors from the inferior border of the tarsus results in vertical laxity, which allows the inferior border of the tarsus to displace anteriorly with a concomitant posterior displacement of the superior tarsus and inward rotation of the lower eyelid margin.
  • #7 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. […] Involutional entropion is due to a combination of causative factors: loss of horizontal lid support with canthal tendon laxity; disinsertion, atrophy or dehiscence of lower lid retractors; overriding of the preseptal over pretarsal orbicularis oculi; loss of vertical lid support with tarsal atrophy; and orbital fat atrophy leading to enophthalmos that allows inversion of the lid margin. […] The lower lid derives stability from the tone of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi, lower lid retractors and integrity of the tarsus and canthal tendons. […] Loosening of horizontal tension of these structures, especially the lateral canthal tendon, predisposes the lid margin to rotate.
  • #8 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. […] Involutional entropion is due to a combination of causative factors: loss of horizontal lid support with canthal tendon laxity; disinsertion, atrophy or dehiscence of lower lid retractors; overriding of the preseptal over pretarsal orbicularis oculi; loss of vertical lid support with tarsal atrophy; and orbital fat atrophy leading to enophthalmos that allows inversion of the lid margin. […] The lower lid derives stability from the tone of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi, lower lid retractors and integrity of the tarsus and canthal tendons. […] Loosening of horizontal tension of these structures, especially the lateral canthal tendon, predisposes the lid margin to rotate.
  • #9 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. As we age, the canthal tendons relax, and the eyelid retractors attenuate, causing misposition of the eyelid margin. […] Pathophysiology is dependent on the type of entropion seen. In general, the lower lid is stabilized from, the lower lid retractors, orbicularis, tarsus, and canthal tendons. The canthal tendons and tarsal plate horizontally stabilize the lid. The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #10 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470352/
    Cicatricial entropion is caused by vertical tarsoconjunctival contracture and internal rotation of the eyelid margin. […] The tarsal plates of an involutional entropion demonstrate collagen degeneration, disorganized collagen fibers, and abnormal elastogenesis. […] As we age, the tarsus begins to change from mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers.
  • #11 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470352/
    Cicatricial entropion is caused by vertical tarsoconjunctival contracture and internal rotation of the eyelid margin. […] The tarsal plates of an involutional entropion demonstrate collagen degeneration, disorganized collagen fibers, and abnormal elastogenesis. […] As we age, the tarsus begins to change from mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers. […] These patients will often need a tarsus replacement.
  • #12 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    The lower lid retractors have fine extensions to the orbicularis oculi and overlying skin. […] As these connections weaken or dehisce, the preseptal orbicularis can travel superiorly and override the pretarsal muscle rotating the eyelid margin against the globe. […] Histologic examination of tarsal plates in patients with involutional entropion showed degenerated and disorganized collagen fibers with abnormal elastogenesis. […] With aging, the tarsus shifts from being mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers, and the total number of collagen and fibers decrease. […] This shift in fiber population is associated with increased horizontal eyelid laxity, and tarsal atrophy has been associated with entropion. […] Orbital fat content and overall volume decreases with age or after trauma, producing enophthalmos. […] Elderly and Asian patients have increased anterior protrusion of orbital fat, which creates a force vector acting on the lower lid that predisposes for entropion.
  • #13 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    The lower lid retractors have fine extensions to the orbicularis oculi and overlying skin. […] As these connections weaken or dehisce, the preseptal orbicularis can travel superiorly and override the pretarsal muscle rotating the eyelid margin against the globe. […] Histologic examination of tarsal plates in patients with involutional entropion showed degenerated and disorganized collagen fibers with abnormal elastogenesis. […] With aging, the tarsus shifts from being mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers, and the total number of collagen and fibers decrease. […] This shift in fiber population is associated with increased horizontal eyelid laxity, and tarsal atrophy has been associated with entropion. […] Orbital fat content and overall volume decreases with age or after trauma, producing enophthalmos. […] Elderly and Asian patients have increased anterior protrusion of orbital fat, which creates a force vector acting on the lower lid that predisposes for entropion.
  • #14 Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia – Eyelid aging: pathophysiology and clinical management
    https://www.aboonline.org.br/details/2117/en-US/eyelid-aging–pathophysiology-and-clinical-management
    Recently, a decrease in elastic fibers with ultrastructural abnormalities and an overexpression of elastin-degrading enzymes have been demonstrated in involutional ectropion and entropion. This may be the consequence of local ischemia, inflammation, and/or chronic mechanical stress. […] Some studies reported the presence of abnormal elastic fibers in involutional ectropion and entropion; however, they did not measure them nor did they address the possible reasons for the abnormal fibers. Damasceno et al. revealed a decrease in elastic fibers in the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle, in the tarsal stroma, and in the eyelid skin in patients suffering from age-related involutional ectropion and entropion. Ultrastructural abnormalities of the elastic fibers were also observed. […] Overexpression of elastin-degrading enzymes in involutional ectropion and entropion specimens may be the consequence of local ischemia, inflammation, and/or chronic mechanical stress. Increased expression of MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 is also observed in areas with and without inflammatory cell infiltration and may be induced by a local ischemic lesion, inflammation, and/or repeated mechanical trauma.
  • #15 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    The lower lid retractors have fine extensions to the orbicularis oculi and overlying skin. […] As these connections weaken or dehisce, the preseptal orbicularis can travel superiorly and override the pretarsal muscle rotating the eyelid margin against the globe. […] Histologic examination of tarsal plates in patients with involutional entropion showed degenerated and disorganized collagen fibers with abnormal elastogenesis. […] With aging, the tarsus shifts from being mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers, and the total number of collagen and fibers decrease. […] This shift in fiber population is associated with increased horizontal eyelid laxity, and tarsal atrophy has been associated with entropion. […] Orbital fat content and overall volume decreases with age or after trauma, producing enophthalmos. […] Elderly and Asian patients have increased anterior protrusion of orbital fat, which creates a force vector acting on the lower lid that predisposes for entropion.
  • #16 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Involutional entropion has classically been attributed to the triad of horizontal lower eyelid laxity, dehiscence of the lower eyelid retractors, and an over-riding orbicularis oculi muscle. Age-related enophthalmos has also been proposed as an etiologic factor although this association has been debated in the literature. Additionally, a decreased vertical height of the tarsus has been postulated to be a causal factor in the development of involutional entropion. […] Horizontal eyelid laxity is caused by age-related stretching of the lateral canthal tendon, with or without involvement of the medial canthal tendon. Horizontal eyelid laxity can be detected by a positive distraction test and/or snap back test. […] Disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors from the inferior border of the tarsus results in vertical laxity, which allows the inferior border of the tarsus to displace anteriorly with a concomitant posterior displacement of the superior tarsus and inward rotation of the lower eyelid margin.
  • #17 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    The over-riding of the orbicularis oculi results from a relative imbalance between the strength of the contracting orbicularis oculi muscle and the stability of the tarsus, which depends upon appropriate horizontal tightness and lower eyelid retractor function. […] Correction of involutional entropion is aimed at addressing the underlying factors responsible for the eyelid malposition (i.e. horizontal eyelid laxity, retractor disinsertion, over-riding orbicularis oculi muscle). […] However, it has been shown that a combination of procedures that addresses all three underlying etiologic factors results in lower recurrence rates than techniques that address only one or two of the three.
  • #18 Entropion – EyeWiki
    https://eyewiki.org/Entropion
    The lower lid retractors have fine extensions to the orbicularis oculi and overlying skin. […] As these connections weaken or dehisce, the preseptal orbicularis can travel superiorly and override the pretarsal muscle rotating the eyelid margin against the globe. […] Histologic examination of tarsal plates in patients with involutional entropion showed degenerated and disorganized collagen fibers with abnormal elastogenesis. […] With aging, the tarsus shifts from being mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers, and the total number of collagen and fibers decrease. […] This shift in fiber population is associated with increased horizontal eyelid laxity, and tarsal atrophy has been associated with entropion. […] Orbital fat content and overall volume decreases with age or after trauma, producing enophthalmos. […] Elderly and Asian patients have increased anterior protrusion of orbital fat, which creates a force vector acting on the lower lid that predisposes for entropion.
  • #19 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. […] The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Inversion of the lid margin is also thought to be due to tarsal atrophy with the loss of support from the vertical lid and orbital fat atrophy. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. […] Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #20 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. As we age, the canthal tendons relax, and the eyelid retractors attenuate, causing misposition of the eyelid margin. […] Pathophysiology is dependent on the type of entropion seen. In general, the lower lid is stabilized from, the lower lid retractors, orbicularis, tarsus, and canthal tendons. The canthal tendons and tarsal plate horizontally stabilize the lid. The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #21 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. […] The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Inversion of the lid margin is also thought to be due to tarsal atrophy with the loss of support from the vertical lid and orbital fat atrophy. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. […] Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #22 Entropion – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/symptoms-causes/syc-20351125
    Entropion can be caused by: […] Muscle weakness. As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and the tendons stretch out. This is the most common cause of entropion. […] Scars or previous surgeries. Skin scarred by chemical burns, trauma or surgery can distort the normal curve of the eyelid. […] Eye infection. An eye infection called trachoma is common in many developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Pacific Islands. It can cause scarring of the inner eyelid, leading to entropion and even blindness. […] Inflammation. An irritation of the eye caused by dryness or inflammation can lead you to try to relieve the symptoms by rubbing the eyelids or squeezing them shut. This can lead to a spasm of the eyelid muscles and a rolling of the edge of the lid inward against the cornea (spastic entropion). […] Developmental complication. When entropion is present at birth (congenital), it may be caused by an extra fold of skin on the eyelid that causes turned-in eyelashes.
  • #23 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Entropion can have an involutional, spastic, cicatricial, or congenital cause. […] Involutional entropion occurs as a result of age-related changes to the eyelids. […] The main cause is laxity of the lower eyelid horizontally. […] Spastic entropion is closely related to involutional entropion, because it primarily occurs in patients with early involutional changes to the eyelid. […] Cicatricial entropion occurs when scarring of the eyelid causes shrinkage of the posterior lamella, often occurring secondary to disease. […] Congenital entropion is a very rare condition. […] The orbicularis oculi muscle and the posterior lamella are especially important in the development of entropion. […] After surgery to the eye or the surrounding structures, especially when eyelid edema is present, the Riolan muscle can spasm, leading to the development of spastic entropion. […] Scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva will lead to contraction of the tissue, causing the eyelid margin itself to roll inward.
  • #24 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470352/
    Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. As we age, the canthal tendons relax, and the eyelid retractors attenuate, causing misposition of the eyelid margin. […] Pathophysiology is dependent on the type of entropion seen. In general, the lower lid is stabilized from, the lower lid retractors, orbicularis, tarsus, and canthal tendons. The canthal tendons and tarsal plate horizontally stabilize the lid. The weakening of these structures permits the inversion of the lid. […] Involutional entropion is caused by horizontal laxity of the eyelid, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, and overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Acute spastic entropion is a condition that arises following ocular irritation or inflammation.
  • #25 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470352/
    Cicatricial entropion is caused by vertical tarsoconjunctival contracture and internal rotation of the eyelid margin. […] The tarsal plates of an involutional entropion demonstrate collagen degeneration, disorganized collagen fibers, and abnormal elastogenesis. […] As we age, the tarsus begins to change from mainly collagenous fibers to elastic fibers. […] These patients will often need a tarsus replacement.
  • #26 Entropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/12/clinical-review/entropion
    Cicatricial entropion is caused by a vertical shortening of the posterior lid lamella, often secondary to an inflammatory process that produces scarring and contracture of the conjunctiva. […] The spastic subtype is often transient and caused by irritation of the cornea or eyelids, often in connection with eye surgery, blepharitis, infection or trauma. Irritation incites swelling of the eyelid and spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle, leading the preseptal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle to roll over the pretarsal portion, which results in entropion. […] Cicatricial entropion is generally induced by underlying pathological conditions which should be managed before surgical intervention. This applies particularly to entropion occurring secondary to ocular pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
  • #27 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Entropion can have an involutional, spastic, cicatricial, or congenital cause. […] Involutional entropion occurs as a result of age-related changes to the eyelids. […] The main cause is laxity of the lower eyelid horizontally. […] Spastic entropion is closely related to involutional entropion, because it primarily occurs in patients with early involutional changes to the eyelid. […] Cicatricial entropion occurs when scarring of the eyelid causes shrinkage of the posterior lamella, often occurring secondary to disease. […] Congenital entropion is a very rare condition. […] The orbicularis oculi muscle and the posterior lamella are especially important in the development of entropion. […] After surgery to the eye or the surrounding structures, especially when eyelid edema is present, the Riolan muscle can spasm, leading to the development of spastic entropion. […] Scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva will lead to contraction of the tissue, causing the eyelid margin itself to roll inward.
  • #28 Entropion | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
    https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2024/12/clinical-review/entropion
    Cicatricial entropion is caused by a vertical shortening of the posterior lid lamella, often secondary to an inflammatory process that produces scarring and contracture of the conjunctiva. […] The spastic subtype is often transient and caused by irritation of the cornea or eyelids, often in connection with eye surgery, blepharitis, infection or trauma. Irritation incites swelling of the eyelid and spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle, leading the preseptal portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle to roll over the pretarsal portion, which results in entropion. […] Cicatricial entropion is generally induced by underlying pathological conditions which should be managed before surgical intervention. This applies particularly to entropion occurring secondary to ocular pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
  • #29 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360
    https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment
    Entropion can have an involutional, spastic, cicatricial, or congenital cause. […] Involutional entropion occurs as a result of age-related changes to the eyelids. […] The main cause is laxity of the lower eyelid horizontally. […] Spastic entropion is closely related to involutional entropion, because it primarily occurs in patients with early involutional changes to the eyelid. […] Cicatricial entropion occurs when scarring of the eyelid causes shrinkage of the posterior lamella, often occurring secondary to disease. […] Congenital entropion is a very rare condition. […] The orbicularis oculi muscle and the posterior lamella are especially important in the development of entropion. […] After surgery to the eye or the surrounding structures, especially when eyelid edema is present, the Riolan muscle can spasm, leading to the development of spastic entropion. […] Scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva will lead to contraction of the tissue, causing the eyelid margin itself to roll inward.
  • #30 Entropion – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/entropion/symptoms-causes/syc-20351125
    Entropion can be caused by: […] Muscle weakness. As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and the tendons stretch out. This is the most common cause of entropion. […] Scars or previous surgeries. Skin scarred by chemical burns, trauma or surgery can distort the normal curve of the eyelid. […] Eye infection. An eye infection called trachoma is common in many developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Pacific Islands. It can cause scarring of the inner eyelid, leading to entropion and even blindness. […] Inflammation. An irritation of the eye caused by dryness or inflammation can lead you to try to relieve the symptoms by rubbing the eyelids or squeezing them shut. This can lead to a spasm of the eyelid muscles and a rolling of the edge of the lid inward against the cornea (spastic entropion). […] Developmental complication. When entropion is present at birth (congenital), it may be caused by an extra fold of skin on the eyelid that causes turned-in eyelashes.
  • #31 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Entropion is as an eyelid malposition marked by an inward turning of the eyelid margin. Entropion is categorized based on etiology as involutional, cicatricial, or spastic, with involutional being the most common. The symptoms of entropion are related to abrasive contact between the keratinized skin of the inverted eyelid margin (and associated eyelashes) and the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. Additionally, ocular exposure due to lagophthalmos or incomplete blink can contribute. Patients commonly report ocular irritation, discharge, erythema, and tearing. Signs of ocular irritation are frequently seen on examination, including conjunctival injection, papillary conjunctival reaction, and linear or punctate epithelial erosions with frank corneal epitheliopathy and breakdown manifesting in severe cases.
  • #32 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Entropion is as an eyelid malposition marked by an inward turning of the eyelid margin. Entropion is categorized based on etiology as involutional, cicatricial, or spastic, with involutional being the most common. The symptoms of entropion are related to abrasive contact between the keratinized skin of the inverted eyelid margin (and associated eyelashes) and the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. Additionally, ocular exposure due to lagophthalmos or incomplete blink can contribute. Patients commonly report ocular irritation, discharge, erythema, and tearing. Signs of ocular irritation are frequently seen on examination, including conjunctival injection, papillary conjunctival reaction, and linear or punctate epithelial erosions with frank corneal epitheliopathy and breakdown manifesting in severe cases.
  • #33 Entropion and Ectropion – Eye Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/eyelid-and-lacrimal-disorders/entropion-and-ectropion
    Entropion (inversion of an eyelid) is caused by age-related tissue relaxation, postinfectious changes (particularly trachoma), autoimmune skin disease (eg, mucous membrane pemphigoid), posttraumatic changes, or blepharospasm. […] Eyelashes rub against the globe and may lead to corneal ulceration and scarring. […] Diagnosis is clinical. […] Definitive treatment is surgery or treatment of the underlying etiology (eg, infection or inflammation).
  • #34 Turning Inward
    https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/turning-inward1
    Characterized as the inward turning of the eyelid margin, entropion occurs in up to 2.4% of people over 60 years of age. The inward turning of the eyelid margin causes the eyelashes to come into contact with the corneal and conjunctival surfaces, resulting in irritation. This resulting secondary trichiasis, if left untreated, can lead to chronic ocular surface disease and subsequent keratinization of the cornea. […] Entropion pathogenesis is multifactorial and consists of overriding of the preseptal orbicularis muscle, disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors, increased horizontal laxity of the tarsus and canthal tendons, scarring from prior surgeries, radiation and trauma. […] Entropion can be classified as involutional, spastic, congenital or cicatricial. Of these, only involutional and spastic apply to this article.
  • #35 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    Entropion is as an eyelid malposition marked by an inward turning of the eyelid margin. Entropion is categorized based on etiology as involutional, cicatricial, or spastic, with involutional being the most common. The symptoms of entropion are related to abrasive contact between the keratinized skin of the inverted eyelid margin (and associated eyelashes) and the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. Additionally, ocular exposure due to lagophthalmos or incomplete blink can contribute. Patients commonly report ocular irritation, discharge, erythema, and tearing. Signs of ocular irritation are frequently seen on examination, including conjunctival injection, papillary conjunctival reaction, and linear or punctate epithelial erosions with frank corneal epitheliopathy and breakdown manifesting in severe cases.
  • #36 Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid) | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/involutional-entropionmechanism-evaluation-and-management-lower-lid/250557403
    Involutional entropion is generally noted in individuals of older age group with horizontal laxity of the eyelids associated with a hump on lower eyelid due to overriding of preseptal orbicularis over the pretarsal part. It is often associated with absence of the downward excursion of the eyelid in downgaze due to weakness of the lower lid retractors. […] The digital eversion test can be done to distinguish cicatricial entropion from involutional entropion. Digital eyelid traction is applied to return the eyelid to a normal anatomic position. This corrects the abnormal margin position in involutional entropion but not in cicatricial entropion. […] The diagnosis of entropion is usually straightforward. The goal of eyelid examination is to determine the type of entropion. First thing is to assess if the entropion is cicatricial. Usually the scarring of conjunctiva and tarsus is obvious. Also, there is more resistance on turning the inverted lid to its normal position. If it is not cicatricial, the entropion is involutional.
  • #37 Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid) | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/involutional-entropionmechanism-evaluation-and-management-lower-lid/250557403
    Involutional entropion is generally noted in individuals of older age group with horizontal laxity of the eyelids associated with a hump on lower eyelid due to overriding of preseptal orbicularis over the pretarsal part. It is often associated with absence of the downward excursion of the eyelid in downgaze due to weakness of the lower lid retractors. […] The digital eversion test can be done to distinguish cicatricial entropion from involutional entropion. Digital eyelid traction is applied to return the eyelid to a normal anatomic position. This corrects the abnormal margin position in involutional entropion but not in cicatricial entropion. […] The diagnosis of entropion is usually straightforward. The goal of eyelid examination is to determine the type of entropion. First thing is to assess if the entropion is cicatricial. Usually the scarring of conjunctiva and tarsus is obvious. Also, there is more resistance on turning the inverted lid to its normal position. If it is not cicatricial, the entropion is involutional.
  • #38 Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid) | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/involutional-entropionmechanism-evaluation-and-management-lower-lid/250557403
    Involutional entropion is generally noted in individuals of older age group with horizontal laxity of the eyelids associated with a hump on lower eyelid due to overriding of preseptal orbicularis over the pretarsal part. It is often associated with absence of the downward excursion of the eyelid in downgaze due to weakness of the lower lid retractors. […] The digital eversion test can be done to distinguish cicatricial entropion from involutional entropion. Digital eyelid traction is applied to return the eyelid to a normal anatomic position. This corrects the abnormal margin position in involutional entropion but not in cicatricial entropion. […] The diagnosis of entropion is usually straightforward. The goal of eyelid examination is to determine the type of entropion. First thing is to assess if the entropion is cicatricial. Usually the scarring of conjunctiva and tarsus is obvious. Also, there is more resistance on turning the inverted lid to its normal position. If it is not cicatricial, the entropion is involutional.
  • #39 Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid) | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/involutional-entropionmechanism-evaluation-and-management-lower-lid/250557403
    In the snapback test, downward traction is applied to the lid and then released. A normal lid returns to its normal position against the globe promptly but in involutional entropion the lid continues to hang down until a blink. Lid distraction test is performed by pulling the central lid away from the eye. If it can be pulled more than 6 mm away from the globe, lid laxity is present. […] There are some other subtle signs as well; the lower eyelid often rides above the inferior limbus and there may be a white line seen in the inferior fornix signifying disinsertion of retractors deeper-than-normal inferior fornix reverse ptosis of the lower eyelid (lower eyelid margin sits higher than normal) little or no inferior movement of the lower eyelid on down gaze (diminished lower eyelid excursion).
  • #40 Involutional Entropion-mechanism, evaluation and management (lower lid) | PPT
    https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/involutional-entropionmechanism-evaluation-and-management-lower-lid/250557403
    In the snapback test, downward traction is applied to the lid and then released. A normal lid returns to its normal position against the globe promptly but in involutional entropion the lid continues to hang down until a blink. Lid distraction test is performed by pulling the central lid away from the eye. If it can be pulled more than 6 mm away from the globe, lid laxity is present. […] There are some other subtle signs as well; the lower eyelid often rides above the inferior limbus and there may be a white line seen in the inferior fornix signifying disinsertion of retractors deeper-than-normal inferior fornix reverse ptosis of the lower eyelid (lower eyelid margin sits higher than normal) little or no inferior movement of the lower eyelid on down gaze (diminished lower eyelid excursion).
  • #41 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    The over-riding of the orbicularis oculi results from a relative imbalance between the strength of the contracting orbicularis oculi muscle and the stability of the tarsus, which depends upon appropriate horizontal tightness and lower eyelid retractor function. […] Correction of involutional entropion is aimed at addressing the underlying factors responsible for the eyelid malposition (i.e. horizontal eyelid laxity, retractor disinsertion, over-riding orbicularis oculi muscle). […] However, it has been shown that a combination of procedures that addresses all three underlying etiologic factors results in lower recurrence rates than techniques that address only one or two of the three.
  • #42 Involutional Entropion
    http://eyerounds.org/cases/220-involutional-entropion.htm
    The over-riding of the orbicularis oculi results from a relative imbalance between the strength of the contracting orbicularis oculi muscle and the stability of the tarsus, which depends upon appropriate horizontal tightness and lower eyelid retractor function. […] Correction of involutional entropion is aimed at addressing the underlying factors responsible for the eyelid malposition (i.e. horizontal eyelid laxity, retractor disinsertion, over-riding orbicularis oculi muscle). […] However, it has been shown that a combination of procedures that addresses all three underlying etiologic factors results in lower recurrence rates than techniques that address only one or two of the three.
  • #43 Entropion surgery (eyelid turned inward) | Eye Clinic Herzog Carl Theodor in Munich
    https://www.augenklinik-muenchen.de/en/entropion-surgery
    Scarring in the eyelid region can also exert traction on the eyelid. If the scars are on the outside, the result is often a so-called ectropion, an eyelid that is turned outwards. Scarring on the inside of the eyelid pulls the edge of the eyelid inwards so that an entropion occurs. Possible causes are, for example, eye injuries, strong allergic reactions or a more severe conjunctivitis. […] A purely conservative therapy is usually not successful. It is possible to temporarily protect the eye with contact lenses or to lift the lower lid from the eye with a plaster bandage. However, permanent relief is not possible with these methods because the malposition of the eyelids is not corrected. […] Entropion surgery is almost always unavoidable for rolled eyelids. An entropion does not regress spontaneously.
  • #44 Entropion surgery (eyelid turned inward) | Eye Clinic Herzog Carl Theodor in Munich
    https://www.augenklinik-muenchen.de/en/entropion-surgery
    Scarring in the eyelid region can also exert traction on the eyelid. If the scars are on the outside, the result is often a so-called ectropion, an eyelid that is turned outwards. Scarring on the inside of the eyelid pulls the edge of the eyelid inwards so that an entropion occurs. Possible causes are, for example, eye injuries, strong allergic reactions or a more severe conjunctivitis. […] A purely conservative therapy is usually not successful. It is possible to temporarily protect the eye with contact lenses or to lift the lower lid from the eye with a plaster bandage. However, permanent relief is not possible with these methods because the malposition of the eyelids is not corrected. […] Entropion surgery is almost always unavoidable for rolled eyelids. An entropion does not regress spontaneously.
  • #45 Entropion surgery (eyelid turned inward) | Eye Clinic Herzog Carl Theodor in Munich
    https://www.augenklinik-muenchen.de/en/entropion-surgery
    Even with more pronounced malpositions, we usually achieve good results with an entropion operation. […] During entropion surgery, the position of the eyelid is corrected using various surgical techniques. The exact procedure depends on what has caused the entropion and what keeps the eyelid in its curled position. Often the edge of the lower lid is tightened and so-called traction sutures are placed to turn the lower lid outwards. […] An optimal eyelid position is not always achieved by entropion surgery. This is especially true in cases where the entropion has been present for a very long time. Therefore, it is always advisable to have inwardly turned eyelids treated as early as possible.
  • #46 Entropion Surgery | Face And Eye
    https://www.faceandeye.co.uk/eyelid-surgery/eyelid-surgery/entropion-surgery/
    A lower eyelid entropion is an eyelid malposition in which the lower eyelid margin is turned inwards against the globe causing discomfort from contact between the eyelashes and the surface of the eye. An entropion is usually involutional (age-related) and the majority are therefore seen in older patients. […] In the case of an acute spastic entropion, the treatment is directed to the provoking stimulus e.g. in growing eyelashes, blepharitis, dry eye. […] The surgical procedures that are commonly used to manage this eyelid problem are: Lower lid everting sutures, Lower lid retractor advancement with a lateral tarsal strip procedure. […] Everting sutures have been commonly regarded as a temporary form of treatment but many patients achieve a permanent result with the sutures alone. […] For all other patients, a lower eyelid retractor advancement combined with a lateral tarsal strip procedure is performed in the operating theatre.
  • #47 Entropion Surgery | Face And Eye
    https://www.faceandeye.co.uk/eyelid-surgery/eyelid-surgery/entropion-surgery/
    A lower eyelid entropion is an eyelid malposition in which the lower eyelid margin is turned inwards against the globe causing discomfort from contact between the eyelashes and the surface of the eye. An entropion is usually involutional (age-related) and the majority are therefore seen in older patients. […] In the case of an acute spastic entropion, the treatment is directed to the provoking stimulus e.g. in growing eyelashes, blepharitis, dry eye. […] The surgical procedures that are commonly used to manage this eyelid problem are: Lower lid everting sutures, Lower lid retractor advancement with a lateral tarsal strip procedure. […] Everting sutures have been commonly regarded as a temporary form of treatment but many patients achieve a permanent result with the sutures alone. […] For all other patients, a lower eyelid retractor advancement combined with a lateral tarsal strip procedure is performed in the operating theatre.
  • #48 Entropion Surgery | Face And Eye
    https://www.faceandeye.co.uk/eyelid-surgery/eyelid-surgery/entropion-surgery/
    A lower eyelid entropion is an eyelid malposition in which the lower eyelid margin is turned inwards against the globe causing discomfort from contact between the eyelashes and the surface of the eye. An entropion is usually involutional (age-related) and the majority are therefore seen in older patients. […] In the case of an acute spastic entropion, the treatment is directed to the provoking stimulus e.g. in growing eyelashes, blepharitis, dry eye. […] The surgical procedures that are commonly used to manage this eyelid problem are: Lower lid everting sutures, Lower lid retractor advancement with a lateral tarsal strip procedure. […] Everting sutures have been commonly regarded as a temporary form of treatment but many patients achieve a permanent result with the sutures alone. […] For all other patients, a lower eyelid retractor advancement combined with a lateral tarsal strip procedure is performed in the operating theatre.
  • #49
    https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2019/08160/mini_incisional_entropion_repair_for_correcting.22.aspx
    Entropion is as an eyelid malposition marked by an inward turning of the eyelid margin that results in ocular irritation, discharge, erythema, and tearing. Involutional entropion is the most common form of entropion, and it frequently requires surgical repair. The classic triad known to cause involutional entropion is dehiscence of the lower lid retractors, horizontal lid laxity of the tarsus and canthal tendon, and overriding of the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle. Methods for correcting involutional entropion aim at addressing the underlying factors. Among them, dehiscence or attenuation of the lower lid retractors could be the primary cause of involutional entropion, and thus reinforcement of the lower lid retractors is important surgical step. […] We have described a novel surgical technique for involutional entropion correction using transconjunctival buried sutures that enable the engaging and advancement of the lower lid retractors in the inferior tarsal plate border. This method is effective at repairing inverted eyelid with minimal injury to the eyelid tissue.
  • #50 Combined pentagonal resection and inferior retractor plication in involutional entropion | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text
    https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-018-0986-9
    Involutional entropion occurs due to aging and can cause irritation to the cornea and patients often present with discharge, discomfort, foreign body sensation and blurred vision in more severe cases. Several mechanisms can either independently, or in combination contribute to its pathogenesis. This includes eyelid horizontal laxity, inferior retractor dehiscence, overriding of the preseptal over the pretarsal orbicularis, weakening of the orbital septum, tarsal plate atrophy and enophthalmos. […] The mechanisms of entropion and its surgical outcomes may therefore also differ. […] In our study, we describe a new approach based on Hills procedure in involutional entropion with documented eyelid laxity in the Chinese population. […] In the PR+IRP technique, an important step other than shortening the eyelid and plicating the inferior retractor, is addressing the orbital fat pad, orbicularis oculi muscle and skin which also produces a vertical vector in preventing internal rotation. The herniated fat is excised, and the orbicularis muscle shortened, preventing further fat protrusion. This may explain its effectiveness in the Asian population.
  • #51 Turning Inward
    https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/turning-inward1
    Characterized as the inward turning of the eyelid margin, entropion occurs in up to 2.4% of people over 60 years of age. The inward turning of the eyelid margin causes the eyelashes to come into contact with the corneal and conjunctival surfaces, resulting in irritation. This resulting secondary trichiasis, if left untreated, can lead to chronic ocular surface disease and subsequent keratinization of the cornea. […] Entropion pathogenesis is multifactorial and consists of overriding of the preseptal orbicularis muscle, disinsertion of the lower eyelid retractors, increased horizontal laxity of the tarsus and canthal tendons, scarring from prior surgeries, radiation and trauma. […] Entropion can be classified as involutional, spastic, congenital or cicatricial. Of these, only involutional and spastic apply to this article.
  • #52 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology
    https://www.ekjo.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.3341/kjo.2013.27.6.405
    The higher success rate of surgical procedures, which are comprised of all of the main etiological factors, also supports this assumption. […] The cosmetic results of a procedure should also be taken into consideration in order to choose the most appropriate approach, and cosmetic results may be as important as surgical results in oculoplastic surgery. […] The LTS procedure more physiologically corrects lateral canthal tendon laxity than eyelid resections. […] In conclusion, our combined procedure is a useful technique and results in a high success and low recurrence rate. The combined procedure addresses the three major causative factors in involutional entropion and allows the surgeon to perform the surgery using a small incision which is buried in skin stress lines.