Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Entropion | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155448/

  Entropion can be caused by: […] Muscle weakness. As you age, the muscles under your eyes tend to weaken, and the tendons stretch out. This is the most common cause of entropion. […] Scars or previous surgeries. Skin scarred by chemical burns, trauma or surgery can distort the normal curve of the eyelid. […] Eye infection. An eye infection called trachoma is common in many developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Pacific Islands. It can cause scarring of the inner eyelid, leading to entropion and even blindness. […] Inflammation. An irritation of the eye caused by dryness or inflammation can lead you to try to relieve the symptoms by rubbing the eyelids or squeezing them shut. This can lead to a spasm of the eyelid muscles and a rolling of the edge of the lid inward against the cornea (spastic entropion). […] Developmental complication. When entropion is present at birth (congenital), it may be caused by an extra fold of skin on the eyelid that causes turned-in eyelashes.

• #2 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  Entropion is an inward turning of the eyelid margin and appendages such that the pilosebaceous unit and mucocutaneous junction are directed posteriorly towards the cornea and ocular surface. […] Involutional entropion is due to a combination of causative factors: loss of horizontal lid support with canthal tendon laxity; disinsertion, atrophy or dehiscence of lower lid retractors; overriding of the preseptal over pretarsal orbicularis oculi; loss of vertical lid support with tarsal atrophy; and orbital fat atrophy leading to enophthalmos that allows inversion of the lid margin. […] Histologic examination of tarsal plates in patients with involutional entropion showed degenerated and disorganized collagen fibers with abnormal elastogenesis. […] This shift in fiber population is associated with increased horizontal eyelid laxity, and tarsal atrophy has been associated with entropion.

• #2 Entropion: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Surgery

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17880-entropion

  Entropion causes your eyelid to turn inward. This can cause eye irritation and redness. […] There are three characteristics of an eyelid with entropion: eyelid looseness (laxity), eyelid retractor disinsertion and excessively strong eyelid closing muscles which cause your eyelid to turn in rather than out. Lower eyelid laxity is common in people over the age of 60 because their eyelid supports weaken with age. Other causes of an in-turned eyelid include: Eye injury, Infection, Previous eye surgery, Inflammatory conditions, Scarring, due to any of the above. […] Aging is the biggest risk factor for entropion. Its most common in people over 60 years old. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, it affects about 2.1% of people over the age of 60. […] People with sleep apnea may be at greater risk of developing entropion, as they tend to have excessively loose upper eyelids (floppy eyelid syndrome), which are prone to turning in on themselves.

• #3 Entropion: Types, Surgery, Prognosis, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-entropion-5186015

  Entropion is a condition in which the eyelid, usually the lower one, turns inward toward the eye. […] The cause of entropion depends on the type. For example, age-related entropion happens as the eyelid muscles become weakened and the tendons of the eyelids get loose. […] Other possible causes include: blinking forcefully, eyelid spasms, other eye conditions (such as dry eye or blepharitis), scarring, surgery, trauma to the eye, and infection with trachoma, a bacterial disease that is rare in North America and Europe. […] The most common type of entropion occurs in people over the age of 60. The older a person gets, the more likely they are to develop entropion. It occurs in about 2% of people over the age of 60, and in 11% of people over the age of 80. […] Involutional, or age-related entropion: Age-related entropion is the most common type. The connections between eyelid structures get looser as a person ages, making it more likely that the muscles of the lower lid will turn inward.

• #3 Entropion – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470352/

  Entropion can be caused by horizontal eyelid laxity, attenuation or disinsertion of eyelid retractors, overriding by the preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle, previous surgeries, infection, inflammation, or congenital origins. […] Involutional changes are the most common etiology of entropion. […] Infection, irritation, and inflammation are the primary causes of acute spastic entropion. […] Tarsoconjunctival contracture causes Cicatricial entropion. […] Any mechanism that results in increased scar tissue formation can put an individual at risk for forming a cicatricial entropion. […] Some common risk factors are the following: prior burns, trauma, infection, or inflammation.

• #4 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Ocular foreign-body sensation and conjunctival injection are two very common patient presentations. One possible cause of these symptoms is entropion, or an inward turning of the eyelid margin. Entropion can have an involutional, spastic, cicatricial, or congenital cause. […] Involutional entropion occurs as a result of age-related changes to the eyelids. There is typically no underlying pathology in this type of entropion. The main cause is laxity of the lower eyelid horizontally. […] Spastic entropion is closely related to involutional entropion, because it primarily occurs in patients with early involutional changes to the eyelid. The actual entropion is caused by irritation or inflammation of the eyelid in these patients, most frequently after surgery to the eyes or eyelids, particularly surgery that results in eyelid edema.

• #5 Entropion – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Entropion

  Orbital fat content and overall volume decreases with age or after trauma, producing enophthalmos. […] Elderly and Asian patients have increased anterior protrusion of orbital fat, which creates a force vector acting on the lower lid that predisposes for entropion. […] Spastic entropion is thought by some to be a subset of involutional entropion often intermittent, and may be a precursor to persistent lower eyelid malposition. […] Cicatricial entropion results from chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis, scarring and shortening of the posterior lamella. […] Cicatricial entropion may also be the result of trauma and can be iatrogenic from surgery or radiation therapy. […] Due to its progressive nature and difficulty in managing the underlying condition, cicatricial entropion is considered the most difficult type of entropion to treat. […] Congenital entropion is a rare condition in which the lower lid margin is rotated inward since birth.

• #6 Entropion: Etiology, Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Consultant360

  https://www.consultant360.com/article/consultant360/ophthalmology/entropion-etiology-classification-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Cicatricial entropion occurs when scarring of the eyelid causes shrinkage of the posterior lamella, often occurring secondary to disease. The most common cause of these changes is trachoma, which is also a leading cause of blindness worldwide. […] Congenital entropion is a very rare condition. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the medical literature. It can be caused by a number of factors, including defects in the tarsal plate structure, shortened posterior lamella, or an eyelid retractor dysgenesis. […] Entropion, or the inward turning of the eyelid margin, can cause foreign-body sensation, tearing, pain, photophobia, redness, and even corneal scarring leading to permanent vision loss.

• #7 Entropion | Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://patient.info/eye-care/watering-eyes-epiphora/entropion

  An entropion occurs where an eyelid turns inwards towards your eye. This causes the eyelashes to rub against the front of your eye (the cornea). […] In the UK, entropion mainly occurs in older people, associated with weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid. The main cause of entropion worldwide is trachoma. This is a common infection in tropical countries, which affects the front of the eye. This can lead to scarring and disruption to the eyelid, which makes it turn inwards. […] Less common causes include scarring (from eye infections, trauma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome or chemical damage) or muscle spasm (spasticity). Rarely, you can be born with a defect that causes the eyelid to turn inwards.

• #8 Entropion. What is it and how is it treated? | ICR

  https://icrcat.com/en/eye-conditions/entropion/

  Entropion is usually associated with tissue aging. However, there are different causes depending on the type of entropion: […] Involutional entropion is associated with weakening of the lower eyelid muscle of the eye as a result of aging. […] Congenital entropion is caused by genetic and birth problems. […] Cicatricial entropion is due to the formation of a scar caused by a burn, trauma or inflammation that may be non-infectious or infectious such as viral, bacterial or trachoma. […] Spastic entropion is due to muscle contraction. […] Congenital entropion is due to genetic problems, so it can be inherited. However, the vast majority are not hereditary and there are other factors that cause entropion such as age, burns or scars.

• #9 Entropion Repair | OC Eyelids, Dr. Ira Vidor

  https://oceyelids.com/services/reconstructive/entropion-repair/

  Cicatricial entropion occurs when the scarring on the inside of the eyelid causes it to rotate in. […] This may be due to prior surgery, trauma, burns, chemical injuries, infections, certain types of medications, and some inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. […] Mechanical entropion is a condition in which excess tissue rotates the eyelid inward. […] The most common type of mechanical entropion occurs is when excess skin of fatty tissue in the lower eyelid pushes the eyelids in. […] Mechanic entropion can also be caused by a tumor that turns the eyelid in. […] Spasm of the muscle that closes the eye (the orbicularis) can cause the lower eyelid to rotate in. […] This condition is called spastic entropion. […] It can occur due to neurologic or spastic disorders such as blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, due to eye irritation, and sometimes occurs after eye surgery.

• #10 Entropion: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001008.htm

  Entropion can be present at birth (congenital). […] In older people, the condition is most often caused by a spasm or weakening of the muscles surrounding the lower part of the eye. […] Another cause can be trachoma infection, which can lead to scarring of the inner side of the lid. This is rare in North America and Europe. However, trachoma scarring is one of the three leading causes of blindness in the world. […] Risk factors for entropion are: Aging, Chemical burn, Infection with trachoma.

• #11 A Clinical Guide to Entropion

  https://eyesoneyecare.com/resources/clinical-guide-to-entropion/

  Entropion can be defined as the inward movement of the eyelid margin; this most often occurs from eyelid laxity. […] Progressive age-related changes can lead to loss of adequate tone and laxity, which are structural changes characteristic of entropion. Its prevalence increases with age and is more common in women. […] The development of entropion can occur from involutional, cicatricial, spastic, or congenital etiologies. […] Involutional entropion is the most common form of entropion and appears in advancing age, especially in patients who are 60 years and older. […] Age-related changes most commonly leading to the development of involutional entropion include horizontal lower eyelid laxity, disinsertion or attenuation of the eyelid retractor muscles and capsulopalpebral fascia, and vertical eyelid instability resulting from overriding of the preseptal orbicularis muscle.

• #12 7 Leading Causes of Ectropion and Entropion – Jeffrey M. Joseph

  https://www.ococuloplastic.com/7-leading-causes-of-ectropion-and-entropion/

  Neurological conditions that affect muscle control and coordination can also contribute to ectropion and entropion. Conditions like multiple sclerosis, stroke, or other disorders that impact facial muscle function may result in eyelid abnormalities. The lack of proper muscle tone can cause the eyelid to droop outward in ectropion or to fold inward in entropion. Comprehensive neurological evaluation is essential for individuals presenting with eyelid issues linked to these disorders. […] The presence of tumors or abnormal growths near the eyelids can alter their position and function. Benign tumors, such as cysts or lipomas, can physically push the eyelid outwards. While these tumors look bad, they are easy to treat when spotted right away. The longer you let your skin issues go untreated, the more serious they can become for you and your health.

• #13 Entropion in Cats | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/eyes/c_ct_entropion

  Entropion is an abnormal inward rolling of the upper or lower eyelids, causing abnormal, painful friction with the surface of the eye. […] Any cat can have entropion; however short-nosed breeds, such as Himalayan and Persian cats, have an increased likelihood for the condition. […] There are three main causes of entropion in cats: […] Congenital means present at birth, and is usually noticed around two weeks of age, when the eyes open for the first time. This is an uncommon form of entropion in cats. […] Anatomical, or developmental entropion, is also rare in cats. This type occurs more often with brachycephalic, or short-nosed breeds, and purebred Himalayan or Persians. […] Researchers have also found this type of entropion in cats with a special hyper-elastic connective tissue condition, called Ehlers-Danlos, in which the tissue stretches abnormally.

• #14 7 Leading Causes of Ectropion and Entropion – Jeffrey M. Joseph

  https://www.ococuloplastic.com/7-leading-causes-of-ectropion-and-entropion/

  Inflammatory skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema, can cause ectropion or entropion if they occur close to the eyes. These conditions usually cause the eyelid skin to become swollen, irritated, and more prone to changes in positioning. This inflammation can lead to ectropion by making the skin lax and less able to hold its shape. Without proper treatment, chronic inflammation can cause the eyelid to contract, leading to an inward fold and entropion. […] Some individuals are born with anatomical predispositions that increase the likelihood of developing ectropion or entropion. Congenital conditions that affect the development of facial muscles and structures can lead to eyelid malposition from birth. Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage these conditions and prevent further complications.

• #15 Diagnosis and Treatment of Entropion | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-entropion/

  Entropion of the eyelid occurs when the lid margin inverts or turns against the eyeball. […] The two most important causes of involutional entropion are horizontal lid laxity and disinsertion or laxity of the lower eyelid retractors. […] The history and physical examination show the etiology of entropion to be either lax tissues (seen with involutional and spastic entropion types) or shortening of the posterior lamellar tissues (seen with cicatricial and marginal entropion types). […] Laxity of the lower lid retractors is the primary cause of involutional entropion. […] For many years, enophthalmos was considered to be an etiologic factor in involutional entropion. This has been disproven. […] Cicatricial entropion is caused by shortening of the posterior lamella, which pulls the eyelid margin inward. […] Any problem that causes scarring of the conjunctiva may cause a cicatricial entropion. […] In most patients with cicatricial entropion, the conjunctival scarring is easy to see and the etiology is obvious.

• #16 Unraveling the Mystery of Entropion: Its Causes, Signs, and Remedies – Conlon Eye Institute

  https://conloneyeinstitute.com/understanding-entropion-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment/

  Entropion is an eyelid condition that occurs when the eyelid margin turns inward, causing the eyelashes to rub against the eye and resulting in discomfort and potential vision impairment. […] Entropion has four distinct types, each requiring a different course of treatment. […] Involutional entropion is the most common type, typically affecting older adults due to age-related tissue changes. […] Spastic entropion is caused by muscle spasms of the orbicularis oculi, typically resulting from local irritation, infection, or ocular surgery. […] Cicatricial entropion is a consequence of chronic inflammation leading to scarring and shortening of the posterior lamella, making it difficult to treat. […] Congenital entropion is an uncommon condition occurring at birth, with unclear causes but hypothesized to be a result of a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

• #17 Entropion — ACVO Public

  https://www.acvo.org/common-conditions-1/2018/2/2/entropion

  Entropion has many causes. In young patients, entropion usually has a genetic, or breed related etiology. Several breeds of dogs have an increased incidence of entropion, including Chinese Shar Peis, Chow Chows, and the Labrador Retriever. […] Other causes of entropion include ocular discomfort, intraocular inflammation, systemic dermatologic conditions, infectious eyelid and conjunctival diseases, and scarring of the eyelids due to trauma or injury.

• #18 Entropion in Dogs – Veterinary Vision Center

  https://veterinaryvisioncenter.com/entropion-in-dogs/

  Entropion is a condition in which the eyelid rolls inward, causing the eyelashes and surrounding hair to rub against the dog’s sensitive cornea. […] Entropion can be genetic or secondary to another issue. […] Entropion is genetic in short-nosed breeds, giant breeds, and sporting breeds. […] In some breeds, such as the Shar pei and Cavalier King Charles spaniel, selective breeding for skull formation, facial skin folds, and prominent eyes has increased the occurrence of entropion. […] Entropion can also be caused by eyelid scarring, nerve damage, infection, and excessive weight loss.

• #19

  https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/doc/?id=4952708&pid=19239

  Entropion is an uncomfortable or painful condition in which the eyelids roll inward, allowing the eyelashes (or other hair) to rub against the cornea and irritate it. The upper and/or lower eyelids can be involved, and the condition can occur in either one eye or both. […] While any dog can have entropion, there is often a genetic factor. When caused by genetics, entropion can be seen well before a dog’s first birthday. Predisposed breeds include the Boxer, Bull Mastiff, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, English bulldog, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Irish Setter, Labrador Retriever, Poodle, Pug, Chinese Shar Pei, Springer Spaniel, and St. Bernard. Selective breeding for specific traits (e.g., skull formation, skin folds on the face, and prominent eyes) are thought to be contributing factors to genetic causes, but are most likely not the only genetic base. Selective breeding may have simply exaggerated entropion in breeds that were already prone to it. […] Entropion can also occur as a secondary condition, i.e., as a result of scarring in the eyelid, infection, corneal spasms and pain, trauma, or nerve damage. Sometimes entropion occurs after the eyelids lose their normal neurologic function.

• #20 Entropion in Dogs: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/eyes/entropion-dogs-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Entropion in dogs is usually a hereditary condition that develops in growing dogs. […] Occasionally, a dog can develop entropion secondary to something irritating their eye. […] For example, dogs with corneal ulcers can have spasms of the eyelids that result in entropion. […] In some cases, scarring of the eyelids from old injuries can also cause the eyelids to roll inward, resulting in hairs rubbing on the cornea.

• #21 Entropion in dogs – PDSA

  https://www.pdsa.org.uk/pet-help-and-advice/pet-health-hub/conditions/entropion-in-dogs

  Entropion can develop for many reasons, including: […] Certain pedigree dogs are more likely to suffer from entropion because of excessive skin around their eyes and nose. Breeds most affected include the Shar Pei, Chow-Chow, St Bernard, Bulldog, and Pug. […] Painful eyes often sink back into the eye socket, which in turn, can cause the eyelids to turn inwards. […] Skin problems, especially chronic problems can sometimes cause thickening of the skin around the eyes and lead to entropion. Its important to get skin problems under control before they get severe enough to cause complications such as entropion. […] Dogs can develop saggy skin with age, just like us! Saggy eyelids are likely to roll inwards. Age related entropion is very common in Cocker Spaniels. […] Occasionally, weight loss can lead to saggy skin around the eyes and entropion. […] Injuries, surgery and any other type of damage to the eyelid can occasionally cause entropion.

• #22 Entropion in Cats | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/eyes/c_ct_entropion

  There are three general types of acquired, or secondary, entropion in cats. […] Spastic entropion is the most common type of entropion in cats. This type is secondary to any other painful eye (ocular) disease, such as corneal ulcers, eye pain, or dry eye, that cause involuntary ocular muscle spasms and subsequent inward rolling of the eyelid. […] Cicatricial entropion is uncommon in cats and happens when the eyelid is damaged or swollen causing an abnormal rubbing of the eye. […] Involutional entropion occurs most often in senior cats and involves the loss of the fat pad behind the eye. The loss of fat causes the eye to sink inwards and allows the lid to roll.

• #23 Entropion in Cats, South Florida Vets

  https://www.animaleyeguys.com/site/blog/2023/08/21/entropion-cats

  Entropion can occur in either the upper or lower eyelids, but it is most common in the lower eyelids in cats. […] While any cat breed can potentially develop entropion, certain breeds are more prone to the condition. […] Entropion in young cats is primarily caused by chronic squinting from eye infections. This is known as spastic entropion. […] Entropion in elderly cats occurs due to the eye sinking deeper into the socket because of fat and muscle loss behind the eye. […] Cats that are brachycephalic, meaning they have short noses and bulgy, can develop entropion related to this facial conformation. […] Entropion can also be a developmental condition seen in young, un-neutered male cats of the larger cat breeds, such as Maine Coons.

• #24

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