Choroba zastawki płucnej – Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba zastawki płucnej
Etiologia i przyczyny

Choroba zastawki płucnej obejmuje zarówno wrodzone, jak i nabyte zaburzenia funkcji zastawki między prawą komorą a tętnicą płucną, prowadzące do utrudnienia przepływu krwi i niedotlenienia tkanek. Wrodzone wady, takie jak stenoza, niedomykalność, atrezja oraz brak zastawki płucnej, stanowią większość przypadków i często współistnieją z innymi wadami serca (np. tetralogia Fallota) lub zespołami genetycznymi (Noonan, Williams, Alagille). Ryzyko dziedziczenia wynosi około 3,6% u potomstwa i 2-3% u rodzeństwa. Nabyte przyczyny to m.in. infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia, gorączka reumatyczna, nadciśnienie płucne (prowadzące do niedomykalności), powikłania po operacjach kardiochirurgicznych, zespół rakowiaka (z zajęciem zastawki płucnej w 88% przypadków), choroby autoimmunologiczne, kiła, schorzenia tkanki łącznej (np. zespół Marfana), leki serotoninergiczne, urazy, radioterapia oraz proces starzenia.

Patofizjologia zależy od typu wady: stenoza powoduje zwężenie i wzrost oporu w odpływie prawej komory, skutkując jej przerostem; niedomykalność prowadzi do wstecznego przepływu krwi i przeciążenia objętościowego prawej komory, co może skutkować jej niewydolnością; atrezja zastawki płucnej całkowicie blokuje przepływ, wymagając krążenia obocznego. Diagnostyka i leczenie muszą uwzględniać etiologię i mechanizmy choroby, a wczesne rozpoznanie jest kluczowe dla poprawy rokowania. Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na monitorowanie pacjentów po operacjach wrodzonych wad serca oraz na identyfikację i leczenie przyczyn nabytych, takich jak nadciśnienie płucne czy infekcje, aby zapobiec progresji niewydolności prawej komory.

Etiologia choroby zastawki płucnej

Przyczyny wrodzone
Przyczyny nabyte

Patofizjologia choroby zastawki płucnej
Podsumowanie

Kolejne rozdziały

Etiologia choroby zastawki płucnej

Choroba zastawki płucnej to schorzenie dotyczące zastawki między prawą komorą serca a tętnicą płucną, która transportuje krew do płuc. Zaburzenia funkcji tej zastawki mogą prowadzić do utrudnienia przepływu krwi do płuc, co opóźnia dostarczanie tlenu do tkanek, komórek i narządów organizmu¹². Etiologia choroby zastawki płucnej jest złożona i może wynikać z różnych przyczyn, które można podzielić na wrodzone i nabyte.

Przyczyny wrodzone

Większość przypadków choroby zastawki płucnej ma charakter wrodzony, co oznacza, że pacjent urodził się z tą wadą¹². Wady wrodzone zastawki płucnej są najczęstszą przyczyną problemów z tą zastawką i stanowią zdecydowaną większość wszystkich przypadków¹². Występują one w wyniku nieprawidłowego rozwoju zastawki płucnej w okresie płodowym, zwykle w pierwszych ośmiu tygodniach ciąży¹².

W przypadku wrodzonych wad zastawki płucnej, może ona być nieprawidłowo ukształtowana, mieć nieprawidłową liczbę płatków, lub płatki mogą być niewłaściwie połączone¹. Dokładna przyczyna tych nieprawidłowości często pozostaje nieznana, jednak czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać rolę w ich rozwoju¹².

Do wrodzonych typów choroby zastawki płucnej należą:

Stenoza zastawki płucnej (zwężenie) – najczęstszy typ, w którym zastawka nie otwiera się prawidłowo, co ogranicza przepływ krwi z prawej komory do płuc¹²
Niedomykalność zastawki płucnej – gdy zastawka nie zamyka się prawidłowo, pozwalając na wsteczny przepływ krwi z tętnicy płucnej do prawej komory¹
Atrezja zastawki płucnej – ciężka wada wrodzona, w której zastawka płucna nie formuje się prawidłowo, zamiast niej tworzy się lita warstwa tkanki, co uniemożliwia przepływ krwi do płuc¹²
Brak zastawki płucnej – wada wrodzona, w której płatki zastawki są niedorozwinięte lub ich brakuje, powodując zarówno stenozę, jak i niedomykalność¹

Wrodzone choroby zastawki płucnej mogą wystąpić jako izolowane wady lub w połączeniu z innymi wadami wrodzonymi serca, takimi jak tetralogia Fallota¹. Zespoły genetyczne związane z chorobą zastawki płucnej obejmują:

Zespół Noonan – zaburzenie genetyczne, w którym stenoza zastawki płucnej jest częstym powikłaniem sercowym¹²
Zespół Williams – zespół genetyczny, który może powodować stenozę zastawki płucnej¹²
Zespół Alagille – zaburzenie genetyczne, które może obejmować różne wady serca, w tym stenozę zastawki płucnej¹

Ryzyko wystąpienia choroby zastawki płucnej u potomstwa rodzica z tą wadą wynosi około 3,6%, a częstość nawrotów u rodzeństwa wynosi 2-3%¹.

Przyczyny nabyte

Chociaż większość przypadków choroby zastawki płucnej ma charakter wrodzony, może ona również rozwinąć się w późniejszym życiu jako powikłanie innych chorób¹². Nabyte przyczyny choroby zastawki płucnej obejmują:

Infekcje

Infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia – zakażenie wewnętrznej wyściółki serca i zastawek serca, które może uszkodzić zastawkę płucną. Ryzyko jego wystąpienia zwiększa dożylne stosowanie narkotyków¹²³
Gorączka reumatyczna – może wystąpić po nieleczonej infekcji paciorkowcowej (np. anginie paciorkowcowej) i prowadzić do bliznowacenia zastawki serca. Jest to najczęstsza przyczyna choroby zastawek na świecie, chociaż w Stanach Zjednoczonych jest rzadsza, ponieważ większość infekcji paciorkowcowych jest wcześnie leczona antybiotykami¹²³
Różyczka (odra niemiecka) – infekcja u matki podczas ciąży zwiększa ryzyko stenozy zastawki płucnej u dziecka¹²

Choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego

Nadciśnienie płucne – jest najczęstszą przyczyną niedomykalności zastawki płucnej. Może wynikać z pierwotnego nadciśnienia płucnego lub być wtórne do innych schorzeń, takich jak przewlekła choroba zakrzepowo-zatorowa płuc, POChP, choroby śródmiąższowe płuc, bezdech senny czy niewydolność lewej komory serca¹²³
Powikłania po operacji tetralogii Fallota – najczęstszej wrodzonej siniczej wady serca, która dotyka około 2700 niemowląt rocznie tylko w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Po chirurgicznej naprawie tej wady, u większości pacjentów często występuje znacząca niedomykalność płucna¹²
Poszerzenie pierścienia zastawki płucnej – może wystąpić w wyniku nadciśnienia płucnego lub zespołu Marfana, prowadząc do niedomykalności zastawki¹²
Powikłania po zabiegach kardiochirurgicznych – takich jak walwotomia/walwektomia płucna lub balonowa walwuloplastyka płucna wykonywane w celu leczenia przeszkody w drodze wypływu prawej komory¹²
Procedura Rossa – polegająca na umieszczeniu autograftu płucnego w miejscu chorej zastawki aortalnej, często wykonywana w przypadku wrodzonej choroby zastawki aortalnej¹

Choroby układowe

Zespół rakowiaka – rzadkie schorzenie związane z guzami rakowiaka, które wydzielają serotonię i mogą uszkadzać zastawki serca. U pacjentów z przerzutami rakowiaka do wątroby, choroba rakowiaka serca może wpływać na serce nawet w 60% przypadków. Wśród 74 pacjentów z zespołem rakowiaka, u których stwierdzono chorobę rakowiaka serca w badaniu echokardiograficznym, zastawka płucna była dotknięta w 88% przypadków¹²
Choroby autoimmunologiczne – takie jak toczeń, reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów i twardzina mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju choroby zastawki płucnej¹²
Kiła – może prowadzić do uszkodzenia zastawki płucnej¹
Schorzenia tkanki łącznej – takie jak zespół Marfana¹²

Inne czynniki

Leki – znacząca niedomykalność płucna może być spowodowana przez leki wpływające na szlaki serotoninergiczne, takie jak metysergid, pergolid i fenfluramina¹²³
Uraz – w tym urazy po zabiegach cewnikowania serca lub po cewniku Swana-Ganza¹²
Radioterapia – ekspozycja na wysokie dawki promieniowania, zwłaszcza w okolicy klatki piersiowej, może prowadzić do uszkodzenia zastawek serca¹²
Krańcowa niewydolność nerek – stan, w którym nerki przestają prawidłowo funkcjonować, a organizm zatrzymuje płyny¹
Proces starzenia się – może prowadzić do degeneracji zastawki i odkładania się złogów wapnia na zastawkach serca, powodując ich sztywnienie lub pogrubienie i zmniejszenie wydajności z wiekiem¹²

Patofizjologia choroby zastawki płucnej

Patofizjologia choroby zastawki płucnej zależy od jej typu. W przypadku stenozy zastawki płucnej, dochodzi do zwężenia lub obstrukcji zastawki, co utrudnia przepływ krwi z prawej komory do tętnicy płucnej. To powoduje zwiększone obciążenie pracą prawej komory, która musi generować wyższe ciśnienie, aby pokonać opór zwężonej zastawki¹. Z czasem prowadzi to do przerostu mięśnia prawej komory¹.

W przypadku niedomykalności zastawki płucnej, nieszczelna zastawka pozwala na wsteczny przepływ krwi z tętnicy płucnej do prawej komory podczas rozkurczu. To powoduje przeciążenie objętościowe prawej komory, co może prowadzić do jej rozszerzenia i ostatecznie do niewydolności prawej komory serca¹².

Atrezja zastawki płucnej, będąca najcięższą formą choroby zastawki płucnej, charakteryzuje się całkowitym brakiem przepływu krwi z prawej komory do tętnicy płucnej. Krew musi znaleźć alternatywne drogi do płuc, zwykle poprzez przewód tętniczy lub krążenie oboczne¹.

Podsumowanie

Etiologia choroby zastawki płucnej jest złożona i obejmuje zarówno przyczyny wrodzone, jak i nabyte. Wrodzone wady zastawki płucnej stanowią najczęstszą przyczynę, a ich dokładna przyczyna często pozostaje nieznana, choć czynniki genetyczne mogą odgrywać rolę. Nabyte przyczyny obejmują infekcje, takie jak infekcyjne zapalenie wsierdzia i gorączka reumatyczna, choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego, w tym nadciśnienie płucne i powikłania po operacji tetralogii Fallota, choroby układowe, takie jak zespół rakowiaka i choroby autoimmunologiczne, oraz inne czynniki, w tym leki, urazy i radioterapię¹²³.

Zrozumienie różnorodnych przyczyn choroby zastawki płucnej jest kluczowe dla właściwej diagnostyki, leczenia i zapobiegania powikłaniom tego schorzenia. Wczesne wykrycie i odpowiednie leczenie mogą znacznie poprawić rokowanie u pacjentów z tą chorobą¹.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease is any issue that keeps this specific heart valve from working the way it should. […] A problem with your pulmonary valve makes it harder for your blood to travel to your lungs, which delays getting oxygen to your tissues, cells and organs. […] Causes of pulmonary valve disease vary by condition. […] Many cases of pulmonary stenosis have an unknown cause, but some may be due to several genetic disorders or a mother having rubella during pregnancy. […] These causes may include pulmonary hypertension, endocarditis, rheumatic fever or certain heart issues present at birth or their treatments. […] Many cases of atresia have unknown causes, but atresia causes include changes in a fetus genes or exposure to something harmful in the environment or in something ingested during pregnancy.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Structural Heart | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI
https://www.henryford.com/services/structural-heart/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease occurs when the valve doesnt open or close properly. The two types of this valve disease are: […] Causes of pulmonary valve disease […] Pulmonary valve disease is more uncommon than aortic valve or mitral valve disease, especially in adults. Disease in the pulmonary valve can be: […] Congenital pulmonary valve disease: Someone with this condition was born with a pulmonary valve problem. Most forms of pulmonary stenosis are congenital and are most often diagnosed in childhood. […] Acquired pulmonary valve disease: This condition develops later in life from damage to the heart.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. The majority of pulmonary valve problems occur as the result of congenital heart disease but the pulmonary valve may rarely be damaged as result of infection (eg, infective endocarditis) or as a result of disease (eg, carcinoid disease, Marfan’s syndrome or pulmonary hypertension). […] Congenital disease represents the majority of all pulmonary valve problems. […] Pulmonary regurgitation may also occur secondary to a dilated pulmonary valve ring due to pulmonary hypertension or Marfan’s syndrome. […] Significant pulmonary regurgitation may also be caused by primary pulmonary hypertension, secondary pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis (rare, but may occur in an intravenous drug user or with an atrial septal defect and a large left-to-right intracardiac shunt), rheumatic heart disease, carcinoid heart disease, Marfan’s syndrome and a few medications (eg, methysergide, pergolide).
#1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital
https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis occurs due to improper development of the pulmonary valve in the first eight weeks of fetal growth. Most of the time, this heart defect occurs by chance, with no clear reason for its development.
#1
https://www.beaumont.org/services/heart-vascular/common-diseases-of-the-heart-valves
Heart valve disease may be present at birth (congenital). It can also occur in adults due to many causes and conditions, such as infections and other heart conditions. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease including congenital, age-related conditions, infection or injury. […] Congenital valve defects can involve valves that are either the wrong size, have leaflets that arent properly formed, have leaflets that didnt attach properly, or have the wrong number of leaflets like bicuspid aortic valve disease. […] Illness and injury that can cause valve disease: Rheumatic fever, Infective endocarditis.
#1 Pulmonic valve stenosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001096.htm
Pulmonic stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves the pulmonary valve. […] Narrowing of the pulmonary valve is most often present at birth (congenital). It is caused by a problem that occurs as the baby develops in the womb before birth. The cause is unknown, but genes may play a role. […] The defect may occur alone or with other heart defects that are present at birth. The condition can be mild or severe. […] Pulmonic stenosis is a rare disorder. In some cases, the problem runs in families.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital
https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease narrows the pulmonary valve and affects the critical flow of blood to the lungs. It can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and potentially heart failure. Many of our patients are born with primary congenital pulmonary valve disease. Other patients develop a form of the disease after birth. […] Pulmonary valve disease can present in several ways: Pulmonary atresia, a congenital heart defect (CHD) that causes the pulmonary valve to not form properly; Pulmonary valve stenosis, a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve; Pulmonary valve regurgitation, when the pulmonary valve doesn’t close properly, allowing blood to reenter the right ventricle; Absent pulmonary valve, a CHD in which the valve has underdeveloped or missing leaflets and causes pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation. […] The disease and its presentations can also be associated with: Truncus arteriosus; Aortic valve disease and complications from the Ross procedure; Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS); Endocarditis involving the pulmonary valve.
#1 Pulmonary Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557564/
Pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart defects, particularly tetralogy of Fallot, are the leading causes of a dysfunctional pulmonary valve resulting in regurgitation. Less frequently observed causes of pulmonary regurgitation encompass infective endocarditis, carcinoid syndrome, and rheumatic fever. […] Primary pulmonary hypertension primarily contributes to pulmonary regurgitation in adults, arising from various causative factors. Secondary or functional pulmonary regurgitation develops in individuals with a structurally normal pulmonary valve but who exhibit severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and dilation of the pulmonary artery. […] Tetralogy of Fallot, characterized by obstruction of right ventricle outflow, ventricular septal defect, right ventricle hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta, represents the most prevalent form of cyanotic congenital heart disease globally. This condition is estimated to affect around 2700 infants annually in the United States alone. After surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, most patients often have significant residual pulmonary regurgitation.
#1 Pulmonary valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350654
Infection of the lining of the heart and heart valves, also called endocarditis. This condition can damage the pulmonary valve. IV drug misuse makes a person more likely to get endocarditis. […] Noonan syndrome. This condition is caused by changes in genes. Pulmonary valve stenosis is a common heart complication seen in people with Noonan syndrome.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] PVS isnt a disease; its an abnormality that usually happens during the hearts development. Doctors don’t know the exact cause of PVS, but it isn’t caused by anything a mother did or didn’t do during her pregnancy. […] Some known causes of PVS include: Rubella infection of the mother during pregnancy can cause PVS in the baby […] Williams syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes a child developmental delays, can also cause PVS.
#1
https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/
A genetic disorder that can cause multiple congenital anomalies, including pulmonary valve stenosis. […] Conditions such as Williams syndrome and Alagille syndrome, which can include a range of heart defects including pulmonary valve stenosis. […] Previous heart surgeries or procedures involving the pulmonary valve can lead to scarring and subsequent stenosis. […] An infection of the inner lining of the heart, including the heart valves, which can cause damage and stenosis over time.
#1 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview
Pulmonary valve stenosis is primarily due to maldevelopment of the pulmonary valve tissue and the distal portion of the bulbus cordis, which is characterized by fusion of leaflet commissures, resulting in a thickened and domed appearance of the valve. […] Although familial forms of pulmonary stenosis are described, it is generally considered to be multifactorial in origin. […] Rates of recurrence in siblings are on the order of 2-3%. […] The prevalence of pulmonary stenosis in the offspring of a parent with pulmonary stenosis is 3.6%. […] Aberrant flow patterns in utero may also be partly associated with maldevelopment of the pulmonary valve.
#1 Pulmonary valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350654
Pulmonary valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. It affects the valve between the heart’s lower right chamber and the artery that delivers blood to the lungs. That artery is called the pulmonary artery. The valve is called the pulmonary valve. […] Usually, pulmonary valve disease is caused by a heart condition that develops before birth, called a congenital heart defect. But pulmonary valve disease may happen later in life as a complication of another illness. […] Things that can raise the risk of pulmonary valve disease are: A heart condition that you’re born with, also called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects affect the shape of the pulmonary valve and how it works. […] German measles, also called rubella. Having German measles during pregnancy increases the risk of pulmonary valve stenosis in the baby.
#1
https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease
Most often pulmonary valve disease is congenital, meaning you were born with it. Doctors arent always sure why the valve doesnt develop properly in the womb. […] Occasionally, certain infections like rheumatic fever, which can happen with an untreated strep throat, can damage the heart valve and lead to pulmonary valve disease.
#1 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation (PR, also called pulmonic regurgitation) is a leaky pulmonary valve. This valve helps control the flow of blood passing from the right ventricle to the lungs. A leaky pulmonary valve allows blood to flow back into the right ventricle before it gets to the lungs for oxygen. […] The most common causes for a leaky pulmonary valve is pulmonary hypertension. […] Less common causes are: Infective endocarditis, Complications after surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot, Carcinoid syndrome, Rheumatic fever and complications after catheterization (rare causes in the United States). […] Treatment is usually focused on the underlying cause that created the valve problem (i.e., pulmonary hypertension). The pulmonary valve very rarely needs to be replaced.
#1 Pulmonic or pulmonary regurgitation: What does it involve?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pulmonic-regurgitation
Pulmonic valve disease, due, for instance, to: congenital factors, heart valve surgery, endocarditis, heart cancer, the use of certain drugs, such as methysergide (Deseril) and fenfluramine (Fintepla), rheumatic heart disease. […] Enlargement of part of the valve mechanism called the annulus due to: pulmonary hypertension, Marfan syndrome, repair of a heart defect present at birth known as tetralogy of Fallot; in some cases, there is no identifiable reason.
#1 Pulmonary Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557564/
This regurgitation frequently arises as a consequence of surgical valvotomy/valvectomy or balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty performed to address right ventricle outflow tract obstruction as part of the management of conotruncal abnormalities. […] Rheumatic disease rarely affects the pulmonary valve, and when it does, there is a consistent association with rheumatic involvement of other cardiac valves. […] In patients with liver metastasis from carcinoid disease, carcinoid heart disease can impact the heart in up to 60% of cases, often presenting as a valvular disease. Among a group of 74 patients with carcinoid syndrome who had carcinoid heart disease demonstrated by echocardiography, the pulmonary valve was affected in 88% of individuals. […] Significant pulmonary regurgitation can occur as a result of medications that affect serotoninergic pathways, such as methysergide, pergolide, and fenfluramine.
#1 Pulmonic Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553136/
The causes of pulmonic regurgitation can be categorized as follows: […] By far, the most common cause of pulmonic regurgitation is the dilation of the valve ring. […] Pulmonic valve disease can be congenital, postvalvotomy (iatrogenic), due to endocarditis, carcinoid, post-Ross procedure (pulmonary autograft for aortic valve disease), or drugs like methysergide, pergolide, and fenfluramine. […] The etiology of pulmonic regurgitation mainly determines the history. […] In pulmonic regurgitation secondary to pulmonary hypertension, the clinical picture is dominated by the primary lung disease or the high pulmonary vascular resistance rather than the volume load. […] The Ross procedure is a pulmonary autograft placement in place of the diseased aortic valve, a common procedure in congenital aortic valve disease. […] Despite major advances in tetralogy of Fallot repair in the past few decades, many patients experience several complications secondary to postsurgical hemodynamic and electrophysiological abnormalities.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease
https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/
In pulmonary valve disease, the pulmonary valve may not be closing properly (regurgitation), may be narrowed (stenosis), or may be missing since birth (atresia). […] Pulmonary valve disease may be caused by a heart defect present at birth (congenital). However, other conditions, traits or habits may also raise your risk for the disease. […] Other conditions that contribute to development of pulmonary valve disease: Rheumatic fever, Autoimmune Disease: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body (e.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma), Trauma from injury, End-Stage Renal Disease: A condition in which your kidneys have stopped working well and your body retains fluid.
#1 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-overview
Acquired conditions that alter pulmonic valve morphology include the following: Rheumatic heart disease, Trauma from a Swan-Ganz catheter, Complications related to therapeutic balloon catheter dilation of a stenotic pulmonic valve, Complications of surgical repair of pulmonic stenosis or congenital heart disease, Syphilis infection, Carcinoid heart disease. […] These include complete absence of the pulmonic valve and valvular abnormalities (eg, fenestrations or redundant leaflets).
#1 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms and Causes – Stony Brook Medicine Health News
https://health.stonybrookmedicine.edu/heart-valve-disease-symptoms-and-causes/
Endocarditis: Endocarditis is a bacterial infection that inflames the hearts inner lining, potentially damaging valves. […] High blood pressure and heart disease: These issues can increase stress on the heart and contribute to valve deterioration. […] Radiation therapy: Previous radiation treatment to the chest can lead to long-term valve damage.
#1 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
Congenital heart valve disease is malformations of the heart valves. The most commonly affected valve with a congenital defect is a bicuspid aortic valve. […] Other types of heart disease: Heart failure. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body. […] A heart attack (also known as myocardial infarction or MI), which can damage the muscles that control the opening and closing of the valve. […] Other causes for heart valve disease: Autoimmune disease, such as lupus. […] The aging process, which can cause calcium deposits to develop on the heart valves, making them stiff or thickened and less efficient with age.
#1 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health
https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis usually results from a heart problem present at birth. The exact cause is unclear. The pulmonary valve doesn’t develop properly as the baby is growing in the womb. […] In pulmonary valve stenosis, one or more of the cusps may be stiff or thick. Sometimes the cusps may be joined together. That means they are fused. So the valve doesn’t open fully. The smaller opening makes it harder for blood to leave the lower right heart chamber. Pressure increases inside the chamber. The increased pressure strains the heart. Eventually the lower right heart chamber wall gets thicker.
#1 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs
Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] At times, the pulmonary valve is small or hypoplastic (not developed properly), which leads to blockage. […] The thicker right ventricular muscle, known as hypertrophy, is rarely a problem. But it is a sign that valve obstruction exists. […] The type of treatment needed depends on the type of valve defect present. Often, the pulmonary valve is of normal size. The obstruction is due to the commissures or lines being stuck together. […] Open-heart surgical procedures are needed for more complex valves, when balloon dilation does not work. These valves may be blocked by thick and abnormal leaflet tissue. The width of the valve may be small in some cases.
#1 Pulmonary Valve Disease – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/
The pulmonary valve is a crucial contributor in maintaining the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. It is a semilunar valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery. Thus, any disease related to the pulmonary valve interrupts the blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The different pulmonary valve diseases are: […] Pulmonary atresia: It is a congenital condition in which a pulmonary valve is not formed. In this condition, a solid sheet of tissue restricts the blood flow from the right side of the heart. Thus, there is a shortage of blood that reaches the lungs to gain oxygen. […] Pulmonary valve regurgitation: In this condition of the pulmonary valve, the flaps of the pulmonary valve cant close tightly and cause leakage of blood back to the right ventricle. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis: In this condition of the pulmonary valve, the size of the valve reduces that impacts the blood flow. It reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs.
#1
https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease/
Pulmonary valve disease is a condition that affects the functioning of the pulmonary valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] Understanding the causes of this disease is crucial in order to effectively diagnose and treat patients. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of Pulmonary Valve Disease. […] One common cause is congenital heart defects, which occur when there are abnormalities in the structure of the heart from birth. In some cases, individuals may be born with a defective or narrow pulmonary valve, leading to problems with blood flow. […] Several factors contribute to an individual’s risk of developing pulmonary valve disease. One significant risk factor is congenital heart defects, where abnormalities in the structure or function of the heart are present at birth. Certain congenital conditions, such as Tetralogy of Fallot or Ebstein’s anomaly, can directly affect the pulmonary valve, increasing the likelihood of developing pulmonary valve disease later in life.
#2 Pulmonary valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350654
Pulmonary valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. It affects the valve between the heart’s lower right chamber and the artery that delivers blood to the lungs. That artery is called the pulmonary artery. The valve is called the pulmonary valve. […] Usually, pulmonary valve disease is caused by a heart condition that develops before birth, called a congenital heart defect. But pulmonary valve disease may happen later in life as a complication of another illness. […] Things that can raise the risk of pulmonary valve disease are: A heart condition that you’re born with, also called a congenital heart defect. Some congenital heart defects affect the shape of the pulmonary valve and how it works. […] German measles, also called rubella. Having German measles during pregnancy increases the risk of pulmonary valve stenosis in the baby.
#2
https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease
Most often pulmonary valve disease is congenital, meaning you were born with it. Doctors arent always sure why the valve doesnt develop properly in the womb. […] Occasionally, certain infections like rheumatic fever, which can happen with an untreated strep throat, can damage the heart valve and lead to pulmonary valve disease.
#2 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | American Heart Association
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis, also called PS, is caused by a narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening. PS restricts blood flow from the lower right chamber (ventricle) to the pulmonary arteries, which deliver blood to the lungs. Itâs most commonly the result of a congenital heart defect. However, rarely PS can develop as a result of infections such as rheumatic fever or carcinoid syndrome. […] Pulmonary stenosis, which is rare among adults, is usually caused by a birth defect, also called a congenital heart defect. Moderate to severe PS is most often diagnosed during childhood due to the loud heart murmur associated with the condition.
#2 Pulmonic valve stenosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001096.htm
Pulmonic stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves the pulmonary valve. […] Narrowing of the pulmonary valve is most often present at birth (congenital). It is caused by a problem that occurs as the baby develops in the womb before birth. The cause is unknown, but genes may play a role. […] The defect may occur alone or with other heart defects that are present at birth. The condition can be mild or severe. […] Pulmonic stenosis is a rare disorder. In some cases, the problem runs in families.
#2 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview
Pulmonary valve stenosis is primarily due to maldevelopment of the pulmonary valve tissue and the distal portion of the bulbus cordis, which is characterized by fusion of leaflet commissures, resulting in a thickened and domed appearance of the valve. […] Although familial forms of pulmonary stenosis are described, it is generally considered to be multifactorial in origin. […] Rates of recurrence in siblings are on the order of 2-3%. […] The prevalence of pulmonary stenosis in the offspring of a parent with pulmonary stenosis is 3.6%. […] Aberrant flow patterns in utero may also be partly associated with maldevelopment of the pulmonary valve.
#2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis is when the pulmonary valve does not open properly or wide enough. […] Doctors dont know the exact cause of pulmonary valve stenosis. The pulmonary valve in a fetus may fail to develop properly during pregnancy. The disease may also have a genetic component. […] Adults can also experience the condition as a complication of an illness that affects the heart. Conditions that can have pulmonary valve stenosis as a complication include rheumatic fever and carcinoid tumors in the digestive system.
#2 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital
https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease narrows the pulmonary valve and affects the critical flow of blood to the lungs. It can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and potentially heart failure. Many of our patients are born with primary congenital pulmonary valve disease. Other patients develop a form of the disease after birth. […] Pulmonary valve disease can present in several ways: Pulmonary atresia, a congenital heart defect (CHD) that causes the pulmonary valve to not form properly; Pulmonary valve stenosis, a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve; Pulmonary valve regurgitation, when the pulmonary valve doesn’t close properly, allowing blood to reenter the right ventricle; Absent pulmonary valve, a CHD in which the valve has underdeveloped or missing leaflets and causes pulmonary valve stenosis and regurgitation. […] The disease and its presentations can also be associated with: Truncus arteriosus; Aortic valve disease and complications from the Ross procedure; Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS); Endocarditis involving the pulmonary valve.
#2 Pulmonary Stenosis
https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Pulmonary_Stenosis_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas
Pulmonary valve stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) is one type of heart valve disease. It develops when the flaps of the pulmonary valve become thick, fused, or stiff over time. The valve canât open all the way, so not enough blood can get through the lungs. […] These are some of the causes of pulmonary stenosis. […] Congenital (present at birth). This is the most common cause of pulmonary stenosis. It can occur if your mother had German measles (rubella) during her pregnancy. […] Rheumatic fever. If untreated, strep throat or other infections with the strep bacteria can damage a heart valve (rheumatic heart disease). […] Other causes. Pulmonary stenosis is more common in people who have Noonanâs or carcinoid syndromes.
#2 Pulmonary valve stenosis causes – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis_causes
Causes in Alphabetical Order include Alagille syndrome, Amyloidosis, Bicuspid pulmonic valves, Blalock-Taussig shunt, Carcinoid syndrome, Cardiac myxoma, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, Congenital heart disease, Congenital rubella syndrome, Congenitally corrected transposition of great arteries, Costello syndrome, Crohn’s disease, Double-chambered right ventricle, Ebstein’s anomaly, Eisenmenger syndrome, Endocarditis, Endomyocardial fibrosis, Infective endocarditis, Ivemark syndrome, Keutel syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Neonatal lupus, Noonan syndrome, Rheumatic fever, Rheumatic heart disease, Right ventricular tumors, Tetralogy of Fallot, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, Williams syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
#2 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Structural Heart | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI
https://www.henryford.com/services/structural-heart/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease
Pulmonary valve disease occurs when the valve doesnt open or close properly. The two types of this valve disease are: […] Causes of pulmonary valve disease […] Pulmonary valve disease is more uncommon than aortic valve or mitral valve disease, especially in adults. Disease in the pulmonary valve can be: […] Congenital pulmonary valve disease: Someone with this condition was born with a pulmonary valve problem. Most forms of pulmonary stenosis are congenital and are most often diagnosed in childhood. […] Acquired pulmonary valve disease: This condition develops later in life from damage to the heart.
#2 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
Heart valve disease is when any valve in the heart has damage or is diseased. There are several causes of valve disease. […] There are several causes of heart valve disease, including congenital conditions (being born with it), infections, degenerative conditions (wearing out with age), and conditions linked to other types of heart disease. […] Rheumatic disease can happen after an infection from the bacteria that causes strep throat is not treated with antibiotics. The infection can cause scarring of the heart valve. This is the most common cause of valve disease worldwide, but it is much less common in the United States, where most strep infections are treated early with antibiotics. It is, however, more common in the United States among people born before 1943. […] Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by a severe infection in the blood. The infection can damage the heart valve. Intravenous drug use can also lead to endocarditis and cause heart valve disease.
#2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] PVS isnt a disease; its an abnormality that usually happens during the hearts development. Doctors don’t know the exact cause of PVS, but it isn’t caused by anything a mother did or didn’t do during her pregnancy. […] Some known causes of PVS include: Rubella infection of the mother during pregnancy can cause PVS in the baby […] Williams syndrome, a genetic disorder that causes a child developmental delays, can also cause PVS.
#2 Pulmonary Regurgitation – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557564/
Pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart defects, particularly tetralogy of Fallot, are the leading causes of a dysfunctional pulmonary valve resulting in regurgitation. Less frequently observed causes of pulmonary regurgitation encompass infective endocarditis, carcinoid syndrome, and rheumatic fever. […] Primary pulmonary hypertension primarily contributes to pulmonary regurgitation in adults, arising from various causative factors. Secondary or functional pulmonary regurgitation develops in individuals with a structurally normal pulmonary valve but who exhibit severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and dilation of the pulmonary artery. […] Tetralogy of Fallot, characterized by obstruction of right ventricle outflow, ventricular septal defect, right ventricle hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta, represents the most prevalent form of cyanotic congenital heart disease globally. This condition is estimated to affect around 2700 infants annually in the United States alone. After surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, most patients often have significant residual pulmonary regurgitation.
#2 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-overview
Tetralogy of Fallot, especially with congenital absence of the pulmonary valve, or postoperative following surgical repair of this condition (eg, pulmonary valvotomy), commonly cause significant PR. […] In rare cases, infective endocarditis results in significant PR. It may occur in an intravenous/injection drug user or in an individual with an atrial septal defect and a large left-to-right intracardiac shunt. […] In rheumatic heart disease leading to significant PR, the pulmonary valve is affected following mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valve involvement. […] Disorders that dilate the pulmonic valve ring to create valvular incompetence are the most common cause of PR and include primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension, dilatation of the pulmonary trunk in Marfan syndrome or Takayasu arteritis, and idiopathic causes.
#2 Neotia Getwel:Understanding Pulmonary Valve Disease: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
https://neotiagetwelsiliguri.com/blog-details/understanding-pulmonary-valve-disease-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options
Pulmonary valve disease can arise from various causes, each contributing to the malfunctioning of the valve. Some of the common causes include: […] Congenital heart defects can lead to a malformed pulmonary valve, such as a valve with fewer than the normal three leaflets (cusps) or one that is abnormally shaped. […] Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated strep throat or scarlet fever, caused by the streptococcus bacteria. […] Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. […] Carcinoid syndrome is a rare condition associated with carcinoid tumours, which can secrete substances that cause damage to the heart valves. […] Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. […] Other potential causes of pulmonary valve disease include ageing, which can lead to valve degeneration, as well as certain medications or radiation therapy that can damage the heart valves.
#2 About Heart Valve Disease | Heart Disease | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/heart-valve-disease.html
Congenital heart valve disease is malformations of the heart valves. The most commonly affected valve with a congenital defect is a bicuspid aortic valve. […] Other types of heart disease: Heart failure. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in your body. […] A heart attack (also known as myocardial infarction or MI), which can damage the muscles that control the opening and closing of the valve. […] Other causes for heart valve disease: Autoimmune disease, such as lupus. […] The aging process, which can cause calcium deposits to develop on the heart valves, making them stiff or thickened and less efficient with age.
#2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis and Regurgitation Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment at Emory Heart & Vascular
https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis
Pulmonary valve stenosis can be caused by: Birth defect (most cases) […] Pulmonary valve regurgitation may be caused by: Birth defect […] Endocarditis […] Genetic disorders, like Marfan syndrome […] Pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in your lungs) […] Rheumatic fever.
#2 Pulmonic or pulmonary regurgitation: What does it involve?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pulmonic-regurgitation
Pulmonic valve disease, due, for instance, to: congenital factors, heart valve surgery, endocarditis, heart cancer, the use of certain drugs, such as methysergide (Deseril) and fenfluramine (Fintepla), rheumatic heart disease. […] Enlargement of part of the valve mechanism called the annulus due to: pulmonary hypertension, Marfan syndrome, repair of a heart defect present at birth known as tetralogy of Fallot; in some cases, there is no identifiable reason.
#2 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-overview
Acquired conditions that alter pulmonic valve morphology include the following: Rheumatic heart disease, Trauma from a Swan-Ganz catheter, Complications related to therapeutic balloon catheter dilation of a stenotic pulmonic valve, Complications of surgical repair of pulmonic stenosis or congenital heart disease, Syphilis infection, Carcinoid heart disease. […] These include complete absence of the pulmonic valve and valvular abnormalities (eg, fenestrations or redundant leaflets).
#2 Heart Valve Diseases | Loma Linda University Health
https://lluh.org/conditions/heart-valve-diseases
Pulmonary valve disease can occur from 2 main types of problems: […] When the valve does not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. […] When the valve opening becomes narrowed, it limits the blood flow out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with more force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve. […] The causes of heart valve disease include: Changes in the heart valve structure because of aging, Coronary artery disease and heart attack, Heart valve infection (endocarditis), Birth defect, A sexually transmitted infection (syphilis), An inherited connective tissue disorder that makes the heart valve tissue (myxomatous degeneration) weak, Radiation, such as radiation therapy, aimed at the chest wall to treat lymphoma, Medicines, such as the now-banned diet pill, fenfluramine/phentermine, commonly called Fen-Phen. […] One cause of heart valve disease is coronary artery disease and heart attack.
#2 Pulmonic Valve Disorders | Heart & Vascular | Loyola Medicine
https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/heart-and-vascular/heart-vascular-conditions/valvular-disease/pulmonic-valve-disorders
Pulmonic valve disorders, also known as pulmonary valve disease, is a heart condition characterized by a dysfunctional pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve regulates blood flow between your right heart ventricle and your pulmonary artery and lungs. […] Pulmonic valve disorders are typically present at birth or develop during pregnancy. However, the heart tissue may be weakened or degenerated by aging, which can cause symptoms to develop. […] Severe health events, such as heart attack, lupus and/or radiation therapy for cancer, can also cause pulmonic valve tissue damage and disorders. Taking some medications, like methysergide, can also cause or lead to pulmonic valve symptoms. […] Other causes and risk factors include: Health disorders, such as syphilis and rheumatoid arthritis; Family history of pulmonic valve disorders; Bacterial endocarditis, or bacterial infection of the heart muscles; Rheumatic fever and inflammation.
#2 Pulmonic regurgitation – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pulmonic-regurgitation
Pulmonic regurgitation commonly occurs in normal individuals. Greater degrees of PR are caused by various disorders and can lead to right ventricular (RV) volume overload and right heart failure. […] The etiologies of PR can be classified into physiologic, primary, and secondary causes. Primary causes include iatrogenic, infectious (infective endocarditis), immune-mediated (rheumatic heart disease), systemic (carcinoid disease), and congenital. The most common cause of severe PR is iatrogenic, due to surgical valvotomy/valvectomy or balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty performed for RV outflow tract obstruction as a component of Tetralogy of Fallot repair or for congenital pulmonic valve stenosis. Other causes of severe PR include endocarditis and carcinoid.
#3 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms and Causes – Stony Brook Medicine Health News
https://health.stonybrookmedicine.edu/heart-valve-disease-symptoms-and-causes/
Pulmonary valve: Controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs; problems can make it harder for blood to reach the lungs for oxygen. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis: A narrowing of the pulmonary valve, making it harder for blood to flow from the heart to the lungs. […] Heart valve disease can be caused by factors including congenital conditions, infections and age-related degeneration. […] Common causes of heart valve disease include: Congenital heart defects: Some people are born with abnormally shaped or missing heart valves, leading to early valve problems. […] Aging and calcium buildup: Over time, valves can become stiff and thickened due to calcium deposits, leading to stenosis. […] Rheumatic fever: A complication of untreated strep throat, rheumatic heart disease can cause scarring and damage to heart valves.
#3 Comprehensive Pulmonary Stenosis Causes & Treatment Guide – CVG Cares Cardiology – CVG
https://cvgcares.com/conditions/causes-and-treatment-of-pulmonary-stenosis/
Pulmonary stenosis is a heart condition in which the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs, becomes narrow or blocked. […] Pulmonary stenosis occurs when the pulmonary valve, which controls blood flow from your heart to your lungs, becomes narrowed or obstructed. […] There are several possible causes of pulmonary stenosis, including: Congenital heart defects: Pulmonary stenosis can occur at birth due to abnormalities in the hearts development. […] Rheumatic fever: This condition, caused by a streptococcal infection, can damage the heart valves and lead to pulmonary stenosis. […] Scarring or inflammation of the pulmonary valve: Certain conditions, such as endocarditis (an infection of the inner lining of the heart) or lupus, can cause scarring or inflammation of the pulmonary valve, leading to stenosis.
#3 Pulmonic or pulmonary regurgitation: What does it involve?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pulmonic-regurgitation
Pulmonic regurgitation is not a disease but can result from various conditions, including lung disease, heart failure, and sickle cell disease. […] Pulmonic regurgitation usually results from an underlying condition, such as pulmonary hypertension or a heart defect a person was born with. […] Pulmonic regurgitation happens when the valve that allows blood to leave the heart and travel to the lungs becomes leaky. […] It can occur with the following conditions: Pulmonary hypertension and other diseases relating to the blood vessels that serve the lungs, such as: chronic thromboembolism of the lungs, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, or obstructive sleep apnea; idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension due, for instance, to left heart failure, aortic valve disease, or mitral valve disease; left heart disease due to sarcoidosis, sickle cell disease, or schistosomiasis.
#3 An Overview of Heart Valve Disease
https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-valve-disease
Other types of heart disease, such as: Heart failure, when your heart can’t pump enough blood and oxygen to support your other organs. […] Atherosclerosis of your aorta, when you have a buildup of fat, calcium, and cholesterol deposits on the inside of your aorta. […] Aortic aneurysm, when you have a ballooning where your aorta attaches to your heart. […] High blood pressure. […] Heart attack, which can damage the muscles that open and close your heart valves. […] Other conditions, such as: Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus […] Marfan syndrome, which is a connective tissue disease that can affect your heart valves. […] Exposure to high-dose radiation, which may lead to calcium deposits on the valve. […] The aging process, which can cause calcium deposits to develop on your heart valves, making them stiff or thickened and less efficient with age. […] Age-related valve disease, such as calcification due to aging or slow degeneration over time.
#3 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-overview
Significant pulmonary or pulmonic regurgitation (PR) occurs variably as a complication of various conditions. […] The most common causes for a leaky pulmonary valve is pulmonary hypertension or a congenital heart defect (most commonly tetralogy of Fallot). […] Less common causes of PR include the following: Infective endocarditis, Carcinoid syndrome, Complications following surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot, Rheumatic fever. […] Primary pulmonary hypertension occurs in approximately 1 per 500,000 cases. This diagnosis can be made only after all other causes have been excluded. Primary causes include iatrogenic, infective endocarditis, systemic (carcinoid disease), immune-mediated (rheumatic heart disease), and congenital heart disease. […] Secondary pulmonary hypertension (multiple causes) is the most common cause of pulmonic regurgitation in adults. Secondary or functional PR occurs in patients with normal pulmonic valve who have severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or pulmonary artery dilatation.