Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary valve disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease refers to conditions in which the pulmonary valve does not function normally. […] Symptoms of Pulmonary Stenosis: Mild pulmonary stenosis often doesn’t cause symptoms. As the narrowing increases, common heart symptoms may include: Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, particularly growing tired easily during physical activity, Fainting. […] Symptoms of Pulmonary Regurgitation: In general, pulmonary regurgitation does not cause noticeable symptoms in infants or children. As a child grows older, however, abnormal signs and symptoms may occur, including: Difficulty breathing and fatigue, especially during exercise, Sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations), Fainting during exercise or other activity, A heart murmur, Chest pain, such as squeezing, pressure or tightness, Swelling of the legs or feet, Dizziness, Bluish discoloration of the lips and nails (cyanosis).

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #4 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #5 Pulmonary valve disease | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease?content_id=CON-20155136

  The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups: Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present. Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms. Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe. Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms.

• #6 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Stages of Progression of Valvular Heart Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-clinical

  The American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) has four stages in its classification of progression of valvular heart disease (VHD), as follows: Stage A (at risk): Patients who have risk factors for developing VHD; Stage B (progressive): Patients with progressive VHD (mild to moderate severity and asymptomatic); Stage C (asymptomatic severe): Asymptomatic patients with criteria for VHD; C1 comprises asymptomatic patients with severe VHD and left (LV) or right ventricle (RV) compensation, whereas C2 consists of asymptomatic patients with severe VHD plus LV or RV decompensation; Stage D (symptomatic severe): Patients who are symptomatic due to VHD.

• #7 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: […] Chest pain. […] Fatigue. […] Lightheadedness. […] Shortness of breath. […] Inability to tolerate exercise. […] People with mild stenosis or regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia have difficulty breathing or eating, are very sleepy and have a blue tone to their skin (cyanosis). […] Your experience with pulmonary valve disease may be different from that of another person. Some people have mild symptoms and dont need surgery. Other people may need to have more than one pulmonary valve surgery in their lifetime. […] The outlook is good for people who have mild or moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation. For those with more severe disease, the outlook depends on how quickly they get treatment.

• #8 Pulmonary valve disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #9 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease

  Many people with heart valve disease dont have symptoms. But when the condition worsens over time, your heart beats harder to make up for the reduced blood flow. […] Heart valve disease symptoms may include: Fatigue (This may be your first symptom.) Increasing shortness of breath, especially with physical activity Palpitations (skipped beats or a flip-flop feeling in your chest) Edema (swelling of your ankles, feet or abdomen) Weakness or dizziness Quick weight gain Chest pain, especially when you exert yourself. […] If you have heart valve disease, youll have it for your whole life. But your experience of heart valve disease depends on the valve affected and the severity of the problem. […] Its important to follow up regularly with a healthcare provider to monitor the progression of your valve disease over time.

• #10

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease symptoms can range from none to mild to severe. Your doctor may hear a heart murmur when they listen to your heart, or you may feel: […] An irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) […] Chest pain […] Short of breath with activity […] Tired or weak […] Faint or dizzy.

• #11 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Structural Heart | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/structural-heart/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  You may experience few symptoms in the diseases early stages, or even none at all. As the valves condition declines, though, the heart must work harder to pump blood. At that point, you may notice symptoms such as: […] Difficulty breathing with activity (most common effect) […] Chest pain […] Reduced ability to exercise […] Fatigue and weakness […] Lightheadedness or fainting.

• #12 Concerned About Your Pulmonary Valve? | Pulmonary Valve Replacement

  https://pulmonaryvalvereplacement.com/concerned-about-pulmonary-valve

  Difficulty breathing or fatigue (especially during exercise) […] Chest pain, such as squeezing, pressure or tightness […] Sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) […] Swelling of the legs or feet […] Dizziness or fainting […] Too weak for normal activities […] Fever caused by infection of prosthetic valve […] Bluish discoloration of the nails and lips (cyanosis) […] Talk to your doctor if you experience any of these symptoms.

• #13 Concerned About Your Pulmonary Valve? | Pulmonary Valve Replacement

  https://pulmonaryvalvereplacement.com/concerned-about-pulmonary-valve

  Difficulty breathing or fatigue (especially during exercise) […] Chest pain, such as squeezing, pressure or tightness […] Sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) […] Swelling of the legs or feet […] Dizziness or fainting […] Too weak for normal activities […] Fever caused by infection of prosthetic valve […] Bluish discoloration of the nails and lips (cyanosis) […] Talk to your doctor if you experience any of these symptoms.

• #14 Pulmonary Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  Some people with pulmonary valve disease may not experience symptoms for many years. Signs and symptoms of pulmonary valve disease may include: […] Chest pain, pressure, discomfort or tightness. […] Lightheadedness/Fainting […] Fatigue after being active or having less ability to be active. […] Heart arrhythmias […] Heart murmur […] Shortness of breath […] Swelling of the ankles and feet.

• #15 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #16 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Many people with pulmonary stenosis have no symptoms. Others have mild symptoms that usually don’t become bothersome. In most cases of pulmonic stenosis, the doctor will hear a heart murmur. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen.

• #17 Pulmonary valve disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #18 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #19 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #20 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: […] Chest pain. […] Fatigue. […] Lightheadedness. […] Shortness of breath. […] Inability to tolerate exercise. […] People with mild stenosis or regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia have difficulty breathing or eating, are very sleepy and have a blue tone to their skin (cyanosis). […] Your experience with pulmonary valve disease may be different from that of another person. Some people have mild symptoms and dont need surgery. Other people may need to have more than one pulmonary valve surgery in their lifetime. […] The outlook is good for people who have mild or moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation. For those with more severe disease, the outlook depends on how quickly they get treatment.

• #21 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In some mild cases of valve stenosis, you might not notice symptoms at all. You may go for a routine check-up, and your doctor might find it when they listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary valve stenosis in babies may also manifest, though, in an obvious way: They may show some blue coloration (cyanosis). […] Some common symptoms of moderate pulmonary valve stenosis can include: Feeling tired or very short of breath after a short amount of exercise, Fast breathing and heart rate, A bluish color around the lips and fingertips, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in the hands and feet, legs, belly, or face, General fatigue. […] Sometimes, symptoms only present during exercise. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. If the symptoms are moderate to severe and are interfering with your quality of life, you might consider the following treatment options: Balloon valvuloplasty, Pulmonary valve replacement, Valvotomy.

• #22 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #23 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  When the valve between the heart and lungs is narrowed, blood flow slows. Know the symptoms of this type of valve disease and how it’s treated. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy.

• #24 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] An obstructed right ventricle outflow tract causes a pressure overload in the right ventricle. Pulmonary regurgitation leads to a volume overload and therefore to a dilation of the right ventricle. […] Both pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary regurgitation may be tolerated for long periods but the overload of the right ventricle has a progressively detrimental effect on right ventricular function. […] The symptoms of PS will vary with the severity of the stenosis. Mild PS may be asymptomatic. Shortness of breath. Chest pain. Fainting or exertional syncope. Sudden death. […] Long-term studies have demonstrated that pulmonary regurgitation may lead to progressive right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular dysfunction, exercise intolerance, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death.

• #25 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-regurgitation

  Pulmonary regurgitation (PR, also called pulmonic regurgitation) is a leaky pulmonary valve. This valve helps control the flow of blood passing from the right ventricle to the lungs. A leaky pulmonary valve allows blood to flow back into the right ventricle before it gets to the lungs for oxygen. […] There are usually no noticeable early symptoms. Signs that can be detected during a medical exam include a heart murmur. Eventually, the right ventricle can become enlarged. Rarely, these conditions can progress to heart failure, which can create more noticeable symptoms such as chest pain or discomfort, fatigue, lightheadedness or fainting.

• #26 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: […] Chest pain. […] Fatigue. […] Lightheadedness. […] Shortness of breath. […] Inability to tolerate exercise. […] People with mild stenosis or regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia have difficulty breathing or eating, are very sleepy and have a blue tone to their skin (cyanosis). […] Your experience with pulmonary valve disease may be different from that of another person. Some people have mild symptoms and dont need surgery. Other people may need to have more than one pulmonary valve surgery in their lifetime. […] The outlook is good for people who have mild or moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation. For those with more severe disease, the outlook depends on how quickly they get treatment.

• #27 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] The most common form of pulmonary stenosis is obstruction at the valve itself. This is called pulmonary valvar stenosis. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. Children with mild-to-moderate degrees of pulmonary valve stenosis have heart murmurs that are heard easily. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] Newborns with critical pulmonary stenosis will have cyanosis (blue discoloration of the lips and nail beds) due to lower oxygen levels in their blood.

• #28 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #29 Pulmonary regurgitation – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/474

  Pulmonary regurgitation is incompetency of the pulmonary valve, which results in leakage of blood from the pulmonary artery back into the right ventricle. […] Isolated pulmonary regurgitation is rarely symptomatic; however, large regurgitant volume in the presence of dilated right ventricle may be associated with exertional dyspnoea, easy fatigability, and intermittent chest pain. […] It gradually develops over many years and results in volume overload and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. […] The acquired form occurs from any secondary cause that leads to pulmonary regurgitation through increased pulmonary pressure secondary to left-sided failure, or after surgical intervention for tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary atresia. […] Other diagnostic factors include dyspnoea, decreased exercise tolerance, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, palpitations, fatigue, and signs of right-sided heart failure.

• #30 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] An obstructed right ventricle outflow tract causes a pressure overload in the right ventricle. Pulmonary regurgitation leads to a volume overload and therefore to a dilation of the right ventricle. […] Both pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary regurgitation may be tolerated for long periods but the overload of the right ventricle has a progressively detrimental effect on right ventricular function. […] The symptoms of PS will vary with the severity of the stenosis. Mild PS may be asymptomatic. Shortness of breath. Chest pain. Fainting or exertional syncope. Sudden death. […] Long-term studies have demonstrated that pulmonary regurgitation may lead to progressive right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular dysfunction, exercise intolerance, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death.

• #31 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #32 Pulmonic Valve Disorders | Heart & Vascular | Loyola Medicine

  https://www.loyolamedicine.org/services/heart-and-vascular/heart-vascular-conditions/valvular-disease/pulmonic-valve-disorders

  Signs and symptoms of pulmonic valve disorders vary with the type and cause of the disorder. For example, pulmonic valve disorders caused by bacterial endocarditis are often accompanied by a fever, while pulmonary valve stenosis may only be accompanied by mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. […] However, in either case, a heart murmur or abnormal heart rhythm may be heard during a routine heart exam. This and other signs and symptoms may be more noticeable during or immediately after exercise. […] In severe cases, signs and symptoms may include: Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting, Poor appetite, Failed weight gain or failure to thrive (in infants), Heart palpitations or flutters, Rapid weight gain (in adults), Heart attack. […] Pulmonic valve disorders are typically present at birth or develop during pregnancy. However, the heart tissue may be weakened or degenerated by aging, which can cause symptoms to develop.

• #33 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #34 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In some mild cases of valve stenosis, you might not notice symptoms at all. You may go for a routine check-up, and your doctor might find it when they listen to your heart with a stethoscope. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary valve stenosis in babies may also manifest, though, in an obvious way: They may show some blue coloration (cyanosis). […] Some common symptoms of moderate pulmonary valve stenosis can include: Feeling tired or very short of breath after a short amount of exercise, Fast breathing and heart rate, A bluish color around the lips and fingertips, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in the hands and feet, legs, belly, or face, General fatigue. […] Sometimes, symptoms only present during exercise. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. If the symptoms are moderate to severe and are interfering with your quality of life, you might consider the following treatment options: Balloon valvuloplasty, Pulmonary valve replacement, Valvotomy.

• #35 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

  https://scts.org/patients/congenital/procedures/34/pulmonary_valve_stenosis/

  Pulmonary valve stenosis ranges from mild and without symptoms to severe. Mild pulmonary stenosis doesn’t usually worsen over time, but moderate and severe cases may worsen and require surgery. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis signs and symptoms vary, depending on the extent of the obstruction. People with mild pulmonary stenosis usually don’t have symptoms. Those with more significant stenosis often may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis signs and symptoms may include: Heart murmur an abnormal whooshing sound heard using a stethoscope, caused by turbulent blood flow, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, especially during exertion, Chest pain, Loss of consciousness (fainting). […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the heart’s right ventricle must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. Pumping of the right ventricle against increased pressure causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken (right ventricular hypertrophy). Eventually, the heart becomes stiff and may weaken.

• #36 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

  https://scts.org/patients/congenital/procedures/34/pulmonary_valve_stenosis/

  If the right ventricle is unable to pump efficiently, heart failure develops. This results in swelling of the legs and abdomen and can cause fatigue and shortness of breath. […] People with pulmonary stenosis are more likely to have an irregular heartbeat. Unless the stenosis is severe, irregular heartbeats associated with pulmonary stenosis usually aren’t life-threatening.

• #37 Pulmonary valve stenosis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #38 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Its important to remember that although the valve may function normally after surgery, it will need to be monitored regularly, and precautions must be taken during some medical procedures. […] Complications can arise whether you’ve had corrective treatment or not. […] The heart muscle thickens. Because the heart has to work harder to pump blood, the walls of the heart can get thick. This can cause extra strain on the heart. […] Irregular heartbeat. Also known as arrhythmia, this can happen in people with valve stenosis. In severe cases, your doctor might recommend treatment. […] Heart failure. In severe cases, the heart could fail because it’s working extremely hard to pump blood, and not enough blood is going through it. […] Pregnancy complications. If you have pulmonary valve stenosis, it can interfere with your pregnancy. It depends on the severity of your case and how the health of your heart valve has been maintained.

• #39 Pulmonary valve stenosis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/pulmonary-valve-stenosis2/?section=Symptoms

  Balloon valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. However, the valve may narrow again. Some people need valve repair or replacement in the future. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the heart’s right ventricle must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken (right ventricular hypertrophy). […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and abdomen.

• #40 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-in-children

  Most children with pulmonary valve stenosis have no symptoms. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause the skin to have a bluish coloration (cyanosis), particularly of the lips, tongue, skin, and nail beds. Newborns and infants are more likely to have cyanosis than are older children. Older children with severe pulmonary stenosis are more likely to may have fatigue and/or shortness of breath with exertion due to heart failure of the right side of the heart. […] In most children with pulmonary valve stenosis, the valve is mildly to moderately narrowed, making the right ventricle pump a bit harder and at a higher pressure to propel blood through the valve. Severe narrowing increases pressure in the right ventricle and may limit the amount of blood that can reach the lungs. When pressure in the right ventricle becomes extremely high, the valve leading into the right ventricle may leak, forcing oxygen-poor blood back into the right atrium and then through a hole in the atrial wall (atrial septal defect), causing right-to-left shunting. In right-to-left shunting, oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart mixes with oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart. The more oxygen-poor blood (which is blue) that flows to the body, the bluer the body appears.

• #41 Pulmonary Regurgitation Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-regurgitation

  Mild cases of PR may present with no symptoms at all. For most, symptoms come on gradually and get worse over time. […] Symptoms may include: Difficulty breathing and fatigue, especially during exercise; Chest pain, such as squeezing, pressure or tightness; Sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations); Swelling of the legs or feet; Dizziness or fainting; Bluish discoloration of the nails and lips (cyanosis). […] Over time, this can cause the right ventricle to become damaged and lead to heart failure.

• #42 Pulmonary Regurgitation: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-regurgitation-5218003

  Pulmonary regurgitation can happen quickly but typically occurs slowly over time. Some pulmonary regurgitation symptoms include: […] Prognosis depends on the severity of the pulmonary regurgitation. For mild to moderate pulmonary regurgitation, there is no significant impact to survival rates. In severe pulmonary regurgitation, there tends to be increased strain on the right ventricle, which causes abnormal heart rhythms and right ventricle failure. Severe complications can lead to an increased risk of cardiac death. […] Treatment and prognosis both depend on the severity of the pulmonary regurgitation. Generally, when diagnosed early, treatment can prevent heart damage and lead to an optimistic prognosis.

• #43 Pulmonary regurgitation – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/474

  Pulmonary regurgitation is incompetency of the pulmonary valve, which results in leakage of blood from the pulmonary artery back into the right ventricle. […] Isolated pulmonary regurgitation is rarely symptomatic; however, large regurgitant volume in the presence of dilated right ventricle may be associated with exertional dyspnoea, easy fatigability, and intermittent chest pain. […] It gradually develops over many years and results in volume overload and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. […] The acquired form occurs from any secondary cause that leads to pulmonary regurgitation through increased pulmonary pressure secondary to left-sided failure, or after surgical intervention for tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary atresia. […] Other diagnostic factors include dyspnoea, decreased exercise tolerance, orthopnoea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, palpitations, fatigue, and signs of right-sided heart failure.

• #44 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-regurgitation

  Pulmonary regurgitation (PR, also called pulmonic regurgitation) is a leaky pulmonary valve. This valve helps control the flow of blood passing from the right ventricle to the lungs. A leaky pulmonary valve allows blood to flow back into the right ventricle before it gets to the lungs for oxygen. […] There are usually no noticeable early symptoms. Signs that can be detected during a medical exam include a heart murmur. Eventually, the right ventricle can become enlarged. Rarely, these conditions can progress to heart failure, which can create more noticeable symptoms such as chest pain or discomfort, fatigue, lightheadedness or fainting.

• #45 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Stages of Progression of Valvular Heart Disease

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-clinical

  Pulmonary or pulmonic regurgitation (PR) is seldom clinically significant. There are usually no early symptoms that would be noticed by the patient. Eventually, the lower right chamber of the heart can become enlarged and dysfunctional due to the valve problem or pulmonary hypertension. Rarely, this can progress to heart failure. […] Symptoms of right-sided heart failure can occur when the severity and duration of the regurgitation result in right ventricular (RV) enlargement and decompensation. Dyspnea on exertion is the most common complaint. Easy fatigability, light-headedness, peripheral edema, chest pain, palpitations, and frank syncope may occur in patients with any cause of right-sided heart failure and do little to elucidate its etiology. Patients who experience these symptoms may attribute them to poor physical fitness or anxiety, delaying evaluation until their condition worsens. In more advanced presentations of right-sided heart failure, abdominal distention secondary to ascites, right upper quadrant pain secondary to hepatic distention, and early satiety may occur.

• #46 Pulmonary Regurgitation: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pulmonary-regurgitation-5218003

  Pulmonary regurgitation can happen quickly but typically occurs slowly over time. Some pulmonary regurgitation symptoms include: […] Prognosis depends on the severity of the pulmonary regurgitation. For mild to moderate pulmonary regurgitation, there is no significant impact to survival rates. In severe pulmonary regurgitation, there tends to be increased strain on the right ventricle, which causes abnormal heart rhythms and right ventricle failure. Severe complications can lead to an increased risk of cardiac death. […] Treatment and prognosis both depend on the severity of the pulmonary regurgitation. Generally, when diagnosed early, treatment can prevent heart damage and lead to an optimistic prognosis.

• #47 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  When the heart squeezes, the lower right chamber (right ventricle) pumps blood out and into the pulmonary artery, which then takes blood to the lungs. The pulmonary valve (also known as the pulmonic valve) is between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary valve’s job is to prevent blood from leaking back into the heart between beats. […] Depending on the severity of the pulmonary stenosis, signs and symptoms may include: Fatigue, Blue or purple tint to lips, skin and nails (called cyanosis), A heart murmur (an extra heart sound when a doctor listens to your child’s heart with a stethoscope), Chest pain or fainting. […] All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. […] As your child grows, blood may begin to leak through the abnormal valve. This is called pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonic insufficiency. The blockage can also come back in some children. If this happens, cardiac catheterization can be repeated if there isn’t too much regurgitation. In severe cases, another surgery may be necessary.

• #48 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Stenotic Pulmonary Valve

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Treatment for people with moderate to severe disease is highly successful. For people who have pulmonary valve replacement surgery, it is possible to need another replacement in the future. It is also possible for valve problems to come back due to scar tissue and other issues. […] Anyone with pulmonary valve disease will need to see a cardiologist for their entire lives. This is necessary to monitor the disease and the success of treatment.

• #49 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  A challenge for some kids with pulmonary stenosis is that it can come back again after treatment. This can happen for different reasons, including scar tissue that forms after a procedure or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as kids get bigger. So some kids might need several procedures to keep the valve healthy. […] Because pulmonary stenosis can be a lifelong condition, kids who have the defect will need to see a cardiologist (a doctor who treats heart problems) regularly to make sure the narrowing isn’t getting worse.

• #50 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] The timing of which is often not urgent and driven by the echo findings and any symptoms that may be present in an older child. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #51 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  A challenge for some kids with pulmonary stenosis is that it can come back again after treatment. This can happen for different reasons, including scar tissue that forms after a procedure or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as kids get bigger. So some kids might need several procedures to keep the valve healthy. […] Because pulmonary stenosis can be a lifelong condition, kids who have the defect will need to see a cardiologist (a doctor who treats heart problems) regularly to make sure the narrowing isn’t getting worse.

• #52 Pulmonary stenosis | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/cardiac/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much the blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Signs and symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur (heard with a stethoscope), Being very tired and not keeping up with other children, Poor weight gain, Heart palpitations (sense of a rapid or irregular heartbeat), Shortness of breath, especially during activity, Chest pain, Fainting, Babies may have blue or grey skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Fast diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications, including infective endocarditis, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), thickening of the heart muscle walls (hypertrophy), and heart failure.

• #53 Heart Valve Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17639-what-you-need-to-know-heart-valve-disease

  Many people with heart valve disease dont have symptoms. But when the condition worsens over time, your heart beats harder to make up for the reduced blood flow. […] Heart valve disease symptoms may include: Fatigue (This may be your first symptom.) Increasing shortness of breath, especially with physical activity Palpitations (skipped beats or a flip-flop feeling in your chest) Edema (swelling of your ankles, feet or abdomen) Weakness or dizziness Quick weight gain Chest pain, especially when you exert yourself. […] If you have heart valve disease, youll have it for your whole life. But your experience of heart valve disease depends on the valve affected and the severity of the problem. […] Its important to follow up regularly with a healthcare provider to monitor the progression of your valve disease over time.

• #54 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  Some people with heart valve disease have no symptoms. Other people may have one or more symptoms. […] Common symptoms of heart valve disease are: feeling breathless, chest pain, feeling weak or dizzy, discomfort in your chest, swollen ankles and feet, being more tired than usual, a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck (known as palpitations). […] Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. […] If your valve disease is moderate or severe with no symptoms, you should have a check-up and echocardiogram every 6 to 12 months. […] If you start having new or worsening symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. This could mean your valve disease is getting worse.

• #55 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] If you have mild pulmonary valve stenosis without symptoms, you may only need occasional health checkups. […] If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. The type of procedure or surgery done depends on your overall health and the appearance of your pulmonary valve. […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. But the valve may narrow again. Some people need valve repair or replacement in the future.

• #56 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  Some people with heart valve disease have no symptoms. Other people may have one or more symptoms. […] Common symptoms of heart valve disease are: feeling breathless, chest pain, feeling weak or dizzy, discomfort in your chest, swollen ankles and feet, being more tired than usual, a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck (known as palpitations). […] Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. […] If your valve disease is moderate or severe with no symptoms, you should have a check-up and echocardiogram every 6 to 12 months. […] If you start having new or worsening symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. This could mean your valve disease is getting worse.

• #57 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  People with pulmonary stenosis often have no symptoms. However, if the condition is severe, symptoms may include: […] Turning blue, called cyanosis […] Rapid breathing […] Fainting […] Low energy […] Severity determines treatment. Patients with very mild obstruction and no symptoms may not require treatment. For others, pulmonary stenosis may need to be treated with a procedure called a valvuloplasty. This procedure is minimally invasive, which means it requires only a small incision. […] In adults with severe stenosis, the valve is often stiff and calcified, and treatment is more likely to include surgical replacement with either a manufactured valve or a valve from an animal, usually a pig. […] Most patients who have been treated surgically or with balloon valvuloplasty in childhood will have normal lives. They usually do not require continuous antibiotic treatment but it may be recommended for some people who have additional complications. The likelihood of requiring a repeat procedure is very low 5 percent at 25 years. However, it is recommended that all patients be evaluated by a cardiologist specializing in adult congenital heart disease at least once. At that time, an echocardiogram should be performed. Thereafter, yearly physical examinations are recommended with repeat echocardiogram should there be a change in the physical examination or new symptoms.

• #58 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] The timing of which is often not urgent and driven by the echo findings and any symptoms that may be present in an older child. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #59 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Newborns with these symptoms need treatment right away. […] Children past infancy may have these symptoms: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Cyanosis, Feeling short of breath when active, Having pain, pressure or tightness in their chest, Fainting or feeling weak or dizzy when active, Being more tired than normal. […] Some forms of pulmonary stenosis can become worse with time. Most children with this condition see a cardiologist for many years to check their health and treat any problems.

• #60 Heart valve disease – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/heart-valve-disease

  Some people with heart valve disease have no symptoms. Other people may have one or more symptoms. […] Common symptoms of heart valve disease are: feeling breathless, chest pain, feeling weak or dizzy, discomfort in your chest, swollen ankles and feet, being more tired than usual, a fluttering or pounding feeling in your chest or neck (known as palpitations). […] Symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. […] If your valve disease is moderate or severe with no symptoms, you should have a check-up and echocardiogram every 6 to 12 months. […] If you start having new or worsening symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor. This could mean your valve disease is getting worse.

• #61 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/p/pulmonary-stenosis-in-children.html

  In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider if they have symptoms such as: […] Breathing problems […] Fast heartbeat […] Feeling tired […] Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or belly (abdomen).

• #62 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorXDxLnrutJnIePhnEx6wOaUpD2QDRimkObIHS1jSxgCNT02TTq

  Pulmonary valve stenosis affects the bodys ability to get a proper supply of oxygenated blood. Most children do not exhibit any symptoms until adulthood. Some of the common symptoms associated with pulmonary valve stenosis include: Heart murmur […] Pulmonary valve stenosis can lead to sudden death in severe cases. Thus, it is vital to diagnose and provide proper treatment. In a few cases, symptoms may not show until stenosis becomes severe. […] Seek prompt medical care if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath or fainting. These symptoms may indicate that the condition is progressing.

• #63 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorXDxLnrutJnIePhnEx6wOaUpD2QDRimkObIHS1jSxgCNT02TTq

  Pulmonary valve stenosis affects the bodys ability to get a proper supply of oxygenated blood. Most children do not exhibit any symptoms until adulthood. Some of the common symptoms associated with pulmonary valve stenosis include: Heart murmur […] Pulmonary valve stenosis can lead to sudden death in severe cases. Thus, it is vital to diagnose and provide proper treatment. In a few cases, symptoms may not show until stenosis becomes severe. […] Seek prompt medical care if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath or fainting. These symptoms may indicate that the condition is progressing.

• #64 Pulmonary Stenosis Signs & Symptoms | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  If you have pulmonary valve stenosis, you might have no symptoms, or you might have one or more of the following: […] When the valve becomes too narrow, blood backs up. This can cause problems like irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), infection and heart failure. […] If you have any of these symptoms, talk to your primary care doctor as soon as possible. They may send you to a cardiologist for further evaluation and treatment. […] If you have mild to moderate pulmonary valve stenosis, you might not need treatment. Your doctor will monitor your condition. […] If you have more severe pulmonary valve stenosis, a team of RUSH experts including an imaging cardiologist, an interventional cardiologist and a cardiovascular surgeon will work together to assess your treatment options and talk through them with you.

• #65 What Are the First Signs of Heart Valve Problems?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/early-signs-of-heart-valve-problems

  Likewise, the severity of the symptoms does not necessarily correspond to the severity of the valve issue. You might have few or no symptoms and have a severe heart valve issue, or you might have significant symptoms and have a mild heart valve issue. […] While heart valve issues can exist for years before causing symptoms, let your doctor know if you experience unexplained fatigue, heart palpitations, or if you’re out of breath with routine activity.

• #66 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/p/pulmonary-stenosis-in-children.html

  In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider if they have symptoms such as: […] Breathing problems […] Fast heartbeat […] Feeling tired […] Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or belly (abdomen).

• #67 Heart Valve Disease – Pulmonary Valve Disease | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease.html

  Symptoms that may mean you need a new valve include: becoming tired or short of breath with activity, feeling tired, dizzy or too weak to do your normal activities, irregular heartbeats or the feeling that your heart is racing or pounding in your chest, and fainting or near fainting. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, talk with your heart doctor. Regular check-ups and testing can help determine how your pulmonary valve conduit is working.

• #68 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). […] Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity. […] The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #69 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: […] Chest pain. […] Fatigue. […] Lightheadedness. […] Shortness of breath. […] Inability to tolerate exercise. […] People with mild stenosis or regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] Babies with pulmonary atresia have difficulty breathing or eating, are very sleepy and have a blue tone to their skin (cyanosis). […] Your experience with pulmonary valve disease may be different from that of another person. Some people have mild symptoms and dont need surgery. Other people may need to have more than one pulmonary valve surgery in their lifetime. […] The outlook is good for people who have mild or moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation. For those with more severe disease, the outlook depends on how quickly they get treatment.

• #70 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). […] Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity. […] The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #71 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). […] Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity. […] The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #72 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis symptoms can vary based on the severity of the condition. Individuals with mild pulmonary stenosis may not show any symptoms. The most common and first recognized symptom is usually a heart murmur, which is a distinctive sound of the heart identified through a stethoscope. […] Common pulmonary stenosis signs include: Heart murmur, Trouble breathing, Fatigue, Chest discomfort or pain, Fainting. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis diagnosis typically occurs at or soon after birth. However, the condition can go unrecognized until adulthood. The most common way for pulmonary valve stenosis to be detected is for your doctor to hear a heart murmur during a routine medical exam. […] Children with moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis may require more intensive monitoring an even pulmonary valve repair through surgery. […] Pulmonary stenosis life expectancy and outcomes are optimistic. The earlier you get treatment, the better the outcomes.

• #73 Pulmonary valve disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #74 Pulmonary stenosis | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/cardiac/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much the blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Signs and symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur (heard with a stethoscope), Being very tired and not keeping up with other children, Poor weight gain, Heart palpitations (sense of a rapid or irregular heartbeat), Shortness of breath, especially during activity, Chest pain, Fainting, Babies may have blue or grey skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Fast diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications, including infective endocarditis, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), thickening of the heart muscle walls (hypertrophy), and heart failure.

• #75 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #76 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Stenotic Pulmonary Valve

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Treatment for people with moderate to severe disease is highly successful. For people who have pulmonary valve replacement surgery, it is possible to need another replacement in the future. It is also possible for valve problems to come back due to scar tissue and other issues. […] Anyone with pulmonary valve disease will need to see a cardiologist for their entire lives. This is necessary to monitor the disease and the success of treatment.

• #77 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. The type of procedure or surgery done depends on your overall health and the appearance of your pulmonary valve. […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. But the valve may narrow again. Some people need valve repair or replacement in the future. […] If balloon valvuloplasty isn’t an option, open-heart surgery or a catheter procedure may be done to replace the pulmonary valve.

• #78 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/pulmonary-stenosis-children

  Pulmonary stenosis varies according to how much of the blood flow is blocked. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis is likely to be quite ill and have clear symptoms. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms. They may get symptoms later in life. The blockage and symptoms can get worse over time. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. The more severe the stenosis, the more likely the child is to have symptoms. The most common symptoms may include: Hard or fast breathing, Bluish color around the lips or fingers that mean low oxygen levels (cyanosis), Shortness of breath, Feeling tired, especially with activity or exercise, Fast heart rate, Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or belly (abdomen), Fainting, Chest pain. […] If not treated, moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can cause complications. The right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the pulmonary valve or narrowed area. In time, the right ventricle becomes enlarged and is no longer able to handle the extra work. It fails to pump well (heart failure). Another complication can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications.

• #79 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] The timing of which is often not urgent and driven by the echo findings and any symptoms that may be present in an older child. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #80 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Most patients who have mild pulmonary stenosis are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients are generally those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis who typically experience dyspnea on exertion or associated fatigue, depending on the severity of the obstruction and cardiac compensatory reserve. […] Symptoms typically occur in moderate or severe cases, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue, whereas rare complications include angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] In rare cases, patients may experience angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves.

• #81 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  In children with mild degrees of pulmonary stenosis, it is common occurrence that the stenosis might improve over time. However, children with even mild pulmonary stenosis require lifelong follow-up as the pulmonary valve may become stiffer and therefore work less sometimes later on in adult life. […] The long-term outlook for children with this condition is excellent, whether they have required balloon angioplasty or surgical treatment. No medicines are required and a very small number of children may require further procedures later on in adult life. Children with treated pulmonary valve stenosis will require regular ongoing follow-up by a paediatric cardiologist.

• #82 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Most patients who have mild pulmonary stenosis are asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients are generally those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis who typically experience dyspnea on exertion or associated fatigue, depending on the severity of the obstruction and cardiac compensatory reserve. […] Symptoms typically occur in moderate or severe cases, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue, whereas rare complications include angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] In rare cases, patients may experience angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves.

• #83 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/Pulmonary%20Valve%20Stenosis/4508

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #84 Pulmonary Stenosis | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis-0

  Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary valve is underdeveloped and/or thickened or abnormal and does not open normally. The pulmonary valve is the opening that allows blood to flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs to collect oxygen. […] Pulmonary stenosis can range from mild to severe. It can also worsen over time. […] In babies with severe blockage, the heart may weaken over time. If untreated, heart failure can occur. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis can include: Cyanosis, a blue tint to the baby’s skin, lips or nails indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood; Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia); Breathing difficulties; Fatigue; Fluid retention; Heart failure, in severe cases where the ventricle becomes too weak to pump effectively. […] Babies born with pulmonary stenosis require lifelong care and monitoring by a cardiologist experienced in congenital heart defects. In some cases, the valve may narrow again and additional procedures may be needed.

• #85 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  Cyanosis […] Among some of the symptoms consistent with pulmonary valve stenosis are the following: Heart murmur, Cyanosis, Dyspnea, Dizziness, Upper thorax pain, Developmental disorders. […] At first, a diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle occurs, thus right ventricle being able to maintain the blood flow despite the rising afterload. However, advanced changes may lead to also systolic dysfunction and a heart failure development.

• #86 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Signs and symptoms vary depending on how much obstruction or you have. People with mild PS may have few or no signs and symptoms. If you develop any of the following symptoms, you should contact your adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cardiologist for evaluation: […] If severe obstruction is not treated, the right ventricle can begin to function poorly. This might cause arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), loss of energy and fluid retention. If the pressure in the right heart is high enough, unoxygenated or blue blood can cross over into the left atrium. It then mixes with red or oxygenated blood. This results in cyanosis or blueness. […] Mild and sometimes moderate stenosis does not progress. Severe and critical PS do. Knowing how severe your PS is will help your doctor know how to treat it. To figure this out, he/she will do an echocardiogram. The higher the gradient from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, the more severe the disease.

• #87 Pulmonary Stenosis | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis-0

  Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary valve is underdeveloped and/or thickened or abnormal and does not open normally. The pulmonary valve is the opening that allows blood to flow from the right side of the heart to the lungs to collect oxygen. […] Pulmonary stenosis can range from mild to severe. It can also worsen over time. […] In babies with severe blockage, the heart may weaken over time. If untreated, heart failure can occur. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis can include: Cyanosis, a blue tint to the baby’s skin, lips or nails indicating a lack of oxygen in the blood; Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia); Breathing difficulties; Fatigue; Fluid retention; Heart failure, in severe cases where the ventricle becomes too weak to pump effectively. […] Babies born with pulmonary stenosis require lifelong care and monitoring by a cardiologist experienced in congenital heart defects. In some cases, the valve may narrow again and additional procedures may be needed.

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