Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20579601

  Pulmonary valve disease treatment depends on: […] Treatment may include: […] If symptoms are mild, the only treatment may be regular health checkups and imaging tests to see how the heart is working. […] Surgery or another treatment may be needed to fix or replace the pulmonary valve. […] The decision to repair or replace a damaged pulmonary valve depends on many things, including: […] Pulmonary valve surgery may be done at the same time as other heart valve surgeries. In general, surgeons recommend pulmonary valve repair when possible, as it saves the heart valve and improves heart function. […] Types of surgery or procedures used to treat pulmonary valve disease include: […] If the pulmonary valve can’t be fixed, a surgeon might replace the valve with a mechanical valve or one made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. […] Sometimes, the pulmonary valve can be replaced with a minimally invasive procedure, which uses thin, flexible tubes and smaller surgical cuts.

• #1 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis do not need treatment. Patients with mild pulmonary valve stenosis are healthy. They can do all types of activities and sports. They can lead normal lives. […] Children with moderate-to-severe degrees of pulmonary stenosis need treatment. The timing of which is often not urgent and driven by the echo findings and any symptoms that may be present in an older child. […] The type of treatment needed depends on the type of valve defect present. Often, the pulmonary valve is of normal size. The obstruction is due to the commissures or lines being stuck together. This „typical” form of pulmonary valve stenosis responds well to balloon dilation. Balloon dilation valvuloplasty (a tube catheter is placed inside the femoral artery and threaded up to the heart) is done at the time of cardiac catheterization. It does not need open-heart surgery. In older children, the procedure is done electively on an outpatient basis.

• #1 Get Pulmonary Valve Disease Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/pulmonary-valve-disease-treatment

  Your treatment will depend on the type of pulmonary valve disease you have, how bad it is, your age, medical history and your family’s medical history. It’ll also depend on your goals what you want to get out of treatment. If you don’t have any symptoms or your symptoms are mild, your provider may just keep an eye your condition with regular checkups. […] They may also prescribe medications, like diuretics (water pills) and anticoagulants (blood thinners). Medications like these can relieve mild symptoms, help your heart pump better and lessen the chance of more valve damage. […] If your valve is badly damaged, it might need to be repaired or replaced. Depending on your condition, your provider may recommend: […] Our interventional cardiologists use this minimally invasive procedure whenever possible. With TPVR, your provider replaces your pulmonary valve by putting a small tube (catheter) through a small incision (cut) into a vein in your groin or neck, instead of making a larger incision across your chest, as in traditional open heart surgery. Cleveland Clinic interventional cardiologists have been doing TPVR procedures on adults and children often with complex medical needs since 2010, with results that are among the best in the world. Your provider can tell you if TPVR will work for you.

• #1 Heart Valve Disease Treatment Medication – BJC HealthCareSearchFacebookTwitterYouTubeLinkedInInstagram

  https://www.bjc.org/medical-services/heart-valve-disease-treatment-medication

  We may be able to replace a faulty valve with a tissue valve or an artificial valve if repair isn’t an option. […] This less-invasive approach involves making a smaller incision in your chest. Your surgeon replaces your damaged valve with an artificial one. […] We replace a diseased aortic valve with your own pulmonary valve. A valve from a healthy donor then replaces your pulmonary valve. […] Medicines and lifestyle changes often relieve symptoms and delay complications for mild heart valve disease. Your doctor may recommend: Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, not smoking and managing your stress levels strengthen your heart. […] Drugs such as diuretics, blood thinners and beta-blockers can help reduce the load on your heart. […] “Watchful waiting” means your doctor monitors your heart valve problems. You may need regular echocardiograms (heart ultrasounds).

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  Treatment for pulmonary valve disease depends on the severity of your condition, whether you’re experiencing signs and symptoms, and if your condition is getting worse. If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. Other treatment options include: […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] Anti-arrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Pulmonary valve repair or replacement.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] Initial treatment of critical PS in a neonate includes general resuscitation and infusion of prostaglandin E1 to dilate the ductus arteriosus. […] If the patient is asymptomatic and the right ventricular pressure is less than 60 mm Hg, the patient can be monitored by a cardiologist who will perform ECG and echocardiography and may perform CXR and an exercise ECG. […] If the patient is symptomatic, and/or has a right ventricular pressure greater than 60 mm Hg, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends balloon valvotomy via cardiac catheterisation as effective treatment. […] Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is generally safe and effective but a small proportion of patients require a second percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis does not always require medical treatment. However, some people may need medications or surgeries to correct the condition. […] Your doctor will use imaging scans and other examinations to determine the best course of treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis. They might not recommend intervention if the stenosis is mild and not causing symptoms. […] Seek medical treatment if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting as a result of your pulmonary valve stenosis. These symptoms can indicate your condition is advancing. […] A doctor may prescribe medications that make it easier for blood to flow through the hearts chambers. Examples of these medications include: prostaglandins to improve blood flow, blood thinners to reduce clotting, water pills to reduce excess fluid in the blood stream, pills that prevent irregular heart rhythms.

• #1 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  Since 1982, percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty has been the technique of choice to treat pulmonary valve stenosis in newborn babies until adult life. The goal here is to overextend and tear the leaflets at commissural raphe level. […] This technique is often curative and has a low rate of restenosis at the follow-up. It can often be treated with a second procedure. […] The indications for the management of pulmonary valve stenosis are shown on table 1. […] Percutaneous valvuloplasty can be the first option in case of dysplastic valves compared to surgery. Still, the rate of success can be lower. […] The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated.

• #1 Pulmonary valve stenosis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377019

  If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. The type of procedure or surgery done depends on your overall health and the appearance of your pulmonary valve. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis treatment may include: […] Balloon valvuloplasty. The provider inserts a flexible tube with a balloon on the tip into an artery, usually in the groin. X-rays help guide the tube, called a catheter, to the narrowed valve in the heart. The balloon inflates, making the valve opening larger. The balloon is deflated. The catheter and balloon are removed. Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. But the valve may narrow again. Some people need valve repair or replacement in the future. […] Pulmonary valve replacement. If balloon valvuloplasty isn’t an option, open-heart surgery or a catheter procedure may be done to replace the pulmonary valve. If there are other heart problems, the surgeon may repair those during the same surgery. People who have had pulmonary valve replacement need to take antibiotics before certain dental procedures or surgeries to prevent endocarditis.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary valve replacement may be necessary when there is a failure with repair or severe residual symptomatic PR, in particular in cases with marked dysplasia of the pulmonary valve or significant hypoplasia of the annulus. […] According to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines, in case of domed pulmonic valve with moderate or severe valvular stenosis and less than moderate pulmonic valve regurgitation, balloon valvotomy is recommended. […] Otherwise, surgical repair is recommended in case of symptomatic patients with moderate or severe valvular pulmonic stenosis who are ineligible for balloon valvotomy or who have failed it. This includes patients with severe PS and an associated hypoplastic pulmonary annulus, severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR), sub-valvular PS or supravalvular pulmonic stenosis. Surgery is also preferred for most dysplastic valves and when there is associated severe tricuspid regurgitation or other cardiopathy that warrants operative intervention.

• #1 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Open-heart surgical procedures are needed for more complex valves, when balloon dilation does not work. These valves may be blocked by thick and abnormal leaflet tissue. The width of the valve may be small in some cases. […] For these conditions, surgical pulmonary valvotomy (opening of the valve), partial valvectomy (removal of a portion of the leaflet), and a transannular patch (patch from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery) may be needed during the open-heart surgery repair. […] Results of balloon dilation valvuloplasty for pulmonary stenosis have been excellent. Balloon dilation cannot make an abnormal valve „normal.” The procedure decreases the degree of pulmonary valve obstruction from severe to mild in most patients. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. It is rare that an older child will have significant pulmonary valve obstruction again after a successful balloon dilation procedure.

• #1 Get Pulmonary Valve Disease Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/pulmonary-valve-disease-treatment

  If TPVR isn’t an option for you, your provider may recommend surgery to repair or replace your pulmonary valve. Whenever possible your surgeon will use minimally invasive techniques (smaller cuts). Your provider will tell you if traditional open heart surgery (larger cut across your chest) is necessary. Our highly skilled surgeons have done thousands of both minimally invasive and open heart surgeries with results that are among the best in the world. […] If TPVR isn’t an option for you, and traditional surgery puts you at high risk, your provider may recommend a hybrid or combination procedure. Working with an interventional cardiologist, your surgeon will use a minimally invasive approach to avoid going on the bypass machine. This will minimize the risks of traditional open heart surgery that are associated with cardiopulmonary bypass runs.

• #1 Pulmonic Valve Disease: Review of Pathology and Current Treatment Options – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916901/

  Purpose of review: Our review is intended to provide readers with an overview of disease processes involving the pulmonic valve, highlighting recent outcome studies and guideline-based recommendations; with focus on the two most common interventions for treating pulmonic valve disease, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty and pulmonic valve replacement. […] The main long-term sequelae of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, the gold standard treatment for pulmonic stenosis, remain pulmonic regurgitation and valvular restenosis. […] Pulmonic valve replacement is currently the procedure of choice for patients with severe pulmonic regurgitation and hemodynamic sequelae or symptoms, yet it remains uncertain how it impacts long-term survival. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a rapidly evolving field and recent outcome studies suggest short and mid-term results at least equivalent to surgery. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a novel and attractive therapeutic option, but is currently only FDA approved for patients with failing pulmonary conduits or dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valves.

• #1 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-treatment

  Patients should be considered for surgery when both greater than moderate PR and progressive right ventricular (RV) dilatation are present. Delaying surgery may lead to irreversible RV dysfunction. […] The following are indications for surgical PVR: Severe, symptomatic PR; Asymptomatic severe PR with severe RV dilatation and/or dysfunction or symptomatic atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias; dysfunction on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with RV end-diastolic volume above 150 mL/m2, an end-systolic volume over 80 mL/m2, and an ejection fraction below 47%; Severe PR and progressive tricuspid valve regurgitation. […] Relatively recently, percutaneous intervention for dysfunctional RV outflow tract conduits has become available. The intermediate-term results have shown that percutaneous bioprosthetic valve implantation is a reasonable option for patients with dysfunctional RV outflow tract conduits, especially those with high surgical risk.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary valve replacement is also the main reintervention in patients with PS who have previously undergone valvotomy with subsequent PR and/or residual PS. […] Homografts for pulmonary valve replacement have some advantages (low associate gradients, no need of anticoagulation) and some disadvantages (calcifications, valve insufficiency necessitating replacement). […] Bioprosthesis are predominantly used for pulmonary valve replacement as they are associated with the minimal risk of a thromboembolic event and the lower rate of prosthesis failure in the pulmonary position. […] Mechanical prosthesis has received attention as an alternative for pulmonary valve replacement to minimize the risk of reoperation, because it does not need to be replaced again theoretically, if adult-sized prosthesis could be implanted.

• #1 Pediatric Pulmonary Valve Treatment – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-valve-treatment

  The heart’s valves work to control blood flow in and out of the heart. Pulmonary valve disease occurs when the pulmonary valves are not working properly, and blood cannot flow efficiently from the heart to the lungs. Your child may have a congenital heart defect affecting the pulmonary valve. At Childrens National Heart Center, we use the Melody Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Therapy, an advanced technology that helps children avoid surgery. […] This complex treatment is a catheter-based procedure that can eliminate the need for immediate surgery in children with pulmonary valve disease. […] Rather than performing another surgery to replace the conduit, we can use a catheterization procedure to insert the artificial valve. This minimally invasive procedure results in: Quicker recovery, Less pain, Avoiding or delaying surgery. […] For some patients, the transcatheter treatment may be all they need. Other patients may need additional surgery, but this treatment allows us to delay surgery for a number of years.

• #1 Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve (TPV) Replacement Therapy | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/treatments-therapies/transcatheter-pulmonary-valve-therapy.html

  Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement therapy is a non-surgical option to restore pulmonary valve function for adults and children with congenital heart disease (CHD). […] Harmony TPV replacement therapy is intended for patients with pulmonary insufficiency who have a native or patch-repaired right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). […] Harmony TPV replacement therapy is intended for patients with pulmonary insufficiency who have severe pulmonary regurgitation with a native or surgically repaired right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). […] Melody TPV replacement therapy is intended for patients with dysfunctional (narrowing/leaking) RVOT conduits or surgical pulmonary valves.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Treatment | Valve-in-Valve TAVR

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/aortic-valve-replacement/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-understanding-valve-replacement

  One way to replace your valve is through a traditional surgery. The surgeon will make a skin incision in your chest, then perform a sternotomy, which is an incision in the breastbone. This will allow the surgeon access to your heart. As with any major surgery, there are some risks associated with this, such as bleeding, blood clots, or infection. You will have a longer recovery time than you would with a less invasive procedure. You’ll likely spend at least several days in the hospital afterward. […] If the idea of open-heart surgery doesn’t sit well for you, or your doctor doesn’t think you’re a good candidate for a more invasive procedure, a transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR) might be a better choice for you. This process doesn’t require the surgeon to make a large incision in your chest in order to replace the valve.

• #1 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The management of these patients includes early stabilization by keeping the temporal maintenance of ductal patency with prostaglandin E1 infusion. […] This technique is often performed via percutaneous access by accessing the RV and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) or mammary artery via venous access and inserting a right coronary curved (JR) catheter under the imperforate valve plane. […] Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty is a rare technique applicable to fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of critical pulmonary valve stenosis or PVA and risk of progression towards RV hypoplasia. […] The current technological advances made in imaging techniques, materials, and devices has revolutionized the possibilities regarding the percutaneous management of pulmonary trunk, valve, and PB lesions.

• #1 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Newborns and young infants with severe pulmonary valvar obstruction have an excellent response to balloon dilation. Outcomes can be less robust (that is, significant valve stenosis can remain) if the valve is underdeveloped in size. Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. Occasionally, these patients may need a second balloon dilation, or an open-heart surgical procedure if the valve is small. […] Because balloon dilation is the only treatment necessary for most patients, open-heart surgery is only done in patients with more complex forms of pulmonary valve obstruction. Patients with very thick valve leaflets or underdeveloped pulmonary valve sizes also have great long-term outcomes after open-heart surgical repair. If there is no associated heart disease, these children are expected to lead normal, active lives. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Your child’s cardiologist may recommend that antibiotics be given to prevent bacterial endocarditis for a period of time following surgery and always for all valve replacements. […] Occasionally, repeat interventional cath lab procedures may be necessary during infancy and childhood to stretch the valve open. Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended later during adolescence or early adulthood to prevent complications such as enlargement of the right ventricle, heart failure and arrhythmias (irregular or fast heartbeats).

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. […] As your child grows, blood may begin to leak through the abnormal valve. This is called pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonic insufficiency. The blockage can also come back in some children. If this happens, cardiac catheterization can be repeated if there isn’t too much regurgitation. In severe cases, another surgery may be necessary.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease treatments range from medicine to surgery, depending on the condition you have. […] Pulmonary valve disease treatments include: Balloon valvuloplasty to widen your pulmonary valve. […] Transcatheter procedure or open-heart surgery to repair a leaky valve or put in a new one. […] After a pulmonary valve repair, the valve may leak. A provider may need to widen it again or replace it. […] Your child may be in the hospital for one or two weeks after surgery for pulmonary atresia. It can take weeks or months to recover after surgery for pulmonary valve regurgitation.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Repair or Replacement

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/tests-procedures/pulmonary-valve-repair-or-replacement/

  When the heart has been stopped, your doctor will remove the pulmonary valve and replace it with a mechanical valve or a valve made from cow, pig, or human heart tissue. […] After the procedure, you will be taken to the cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU) for further observation for several days. This procedure usually requires a hospital stay of several days or even longer. […] A cardiac rehabilitation program may also be suggested.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  There is worldwide great interest in developing new devices (valves or RVOT reducers) and technologies to make more patients suitable for tPVR. […] PS is mostly a congenital disease, but it can also develop later in life due to other medical conditions. […] The severity of the stenosis can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. […] Although it is primarily a disease of childhood, its sequelae have become increasingly prevalent in the adult population due to improvements in diagnosis and treatment. […] One of the most significant advances in the treatment of PS is the development of percutaneous procedures and devices that can correct the condition without surgical intervention.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  Subpulmonic and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis do not get better with cardiac catheterization and may require surgery. Surgery for subpulmonic stenosis involves cutting out the extra muscles below the valve. Surgery for supravalvular pulmonic stenosis involves using a patch to make the pulmonary artery bigger. […] Today, most children with heart conditions like pulmonary stenosis go on to lead healthy, productive lives as adults. Research is also being done on innovative ways of treating pulmonary stenosis, including heart valve replacements made from living cells and other materials (tissue-engineered). A patient’s new valve would be grown with their own cells on a biodegradable mesh. Tissue-engineered replacement valves are still in the research and development phase but are an exciting treatment possibility that may be available soon.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11936-021-00897-3

  The goal of this review is to provide information about the causes, consequences, exam, echocardiographic findings, and guideline-based treatment options for pulmonic valve lesions. […] Balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty and surgical valve replacement are the primary treatment options for hemodynamically significant stenosis and regurgitation, respectively. Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement has emerged as a treatment option for select native valve lesions or dysfunctional surgical conduits. […] An understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of pulmonic disease is important, and consultation with a congenital heart disease specialist is warranted.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease treatments range from medicine to surgery, depending on the condition you have. […] Pulmonary valve disease treatments include: Balloon valvuloplasty to widen your pulmonary valve. […] Transcatheter procedure or open-heart surgery to repair a leaky valve or put in a new one. […] After a pulmonary valve repair, the valve may leak. A provider may need to widen it again or replace it. […] Your child may be in the hospital for one or two weeks after surgery for pulmonary atresia. It can take weeks or months to recover after surgery for pulmonary valve regurgitation.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  Treatment for pulmonary valve disease depends on the severity of your condition, whether you’re experiencing signs and symptoms, and if your condition is getting worse. If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. Other treatment options include: […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] Anti-arrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Pulmonary valve repair or replacement.

• #2 FloridaHealthFinder | Pulmonic valve stenosis | Health Encyclopedia | FloridaHealthFinder

  https://quality.healthfinder.fl.gov/health-encyclopedia/HIE/1/001096

  Sometimes, treatment may not be needed if the disorder is mild. […] When there are also other heart defects, medicines may be used to: Help blood flow through the heart (prostaglandins), Help the heart beat stronger, Prevent clots (blood thinners), Remove excess fluid (water pills), Treat abnormal heartbeats and rhythms. […] Percutaneous balloon pulmonary dilation (valvuloplasty) may be performed when no other heart defects are present. […] Some people may need heart surgery to repair or replace the pulmonary valve. The new valve can be made from different materials. If the valve cannot be repaired or replaced, other procedures may be needed.

• #2 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The management of these patients includes early stabilization by keeping the temporal maintenance of ductal patency with prostaglandin E1 infusion. […] This technique is often performed via percutaneous access by accessing the RV and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) or mammary artery via venous access and inserting a right coronary curved (JR) catheter under the imperforate valve plane. […] Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty is a rare technique applicable to fetuses with prenatal diagnosis of critical pulmonary valve stenosis or PVA and risk of progression towards RV hypoplasia. […] The current technological advances made in imaging techniques, materials, and devices has revolutionized the possibilities regarding the percutaneous management of pulmonary trunk, valve, and PB lesions.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease: Treatment and Types | Froedtert & MCW

  https://www.froedtert.com/heart-valve-disease

  Our heart and vascular experts offer the entire spectrum of care for valve disease treatment, including nonsurgical options. Generally, those living with a heart valve condition should aim to reduce their overall risk factors for heart disease, including controlling blood pressure, not smoking and exercising regularly. […] For some patients, medication may be enough to improve valve function. This is most commonly the case when heart valve dysfunction results from another condition, like severe high blood pressure or severely weakened heart muscle function. […] If a patients diagnosis is severe and their symptoms persist or worsen despite proper medication, surgery may be needed to repair or replace the heart valve. Heart valve replacement can be done through a minimally invasive surgery such as transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR).

• #2 Pulmonic Valve Disease: Review of Pathology and Current Treatment Options – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916901/

  Purpose of review: Our review is intended to provide readers with an overview of disease processes involving the pulmonic valve, highlighting recent outcome studies and guideline-based recommendations; with focus on the two most common interventions for treating pulmonic valve disease, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty and pulmonic valve replacement. […] The main long-term sequelae of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, the gold standard treatment for pulmonic stenosis, remain pulmonic regurgitation and valvular restenosis. […] Pulmonic valve replacement is currently the procedure of choice for patients with severe pulmonic regurgitation and hemodynamic sequelae or symptoms, yet it remains uncertain how it impacts long-term survival. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a rapidly evolving field and recent outcome studies suggest short and mid-term results at least equivalent to surgery. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a novel and attractive therapeutic option, but is currently only FDA approved for patients with failing pulmonary conduits or dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valves.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Treatment at Emory Heart & Vascular

  https://www.emoryhealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Restoring normal blood flow to your lungs is critical. The cardiovascular experts at Emory Heart Vascular offer a full range of medical and surgical therapies. They will work with you to identify the best treatment for you. […] Balloon valvuloplasty: This treatment uses a tiny balloon attached to a thin tube called a catheter. Our specialist places the balloon into your narrowed valve. They inflate it to widen the valve and improve blood flow. […] Pulmonary valve repair and replacement: Our specialists surgically repair or replace your pulmonary valve. […] Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR): This minimally invasive procedure is not open surgery. Our specialists can replace the pulmonary valve without open heart surgery in certain patients. […] Pulmonary valve replacement: Our specialists can replace your pulmonary valve with a new biological or artificial one. These replacements can improve your blood flow. […] Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR): This minimally invasive procedure is not open surgery.

• #2 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-treatment

  Surgical management is the definitive treatment for pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS). Patients with congestive heart failure may benefit from anticongestive therapy. […] Interventions for pulmonic valvular stenosis include balloon dilatation, stenting, and pulmonic valve replacement. […] Current guidelines recommend balloon valvuloplasty as the treatment of choice for all patients who can anatomically undergo the procedure. […] Asymptomatic patients with peak doppler gradient 60 mm Hg are recommended for balloon valvotomy. […] Symptomatic patients with a peak doppler gradient 50 mm Hg and a domed pulmonic valve are recommended for balloon valvotomy. […] When surgical valve repair is required, it is typically in the setting of severe stenosis along with concomitant severe pulmonary regurgitation, hypoplastic annulus, subvalvular or supravalvular stenosis, or in a patient with dysplastic valves.

• #2 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Open-heart surgical procedures are needed for more complex valves, when balloon dilation does not work. These valves may be blocked by thick and abnormal leaflet tissue. The width of the valve may be small in some cases. […] For these conditions, surgical pulmonary valvotomy (opening of the valve), partial valvectomy (removal of a portion of the leaflet), and a transannular patch (patch from the right ventricle to pulmonary artery) may be needed during the open-heart surgery repair. […] Results of balloon dilation valvuloplasty for pulmonary stenosis have been excellent. Balloon dilation cannot make an abnormal valve „normal.” The procedure decreases the degree of pulmonary valve obstruction from severe to mild in most patients. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. It is rare that an older child will have significant pulmonary valve obstruction again after a successful balloon dilation procedure.

• #2 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Newborns and young infants with severe pulmonary valvar obstruction have an excellent response to balloon dilation. Outcomes can be less robust (that is, significant valve stenosis can remain) if the valve is underdeveloped in size. Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. Occasionally, these patients may need a second balloon dilation, or an open-heart surgical procedure if the valve is small. […] Because balloon dilation is the only treatment necessary for most patients, open-heart surgery is only done in patients with more complex forms of pulmonary valve obstruction. Patients with very thick valve leaflets or underdeveloped pulmonary valve sizes also have great long-term outcomes after open-heart surgical repair. If there is no associated heart disease, these children are expected to lead normal, active lives. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a component of half of all complex congenital heart defects. […] Specific treatment for pulmonary stenosis will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: The child’s age, overall health and medical history, extent of the condition, the child’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies, expectations for the course of the condition, the family’s opinion or preference. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available. […] Repair options include the following: Balloon dilation or valvuloplasty. An interventional cardiac catheterization procedure is the most common treatment choice. […] Valvotomy. Valvotomy is the surgical release of scar tissue within the aortic valve leaflets that are preventing the valve leaflets from opening properly.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Repair: Effective Treatment for Stenosis & Defects – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/pulmonary-valve-repair-effective-treatment-for-stenosis-defects/

  Pulmonary valve repair is a widely performed open-heart surgical procedure aimed at treating pulmonary valve stenosis, a condition in which the pulmonary valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] In the United States, pulmonary valve repair is commonly recommended for patients with significant valve stenosis, especially when symptoms are severe or other treatments have proven ineffective. […] Pulmonary valve repair is typically advised for individuals with moderate to severe pulmonary valve stenosis who are experiencing symptoms or showing signs of heart strain. […] If less invasive approaches, such as balloon valvuloplasty, are unsuccessful or unsuitable, open surgery may be the next recommended step. […] Open surgical repair is often preferred over minimally invasive procedures when the stenosis is complex, as it allows for direct visualization and precise manipulation of the valve. […] If you are experiencing symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis or notice your condition worsening, discussing these indications with your healthcare provider can help determine whether pulmonary valve repair is the right option for you.

• #2 Pulmonary Regurgitation (Pulmonic Regurgitation) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157639-treatment

  Pulmonary or pulmonic regurgitation (PR) is seldom severe enough to warrant special treatment because the right ventricle normally adapts to low-pressure volume overload without difficulty. High-pressure volume overload leads to right-sided heart strain and, ultimately, heart failure. […] Treatment for PR is usually focused on the underlying cause that created the valve problem (eg, pulmonary hypertension). Underlying etiologies causing severe PR, whether congenital or acquired, must be treated to prevent or reverse right-sided heart strain and failure that may further complicate the clinical picture. […] The need for surgical replacement of the pulmonary valve is very rare. […] When right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary or pulmonic regurgitation (PR) from an abnormal pulmonic valve cannot be ameliorated by medical management, appropriate options include surgical reconstruction or replacement of the pulmonic valve, preferably with a bioprosthetic valve.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary valve replacement is also the main reintervention in patients with PS who have previously undergone valvotomy with subsequent PR and/or residual PS. […] Homografts for pulmonary valve replacement have some advantages (low associate gradients, no need of anticoagulation) and some disadvantages (calcifications, valve insufficiency necessitating replacement). […] Bioprosthesis are predominantly used for pulmonary valve replacement as they are associated with the minimal risk of a thromboembolic event and the lower rate of prosthesis failure in the pulmonary position. […] Mechanical prosthesis has received attention as an alternative for pulmonary valve replacement to minimize the risk of reoperation, because it does not need to be replaced again theoretically, if adult-sized prosthesis could be implanted.

• #2 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  In terms of treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis, valve replacement or surgical repair (depending upon whether the stenosis is in the valve or vessel) may be indicated. […] If the valve stenosis is of congenital origin, balloon valvuloplasty is another option, depending on the case. […] Valves made from animal or human tissue (are used for valve replacement), in adults metal valves can be used.

• #2 Get Pulmonary Valve Disease Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/pulmonary-valve-disease-treatment

  Your treatment will depend on the type of pulmonary valve disease you have, how bad it is, your age, medical history and your family’s medical history. It’ll also depend on your goals what you want to get out of treatment. If you don’t have any symptoms or your symptoms are mild, your provider may just keep an eye your condition with regular checkups. […] They may also prescribe medications, like diuretics (water pills) and anticoagulants (blood thinners). Medications like these can relieve mild symptoms, help your heart pump better and lessen the chance of more valve damage. […] If your valve is badly damaged, it might need to be repaired or replaced. Depending on your condition, your provider may recommend: […] Our interventional cardiologists use this minimally invasive procedure whenever possible. With TPVR, your provider replaces your pulmonary valve by putting a small tube (catheter) through a small incision (cut) into a vein in your groin or neck, instead of making a larger incision across your chest, as in traditional open heart surgery. Cleveland Clinic interventional cardiologists have been doing TPVR procedures on adults and children often with complex medical needs since 2010, with results that are among the best in the world. Your provider can tell you if TPVR will work for you.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease – Pulmonary Valve Disease | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease.html

  If you have a congenital heart condition that affected your pulmonary valve, this may have required a procedure early in life to help blood flow to the lungs, leaving you with a native or surgically-repaired right ventricular outflow tract. […] If the leakiness of the valve is severe, replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended. […] Patients with pulmonary insufficiency who have severe pulmonary regurgitation with a native or surgically repaired right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) may be a candidate for the Harmony transcatheter pulmonary valve. […] Children and adults with pulmonary valve disease may have narrowed pulmonary valves and may need surgery for placement of a right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) pulmonary conduit or surgical valve. […] These CHD patients may need a device like the Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve when their surgical valve or conduit needs replacement. […] Over time, mineral deposits (calcification) may build up on the conduit or surgical valve, and it may become narrowed and/or leaky. […] The conduit or surgical valve does not have a properly working valve which causes blood to leak backward into the right lower chamber of the heart (ventricle).

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Treatment | Valve-in-Valve TAVR

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/aortic-valve-replacement/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-understanding-valve-replacement

  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two tissue valves for use with this procedure. You won’t be able to go with a mechanical valve if you choose a transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. But you’ll have a relatively quick recovery period. Most people go home the next day after undergoing the procedure, and they’re back to life as usual within about a week. […] The replacement of your faulty pulmonary valve will hopefully significantly improve your symptoms and help you feel more energetic. But your doctor will want to monitor you to make sure everything is working correctly. Be sure to not skip any of your follow-up appointments after your replacement.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Symptomatic PS is frequently treated in childhood. However, even if severe PS is less prevalent in adults, sometimes it is possible to come across unrepaired PS or residual pulmonary valve stenosis after a previous intervention. […] The management of these diseases has been radically changed by the introduction of the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR), leading to a reduction in the number of surgical interventions over a lifetime. […] The Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve is a percutaneous valve system designed to treat obstruction or regurgitation of prosthetic conduits positioned between the RV and PAs. […] The implantation procedure is often carried out through percutaneous femoral access using the NovaFlex catheter (Edwards Lifesciences Inc.) but, as a result of the engineering development in valve prosthesis, two recent technical changes in tPVR were introduced: the use of a 26-F larger Gore DrySeal sheath (Gore Medical, Flagstaff, Arizona) and direct valve insertion without pre-stenting.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not need treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis needs repair. […] Some infants will be very sick and need care in the intensive care unit (ICU) before the defect can be fixed. Some infants may need an emergency repair if the stenosis is very severe. Prostaglandins, a medicine that keeps the ductus arteriosus open, will be given so that enough blood flows in the lungs. Once the child is stabilized, a procedure will be done to repair the valve. A child with less severe stenosis will have the repair scheduled. […] Repair choices include: […] Balloon dilation or valvuloplasty. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is put into the heart. The catheter has a balloon on the tip. When the catheter reaches the narrowed valve or area, the provider inflates the balloon for a short time to stretch it open. Children who have had balloon dilation may need to take antibiotics to prevent heart infection after being discharged from the hospital.

• #2 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Regurgitation | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-regurgitation

  Pulmonary regurgitation (PR, also called pulmonic regurgitation) is a leaky pulmonary valve. This valve helps control the flow of blood passing from the right ventricle to the lungs. A leaky pulmonary valve allows blood to flow back into the right ventricle before it gets to the lungs for oxygen. […] Treatment is usually focused on the underlying cause that created the valve problem (i.e., pulmonary hypertension). The pulmonary valve very rarely needs to be replaced. […] Jen was born with tetralogy of Fallot, and ultimately had valve replacement surgery for her pulmonary valve.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. […] As your child grows, blood may begin to leak through the abnormal valve. This is called pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonic insufficiency. The blockage can also come back in some children. If this happens, cardiac catheterization can be repeated if there isn’t too much regurgitation. In severe cases, another surgery may be necessary.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  Valvotomy. This is surgery to remove scar tissue from the pulmonary valve leaflets. This lets the valve open as it should. […] Valvectomy. This is surgery to remove the valve. Often a patch is used to help the blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary valve may need to be replaced when the child is an adult. […] Patch enlargement. Patches are used to enlarge narrowed areas. They may be added to the right ventricle or the pulmonary artery. […] Pulmonary valve replacement. Some children may need to have the pulmonary valve replaced. A tissue valve (pig or human) may be used. Children who have had valve replacement will need to take antibiotics before medical and dental procedures in the future. […] The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. For a period of time, your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics to prevent infection of the heart lining and valves (bacterial endocarditis). Your child may need to take them before medical and dental procedures.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  Subpulmonic and supravalvular pulmonic stenosis do not get better with cardiac catheterization and may require surgery. Surgery for subpulmonic stenosis involves cutting out the extra muscles below the valve. Surgery for supravalvular pulmonic stenosis involves using a patch to make the pulmonary artery bigger. […] Today, most children with heart conditions like pulmonary stenosis go on to lead healthy, productive lives as adults. Research is also being done on innovative ways of treating pulmonary stenosis, including heart valve replacements made from living cells and other materials (tissue-engineered). A patient’s new valve would be grown with their own cells on a biodegradable mesh. Tissue-engineered replacement valves are still in the research and development phase but are an exciting treatment possibility that may be available soon.

• #2 Pulmonic Valve Disease: Review of Pathology and Current Treatment Options.

  https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/items/fb1b084e-f5d6-404b-af7d-33c8ea5bf67b

  Our review is intended to provide readers with an overview of disease processes involving the pulmonic valve, highlighting recent outcome studies and guideline-based recommendations; with focus on the two most common interventions for treating pulmonic valve disease, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty and pulmonic valve replacement. […] The main long-term sequelae of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, the gold standard treatment for pulmonic stenosis, remain pulmonic regurgitation and valvular restenosis. […] Pulmonic valve replacement is currently the procedure of choice for patients with severe pulmonic regurgitation and hemodynamic sequelae or symptoms, yet it remains uncertain how it impacts long-term survival. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a novel and attractive therapeutic option, but is currently only FDA approved for patients with failing pulmonary conduits or dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valves. […] New advances will undoubtedly increase the utilization of this rapidly expanding technology.

• #3

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis doesn’t require treatment, because it doesn’t cause any symptoms or problems. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. This is because there’s a high risk of heart failure in later life if it’s not treated. […] As with aortic valve stenosis, the main treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis is a balloon to the pulmonary valve (valvuloplasty). However, if this is ineffective or the valve isn’t suitable for this treatment, surgery may be needed to open the valve (valvotomy) or replace it with an animal or human valve. […] Some patients develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis. This will require ongoing monitoring and if the leak starts to cause a problem with the heart then the valve will need to be replaced. This can be performed with open heart surgery or, increasingly, using catheter intervention which is a much less invasive procedure.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  Treatment for pulmonary valve disease depends on the severity of your condition, whether you’re experiencing signs and symptoms, and if your condition is getting worse. If your symptoms are mild or you aren’t experiencing symptoms, your doctor may monitor your condition with regular follow-up appointments. Other treatment options include: […] All patients with heart valve disease should talk to their doctor about the managed risk of getting infective endocarditis. This infection can greatly damage or destroy the heart valves, and can be fatal. Recommended changes include: […] Anti-arrhythmic medications will help control your hearts rhythm. […] Anticoagulants blood-thinners will help treat, prevent, and reduce blood clots. […] Beta blockers will help reduce your blood pressure. […] Diuretics water pills will help reduce the amount of fluid retention in your body. […] Pulmonary valve repair or replacement.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] Initial treatment of critical PS in a neonate includes general resuscitation and infusion of prostaglandin E1 to dilate the ductus arteriosus. […] If the patient is asymptomatic and the right ventricular pressure is less than 60 mm Hg, the patient can be monitored by a cardiologist who will perform ECG and echocardiography and may perform CXR and an exercise ECG. […] If the patient is symptomatic, and/or has a right ventricular pressure greater than 60 mm Hg, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends balloon valvotomy via cardiac catheterisation as effective treatment. […] Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty is generally safe and effective but a small proportion of patients require a second percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty.

• #3 Pulmonic Valve Disease: Review of Pathology and Current Treatment Options – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28916901/

  Purpose of review: Our review is intended to provide readers with an overview of disease processes involving the pulmonic valve, highlighting recent outcome studies and guideline-based recommendations; with focus on the two most common interventions for treating pulmonic valve disease, balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty and pulmonic valve replacement. […] The main long-term sequelae of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty, the gold standard treatment for pulmonic stenosis, remain pulmonic regurgitation and valvular restenosis. […] Pulmonic valve replacement is currently the procedure of choice for patients with severe pulmonic regurgitation and hemodynamic sequelae or symptoms, yet it remains uncertain how it impacts long-term survival. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a rapidly evolving field and recent outcome studies suggest short and mid-term results at least equivalent to surgery. […] Transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement is a novel and attractive therapeutic option, but is currently only FDA approved for patients with failing pulmonary conduits or dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valves.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease treatments range from medicine to surgery, depending on the condition you have. […] Pulmonary valve disease treatments include: Balloon valvuloplasty to widen your pulmonary valve. […] Transcatheter procedure or open-heart surgery to repair a leaky valve or put in a new one. […] After a pulmonary valve repair, the valve may leak. A provider may need to widen it again or replace it. […] Your child may be in the hospital for one or two weeks after surgery for pulmonary atresia. It can take weeks or months to recover after surgery for pulmonary valve regurgitation.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Repair or Replacement

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/tests-procedures/pulmonary-valve-repair-or-replacement/

  The pulmonary valve is one of four valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. In pulmonary valve disease, the pulmonary valve may not be closing properly (regurgitation), may be narrowed (stenosis), or may be missing (atresia). […] To address either condition, pulmonary valve surgery (repair and/or replacement) can be performed. Pulmonary valve surgery is performed through open-heart surgery. […] When the heart has been stopped, your doctor will begin to repair your pulmonary valve. Several repair options include: separating fused valve leaflets, reconstructing one or more new leaflet(s) from your own heart tissues such as from your own pericardium, removing previous patches that were placed at the time of the initial repair of congenital heart disease, such as tetralogy of Fallot, and bringing the pulmonary valve leaflets together to create a working valve, reshaping or removing tissue to allow the valve to close more tightly, and tightening or reinforcing the ring around a valve (annulus) by implanting an artificial ring (annuloplasty).

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Repair: Effective Treatment for Stenosis & Defects – The Kingsley Clinic

  https://thekingsleyclinic.com/resources/pulmonary-valve-repair-effective-treatment-for-stenosis-defects/

  While pulmonary valve repair is widely regarded as a safe and effective treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis, it’s important to understand the potential risks and complications associated with the procedure. […] The surgical team works diligently to minimize these risks through comprehensive pre-operative planning, advanced surgical techniques, and vigilant post-operative care. […] Pulmonary valve repair is a highly effective treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis, offering long-term relief from symptoms and improved heart function. […] Although success rates are high, some patients may require additional treatments or therapies to achieve the best outcomes. […] Your recovery and long-term heart health are a collaborative effort between you and your healthcare team. […] By staying engaged in your care, following medical advice, and maintaining healthy lifestyle choices, you can maximize the benefits of your pulmonary valve repair surgery and enjoy a better quality of life.

• #3 Tricuspid & Pulmonic Valve Repair/Replacement – Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/procedures/tricuspid-and-pulmonic-valve-repair-and-replacement

  Heart valve surgery is performed to repair a damaged or diseased heart valve. […] Cardiac surgeons at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) Heart Vascular Center have extensive experience performing tricuspid and pulmonic valve repair and replacement surgery. […] When your surgeon determines that your heart valve cannot be repaired, he or she may recommend valve replacement surgery. […] Damaged heart valves are replaced with a choice of substitute valves including: Mechanical valves made of durable synthetic materials such as graphite and pyrolytic carbon. […] Biological valves last for 10 to 20 years and are made from animal tissue or donated human tissue. […] Valve repair or replacement surgery corrects the problems caused by one or more diseased heart valves. You may need surgery if: You have regurgitation

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Symptomatic PS is frequently treated in childhood. However, even if severe PS is less prevalent in adults, sometimes it is possible to come across unrepaired PS or residual pulmonary valve stenosis after a previous intervention. […] The management of these diseases has been radically changed by the introduction of the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR), leading to a reduction in the number of surgical interventions over a lifetime. […] The Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve is a percutaneous valve system designed to treat obstruction or regurgitation of prosthetic conduits positioned between the RV and PAs. […] The implantation procedure is often carried out through percutaneous femoral access using the NovaFlex catheter (Edwards Lifesciences Inc.) but, as a result of the engineering development in valve prosthesis, two recent technical changes in tPVR were introduced: the use of a 26-F larger Gore DrySeal sheath (Gore Medical, Flagstaff, Arizona) and direct valve insertion without pre-stenting.

• #3 Pulmonary Regurgitation Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-regurgitation

  Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation or PR. This condition is extremely common, and at some point will affect anywhere from 30-75% of the population. Most of the time, its very mild and doesnt cause symptoms or require treatment. But when symptoms become severe, there are multiple treatment methods available. […] While medications can be used to reduce the symptoms of PR, addressing the valve is the only way to correct the disorder. There are a couple of options for this, in addition to traditional valve replacement. […] For patients who have a failed conduit, as described above, the Melody valve is a new procedure performed at UVA Health. This procedure eliminates the need for open heart surgery. Instead, a new valve is inserted through a catheter in the leg. Inserting the Melody valve is only a one-to-two hour procedure, and only requires an overnight hospital stay.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  There is worldwide great interest in developing new devices (valves or RVOT reducers) and technologies to make more patients suitable for tPVR. […] PS is mostly a congenital disease, but it can also develop later in life due to other medical conditions. […] The severity of the stenosis can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. […] Although it is primarily a disease of childhood, its sequelae have become increasingly prevalent in the adult population due to improvements in diagnosis and treatment. […] One of the most significant advances in the treatment of PS is the development of percutaneous procedures and devices that can correct the condition without surgical intervention.

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