Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease makes it hard for blood to move from your heart to a blood vessel that goes to your lungs. […] Medicines and/or surgery can treat the various types of pulmonary valve disease. […] The outlook is generally good after treatment. […] A problem with your pulmonary valve makes it harder for your blood to travel to your lungs, which delays getting oxygen to your tissues, cells and organs. […] While listening to your heart during a physical exam, a provider can hear a heart murmur. Thats a sign of pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonary stenosis. […] A provider can use these tests to diagnose pulmonary valve disease: Fetal echocardiogram (for atresia). Echocardiogram (for atresia, stenosis or regurgitation). Pulse oximetry (for atresia). Cardiac catheterization (for atresia or stenosis). Electrocardiogram or EKG (for atresia or regurgitation). Heart MRI or magnetic resonance imaging (for stenosis or regurgitation). Chest X-ray (for regurgitation).

• #1 Pulmonary valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20579601

  Some types of pulmonary valve stenosis are diagnosed at birth or soon after. But sometimes, pulmonary valve disease isn’t noticed until later in life. […] To diagnose pulmonary valve disease, a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. […] Tests are done to check the heart and confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary valve disease. […] After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your healthcare team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs. […] If the pulmonary valve can’t be fixed, a surgeon might replace the valve with a mechanical valve or one made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. A tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #1 Get Pulmonary Valve Disease Care | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/pulmonary-valve-disease-treatment

  If you have pulmonary valve disease, chances are you were born with it (its congenital). Its typically diagnosed and treated in early childhood. Pulmonary valve disease that develops later in life is rare but can be the result of complications from a previous heart valve surgery or from pulmonary hypertension. It can also result from an infection from another illness, such as endocarditis, inflammatory disorders or rheumatic fever. […] The two most common types of pulmonary valve disease are stenosis (when the opening to your valve gets narrow or stiff) and regurgitation (when your valve doesnt close completely and leaks). […] At your first appointment, your healthcare provider will want to know your medical history and if any of your family members have heart conditions. Theyll ask if you have any symptoms and how bad they are. Your provider may also listen to your heart through a stethoscope. If your provider hears a murmur (unusual whooshing sounds), that might mean theres a blood flow problem in one of your valves. Not all murmurs are something to worry about, but its important to find out whats causing the murmur and to check on it over time.

• #1 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 712% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). […] For the diagnosis of PS an integrated approach with echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is of paramount importance for the planning of the interventional treatment. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS. […] For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT).

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg.

• #1

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE): This may be used if more detailed images are needed. The probe is inserted down the esophagus, providing closer images of the heart. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG): Records the electrical activity of the heart and can help identify heart rhythm problems or signs of heart strain due to valve issues. […] Chest X-ray: Can show changes in the size and shape of the heart and pulmonary arteries, indicating potential valve problems. […] Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of the heart’s structures and can be particularly useful in assessing the severity and impact of valve disease. […] Cardiac Catheterization: Involves inserting a thin tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and guiding it to the heart. This test can measure pressures in the heart chambers and blood vessels, providing precise information about the severity of the valve disease.

• #1 Heart valve disease module 4: diagnosis – The British Journal of Cardiology

  https://bjcardio.co.uk/2016/03/heart-valve-disease-module-4-diagnosis-2/8/

  The minimum echocardiographic dataset for the pulmonary valve consists of: appearance of the valve, colour map in severe regurgitation reversed flow fills the whole pulmonary artery lumen to the branches and beyond and the jet within the RV is broad, spectral Doppler for systolic V max and regurgitant pressure half (typically 100 ms in severe pulmonary regurgitation [PR]), effect on right ventricle, pulmonary artery size, pulmonary artery pressure which may drive the regurgitation. […] Cardiac CT is of limited use in evaluating PR and is confined to the detection of secondary effects such as dilatation of the pulmonary valve annulus, pulmonary artery dilatation and right ventricular dilatation. […] CMR is the gold standard for the assessment of PR. With visualisation of PR using cine SSFP imaging and the ability to accurately measure regurgitant volumes and regurgitant fractions with flow imaging, it has now become the technique of choice for the serial evaluation of patients with congenital heart disease, where progressive RV dilatation and RV dysfunction are important for the timing of pulmonary valve intervention.

• #1 Pulmonary valve disease | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Some types of pulmonary valve stenosis are diagnosed at birth or soon after. But sometimes, pulmonary valve disease isn’t noticed until later in life. […] To diagnose pulmonary valve disease, a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. […] Tests are done to check the heart and confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary valve disease. Tests may include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test shows how the heart is beating. […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves create images of the heart. An echocardiogram shows blood flow through the heart and heart valves. It can show the shape of the pulmonary valve. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the heart and lungs. It can tell if the heart is larger than usual or if there is fluid around the lungs. Some types of heart valve disease can cause fluid buildup.

• #1 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis is first suspected because a doctor hears a heart murmur. […] Other testing may be needed to confirm the presence of pulmonary stenosis. More testing may help to identify its severity. […] The echocardiogram is the most important non-invasive test to find and evaluate pulmonary valve stenosis. The echocardiogram diagnoses the specific location of the obstruction. Doppler studies are used to find the degree of blockage. […] Cardiac catheterization is an invasive technique that allows doctors to measure the degree of pulmonary stenosis. During cardiac catheterization, pressure measurements are made above and below the valve to figure out the amount of obstruction. […] During the past 15 years, echocardiography has replaced cardiac catheterization to find and measure pulmonary valve stenosis. Cardiac catheterization is rarely needed to make the diagnosis, but it is still often the first line therapy to treat it.

• #1

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the heart and can help in assessing the anatomy of the pulmonary valve and surrounding structures. […] Exercise Stress Test: Evaluates how the heart performs under physical stress. This can help assess the severity of symptoms and their impact on physical activity.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can sometimes be diagnosed before birth. A fetal echocardiogram, (also known as a fetal echo) can show pictures of what a fetus heart looks like while theyre still growing inside the mother. […] If you suspect that you or your child has pulmonary stenosis, you might visit the doctor, and they will decide which tests to perform. Some of those tests can include: […] Chest X-rays can show changes to or structural problems within your heart. […] Similar to an imaging test performed on an unborn baby, this test uses sound waves to create pictures of your heart. It is one of the most accurate diagnostic tools. […] This test tracks the rhythms of the heart. It can detect areas of stress in the heart and record electrical activity. […] Doctors are usually able to diagnose pulmonary stenosis with other tests. A cardiac catheter is more invasive and will usually be used as a last option. A tube is inserted in the groin area and pushed up to the heart. They will check each of the four chambers of the heart for circulation issues and problematic blood pressure. A dye is often used to measure how efficiently the heart is pumping blood. […] MRI tests can sometimes be ordered depending on what equipment the doctor has available.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Diagnosis & Treatments | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/childrens-heart/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Our Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Heart Center pediatric cardiologists have the experience to treat your child with mild, moderate, or severe pulmonary stenosis at any age. We are highly qualified in making an accurate diagnosis, explaining to you what is going on with your child, and advising you about the best possible treatment for your child. […] Our pediatric cardiologist will diagnose your child’s condition usually after your primary care doctor detects a heart murmur and refers you to us. […] To determine the best possible treatment, we may use some of the following diagnostic tests, including: […] When your doctor notices signs of pulmonary stenosis in your unborn baby, you will get a referral to a doctor who specializes in pediatric cardiology. […] Our doctors and nurses at Children’s Heart Center provide the most personalized and expert care for your child with congenital heart disease, including pulmonary stenosis, from before birth through childhood. Our specialists use their expertise to diagnose and treat your child, using the latest and most effective minimally invasive techniques.

• #1 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-overview

  Pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS) is a form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO). Clinically relevant disease is typically diagnosed within the first year of life. Infants and children with ejection murmurs auscultated in the pulmonic region often undergo evaluation and PVS may be uncovered. According to the current ACC/AHA guidelines, PVS severity is defined by peak gradient across the pulmonic valve (PV), as follows: Mild: 30 mmHg, Moderate: 30-50mmHg, Severe: 50mmHg. Disease course, outcomes and management are determined based on the illness severity. […] When pulmonic valvular stenosis is diagnosed before one year of age, it is considered a high risk group and patients must undergo close lifetime follow up, including connection to a regional CHD specialty center. […] Mild pulmonic valvular stenosis has a good overall prognosis and life expectancy. Recent literature suggests that pulmonic valvular stenosis is associated with a five times increase in mortality, especially in individuals who have not undergone intervention.

• #1 Pulmonary valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20579601

  The decision to repair or replace a damaged pulmonary valve depends on many things, including: The stage of pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms. Age and overall health. Whether or not the condition is getting worse. Whether surgery is needed to correct another valve or heart condition. […] Types of surgery or procedures used to treat pulmonary valve disease include: Balloon valvuloplasty. This treatment is often used to treat infants and children with a narrowed pulmonary valve. […] Sometimes, the pulmonary valve can be replaced with a minimally invasive procedure, which uses thin, flexible tubes and smaller surgical cuts. A transcatheter procedure also may be used to place a new pulmonary valve in a previously replaced valve that’s now failing. This is called a valve-in-valve procedure.

• #1 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-overview

  The studies demonstrated that adverse outcomes directly relate to the right ventricular systolic pressure gradient. Mild pulmonic valvular stenosis with pressure gradient across the valve less than 50 mm Hg was found to be well tolerated clinically and subjectively. Moderate-to-severe pulmonic valvular stenosis, with pressure gradient greater than 50 mm Hg was more often associated with decreased cardiac output, right ventricular hypertrophy, early CHF, and cyanosis. Valvotomy has been shown to improve morbidity and mortality and is indicated in severe disease.

• #1 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  When the heart squeezes, the lower right chamber (right ventricle) pumps blood out and into the pulmonary artery, which then takes blood to the lungs. The pulmonary valve (also known as the pulmonic valve) is between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary valve’s job is to prevent blood from leaking back into the heart between beats. […] In rare cases, babies can be born with life-threatening pulmonary stenosis, which requires immediate medical attention. Severe cases of pulmonary stenosis are sometimes diagnosed before birth through the Fetal Heart Program at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). […] CHOP’s Cardiac Center typically diagnoses pulmonary stenosis after a primary care doctor detects a heart murmur and refers a child to us. To confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis, some or all of these tests may be used: Pulse oximetry, which is a noninvasive way to check the amount of oxygen in the blood; Chest X-ray; Echocardiogram (also called an echo or ultrasound), in which sound waves are used to see the internal structure of the heart; Electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity in the heart; Cardiac MRI, which is a 3D picture of the heart’s structure; Cardiac catheterization, during which a thin tube is inserted into the heart through a vein or artery in the leg to take measurements throughout the heart. […] All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. Children with pulmonary stenosis require regular checkups with a pediatric cardiologist throughout their lives.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] PS may be diagnosed in utero or shortly after birth. […] Echocardiography: will confirm the valve defect and measure the flow across the valve. […] If the patient is asymptomatic and the right ventricular pressure is less than 60 mm Hg, the patient can be monitored by a cardiologist who will perform ECG and echocardiography and may perform CXR and an exercise ECG. […] Patients should be advised of the risk of endocarditis. […] Pulmonary regurgitation usually doesn’t require any specific intervention other than follow-up by a cardiologist every 1-3 years depending on severity and cause. […] If symptomatic or right ventricular dilatation, pulmonary valve replacement should be considered.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Children who undergo valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis (widening a narrow valve) have an excellent prognosis (outlook). […] The outlook is good for people who have mild or moderate pulmonary valve regurgitation. For those with more severe disease, the outlook depends on how quickly they get treatment.

• #1 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is a heart valve disorder. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis can be made using stethoscopic auscultation of the heart, which can reveal a systolic ejection murmur that is best heard at the second left intercostal space. Transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography can provide a more accurate diagnosis. Obstetric ultrasonography can be useful for the in utero diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis and other congenital cardiovascular defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot. […] Other conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of pulmonic valvular stenosis include infundibular stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Structural Heart | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/structural-heart/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Without treatment, pulmonary valve disease can keep you from your everyday activities. […] Our doctors provide an accurate diagnosis to get the right treatment for you. […] During your first visit, your doctor: Performs a complete physical exam, Asks about your symptoms, Discusses your medical history, Reviews any previous tests or imaging studies, Suggest additional heart tests or scans.

• #2 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/

  In diagnosing pulmonary valve disease, your doctor may review your signs and symptoms, discuss your and your family’s medical history, and conduct a physical examination. […] Your doctor may listen to your heart with a stethoscope to determine if you have a heart murmur that may indicate a pulmonary valve condition. […] Your doctor may order several tests to diagnose your condition, and determine the cause and severity of your condition, including: […] Echocardiogram (ECHO) […] Cardiac catheterization […] Computed tomography (CT scan) […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) […] X-Rays […] Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) […] Stress test.

• #2 Heart Valve Diseases – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-valve-diseases/diagnosis

  To diagnose a heart valve disease, your healthcare provider may review your medical history, do a physical exam, and order tests to check the shape of your heart and how well it works. […] The echocardiogram is the most common test to diagnose a problem with the heart valves. […] To diagnose heart valve disease, your doctor may do other tests in addition to echocardiography. […] Your doctor may suggest screening tests if you have known risk factors for a heart valve disease or as part of a routine visit. Finding heart valve diseases early can lead to treatments that may prevent or fix problems. Several screening tests can identify heart valve disease. […] NHLBI-supported researchers are developing algorithms that may help diagnose heart valve conditions much earlier and before major problems occur.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg.

• #2 Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of Pulmonary Valve in Adult Patients « DruÅ¡tvo Medicinski razgledi

  https://medrazgl.si/en/diagnosis-and-management-of-diseases-of-pulmonary-valve-in-adult-patients/

  The initial diagnostic test is transthoracic echocardiography. However, poor acoustic windows make the evaluation of the pulmonary valve more challenging than the evaluation of other valves. […] Therefore, additional imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, are used for the assessment of the valve. […] Due to the distance between the transducer and the valve, transesophageal echocardiography is usually not superior in visualization of the pulmonary valve.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ped-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is relatively common and accounts for about 10% of heart defects diagnosed during childhood. […] The diagnosis is most often made due to the presence of a heart murmur. The loudness of the murmur is helpful in predicting the degree of narrowing. Loud murmurs usually suggest that there is at least a moderate degree of narrowing. […] In patients with moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis, the electrocardiogram often shows increased right ventricular forces (overdevelopment of the right heart muscle). The chest x-ray is most often normal. An echocardiogram is able to detect even minor degrees of pulmonary stenosis with almost 100% accuracy. […] Treatment options for pulmonary stenosis include open-heart surgery or balloon angioplasty. The primary indication for treatment is the degree of narrowing and treatment is timed to prevent damage to the right heart.

• #2 Pulmonary valve stenosis

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20377019

  During the test, pressures within the heart can be measured to see how forcefully blood pumps through the heart. A provider can determine the severity of pulmonary stenosis by checking the difference in pressure between the right lower heart chamber and the lung artery. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Pulmonary_Stenosis_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Cardiac catheterization. We check your heart valves’ function and measure any leakage. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). This test gives us a better picture of your heart. […] Stress echocardiogram. Although we don’t often use this test to diagnose pulmonary stenosis, it can show whether a heart valve problem is affecting your heart’s ability to work hard. This test is performed before and after you exercise, usually on a treadmill. […] Cardiac MRI. These detailed images of your heart help us determine what type of surgery you may need.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. […] How Is Pulmonary Stenosis Diagnosed? Doctors can often identify pulmonary stenosis before birth. This lets babies with severe problems be treated right away. […] A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) is a type of test that can help diagnose heart defects. A fetal echo uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. This helps doctors see how the baby’s heart looks and works while still in the mother’s womb. […] If the problem wasn’t found before birth, infants and older kids who have a suspected heart problem get an echocardiogram. Less commonly, a heart catheterization may be done if a diagnosis isn’t clear. In a catheterization, a doctor inserts a catheter (a thin plastic, flexible tube) into an artery and vein that lead to the heart.

• #2 Pulmonary valve disease | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease?content_id=CON-20155136

  After testing confirms a diagnosis of heart valve disease, your healthcare team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment. […] Pulmonary valve disease treatment depends on: The symptoms. The stage of the disease. If the disease is getting worse. […] Surgery or another treatment may be needed to fix or replace the pulmonary valve. […] Types of surgery or procedures used to treat pulmonary valve disease include: Balloon valvuloplasty. This treatment is often used to treat infants and children with a narrowed pulmonary valve. […] Pulmonary valve replacement surgery. If the pulmonary valve can’t be fixed, a surgeon might replace the valve with a mechanical valve or one made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. […] Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement. Sometimes, the pulmonary valve can be replaced with a minimally invasive procedure, which uses thin, flexible tubes and smaller surgical cuts.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease narrows the pulmonary valve and affects the critical flow of blood to the lungs. It can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and potentially heart failure. Many of our patients are born with primary congenital pulmonary valve disease. Other patients develop a form of the disease after birth. […] The Congenital Heart Valve Program at Boston Childrens specializes in the care and treatment of pulmonary valve disease. Our team carefully considers two approaches pulmonary valve repair and pulmonary valve replacement when treating pulmonary valve disease. The approach depends on the patients condition, severity of the disease, their heart anatomy, and overall health. […] Innovative three-dimensional modeling as well as two- and three-dimensional cardiac echocardiography, CT scans, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) give us a clear understanding of the state of a childs pulmonary valve and their heart anatomy. We can then determine the right approach to treatment.

• #2 Heart Valve Disease – Pulmonary Valve Disease | Medtronic

  https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/l/patients/conditions/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease.html

  The conduit or surgical valve does not have a properly working valve which causes blood to leak backward into the right lower chamber of the heart (ventricle). This causes the heart to pump harder than it should to bring blood to the lungs and the rest of your body. […] Regular check-ups and testing can help determine how your pulmonary valve conduit is working.

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