Choroba serca
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Diagnostyka chorób serca opiera się na kompleksowej ocenie klinicznej, obejmującej szczegółowy wywiad, badanie fizykalne oraz szeroki zakres badań laboratoryjnych i obrazowych. Kluczowe badania laboratoryjne to profil lipidowy (cholesterol całkowity, LDL, HDL, trójglicerydy), hsCRP, troponiny sercowe, BNP/NT-proBNP, homocysteina oraz fibrynogen. Diagnostyka elektrofizjologiczna obejmuje EKG, Holter EKG oraz badania inwazyjne, takie jak elektrofizjologia. Obrazowanie serca realizowane jest za pomocą echokardiografii (przezklatkowej i przezprzełykowej), prób wysiłkowych, scyntygrafii perfuzyjnej, tomografii komputerowej (CT), rezonansu magnetycznego (MRI) oraz pozytonowej tomografii emisyjnej (PET). W przypadku choroby wieńcowej stosuje się m.in. calcium score, CT angiografię oraz koronarografię, która pozostaje złotym standardem. Diagnostyka niewydolności serca opiera się na oznaczeniu peptydów natriuretycznych oraz ocenie funkcji serca echokardiografią i MRI. W diagnostyce arytmii wykorzystuje się EKG spoczynkowe, Holter, rejestratory zdarzeń i badania elektrofizjologiczne. Choroby zastawkowe diagnozuje się głównie za pomocą echokardiografii i badania Dopplera, a w razie potrzeby cewnikowania serca oraz CT i MRI.

Diagnostyka Choroby Serca

Choroby serca stanowią główną przyczynę zgonów na świecie, co podkreśla znaczenie wczesnej i precyzyjnej diagnostyki. Rozpoznanie choroby serca opiera się na szczegółowym badaniu podmiotowym, przedmiotowym oraz szeregu badań diagnostycznych. Wczesne wykrycie schorzenia sercowego umożliwia szybsze rozpoczęcie leczenia i potencjalnie lepsze rokowanie dla pacjenta.12

Badanie podmiotowe i przedmiotowe

Diagnostyka choroby serca rozpoczyna się od zebrania dokładnego wywiadu lekarskiego, obejmującego informacje o objawach, osobistej i rodzinnej historii medycznej oraz czynnikach ryzyka. Lekarz przeprowadza badanie fizykalne, podczas którego osłuchuje serce, zwracając uwagę na ewentualne szmery, zaburzenia rytmu czy inne nieprawidłowości.34

Badanie przedmiotowe może obejmować ocenę:

Badania laboratoryjne

Badania krwi są podstawowym elementem diagnostyki chorób serca. Pozwalają one ocenić poziom różnych biomarkerów związanych z funkcjonowaniem serca oraz czynniki ryzyka chorób sercowo-naczyniowych.10

Najważniejsze badania laboratoryjne w diagnostyce chorób serca to:

  • Profil lipidowy – pomiar stężenia cholesterolu całkowitego, lipoprotein o niskiej gęstości (LDL), lipoprotein o wysokiej gęstości (HDL) oraz trójglicerydów. Nieprawidłowe poziomy tych parametrów mogą zwiększać ryzyko choroby serca.1112
  • Białko C-reaktywne o wysokiej czułości (hsCRP) – marker stanu zapalnego związanego z miażdżycą tętnic i chorobami serca.1314
  • Troponiny sercowe – specyficzne dla serca białka uwalniane do krwiobiegu podczas uszkodzenia mięśnia sercowego, kluczowe w diagnostyce zawału serca.1516
  • Peptyd natriuretyczny typu B (BNP) lub NT-proBNP – markery niewydolności serca, które pomagają w diagnostyce i ocenie nasilenia tej choroby.1718
  • Homocysteina – podwyższony poziom może zwiększać ryzyko chorób serca i udaru mózgu.19
  • Fibrynogen – wysokie poziomy są związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem zawału serca i chorób naczyniowych.20

Badania elektrokardiograficzne

Badania rejestrujące elektryczną aktywność serca są kluczowe w diagnostyce wielu chorób serca, szczególnie zaburzeń rytmu i niedokrwienia mięśnia sercowego.21

  • Elektrokardiogram (EKG) – podstawowe, nieinwazyjne badanie rejestrujące elektryczną aktywność serca. Pozwala wykryć zaburzenia rytmu serca, przebyty zawał serca, niedokrwienie mięśnia sercowego oraz ocenić przewodzenie impulsów elektrycznych w sercu.222324
  • Holter EKG – przenośne urządzenie rejestrujące aktywność elektryczną serca przez 24-48 godzin lub dłużej podczas normalnych codziennych czynności. Umożliwia wykrycie nieregularnych rytmów serca, które mogą nie wystąpić podczas standardowego badania EKG.2526
  • Badanie elektrofizjologiczne – inwazyjne badanie rejestrujące aktywność elektryczną serca, pomagające określić przyczynę zaburzeń rytmu i najlepsze metody leczenia.2728

Badania obrazowe nieinwazyjne

Techniki obrazowania serca pozwalają na ocenę struktury i funkcji serca, a także na wykrycie nieprawidłowości w krążeniu wieńcowym.2930

  • Echokardiografia (ECHO) – badanie wykorzystujące ultradźwięki do tworzenia obrazów serca w ruchu. Pozwala ocenić rozmiar i kształt serca, funkcję zastawek, grubość ścian serca oraz przepływ krwi. Jest szczególnie przydatna w ocenie frakcji wyrzutowej lewej komory, kluczowego parametru w diagnostyce niewydolności serca.313233
  • Echokardiografia przezprzełykowa (TEE) – odmiana echokardiografii, w której sonda ultradźwiękowa jest wprowadzana do przełyku, co pozwala na bardziej szczegółową ocenę struktur serca, szczególnie zastawek i przedsionków.34
  • Próba wysiłkowa (test wysiłkowy, ergospirometria) – badanie oceniające reakcję serca na wysiłek fizyczny. Pacjent ćwiczy na bieżni lub rowerze stacjonarnym, podczas gdy monitorowane są jego EKG, ciśnienie krwi i tętno. Test ten pomaga wykryć chorobę wieńcową i ocenić wydolność serca.353637
  • Scyntygrafia perfuzyjna mięśnia sercowego – badanie wykorzystujące radioaktywny znacznik do oceny przepływu krwi przez mięsień sercowy w spoczynku i podczas wysiłku. Pomaga wykryć obszary mięśnia sercowego z ograniczonym przepływem krwi.3839
  • Tomografia komputerowa serca (CT) – tworzy szczegółowe obrazy serca i naczyń wieńcowych, pozwalając na wykrycie zwapnień w tętnicach wieńcowych (wskaźnik miażdżycy) oraz ocenę struktury serca.404142
  • Rezonans magnetyczny serca (MRI) – wykorzystuje pole magnetyczne i fale radiowe do tworzenia szczegółowych obrazów serca. Jest szczególnie przydatny w ocenie struktury mięśnia sercowego, wykrywania blizn po zawale oraz oceny funkcji serca.4344
  • Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET) – ocenia przepływ krwi przez naczynia wieńcowe i mięsień sercowy, pomagając w diagnostyce choroby wieńcowej.4546

Badania inwazyjne

Gdy badania nieinwazyjne nie dostarczają wystarczających informacji, mogą być konieczne procedury inwazyjne, które pozwalają na bezpośrednią ocenę tętnic wieńcowych i innych struktur serca.47

  • Koronarografia (angiografia wieńcowa) – inwazyjne badanie, w którym cewnik jest wprowadzany przez tętnicę (najczęściej w pachwinie lub nadgarstku) i kierowany do serca. Następnie wstrzykiwany jest środek kontrastowy, który pozwala na uwidocznienie tętnic wieńcowych w obrazie rentgenowskim. Badanie to umożliwia wykrycie zwężeń i niedrożności tętnic wieńcowych.484950
  • Cewnikowanie serca – procedura umożliwiająca pomiar ciśnień w jamach serca i naczyniach, ocenę przepływu krwi oraz pobieranie próbek krwi z różnych części układu krążenia. Jest przydatna w diagnostyce wad zastawkowych, wrodzonych wad serca oraz chorób mięśnia sercowego.5152
  • Biopsja mięśnia sercowego – pobieranie małego fragmentu tkanki sercowej do badania mikroskopowego. Jest stosowana głównie w diagnostyce kardiomiopatii, zapalenia mięśnia sercowego oraz w ocenie odrzucania przeszczepu serca.5354
  • Ultrasonografia wewnątrznaczyniowa (IVUS) – technika obrazowania wykorzystująca miniaturową sondę ultradźwiękową wprowadzaną do tętnic wieńcowych, która dostarcza szczegółowych obrazów ścian naczyń i pozwala na ocenę składu blaszek miażdżycowych.55

Specjalistyczne testy diagnostyczne

Diagnostyka choroby wieńcowej

Choroba wieńcowa (inaczej choroba niedokrwienna serca) jest najczęstszą postacią choroby serca, spowodowaną zwężeniem lub zablokowaniem tętnic wieńcowych przez blaszki miażdżycowe.56

W diagnostyce choroby wieńcowej stosuje się kombinację różnych metod:

  • Badanie wapnia w tętnicach wieńcowych (calcium score) – nieinwazyjne badanie CT oceniające ilość wapnia w tętnicach wieńcowych. Wysoki wynik wskazuje na znaczącą miażdżycę i zwiększone ryzyko zawału serca.575859
  • CT angiografia tętnic wieńcowych – nieinwazyjna metoda obrazowania tętnic wieńcowych za pomocą tomografii komputerowej, pozwalająca na wykrycie zwężeń w tętnicach wieńcowych.6061
  • Scyntygrafia wysiłkowa – badanie pokazujące przepływ krwi przez mięsień sercowy w spoczynku i podczas wysiłku, pomocne w wykrywaniu obszarów niedokrwienia.6263
  • Koronarografia – złoty standard w diagnostyce choroby wieńcowej, umożliwiający bezpośrednią wizualizację tętnic wieńcowych i ocenę stopnia ich zwężenia.6465

Diagnostyka niewydolności serca

Niewydolność serca to stan, w którym serce nie jest w stanie pompować wystarczającej ilości krwi, aby zaspokoić potrzeby organizmu.66

Kluczowe elementy diagnostyki niewydolności serca to:

  • Badanie poziomu peptydów natriuretycznych – BNP lub NT-proBNP, które są biomarkerami niewydolności serca. Podwyższone poziomy sugerują obecność lub nasilenie niewydolności serca.6768
  • Echokardiografia – kluczowe badanie w diagnostyce niewydolności serca, oceniające funkcję skurczową i rozkurczową serca, frakcję wyrzutową lewej komory oraz stan zastawek serca.6970
  • Badania czynnościowe płuc – oceniające, czy problemy z oddychaniem są spowodowane niewydolnością serca czy chorobą płuc.71
  • Rezonans magnetyczny serca – dostarczający szczegółowych informacji o strukturze i funkcji serca, szczególnie przydatny w diagnostyce kardiomiopatii.72

Stopnie niewydolności serca są określane na podstawie oceny klinicznej i wyników badań:7374

  • Stopień A: Obecność czynników ryzyka niewydolności serca, ale bez strukturalnej choroby serca i bez objawów.
  • Stopień B: Obecność strukturalnej choroby serca, ale bez objawów niewydolności serca.
  • Stopień C: Obecność strukturalnej choroby serca z wcześniejszymi lub obecnymi objawami niewydolności serca.
  • Stopień D: Zaawansowana niewydolność serca wymagająca specjalistycznych interwencji.

Diagnostyka zaburzeń rytmu serca

Zaburzenia rytmu serca (arytmie) to nieprawidłowości w regularności, częstości lub przewodzeniu impulsów elektrycznych w sercu.75

W diagnostyce arytmii stosuje się:

  • EKG spoczynkowe – podstawowe badanie umożliwiające wykrycie arytmii, jeśli są one obecne w momencie wykonywania badania.76
  • Holter EKG – długotrwałe monitorowanie EKG przez 24-48 godzin lub dłużej, zwiększające szanse wykrycia sporadycznych arytmii.7778
  • Rejestrator zdarzeń – urządzenie noszone przez pacjenta przez kilka tygodni, rejestrujące EKG w momencie wystąpienia objawów lub automatycznie wykrywające arytmie.79
  • Wszczepialny rejestrator pętlowy – małe urządzenie wszczepiane pod skórę, monitorujące rytm serca przez okres do 3 lat, stosowane w diagnostyce rzadkich, ale poważnych arytmii lub omdleń o niejasnej przyczynie.80
  • Badanie elektrofizjologiczne – inwazyjne badanie umożliwiające szczegółową ocenę układu przewodzącego serca i potencjalnie wywołanie arytmii w kontrolowanych warunkach.81

Diagnostyka chorób zastawkowych

Choroby zastawkowe serca obejmują zwężenie (stenozę) lub niedomykalność zastawek serca, co wpływa na przepływ krwi przez serce.82

Najważniejsze metody diagnostyczne w chorobach zastawkowych to:

  • Echokardiografia – podstawowa metoda diagnostyczna oceniająca strukturę i funkcję zastawek serca. Może być wykonywana przez klatkę piersiową (przezklatkowa) lub przez przełyk (przezprzełykowa).8384
  • Badanie Dopplera – metoda ultrasonograficzna pozwalająca na ocenę przepływu krwi przez zastawki serca.85
  • Cewnikowanie serca – inwazyjne badanie umożliwiające pomiar ciśnień w jamach serca i ocenę gradientu ciśnień przez zwężoną zastawkę.86
  • CT i MRI serca – dostarczające dodatkowych informacji o anatomii i funkcji zastawek, szczególnie przydatne w złożonych przypadkach.8788

Nowoczesne podejście do diagnostyki chorób serca

Innowacyjne technologie diagnostyczne

Postęp technologiczny nieustannie wprowadza nowe metody diagnostyczne, które mogą poprawić dokładność i efektywność wykrywania chorób serca:8990

  • Sztuczna inteligencja (AI) w analizie obrazów medycznych – algorytmy AI mogą analizować obrazy z badań serca (EKG, echokardiografia, CT, MRI) i pomóc w wykrywaniu subtelnych zmian lub anomalii, które mogą umknąć ludzkiemu oku.919293
  • Modele 3D serca wspomagane AI – zaawansowane technologie umożliwiające przekształcenie standardowych skanów CT w szczegółowe modele 3D serca, które mogą pomóc w dokładniejszej diagnostyce i planowaniu leczenia.9495
  • Systemy eksperckie oparte na logice rozmytej – komputerowe systemy wspomagania decyzji wykorzystujące logikę rozmytą do analizy wielu czynników wpływających na diagnozę chorób serca.9697
  • Zaawansowane biomarkery sercowo-naczyniowe – nowe markery biologiczne, które mogą pomóc w identyfikacji ryzyka rezydualnego chorób serca i zostały przyjęte przez wiele wytycznych i towarzystw medycznych.9899

Personalizacja diagnostyki

Współczesne podejście do diagnostyki chorób serca coraz częściej uwzględnia indywidualne cechy pacjenta, co pozwala na bardziej precyzyjną diagnostykę i lepsze dopasowanie terapii:100101

  • Ocena ryzyka genetycznego – testy genetyczne mogą pomóc w identyfikacji osób z podwyższonym ryzykiem chorób serca, szczególnie w przypadkach chorób dziedzicznych, takich jak kardiomiopatie czy rodzinne hipercholesterolemie.102103
  • Specjalistyczne programy diagnostyczne dla określonych grup pacjentów, np. kobiet (kobiety mogą mieć inne objawy choroby serca niż mężczyźni), osób z chorobami reumatologicznymi czy onkologicznymi.104105106
  • Kompleksowa ocena kardiometaboliczna – łącząca ocenę czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowych z oceną metaboliczną, co pozwala na bardziej holistyczne podejście do zdrowia serca.107

Wczesna diagnostyka i profilaktyka

Identyfikacja chorób serca na wczesnym etapie może znacząco wpłynąć na skuteczność leczenia i rokowanie pacjenta:108109

  • Programy badań przesiewowych – systematyczne badania osób z grup ryzyka, np. osób z rodzinnym obciążeniem chorobami serca, cukrzycą, nadciśnieniem czy palących papierosy.110111
  • Ocena subklinicznej miażdżycy – wykrywanie wczesnych zmian miażdżycowych w tętnicach, zanim pojawią się objawy kliniczne, np. za pomocą badania calcium score.112
  • Kompleksowa ocena czynników ryzyka – całościowa ocena wszystkich czynników ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowych (ciśnienie krwi, lipidy, glukoza, masa ciała, palenie tytoniu, aktywność fizyczna) oraz wprowadzenie odpowiednich interwencji profilaktycznych.113114

Wyzwania diagnostyczne w chorobach serca

Różnice płciowe w diagnostyce

Diagnostyka chorób serca u kobiet może stanowić szczególne wyzwanie ze względu na różnice w prezentacji objawów i wynikach badań:115116

  • Odmienne objawy – kobiety często doświadczają nietypowych objawów choroby wieńcowej, takich jak zmęczenie, duszność czy dolegliwości w górnej części brzucha, zamiast klasycznego bólu w klatce piersiowej.117
  • Trudniejsza interpretacja badań – niektóre standardowe testy diagnostyczne, takie jak próba wysiłkowa, mogą mieć niższą wartość diagnostyczną u kobiet.118
  • Nierozpoznawalna choroba wieńcowa bez zwężenia – kobiety częściej chorują na nieobturacyjną chorobę wieńcową, która może nie być wykrywana w standardowej koronarografii.119120
  • Niedocenianie ryzyka – lekarze mogą niedoszacować ryzyko choroby serca u kobiet, co prowadzi do opóźnionej diagnozy.121122

Diagnostyka w szczególnych grupach pacjentów

Niektóre grupy pacjentów wymagają specjalnego podejścia diagnostycznego ze względu na współistniejące schorzenia lub inne czynniki:123124

  • Osoby starsze – mogą mieć nietypowe objawy chorób serca, a interpretacja wyników badań może być utrudniona przez współistniejące schorzenia.125
  • Pacjenci z chorobami reumatologicznymi – choroby zapalne mogą wpływać na serce, a leki stosowane w ich leczeniu mogą mieć działania niepożądane na układ sercowo-naczyniowy.126
  • Pacjenci onkologiczni – terapie przeciwnowotworowe mogą powodować uszkodzenie serca, co wymaga specjalnego monitorowania kardiologicznego.127
  • Ciężarne kobiety – ciąża wywołuje znaczące zmiany w układzie krążenia, a niektóre choroby serca, takie jak stan przedrzucawkowy, są specyficzne dla ciąży.128129

Ograniczenia diagnostyczne

Pomimo postępu technologicznego, diagnostyka chorób serca wciąż napotyka na pewne ograniczenia:130131

  • Fałszywie dodatnie i ujemne wyniki – żaden test diagnostyczny nie jest doskonały, a interpretacja wyników musi uwzględniać prawdopodobieństwo choroby przed testem.132
  • Dostępność zaawansowanych technologii – nie wszystkie ośrodki medyczne mają dostęp do najnowocześniejszych metod diagnostycznych.133
  • Inwazyjność niektórych procedur – bardziej inwazyjne badania, takie jak koronarografia, wiążą się z pewnym ryzykiem powikłań.134135
  • Koszt diagnostyki – zaawansowane badania diagnostyczne mogą być kosztowne, co stanowi barierę ekonomiczną dla niektórych pacjentów.136

Reakcje pacjentów na rozpoznanie choroby serca

Diagnoza choroby serca może wywołać u pacjentów szereg reakcji emocjonalnych, które mogą wpływać na ich zdolność do adaptacji i przestrzegania zaleceń terapeutycznych:137138

  • Szok i zaprzeczenie – początkowa reakcja na diagnozę, która może utrudniać zrozumienie i akceptację choroby.139140
  • Poczucie winy – pacjenci mogą obwiniać się za rozwój choroby serca, szczególnie jeśli wiąże się on z modyfikowalnymi czynnikami ryzyka, takimi jak palenie tytoniu czy niezdrowy styl życia.141
  • Lęk i depresja – częste reakcje psychologiczne na diagnozę choroby zagrażającej życiu.142
  • Akceptacja – ostateczna faza adaptacji psychologicznej, pozwalająca na skuteczne radzenie sobie z chorobą i przestrzeganie zaleceń terapeutycznych.143

Ważne jest wsparcie psychologiczne pacjentów po diagnozie choroby serca oraz edukacja na temat możliwości leczenia i modyfikacji stylu życia, co może pomóc w adaptacji do nowej sytuacji zdrowotnej.144145

Istotne pytania po diagnozie

Po otrzymaniu diagnozy choroby serca, pacjenci powinni zadać lekarzowi szereg pytań, które pomogą im lepiej zrozumieć swoją chorobę i plan leczenia:146

  • Na jaki rodzaj choroby serca choruję i jak poważny jest mój stan?
  • Jakie badania będą potrzebne do monitorowania mojej choroby?
  • Jakie są opcje leczenia i jakie są ich potencjalne korzyści oraz ryzyka?
  • Czy będę musiał przyjmować leki, a jeśli tak, to jakie są ich działania niepożądane?
  • Czy będę potrzebował zabiegu lub operacji?
  • Jakie zmiany w stylu życia powinienem wprowadzić?
  • Czy skorzystam z rehabilitacji kardiologicznej?
  • Jaki wpływ będzie miała choroba serca na moje codzienne życie?
  • Jakie są oznaki pogorszenia mojego stanu, które wymagają natychmiastowej pomocy medycznej?
  • Gdzie mogę znaleźć dodatkowe informacje i wsparcie dotyczące mojej choroby?

Szczera rozmowa z lekarzem i uzyskanie odpowiedzi na te pytania może pomóc pacjentowi w lepszym zrozumieniu swojej choroby i aktywnym uczestnictwie w procesie leczenia.147

Przyszłość diagnostyki chorób serca

Kierunki rozwoju technologii diagnostycznych

Przyszłość diagnostyki chorób serca wiąże się z rozwojem coraz bardziej zaawansowanych technologii, które mogą poprawić jej dokładność, dostępność i efektywność kosztową:148149

  • Rozszerzone zastosowanie sztucznej inteligencji – AI może nie tylko analizować obrazy medyczne, ale także integrować dane z różnych źródeł (badania laboratoryjne, obrazowe, genetyczne, dane z urządzeń mobilnych) w celu bardziej precyzyjnej oceny ryzyka i diagnozy.150151152
  • Nieinwazyjne techniki obrazowania o wysokiej rozdzielczości – rozwój technologii CT, MRI i innych metod obrazowania, które mogą zapewnić szczegółowe informacje o strukturze i funkcji serca bez konieczności inwazyjnych procedur.153154
  • Zaawansowane techniki biologii molekularnej – rozwój nowych biomarkerów opartych na genomice, proteomice i metabolomice, które mogą pomóc w identyfikacji pacjentów z wysokim ryzykiem chorób serca oraz w monitorowaniu efektów leczenia.155
  • Wearable technology – urządzenia do noszenia, takie jak smartwatche i opaski fitness, które mogą monitorować parametry zdrowotne i potencjalnie wykrywać wczesne oznaki problemów sercowych.156

Integracja technologii z praktyką kliniczną

Wyzwaniem dla przyszłości diagnostyki chorób serca jest skuteczna integracja nowych technologii z codzienną praktyką kliniczną:157158

  • Systemy wspomagania decyzji klinicznych – narzędzia informatyczne pomagające lekarzom w interpretacji złożonych danych diagnostycznych i podejmowaniu decyzji terapeutycznych.159160
  • Telemedycyna i zdalne monitorowanie pacjentów – umożliwiające ciągłą ocenę stanu zdrowia pacjentów z chorobami serca bez konieczności częstych wizyt w placówkach medycznych.161
  • Interdyscyplinarne zespoły diagnostyczne – współpraca specjalistów z różnych dziedzin (kardiologia, radiologia, genetyka, informatyka medyczna) w celu kompleksowej oceny pacjentów z chorobami serca.162
  • Edukacja i szkolenie personelu medycznego – konieczne do efektywnego wykorzystania nowych technologii diagnostycznych w praktyce klinicznej.163

Personalizowana medycyna precyzyjna

Przyszłość diagnostyki chorób serca zmierza w kierunku coraz bardziej spersonalizowanego podejścia, uwzględniającego indywidualne cechy każdego pacjenta:164165

  • Diagnostyka oparta na profilowaniu genetycznym – identyfikacja wariantów genetycznych związanych z ryzykiem chorób serca pozwalająca na bardziej precyzyjną stratyfikację ryzyka i personalizację leczenia.166167
  • Fenotypowanie choroby – identyfikacja podtypów chorób serca na podstawie kombinacji danych klinicznych, biochemicznych, obrazowych i genetycznych, co może prowadzić do bardziej ukierunkowanych strategii terapeutycznych.168
  • Modele przewidywania odpowiedzi na leczenie – wykorzystanie danych diagnostycznych do przewidywania, który pacjent najlepiej zareaguje na określoną terapię.169
  • Holistyczne podejście do pacjenta – uwzględniające nie tylko aspekty biomedyczne, ale także psychospołeczne i środowiskowe czynniki wpływające na zdrowie serca.170

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21493-cardiovascular-disease
    Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. The sooner you detect cardiovascular disease, the easier it is to treat. […] Your healthcare provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms, personal health and family health history. They may also order tests to help diagnose cardiovascular disease. […] Some common tests to diagnose cardiovascular disease include: Blood work measures substances that indicate cardiovascular health, such as cholesterol, blood sugar levels and specific proteins. […] Treatment plans can vary depending on your symptoms and the type of cardiovascular disease you have. Cardiovascular disease treatment may include: Lifestyle changes, Medications, Procedures or surgeries, Cardiac rehabilitation, Active surveillance.
  • #2 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC
    https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics
    This channel includes news, videos, podcasts and other content on new technology innovations for cardiac diagnostic systems and techniques. This includes laboratory testing, blood tests including troponin testing, electrocardiogram (ECG) systems, point of care testing systems, genetic testing, cardiac patient monitoring devices including wearable sensors, and studies showing new ways to diagnose heart diseases. […] Researchers Find ApoB Test May be More Accurate Measure of Heart Disease Risk. […] The traditional lipid panel may not give the full picture of cholesterol-related heart disease risk for patients. […] Study: AI Helps Unlock Earlier Heart Failure Detection. […] Eko Health has published a peer-reviewed study evaluating its FDA-cleared AI model for heart failure detection.
  • #3 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history. […] Many different tests are used to diagnose heart disease. […] Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. Other blood tests may be done to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] A chest X-ray shows the condition of the lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged. […] An ECG is a quick and painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. It can tell if the heart is beating too fast or too slow. […] A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that’s worn for a day or more to record the heart’s activity during daily activities. This test can detect irregular heartbeats that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.
  • #4 Coronary Heart Disease – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis
    Your healthcare provider will diagnose coronary heart disease based on your symptoms, your medical and family history, your risk factors, and the results of heart tests. […] To help diagnose coronary heart disease, your provider may also order some of the following heart tests: […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart and determines whether the heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. […] A coronary calcium scan measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Stress tests check your heart while it is working hard and beating quickly. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] A cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses blood flow through the coronary blood vessels and into the heart muscle. […] Coronary CT angiography is an imaging test that looks at blood flow through the coronary arteries using a special X-ray machine that takes multiple pictures of the heart. […] Invasive coronary angiography uses contrast dye to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.
  • #5 Heart Disease Diagnosis | Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
    https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/cardiology/heartsmart/heart-disease-diagnosis
    Diagnosing a dog or cat with heart disease can be quite the journey. Some pets are diagnosed with a heart condition based on findings from the physical exam. Other pets may require extensive testing to determine the cause of their issues. Testing will likely be required to understand the intricacies of your pets heart condition. […] Your veterinarian will complete a thorough physical exam. They will use a stethoscope to listen to your pets heart and lungs. In the lungs, your veterinarian is listening for abnormal lung sounds that could indicate fluid buildup. For the heart, your veterinarian is listening for a steady, regular rhythm of the normal heart sounds (lub and dub) at a normal speed. Heart murmurs, or irregular heart rhythms, often indicate that heart disease may be present. […] Just like pieces in a puzzle, the history, physical exam, and tests help build the big picture of your pets heart disease. They will help determine the appropriate treatment.
  • #6 Heart Disease Diagnosis | Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
    https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/cardiology/heartsmart/heart-disease-diagnosis
    Diagnosing a dog or cat with heart disease can be quite the journey. Some pets are diagnosed with a heart condition based on findings from the physical exam. Other pets may require extensive testing to determine the cause of their issues. Testing will likely be required to understand the intricacies of your pets heart condition. […] Your veterinarian will complete a thorough physical exam. They will use a stethoscope to listen to your pets heart and lungs. In the lungs, your veterinarian is listening for abnormal lung sounds that could indicate fluid buildup. For the heart, your veterinarian is listening for a steady, regular rhythm of the normal heart sounds (lub and dub) at a normal speed. Heart murmurs, or irregular heart rhythms, often indicate that heart disease may be present. […] Just like pieces in a puzzle, the history, physical exam, and tests help build the big picture of your pets heart disease. They will help determine the appropriate treatment.
  • #7 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease | Detection, Medical Treatment, and Prevention | MrMed
    https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/diagnosis-of-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOoqebdlpCjczMBuh4xzvpaabQB7IHaN5WaOOS5xHzaX80GduKeYt
    Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases related to the heart and blood vessels. CVDs include Myocardial Infarction (heart attack), Coronary Artery Diseases, Arrhythmias, Valvular diseases (stenosis, regurgitation), Pericarditis, Heart failure, Peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, Stroke, Hypertension. Coronary artery disease is the most common of them. […] A Cardiologist is a doctor who does the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (heart and Vascular diseases) and specialize in its treatment. […] Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases is done by various methods that gives you a clear idea. Let’s see what these are: […] Your cardiologist will examine you for any asymmetry in your chest, for cyanosis (bluish colouration due to lack of oxygen), Oedema. […] They take your blood sample to test for cholesterol level, C-reactive protein (CRP), other cardiac biomarkers that indicate any heart or vascular diseases.
  • #8 Tests for diagnosing heart conditions | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/heart-tests/tests-for-diagnosing-heart-conditions/
    To identify common heart conditions youll need to have some tests. These could include: […] Blood pressure is an important measurement that can be taken by your doctor, nurse or healthcare assistant. […] An echocardiogram or echo is an ultrasound scan of the heart. […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. […] This stress test or exercise tolerance test (ETT) or treadmill test is similar to an ECG but records the activity of the heart as it works harder, for example while youre walking on a treadmill. […] A tilt test allows the doctor to monitor your blood pressure and heart rate when youre lying down and standing up. […] This painless scan uses a magnetic field inside a scanning machine to produce images of the heart and blood vessels.
  • #9 Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease | Detection, Medical Treatment, and Prevention | MrMed
    https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/diagnosis-of-cardiovascular-disease?srsltid=AfmBOoqebdlpCjczMBuh4xzvpaabQB7IHaN5WaOOS5xHzaX80GduKeYt
    Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases related to the heart and blood vessels. CVDs include Myocardial Infarction (heart attack), Coronary Artery Diseases, Arrhythmias, Valvular diseases (stenosis, regurgitation), Pericarditis, Heart failure, Peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, Stroke, Hypertension. Coronary artery disease is the most common of them. […] A Cardiologist is a doctor who does the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (heart and Vascular diseases) and specialize in its treatment. […] Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases is done by various methods that gives you a clear idea. Let’s see what these are: […] Your cardiologist will examine you for any asymmetry in your chest, for cyanosis (bluish colouration due to lack of oxygen), Oedema. […] They take your blood sample to test for cholesterol level, C-reactive protein (CRP), other cardiac biomarkers that indicate any heart or vascular diseases.
  • #10 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    Various tests are used to diagnose heart disease. Your doctor will start by taking your personal and family medical history, recording your current and past symptoms, doing laboratory tests and sending you for an electrocardiogram. Based on the results, they may order further tests. […] The main lab tests used to evaluate you for heart disease are run on blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm. […] Your doctor may request some or all the following blood tests to check for heart disease. […] A lipid profile measures your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Abnormal levels can elevate the risk of heart disease. […] A high level of one particular type, called lipoprotein (a), is considered a risk factor for heart disease.
  • #11 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    Various tests are used to diagnose heart disease. Your doctor will start by taking your personal and family medical history, recording your current and past symptoms, doing laboratory tests and sending you for an electrocardiogram. Based on the results, they may order further tests. […] The main lab tests used to evaluate you for heart disease are run on blood samples drawn from a vein in your arm. […] Your doctor may request some or all the following blood tests to check for heart disease. […] A lipid profile measures your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Abnormal levels can elevate the risk of heart disease. […] A high level of one particular type, called lipoprotein (a), is considered a risk factor for heart disease.
  • #12 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    To diagnose atherosclerosis, your healthcare provider will check the results of blood tests, imaging tests, and other tests. Your provider will also ask about your medical and family history. A physical exam helps detect symptoms of atherosclerosis. […] When diagnosing your condition, your provider may order tests even if you don’t show symptoms. The type of test depends on which arteries are affected by plaque buildup. […] Providers use blood tests to check cholesterol, triglycerides, blood sugar, and lipoprotein levels, along with proteins that show signs of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein. […] An electrocardiogram, also called an ECG or EKG, is a simple, painless test that detects and records your heart’s electrical activity. […] Your provider may order a heart imaging test to take pictures of your heart and check the blood flow in your heart and coronary arteries.
  • #13 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history. […] Many different tests are used to diagnose heart disease. […] Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. Other blood tests may be done to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] A chest X-ray shows the condition of the lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged. […] An ECG is a quick and painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. It can tell if the heart is beating too fast or too slow. […] A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that’s worn for a day or more to record the heart’s activity during daily activities. This test can detect irregular heartbeats that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.
  • #14 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #15 Diagnosing a Heart Attack | American Heart Association
    https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/diagnosing-a-heart-attack
    A heart attack can be caused by a complete or partial blockage. […] Your medical team can use blood tests and imaging tests to see what kind of heart attack you may have had. […] Diagnostic tests and procedures help your medical team determine: If a heart attack occurred, How much your heart was damaged, What degree of coronary artery disease (CAD) you might have. […] There are two main ways to diagnose a heart attack: blood tests and imaging tests. […] Blood tests check for enzymes that are increased in the body after a heart attack. The most common tests are for troponin and creatine kinase. […] Imaging tests take pictures of your heart and surrounding parts of the body. These tests include: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), Echocardiogram (Echo), Coronary angiogram, Heart computed tomography (CT) scan, Heart MRI, Exercise stress test, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
  • #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx
    Cardiovascular diseases are diagnosed using an array of laboratory tests and imaging studies. The primary part of diagnosis is medical and family histories of the patient, risk factors, physical examination and coordination of these findings with the results from tests and procedures. […] Some of the common tests used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases include: […] Laboratory tests are used to detect the risk factors for heart diseases. These include detection of the fats, cholesterol and lipid components of blood including LDL, HDL, Triglycerides. […] Blood tests can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. High levels of these proteins are a sign of a recent heart attack. […] One of the markers of heart attack is the Cardiac Troponin-T. Other biomarkers include fibrinogen and PAI-1, high levels of homocysteine, elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine and elevated brain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP)
  • #17 Heart Disease Diagnosis | Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
    https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/cardiology/heartsmart/heart-disease-diagnosis
    In some pets with slow heart rate and collapse, a pacemaker is needed to prevent sudden death. […] X-rays help your veterinarian assess the size, location and shape of your pets heart. […] Your veterinarian will begin by analyzing the size, shape and location of your pets heart. In comparison to a healthy animal, an animal with heart disease may have an enlarged or unusually shaped heart on x-rays. […] Your veterinarian may recommend bloodwork to evaluate the heart and the other organ systems. […] There are two main cardiac biomarkers, BNP and cardiac troponin I. A poorly functioning heart produces high levels of BNP (or NT-proBNP). […] If your pet is being treated for heart disease, your veterinarian may request periodic bloodwork to ensure medications are not damaging other organs.
  • #18 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Advanced biomarkers have been shown to help identify residual risk and have been adopted by several practice guidelines and professional societies. […] The inflammatory response to injury contributes to the progression of plaque development and is a key factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture, which may cause a heart attack or stroke. […] The recently updated ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend BNP or NT-proBNP biomarker testing followed by early intervention as an aid for prevention. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members.
  • #19 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #20
    https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/services-treatments/testing-diagnosis/lab-testing-for-heart-disease
    Find a heart specialist […] However, many heart and vascular conditions are difficult to diagnose from a single exam. […] These tests are a valuable tool to help your doctor diagnose, monitor and treat various health conditions, including heart disease. […] Certain blood tests are done to look for signs of heart disease. […] High levels of fibrinogen are linked to an increased risk for heart attack and vascular disease. […] Studies show that a high CRP level is linked to an increased risk for heart attack, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. […] High levels of this blood protein are linked to a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. […] High levels are linked to an increased risk of heart attack. […] High levels of it are linked to heart attack and heart failure. […] Doctors test for this to diagnose heart failure.
  • #21 Coronary artery disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619
    To diagnose coronary artery disease, a healthcare professional examines you. You are usually asked questions about your medical history and any symptoms. If you have symptoms of coronary artery disease such as chest pain or shortness of breath, tests may be done to check your overall health. […] Tests to help diagnose or watch coronary artery disease include: […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] This quick test checks the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] If your symptoms usually occur during exercise, your healthcare professional may recommend this test. […] This test shows how blood moves to the heart at rest and during activity. […] A CT scan of the heart can show calcium deposits and blockages in the heart arteries. […] This test can see blockages in the heart arteries.
  • #22 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history. […] Many different tests are used to diagnose heart disease. […] Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. Other blood tests may be done to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] A chest X-ray shows the condition of the lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged. […] An ECG is a quick and painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. It can tell if the heart is beating too fast or too slow. […] A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that’s worn for a day or more to record the heart’s activity during daily activities. This test can detect irregular heartbeats that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.
  • #23 Coronary Heart Disease – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis
    Your healthcare provider will diagnose coronary heart disease based on your symptoms, your medical and family history, your risk factors, and the results of heart tests. […] To help diagnose coronary heart disease, your provider may also order some of the following heart tests: […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart and determines whether the heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. […] A coronary calcium scan measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Stress tests check your heart while it is working hard and beating quickly. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] A cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses blood flow through the coronary blood vessels and into the heart muscle. […] Coronary CT angiography is an imaging test that looks at blood flow through the coronary arteries using a special X-ray machine that takes multiple pictures of the heart. […] Invasive coronary angiography uses contrast dye to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.
  • #24 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #25 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    To diagnose heart disease, a healthcare professional examines you and listens to your heart. You are usually asked questions about your symptoms and your personal and family medical history. […] Many different tests are used to diagnose heart disease. […] Blood tests can be done to check for these proteins. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. Other blood tests may be done to check cholesterol and blood sugar levels. […] A chest X-ray shows the condition of the lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged. […] An ECG is a quick and painless test that records the electrical signals in the heart. It can tell if the heart is beating too fast or too slow. […] A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that’s worn for a day or more to record the heart’s activity during daily activities. This test can detect irregular heartbeats that aren’t found during a regular ECG exam.
  • #26 Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Tests | Vital Heart & Vein
    https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/the-diagnosis-of-heart-disease
    A heart rhythm monitoring test is any test that records the electrical activity of your heart to locate electrical irregularities and disease from anywhere between 24 hours and 30 days. […] A stress test is used to determine how well your heart can function while doing a reasonable amount of work, for example, when exercising. […] An echocardiogram is a common type of ultrasound used to determine how effectively your heart is pumping blood throughout your body. […] The importance of diagnostic testing cannot be overstated, because even if you suspect your heart is not as healthy as it could be, testing can help to pinpoint exactly what and where the problem is and what can be done to improve your condition.
  • #27 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A carotid ultrasound, or carotid duplex, is used to assess your risk for a stroke. […] Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure that can help diagnose heart disease. […] Once the catheter is in place, the cardiologist uses X-rays and other tests to evaluate whether your coronary arteries are blocked and how well your heart is working. […] An electrophysiology study (EP) records the electrical activity of your heart. It helps your doctor determine the cause of a rhythm disturbance (arrhythmia) and the best treatment.
  • #28 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Event recorder. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered machine used to record ECG over several weeks. […] Implantable loop recorder. This device is about the size of a AAA battery. Your provider puts the device under the skin over the heart. The device monitors and records heartbeats for up to 3 years. […] Electrophysiology study. For this test, insulated electric catheters are placed through the large vein in the upper leg and threaded into the heart. It’s used to test the heart’s electrical system. […] Cardiac catheterization. This is also known as a cardiac or heart cath. For this test, your provider guides a small catheter (hollow tube) through the large artery in your upper leg, or sometimes your wrist or arm, into your heart. […] Coronary angiogram. This test is done during a cardiac catheterization. Dye is given through the catheter, and moving X-ray pictures are taken as the dye travels through your heart arteries and heart chambers.
  • #29 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #30 Heart Disease: Tests and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/tests-diagnosis
    After completing a physical examination and blood tests, your doctor may order additional noninvasive tests. Noninvasive means the tests dont involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. There are many noninvasive tests available to help your doctor check for heart disease. […] Sometimes, noninvasive tests dont provide enough answers. Your doctor may need to use an invasive procedure to diagnose heart disease. Invasive procedures involve tools that physically enter the body, such as a needle, tube, or scope. […] Your doctor may perform a physical examination, order blood tests, or use other tests to check for problems with your heart or blood vessels. These tests can help them diagnose heart disease and develop a treatment plan. […] There is no one best test to diagnose heart disease. The tests you have will likely start with blood work and an electrocardiogram (EKG) of the electrical signals from your heart. The next steps of your diagnosis process will depend on the results of these tests.
  • #31 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #32 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #33 Heart Disease Diagnosis | Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
    https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/cardiology/heartsmart/heart-disease-diagnosis
    Echocardiography is an ultrasound of the heart. It is a noninvasive procedure, and your pet will lie awake on a padded table while a soft probe passes over their body. […] An echo provides your veterinarian with clear views of your pets heart. The size of the heart chambers, the health of valves, the thickness and function of the heart walls, and other detailed anatomy is seen on the echo. […] Echocardiography is a great tool for evaluating and diagnosing heart disease in pets, but it is just one tool. Your veterinarian may require other tests to guide treatment. […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It is a safe, noninvasive procedure. […] Your veterinarian may recommend an ECG if your pet has fainted (syncope) or has an irregular heartbeat. […] The ECG might look like a bunch of squiggles, but these waveforms tell your veterinarian a lot about how the heart is activated and whether there is any concerning irregular heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmia).
  • #34 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). This test is similar to a transthoracic echocardiogram. But it’s done with medicine to help you relax (sedation). It allows a much closer look at the heart’s structure and function than a standard echocardiogram done on the skin of the chest. […] Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. This is a nuclear scan that gives information about the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle. […] PET F-18 FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) scan. This specialized PET scan uses a form of radioactive glucose to help determine if any specific areas of heart tissue have permanent damage. […] Thallium scans or myocardial perfusion scans. Similar to the PET scan, these tests involve an IV injection of radioactive tracer and a special camera. […] Holter monitor. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered ECG machine. The monitor records heartbeats over a period of 24 to 48 hours during normal activities.
  • #35 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #36 Coronary artery disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350619
    To diagnose coronary artery disease, a healthcare professional examines you. You are usually asked questions about your medical history and any symptoms. If you have symptoms of coronary artery disease such as chest pain or shortness of breath, tests may be done to check your overall health. […] Tests to help diagnose or watch coronary artery disease include: […] Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. A high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) test checks for a protein linked to inflammation of the arteries. […] This quick test checks the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] This test uses sound waves to show blood flow through the heart. […] If your symptoms usually occur during exercise, your healthcare professional may recommend this test. […] This test shows how blood moves to the heart at rest and during activity. […] A CT scan of the heart can show calcium deposits and blockages in the heart arteries. […] This test can see blockages in the heart arteries.
  • #37 Common medical tests to diagnose heart conditions
    https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Common-medical-tests-to-diagnose-heart-conditions
    Your doctor may order different medical tests to help find out what your heart condition is and the best way to treat it. […] Blood tests can measure the substances and show if, and how much of, your heart muscle has been damaged. […] Your doctor may use an ECG to diagnose a heart attack or abnormal heart rhythms (called arrhythmias). […] A stress test, sometimes called a treadmill or exercise test, is a type of ECG that is done while you are exercising. […] It helps your doctor check if there are any problems with your hearts valves and chambers, and see how strongly your heart pumps blood. […] Your doctor uses this picture to see how much blood flows to your heart muscle and how well your heart pumps blood when you are resting and doing physical activity. This test also helps your doctor to see if your heart muscle is damaged.
  • #38 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #39 Common medical tests to diagnose heart conditions
    https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Common-medical-tests-to-diagnose-heart-conditions
    Your doctor may order different medical tests to help find out what your heart condition is and the best way to treat it. […] Blood tests can measure the substances and show if, and how much of, your heart muscle has been damaged. […] Your doctor may use an ECG to diagnose a heart attack or abnormal heart rhythms (called arrhythmias). […] A stress test, sometimes called a treadmill or exercise test, is a type of ECG that is done while you are exercising. […] It helps your doctor check if there are any problems with your hearts valves and chambers, and see how strongly your heart pumps blood. […] Your doctor uses this picture to see how much blood flows to your heart muscle and how well your heart pumps blood when you are resting and doing physical activity. This test also helps your doctor to see if your heart muscle is damaged.
  • #40 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #41 Tests for diagnosing heart conditions | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/heart-tests/tests-for-diagnosing-heart-conditions/
    Cardiac CT uses a special X-ray machine, which moves around your body and takes detailed 3-D images of your heart. […] This scan shows how well blood is reaching the heart muscle through your coronary arteries. […] A coronary angiogram is a type of X-ray used to examine the coronary arteries supplying blood to your heart muscle. […] There are a number of blood tests that can be done to rule out other causes of heart symptoms, and to measure different levels within the body that can affect the heart. […] A chest X-ray is useful for showing the size and shape of the heart and detecting chest disorders.
  • #42 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #43 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #44 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #45 Coronary Heart Disease – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/coronary-heart-disease/diagnosis
    Your healthcare provider will diagnose coronary heart disease based on your symptoms, your medical and family history, your risk factors, and the results of heart tests. […] To help diagnose coronary heart disease, your provider may also order some of the following heart tests: […] An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart and determines whether the heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. […] A coronary calcium scan measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. […] Stress tests check your heart while it is working hard and beating quickly. […] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] A cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan assesses blood flow through the coronary blood vessels and into the heart muscle. […] Coronary CT angiography is an imaging test that looks at blood flow through the coronary arteries using a special X-ray machine that takes multiple pictures of the heart. […] Invasive coronary angiography uses contrast dye to detect blockages in the coronary arteries.
  • #46 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #47 Heart Disease: Tests and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/tests-diagnosis
    After completing a physical examination and blood tests, your doctor may order additional noninvasive tests. Noninvasive means the tests dont involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. There are many noninvasive tests available to help your doctor check for heart disease. […] Sometimes, noninvasive tests dont provide enough answers. Your doctor may need to use an invasive procedure to diagnose heart disease. Invasive procedures involve tools that physically enter the body, such as a needle, tube, or scope. […] Your doctor may perform a physical examination, order blood tests, or use other tests to check for problems with your heart or blood vessels. These tests can help them diagnose heart disease and develop a treatment plan. […] There is no one best test to diagnose heart disease. The tests you have will likely start with blood work and an electrocardiogram (EKG) of the electrical signals from your heart. The next steps of your diagnosis process will depend on the results of these tests.
  • #48 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #49 Heart Disease: Tests and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/tests-diagnosis
    After completing a physical examination and blood tests, your doctor may order additional noninvasive tests. Noninvasive means the tests dont involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. There are many noninvasive tests available to help your doctor check for heart disease. […] Sometimes, noninvasive tests dont provide enough answers. Your doctor may need to use an invasive procedure to diagnose heart disease. Invasive procedures involve tools that physically enter the body, such as a needle, tube, or scope. […] Your doctor may perform a physical examination, order blood tests, or use other tests to check for problems with your heart or blood vessels. These tests can help them diagnose heart disease and develop a treatment plan. […] There is no one best test to diagnose heart disease. The tests you have will likely start with blood work and an electrocardiogram (EKG) of the electrical signals from your heart. The next steps of your diagnosis process will depend on the results of these tests.
  • #50 Common medical tests to diagnose heart conditions
    https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Common-medical-tests-to-diagnose-heart-conditions
    Coronary angiograms help your doctor decide the best treatment for you. […] This test shows your doctor the structure of your heart and how well it is working, so they can decide the best treatment for you. […] It is a non-invasive test for people who may be experiencing unusual cardiac symptoms.
  • #51 Heart Disease Diagnosis | Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
    https://vet.tufts.edu/foster-hospital-small-animals/specialty-services/cardiology/heartsmart/heart-disease-diagnosis
    Measurement of blood pressure can be useful in animals suspected to have heart disease. High blood pressure causes the heart to work harder and can lead to heart enlargement. […] Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a thin tube (a catheter) into a heart chamber or blood vessel. This procedure typically requires anesthesia for your pets safety. […] Dye can be injected through the catheter to show the path of the blood through the heart. The dye outlines the heart chambers and blood vessels. This is called angiography or angiocardiography. It will help your veterinarian identify abnormal heart structures such as holes in the heart or abnormally narrow valves.
  • #52 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Event recorder. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered machine used to record ECG over several weeks. […] Implantable loop recorder. This device is about the size of a AAA battery. Your provider puts the device under the skin over the heart. The device monitors and records heartbeats for up to 3 years. […] Electrophysiology study. For this test, insulated electric catheters are placed through the large vein in the upper leg and threaded into the heart. It’s used to test the heart’s electrical system. […] Cardiac catheterization. This is also known as a cardiac or heart cath. For this test, your provider guides a small catheter (hollow tube) through the large artery in your upper leg, or sometimes your wrist or arm, into your heart. […] Coronary angiogram. This test is done during a cardiac catheterization. Dye is given through the catheter, and moving X-ray pictures are taken as the dye travels through your heart arteries and heart chambers.
  • #53 Heart Disease: Tests & Diagnosis
    https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide-chapter-heart-disease-tests-diagnosis
    Exactly when do you go from having risk factors to having heart disease? These links take you to information on the tests a doctor uses to diagnose heart disease. […] Echocardiogram […] Chest X-Ray […] Stress Test […] Tilt Table Test […] Cardiac Catheterization […] CT Heart Scan […] Myocardial Biopsy […] Pericardiocentesis […] Cardiac Perfusion Scan.
  • #54 Tests for Heart Disease and Diagnosis | Heart Tests Your Doctor May Recommend
    https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/cardiovascular-diseases/diagnosis-tests
    Your doctor may recommend the following tests: […] ECG (electrocardiogram): This records electrical impulses of the heart and can help the doctor detect irregularities in your hearts rhythm and structure. […] Chest X-ray: Reveals whether the heart is enlarged or not. […] Echocardiogram: To see images of the hearts structure and function. […] Cardiac catheterisation (coronary angiogram): This involves running a slim catheter in to the heart. The doctor then uses this to diagnose the condition of the heart and even carry out treatments. […] Heart biopsy: Sometimes a heart biopsy will be done as a part of cardiac catheterisation if your doctor suspects that you have heart inflammation. A tiny sample of your heart tissue will be removed and sent to the lab for testing. […] Pericardiocentesis (Pericardial tap): This involves using a needle to get a sample of fluid in the sac surrounding the heart. This is done to check whether the fluid collection in the pericardium is due to infection, spread of cancer or possibly an autoimmune condition.
  • #55 Heart Testing and Diagnosis – BJC HealthCareSearchFacebookTwitterYouTubeLinkedInInstagram
    https://www.bjc.org/medical-services/heart-testing-and-diagnosis
    The first step toward successful treatment is a fast, accurate and complete diagnosis. We offer the latest advances in cardiac imaging and diagnostic tests. […] We use minimally invasive catheterization to diagnose many heart diseases. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a catheter (long, thin tube) with a camera on the tip into a blood vessel. We guide the catheter to the area of your heart or blood vessels that needs evaluation. In many cases, we can treat a condition during the same catheterization procedure. […] Additional diagnostic tests we perform include: Angiogram, Cardiac biopsy, Electrophysiology (E.P.) study, Intravascular ultrasound, Blood tests, Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), Holter monitor, Stress test, Event Monitor, Stress echocardiogram, Nuclear stress test. […] Our cardiac imaging doctors and technologists specialize in performing and interpreting diagnostic imaging studies. Most cardiac imaging tests are painless and noninvasive.
  • #56 The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/the-12-most-common-heart-and-cardiovascular-conditions
    Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a general term for problems with the hearts structure that are present from birth. It is also known as congenital heart defect, and it is the most common type of birth defect. It can affect blood flow to the heart and around the body. […] Coronary heart disease is a common condition where the major blood vessels to the heart the coronary arteries become blocked and narrowed, restricting the flow of blood to the heart. The main underlying cause of coronary heart disease is atherosclerosis. This is the process by which fat, cholesterol and other substances build up and form plaque in the arteries. […] Heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, occurs when the heart is deprived of oxygen due to a blocked artery. When a coronary artery is blocked, the blood flow to the heart is restricted or stopped, reducing the amount of oxygen that the heart receives. Without oxygen, the heart muscle can start to die, and the longer that the blockage remains untreated, the greater the damage to the heart.
  • #57 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx
    An EKG/ECG can help detect a heart attack, attacks of angina, arrhythmias etc. […] The test detects the effects of the exercise on the heart. […] The EKG/ECG pattern, arrhythmias etc. also show the possibility of a coronary artery disease. […] Echocardiography may also be combined with Doppler to show the areas of poor blood supply to the heart. It shows the areas of the heart muscle that are not contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle. […] Coronary angiography detects blockages in the large coronary arteries. […] EBCT helps to detect the calcium deposits or calcifications in the walls of the coronary arteries. These are early markers of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of the heart.
  • #58 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #59 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    MRI of the heart. This procedure uses a combination of large magnets, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed images of organs and structures in your body. […] Cardiac CT scan. This imaging procedure uses an X-ray machine and a computer to create a 3-D pictures of the heart. […] Coronary calcium scan. This test is a CT scan that measures the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries. Buildup of calcium, or calcifications, are signs of atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease.
  • #60 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #61 About Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Heart Disease | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/about/coronary-artery-disease.html
    If youre at high risk for heart disease or already have symptoms, your doctor can use several tests to diagnose CAD. […] ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram) measures the electrical activity, rate, and regularity of your heartbeat. […] Echocardiogram uses ultrasound (special sound wave) to create a picture of the heart. […] Exercise stress test measures your heart rate while you walk on a treadmill. This helps to determine how well your heart is working when it has to pump more blood. […] Chest X-ray uses x-rays to create a picture of the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest. […] Cardiac catheterization checks the inside of your arteries for blockage by inserting a thin, flexible tube through an artery in the groin, arm, or neck to reach the heart. Health care professionals can measure blood pressure within the heart and the strength of blood flow through the hearts chambers as well as collect blood samples from the heart or inject dye into the arteries of the heart (coronary arteries). […] Coronary angiogram monitors blockage and flow of blood through the coronary arteries. Uses X-rays to detect dye injected via cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary artery calcium scan is a computed tomography (CT) scan that looks in the coronary arteries for calcium buildup and plaque.
  • #62 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A CRP test can reveal inflammation in your body, but it cannot pinpoint the exact location or reason. Inflammation plays a central role in the process of atherosclerosis, in which fatty deposits clog your arteries. […] Too much homocysteine may increase your risk of heart disease and stroke. […] In addition to blood tests, your doctor may recommend several non-invasive tests to check for heart disease. […] An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is a short, painless test that records the electrical activity of your heart. […] An echocardiogram (also called an echo) is an ultrasound of the heart. […] Exercise stress tests are used to see how your heart performs under physical stress. […] Nuclear stress tests have two components: an exercise (or chemical) stress test and a heart scan combined with an injection of a radioactive substance.
  • #63 Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis.html
    Evaluation for coronary artery disease can include: Blood tests, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Stress echocardiogram (echo), Myocardial perfusion (nuclear) scan, CT coronary angiogram, Cardiac MRI, Cardiac catheterization. […] The Stanford Interventional Cardiology program is a leader in diagnosing and treating coronary artery disease, offering the latest minimally invasive procedures and treatments.
  • #64 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease
    Medical condition […] Diagnostic method Electrocardiogram, cardiac stress test, coronary computed tomographic angiography, coronary angiogram […] A number of tests may help with diagnosis including electrocardiogram, cardiac stress testing, coronary computed tomographic angiography, biomarkers (high-sensitivity cardiac troponins) and coronary angiogram, among others. […] The diagnosis of CAD depends largely on the nature of the symptoms and imaging. The first investigation when CAD is suspected is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), both for stable angina and acute coronary syndrome. […] For stable symptomatic patients, several non-invasive tests can diagnose CAD depending on pre-assessment of the risk profile. Noninvasive imaging options include; Computed tomography angiography (CTA) (anatomical imaging, best test in patients with low-risk profile to „rule out” the disease), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/nuclear stress test/myocardial scintigraphy and stress echocardiography
  • #65 Technique Improves Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis
    https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2024/11/19/technique-improves-coronary-artery-disease-diagnosis/
    Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease, affecting 70% or more of people over 60. […] A new technology which allows doctors to quantify blood flow in the heart can improve their ability to diagnose potentially deadly coronary artery disease (CAD), an international study led by School of Medicine investigators has found. […] The technique represents an advance in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) used in conjunction with stress testing to diagnose coronary artery disease, a condition which affects 70% or more of people over 60. […] CMR stress testing is a useful way to spot coronary artery disease, but the new research from Patel and colleagues suggests that quantitative CMR with blood-flow data is even better. […] The researchers found that adding data on blood flow significantly improved CMRs ability to identify obstructive coronary artery disease.
  • #66 The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/the-12-most-common-heart-and-cardiovascular-conditions
    Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is when the heart does not function as well as it should in pumping blood and oxygen around the body. This can damage the organs and cause extra fluid to build up in the body. […] High blood pressure is very common, with one in three Australian adults living with it. Also known as hypertension, high blood pressure is when the force of the blood against the artery walls is higher than normal for an extended period of time or the long term. This puts a strain on the arteries, and the heart also has to work harder to keep blood circulating around the body. […] Preeclampsia is a serious condition where high blood pressure occurs during pregnancy and the postpartum period. It affects both the mother and unborn baby, and can lead to maternal and infant death.
  • #67
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/
    If you have symptoms of heart failure, your GP should offer you some checks and a blood test to see how well your heart is working. […] If your blood test shows you might have heart failure, your GP should refer you to a specialist heart failure team and you may be offered further tests. […] Tests you may have to diagnose heart failure include: blood tests to check whether there’s anything in your blood that might indicate heart failure or another illness, an electrocardiogram (ECG) this records the electrical activity of your heart to check for problems, an echocardiogram a type of ultrasound scan where sound waves are used to examine your heart, breathing tests you may be asked to blow into a tube to check whether a lung problem is contributing to your breathlessness; common tests include spirometry and a peak flow test, a chest X-ray to check whether your heart’s bigger than it should be, whether there’s fluid in your lungs (a sign of heart failure), or whether a lung condition could be causing your symptoms. […] When you’re diagnosed with heart failure, your doctor will usually be able to tell you what stage it is. […] The stage describes how severe your heart failure is. […] Knowing the stage of your heart failure will help your doctors decide which treatments they think are best for you.
  • #68 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Failure | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0615/p1161.html
    The initial evaluation of patients with suspected heart failure should include a history and physical examination, laboratory assessment, chest radiography, and electrocardiography. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis. […] Systolic heart failure can be effectively ruled out with a normal B-type natriuretic peptide or N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide level. […] Echocardiography is the most widely accepted and available method for identifying systolic dysfunction and should be performed after the initial evaluation to confirm the presence of heart failure. […] If angina or chest pain is present with heart failure, the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology recommend that the patient undergo coronary angiography, unless there is a contraindication to potential revascularization.
  • #69 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Heart Failure | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0615/p1161.html
    Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome characterized by dyspnea, fatigue, and signs of volume overload, which may include peripheral edema and pulmonary rales. […] The initial evaluation includes a history and physical examination, chest radiography, electrocardiography, and laboratory assessment to identify causes or precipitating factors. […] There is no single diagnostic test for heart failure; therefore, it remains a clinical diagnosis requiring a history, physical examination, and laboratory testing. […] Appropriate diagnosis and therapy for heart failure are important given the poor prognosis. […] Echocardiography is the diagnostic standard to confirm systolic or diastolic heart failure through assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. […] Evaluation for ischemic heart disease is warranted in patients with heart failure, especially if angina is present, given that coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure.
  • #70
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/
    If you have symptoms of heart failure, your GP should offer you some checks and a blood test to see how well your heart is working. […] If your blood test shows you might have heart failure, your GP should refer you to a specialist heart failure team and you may be offered further tests. […] Tests you may have to diagnose heart failure include: blood tests to check whether there’s anything in your blood that might indicate heart failure or another illness, an electrocardiogram (ECG) this records the electrical activity of your heart to check for problems, an echocardiogram a type of ultrasound scan where sound waves are used to examine your heart, breathing tests you may be asked to blow into a tube to check whether a lung problem is contributing to your breathlessness; common tests include spirometry and a peak flow test, a chest X-ray to check whether your heart’s bigger than it should be, whether there’s fluid in your lungs (a sign of heart failure), or whether a lung condition could be causing your symptoms. […] When you’re diagnosed with heart failure, your doctor will usually be able to tell you what stage it is. […] The stage describes how severe your heart failure is. […] Knowing the stage of your heart failure will help your doctors decide which treatments they think are best for you.
  • #71
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/
    If you have symptoms of heart failure, your GP should offer you some checks and a blood test to see how well your heart is working. […] If your blood test shows you might have heart failure, your GP should refer you to a specialist heart failure team and you may be offered further tests. […] Tests you may have to diagnose heart failure include: blood tests to check whether there’s anything in your blood that might indicate heart failure or another illness, an electrocardiogram (ECG) this records the electrical activity of your heart to check for problems, an echocardiogram a type of ultrasound scan where sound waves are used to examine your heart, breathing tests you may be asked to blow into a tube to check whether a lung problem is contributing to your breathlessness; common tests include spirometry and a peak flow test, a chest X-ray to check whether your heart’s bigger than it should be, whether there’s fluid in your lungs (a sign of heart failure), or whether a lung condition could be causing your symptoms. […] When you’re diagnosed with heart failure, your doctor will usually be able to tell you what stage it is. […] The stage describes how severe your heart failure is. […] Knowing the stage of your heart failure will help your doctors decide which treatments they think are best for you.
  • #72 Congestive Heart Failure Symptoms and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/resources/congestive-heart-failure
    How is congestive heart failure diagnosed? […] Diagnosis of congestive heart failure is achieved through a comprehensive assessment of the heart muscle, including evaluation of its pumping action and thickness of its walls. This testing also helps to determine the underlying cause of heart failure. Diagnostic tests for congestive heart failure may include: […] Resting or exercise electrocardiogram (also known as EKG, ECG, or stress test) […] Echocardiogram […] Computed tomography (CT) scan […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan […] Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan […] Biopsy or catheterization of the heart and arteries.
  • #73
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis/
    If you have symptoms of heart failure, your GP should offer you some checks and a blood test to see how well your heart is working. […] If your blood test shows you might have heart failure, your GP should refer you to a specialist heart failure team and you may be offered further tests. […] Tests you may have to diagnose heart failure include: blood tests to check whether there’s anything in your blood that might indicate heart failure or another illness, an electrocardiogram (ECG) this records the electrical activity of your heart to check for problems, an echocardiogram a type of ultrasound scan where sound waves are used to examine your heart, breathing tests you may be asked to blow into a tube to check whether a lung problem is contributing to your breathlessness; common tests include spirometry and a peak flow test, a chest X-ray to check whether your heart’s bigger than it should be, whether there’s fluid in your lungs (a sign of heart failure), or whether a lung condition could be causing your symptoms. […] When you’re diagnosed with heart failure, your doctor will usually be able to tell you what stage it is. […] The stage describes how severe your heart failure is. […] Knowing the stage of your heart failure will help your doctors decide which treatments they think are best for you.
  • #74 Tests for Heart Disease and Diagnosis | Heart Tests Your Doctor May Recommend
    https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/cardiovascular-diseases/diagnosis-tests
    Cardiac CT scan: This visualises the hearts anatomy to check for heart failure or heart arrhythmias. […] Cardiac MRI: This offers images of the beating heart and arteries so doctors can see how your heart is working. […] Stage A: Presence of heart failure risk factors but no heart disease and no symptoms. […] Stage B: Heart disease is present but there are no symptoms. […] Stage C: Structural heart disease is present and symptoms have occurred. […] Stage D: Presence of advanced heart disease with continued heart failure symptoms requiring aggressive medical therapy.
  • #75 The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/the-12-most-common-heart-and-cardiovascular-conditions
    Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia where the heart beats in a rapid, irregular way, due to a problem in the hearts chambers. It may not cause any symptoms, or the symptoms may only occur some of the time. It can remain undetected for long periods of time. While AF is not dangerous in itself, it is important to screen for it and treat it because it increases the risk of other conditions, such as heart failure and stroke. […] A cardiac arrest (also known as sudden cardiac arrest) is when the heart suddenly stops beating. This results in the stoppage of blood flow to the brain and other vital organs, and the sufferer loses consciousness and stops breathing normally. A heart attack occurs when a blockage stops blood flow to the heart. A cardiac arrest usually occurs when there is a malfunction in the hearts electrical system that causes the heart to stop beating properly.
  • #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cardiovascular-Disease-Diagnosis.aspx
    An EKG/ECG can help detect a heart attack, attacks of angina, arrhythmias etc. […] The test detects the effects of the exercise on the heart. […] The EKG/ECG pattern, arrhythmias etc. also show the possibility of a coronary artery disease. […] Echocardiography may also be combined with Doppler to show the areas of poor blood supply to the heart. It shows the areas of the heart muscle that are not contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle. […] Coronary angiography detects blockages in the large coronary arteries. […] EBCT helps to detect the calcium deposits or calcifications in the walls of the coronary arteries. These are early markers of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of the heart.
  • #77 Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Tests | Vital Heart & Vein
    https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/the-diagnosis-of-heart-disease
    A heart rhythm monitoring test is any test that records the electrical activity of your heart to locate electrical irregularities and disease from anywhere between 24 hours and 30 days. […] A stress test is used to determine how well your heart can function while doing a reasonable amount of work, for example, when exercising. […] An echocardiogram is a common type of ultrasound used to determine how effectively your heart is pumping blood throughout your body. […] The importance of diagnostic testing cannot be overstated, because even if you suspect your heart is not as healthy as it could be, testing can help to pinpoint exactly what and where the problem is and what can be done to improve your condition.
  • #78 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). This test is similar to a transthoracic echocardiogram. But it’s done with medicine to help you relax (sedation). It allows a much closer look at the heart’s structure and function than a standard echocardiogram done on the skin of the chest. […] Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. This is a nuclear scan that gives information about the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle. […] PET F-18 FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose) scan. This specialized PET scan uses a form of radioactive glucose to help determine if any specific areas of heart tissue have permanent damage. […] Thallium scans or myocardial perfusion scans. Similar to the PET scan, these tests involve an IV injection of radioactive tracer and a special camera. […] Holter monitor. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered ECG machine. The monitor records heartbeats over a period of 24 to 48 hours during normal activities.
  • #79 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Event recorder. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered machine used to record ECG over several weeks. […] Implantable loop recorder. This device is about the size of a AAA battery. Your provider puts the device under the skin over the heart. The device monitors and records heartbeats for up to 3 years. […] Electrophysiology study. For this test, insulated electric catheters are placed through the large vein in the upper leg and threaded into the heart. It’s used to test the heart’s electrical system. […] Cardiac catheterization. This is also known as a cardiac or heart cath. For this test, your provider guides a small catheter (hollow tube) through the large artery in your upper leg, or sometimes your wrist or arm, into your heart. […] Coronary angiogram. This test is done during a cardiac catheterization. Dye is given through the catheter, and moving X-ray pictures are taken as the dye travels through your heart arteries and heart chambers.
  • #80 Tests to Diagnose Heart Problems
    https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/conditions/Heart/85,P00208
    Event recorder. For this test, you wear a small, portable, battery-powered machine used to record ECG over several weeks. […] Implantable loop recorder. This device is about the size of a AAA battery. Your provider puts the device under the skin over the heart. The device monitors and records heartbeats for up to 3 years. […] Electrophysiology study. For this test, insulated electric catheters are placed through the large vein in the upper leg and threaded into the heart. It’s used to test the heart’s electrical system. […] Cardiac catheterization. This is also known as a cardiac or heart cath. For this test, your provider guides a small catheter (hollow tube) through the large artery in your upper leg, or sometimes your wrist or arm, into your heart. […] Coronary angiogram. This test is done during a cardiac catheterization. Dye is given through the catheter, and moving X-ray pictures are taken as the dye travels through your heart arteries and heart chambers.
  • #81 Diagnosing Heart Disease | Patient Education | UCSF Health
    https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/diagnosing-heart-disease
    A carotid ultrasound, or carotid duplex, is used to assess your risk for a stroke. […] Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure that can help diagnose heart disease. […] Once the catheter is in place, the cardiologist uses X-rays and other tests to evaluate whether your coronary arteries are blocked and how well your heart is working. […] An electrophysiology study (EP) records the electrical activity of your heart. It helps your doctor determine the cause of a rhythm disturbance (arrhythmia) and the best treatment.
  • #82 The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/the-12-most-common-heart-and-cardiovascular-conditions
    Heart and cardiovascular conditions can be life-changing. Understand the impact of these common conditions, and find out what you can do about them. Heart and cardiovascular conditions are among the most common in the world. The umbrella term cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to all the diseases of the cardiovascular system which consists of the heart and all the blood vessels in the body. CVD is the leading cause of death globally. Every year, an estimated 17.9 million lives are lost to CVD. […] Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of CVD. It is a disease in which plaques consisting of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances build up in the walls of arteries. Over time, the plaques harden, narrowing the opening of the arteries and restricting blood flow. These atherosclerotic plaques can break, forming a blood clot (thrombosis) that can further limit, or even block the flow of blood throughout the body.
  • #83 Heart disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353124
    This noninvasive exam uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart in motion. It shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. An echocardiogram can help determine if a valve is narrowed or leaking. […] These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while the heart is checked. Exercise tests help reveal how the heart responds to physical activity and whether heart disease symptoms occur during exercise. […] This test can show blockages in the heart arteries. A long, thin flexible tube called a catheter is inserted in a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. […] In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. […] A cardiac MRI uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the heart.
  • #84 Tests and diagnosis of Ischaemic Heart Disease | PortalCLÍNIC
    https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/ischemic-heart-disease/tests-and-diagnosis
    Doctors use ultrasound to visualise the heart’s size, shape and movement on a screen. The technique does not provide a view of the arteries, so we cannot tell whether or not they are obstructed, but it does provide very important information regarding heart function. […] If there are doubts as to whether or not the patient’s chest pain is due to a lack of blood supply reaching an area of the heart, then the best option is to carry out a stress test. […] The patient’s response to this stress is observed throughout the test: do they experience any pain, what are the effects on blood pressure and pulse, or are there any alterations on the electrocardiogram indicating a lack of coronary blood supply? […] To carry out a coronary CT, the patient lies on a table that enters into a tomography machine or scanner. The machine uses X-rays to collect images of the heart, these can subsequently be used to determine the degree of obstruction in the coronary arteries.
  • #85 Heart disease – enlarged heart | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/heart-disease-enlarged-heart
    An enlarged heart is diagnosed using a number of tests including: […] chest x-ray this allows the doctor to see the overall shape and size of the heart and lungs […] echocardiogram sound waves sent to a special machine present a picture of the beating heart, so the doctor can see the heart as its chambers contract and relax […] Doppler study shows blood flow through the heart valves and evaluates whether the valves are functioning normally […] electrocardiogram measures electrical activity in the heart and can assess heart rhythm and evidence of old infarction or ischaemia.
  • #86 Congestive Heart Failure Symptoms and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/resources/congestive-heart-failure
    How is congestive heart failure diagnosed? […] Diagnosis of congestive heart failure is achieved through a comprehensive assessment of the heart muscle, including evaluation of its pumping action and thickness of its walls. This testing also helps to determine the underlying cause of heart failure. Diagnostic tests for congestive heart failure may include: […] Resting or exercise electrocardiogram (also known as EKG, ECG, or stress test) […] Echocardiogram […] Computed tomography (CT) scan […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan […] Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan […] Biopsy or catheterization of the heart and arteries.
  • #87 Congestive Heart Failure Symptoms and Diagnosis – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/resources/congestive-heart-failure
    How is congestive heart failure diagnosed? […] Diagnosis of congestive heart failure is achieved through a comprehensive assessment of the heart muscle, including evaluation of its pumping action and thickness of its walls. This testing also helps to determine the underlying cause of heart failure. Diagnostic tests for congestive heart failure may include: […] Resting or exercise electrocardiogram (also known as EKG, ECG, or stress test) […] Echocardiogram […] Computed tomography (CT) scan […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan […] Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan […] Biopsy or catheterization of the heart and arteries.
  • #88 Heart Testing and Diagnosis – BJC HealthCareSearchFacebookTwitterYouTubeLinkedInInstagram
    https://www.bjc.org/medical-services/heart-testing-and-diagnosis
    An echo, or heart ultrasound, uses sound waves to create 2D and 3D images of your heart and blood vessels. An echo evaluates your heart’s structure to see if it is working as expected. […] A CTA uses X-rays to create 3D images of your heart. We use this test to check blood vessels for blockages, damage or blood clots. […] A cardiac MRI uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce images of the heart’s chambers, walls and valves. […] This test uses a radioactive tracer and special camera to show blood flow to your heart muscle and tissue damage. […] This test combines blood flow imaging from a PET scan with structural details from an MRI. You have the scans at the same time.
  • #89 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Heart disease is a fatal human disease, rapidly increases globally in both developed and undeveloped countries and consequently, causes death. Early and on-time diagnosing of this problem is very essential for preventing patients from more damage and saving their lives. […] Among the conventional invasive-based techniques, angiography is considered to be the most well-known technique for diagnosing heart problems but it has some limitations. On the other hand, the non-invasive based methods, like intelligent learning-based computational techniques are found more upright and effectual for the heart disease diagnosis. Here, an intelligent computational predictive system is introduced for the identification and diagnosis of cardiac disease. […] The precise and appropriate diagnosis of heart disease is very imperative to prevent the patient from more damage.
  • #90 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    Revolutionary AI-driven 3D heart scans cut the need for invasive tests and have already saved millions of pounds, according to new analysis. […] Now rolled out across 56 NHS hospitals in England, the clever tech enables doctors to diagnose and treat patients with suspected heart disease much faster by turning a CT scan of their heart into a personalised 3D image which is then analysed using AI. […] The sci-fi like tool is helping give tens of thousands of patients at risk of potentially life-threatening coronary heart disease a faster and more accurate diagnosis, while also freeing up capacity in the NHS. […] A new study of the technologys use, published in Nature Medicine, found that it reduced the number of patients needing invasive angiogram tests by a sixth (16%) in cases where it was later found no further treatment was required and by 7% overall.
  • #91 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC
    https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics
    This channel includes news, videos, podcasts and other content on new technology innovations for cardiac diagnostic systems and techniques. This includes laboratory testing, blood tests including troponin testing, electrocardiogram (ECG) systems, point of care testing systems, genetic testing, cardiac patient monitoring devices including wearable sensors, and studies showing new ways to diagnose heart diseases. […] Researchers Find ApoB Test May be More Accurate Measure of Heart Disease Risk. […] The traditional lipid panel may not give the full picture of cholesterol-related heart disease risk for patients. […] Study: AI Helps Unlock Earlier Heart Failure Detection. […] Eko Health has published a peer-reviewed study evaluating its FDA-cleared AI model for heart failure detection.
  • #92 Technique Improves Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis
    https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2024/11/19/technique-improves-coronary-artery-disease-diagnosis/
    The enhanced CMR proved more effective at detecting obstructive CAD than both traditional CMR and human physicians reading scans. […] Although this study focused on improving the diagnosis of obstructive coronary artery disease, future studies will be needed to determine how the blood flow measurements will be beneficial for patients with other heart conditions such as heart failure.
  • #93 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Conventional invasive-based methods used for the diagnosis of heart disease which were based on the medical history of a patient, physical test results, and investigation of related symptoms by the doctors. […] To overcome the issues in conventional invasive-based methods for the identification of heart disease, researchers attempted to develop different non-invasive smart healthcare systems based on predictive machine learning techniques namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Nave Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT), etc. […] The contribution of the current work is to introduce an intelligent medical decision system for the diagnosis of heart disease based on contemporary machine learning algorithms. […] The research study recommends that which feature selection algorithm is feasible with which classification algorithm for developing a high-level intelligence system for the diagnosing of heart disease patients.
  • #94 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    The number of second heart tests patients needed within a two-year period has also been cut by 12%. […] New NHS data also shows that over 24,300 patients so far have benefitted since the technology was rolled out on the NHS in 2021, enabling hundreds of patients to avoid invasive procedures and saving the NHS an estimated 9.5m equivalent to around 390 per patient. […] The NHS has said that this is a prime example of how technology will make the NHS fit for future generations as part of the 10 Year Health Plan, set to be published in the summer. […] It is fantastic see that these revolutionary AI-driven 3D heart scans, supported by NHS England, are transforming cardiac care by significantly reducing the need for invasive tests, speeding up diagnoses, conserving NHS resources, and enabling clinicians to advise patients on the best treatment for their condition.
  • #95 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries, restricting the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart, and putting patients at risk of heart attacks or heart failure. […] Previously patients suspected of having CHD would need to undergo a CT scan and if a narrowing or blockage in a coronary artery was suspected, many would need an invasive angiogram to confirm the diagnosis. […] Instead, the new technology uses specialist analysis of the CT scan of the heart to create a personalised 3D model of a patients coronary arteries and assess the extent and location of blockages, which is interpreted by a cardiologist. […] Many patients can then be treated through medication and lifestyle changes, with an invasive angiogram only recommended if they may need to undergo surgery or have a stent fitted.
  • #96 Diagnosis of heart diseases: A fuzzy-logic-based approach | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293112
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) also known as heart disease are now the leading cause of death in the world. This paper presents research for the design and creation of a fuzzy logic-based expert system for the prognosis and diagnosis of heart disease that is precise, economical, and effective. […] The Mamdani inference method has been used to evaluate the results. The system is tested with the Cleveland dataset and cross-checked with the in-field dataset. Compared with the other existing expert systems, the proposed method performs 98.08% accurately and can make accurate decisions for diagnosing heart diseases. […] In the medical domain, accuracy is very important in case of diagnosis of any disease. […] Literature shows that fuzzy logic-based expert systems are frequently utilized in the diagnosis of disease where various factors influence the decision-making process and lead to variances in practitioners opinions.
  • #97 Diagnosis of heart diseases: A fuzzy-logic-based approach | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293112
    Interestingly, the chance of mortality can be decreased by early diagnosis of heart diseases. […] If an efficient and cost-effective fuzzy expert system is developed, then it could help the patients with the prognosis of heart disease and then can take their decision for addressing the problem based on the status of their heart. […] The proposed Expert System has been simulated using the dataset of Cleveland Clinical Foundation in the (University of California, Irvine) UCI repository and found the systems performance in terms of accuracy up to 98.08%. […] The proposed system can assist a heart specialist in the diagnosis of heart disease accurately and reliably and increase his level of confidence. […] The simulated results with the Cleveland data sets deliver the accuracy of the system up to 98.08%. The results show that the proposed system outperforms the existing works in diagnosing heart disease.
  • #98 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Advanced biomarkers have been shown to help identify residual risk and have been adopted by several practice guidelines and professional societies. […] The inflammatory response to injury contributes to the progression of plaque development and is a key factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture, which may cause a heart attack or stroke. […] The recently updated ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend BNP or NT-proBNP biomarker testing followed by early intervention as an aid for prevention. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members.
  • #99 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, taking the lives of over 300,000 women in the US in 2020. […] Our comprehensive approach includes assays that determine traditional risk factors, state-of-the-art genetic testing, and tests for novel cardiovascular biomarkers and lipoprotein particle size. […] Cardio IQ Testing can offer a more complete picture of your patients cardiovascular health, offering a more advanced approach to lipid subclass characterization. […] Through our combination of lipid testing technology, esoteric testing capability, and patient support services, we provide clinicians and patients with a viable disease management offering for cardiovascular disease prevention. […] Our team of genetic counselors is available to guide medical professionals in appropriate test selection and interpretation of results.
  • #100 Heart Disease Diagnosis and Treatment | Patient Care
    https://weillcornell.org/womens-heart-program/heart-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment
    The cardiologists at the Weill Cornell Medicine Womens Heart Program use the most advanced technology and imaging techniques to expertly diagnose and treat all types of heart disease. […] If you believe that you are experiencing heart disease symptoms or have been told by a doctor that you are at high risk for heart disease, the cardiologists at our Womens Heart Program are here to provide you with expert diagnosis, compassionate treatment and supportive care for your long-term health. […] Your cardiologist will use a variety of tests and imaging to get a good understanding of your specific condition. The tests may include: Blood tests to understand your blood lipid (fat), sugar and cholesterol levels, Chest X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the size and shape of your heart and lungs, Computed Tomography (CT) scan to measure calcium in and around your arteries, Angiogram to track blood flow throughout your arteries, Echocardiogram to measure your hearts pumping strength, Stress or exercise tests to measure your heart function while under stress.
  • #101 General Cardiology: Diagnosis and Treatment | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/general-cardiology/cardio-rheumatology-program/diagnosis.html
    Many patients come to us after receiving a heart disease screening test or reporting heart-related symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, to their rheumatologist. […] To diagnose a heart condition, we conduct a variety of tests, always emphasizing minimally invasive approaches, whenever possible, to precisely pinpoint each patients cardiac condition. […] Diagnostic procedures include: […] In addition, we perform diagnostic tests designed specifically for patients with rheumatologic conditions. […] With all patients, we consider a range of potential prevention strategies. […] Just as we do with our diagnostic tests and prevention strategies, we tailor treatment plans specifically to each patient.
  • #102 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #103 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Advanced biomarkers have been shown to help identify residual risk and have been adopted by several practice guidelines and professional societies. […] The inflammatory response to injury contributes to the progression of plaque development and is a key factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture, which may cause a heart attack or stroke. […] The recently updated ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend BNP or NT-proBNP biomarker testing followed by early intervention as an aid for prevention. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members.
  • #104 Heart Screening & Diagnosis | UC San Diego Health
    https://health.ucsd.edu/care/heart-vascular/screening-diagnosis/
    If you have a suspected heart or vascular condition, look to the experts at UC San Diego Health for access to the most sophisticated methods for diagnosis and screening. […] Advanced imaging technologies have dramatically improved our ability to detect and treat cardiovascular disease at an early stage. […] At UC San Diego Health, all imaging results are evaluated by both cardiology and radiology specialists, a collaborative approach that ensures highly accurate results. […] If you’re at risk of developing a heart or vascular disease, your doctor may recommend a screening test. Screening tests find signs of disease early, so you can get timely treatment. […] You may receive imaging services to help your doctor see if you have an increased risk of heart disease or heart attack. […] Diagnostic tests help us determine if you have heart or vascular disease. They also help us recommend a treatment program that fits your individual needs. […] Our Women’s Cardiovascular Health Program to provide gender-sensitive risk factor tests and symptom assessments for coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. […] UC San Diego Health cardiologist shares insights on prevention and early detection of heart disease.
  • #105 Heart attack diagnosis missed in women more often than in men
    https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Heart-attack-diagnosis-missed-in-women-more-often-than-in-men
    Chest pain is misdiagnosed in women more frequently than in men, according to research presented today at ESC Acute CardioVascular Care 2021, an online scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). […] Our findings suggest a gender gap in the first evaluation of chest pain, with the likelihood of heart attack being underestimated in women, said study author Dr. Gemma Martinez-Nadal of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain. […] The low suspicion of heart attack occurs in both women themselves and in physicians, leading to higher risks of late diagnosis and misdiagnosis. […] In the physicians initial diagnosis, acute coronary syndrome was more likely to be considered the cause of chest pain in men compared to women. […] The significantly lower suspicion of ACS in females was maintained regardless of the number of risk factors or the presence of typical chest pain.
  • #106 General Cardiology: Diagnosis and Treatment | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/general-cardiology/cardio-rheumatology-program/diagnosis.html
    Many patients come to us after receiving a heart disease screening test or reporting heart-related symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, to their rheumatologist. […] To diagnose a heart condition, we conduct a variety of tests, always emphasizing minimally invasive approaches, whenever possible, to precisely pinpoint each patients cardiac condition. […] Diagnostic procedures include: […] In addition, we perform diagnostic tests designed specifically for patients with rheumatologic conditions. […] With all patients, we consider a range of potential prevention strategies. […] Just as we do with our diagnostic tests and prevention strategies, we tailor treatment plans specifically to each patient.
  • #107 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, taking the lives of over 300,000 women in the US in 2020. […] Our comprehensive approach includes assays that determine traditional risk factors, state-of-the-art genetic testing, and tests for novel cardiovascular biomarkers and lipoprotein particle size. […] Cardio IQ Testing can offer a more complete picture of your patients cardiovascular health, offering a more advanced approach to lipid subclass characterization. […] Through our combination of lipid testing technology, esoteric testing capability, and patient support services, we provide clinicians and patients with a viable disease management offering for cardiovascular disease prevention. […] Our team of genetic counselors is available to guide medical professionals in appropriate test selection and interpretation of results.
  • #108 Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24129-heart-disease
    Can heart disease be prevented? […] You can lower your risk of some kinds of heart disease in these ways: […] Manage other conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Medications and/or procedures can help people who have various types of heart disease. […] It’s easier to treat most types of heart disease if you get an early diagnosis instead of waiting for symptoms to get worse. […] If you have coronary artery disease (the most common kind of heart disease), you can improve your health by making changes to your daily life. […] Contact your provider if you have heart disease symptoms. […] Identifying heart disease early gives you the best chance of managing it well.
  • #109 Heart Disease: Diagnosis and Tests | Vital Heart & Vein
    https://vitalheartandvein.com/news/the-diagnosis-of-heart-disease
    Anyone who values their health should understand the importance of diagnostic testing. […] An early diagnosis of heart disease can be the difference between a healthy life and chronic heart disease. […] Diagnostic testing can help you discover early on if you’re at risk for heart disease and give you the chance to improve the health of your heart before more serious events like a heart attack or stroke. […] There are many kinds of diagnostic tests for your heart. […] One of the more invasive types of diagnostic testing is cardiac catheterization. […] This makes the CT a preferred diagnostic tool when determining the health of someone’s heart in both structure and function. […] An ECG involves placing electrodes on your body, which will monitor the electrical activity of your heart muscle.
  • #110 Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease) – types, causes & symptoms – BHF
    https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/coronary-heart-disease
    How is coronary heart disease diagnosed? […] Your doctor will need to carry out a few tests to diagnose CHD. These tests are very common. Some of the tests include; electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, chest x-ray, coronary angiogram, exercise stress tests, blood tests, radionuclide tests, MRI scans, CT scans. […] If you have any questions about these tests, speak to your healthcare professional. […] You can have a free NHS health check to assess your risk of CHD if you’re between 40 and 74 years old and live in England. […] The health check usually takes place at your GP surgery. It lasts about 20 minutes. A healthcare professional such as a nurse, doctor, pharmacist or healthcare assistant will check your blood pressure and cholesterol levels. They will also take a measurement of height, weight, and waist. Based on your results and lifestyle choices, they will give you practical advice about keeping your heart healthy.
  • #111 Inherited Cardiovascular Disease
    https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/inherited-cardiovascular-disease/
    When a family member is diagnosed with heart disease or a heart disorder; other family members are encouraged to undergo screening for risk factors and early stage disease that may not yet produce symptoms. […] Your doctor will conduct a physical examination, take a personal and family medical history, and ask when your symptoms occur. Your doctor will also administer a genetic test. This test will help understand current and future risk for developing cardiovascular disease. After that, your doctor may recommend diagnostic tests. Some of the diagnostic tests and procedures include: […] At RWJBarnabas Health, we are the destination for ensuring your heart health. If you believe or you know that you are at high risk for heart or vascular disease, dont wait. Make an appointment with one of our expert New Jersey cardiovascular specialists now.
  • #112 Best Checkup for Your Heart – Consumer Reports
    https://www.consumerreports.org/health/heart-disease/best-checkup-for-your-heart-a9790305267/
    An echo is warranted when you show signs of heart disease, says Vinay Kini, MD, a cardiologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City and a co-author of the 2022 AHA report. „It’s very helpful if we suspect a structural or valvular heart problem, especially if paired with symptoms of heart disease or heart failure, such as shortness of breath and leg swelling,” he says. […] If you have a buildup of calcium, it can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to your heart, Kini says. It’s not recommended for routine use but can help if it’s unclear whether you should begin taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. […] Depending on the results, at the ER you may be taken immediately for an angiogram (where a catheter inserted into a leg artery is guided to heart blood vessels to identify blockages). If the EKG doesn’t show the need for an urgent angiogram, doctors will check your blood levels of troponin, a protein that rises when the heart muscle is damaged, Newby says.
  • #113 Heart Disease: Symptoms & Causes
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24129-heart-disease
    Can heart disease be prevented? […] You can lower your risk of some kinds of heart disease in these ways: […] Manage other conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. […] Medications and/or procedures can help people who have various types of heart disease. […] It’s easier to treat most types of heart disease if you get an early diagnosis instead of waiting for symptoms to get worse. […] If you have coronary artery disease (the most common kind of heart disease), you can improve your health by making changes to your daily life. […] Contact your provider if you have heart disease symptoms. […] Identifying heart disease early gives you the best chance of managing it well.
  • #114 Heart Disease in Women | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/heartdiseaseinwomen.html
    Women are often not diagnosed with heart disease as quickly as men are. […] Health care providers may not recognize heart disease in women because women’s symptoms may be different from men’s symptoms. […] A delay in diagnosis may mean a delay in medical care that could help prevent serious problems, such as a heart attack. […] If you have one or more risks for heart disease, ask your health care provider for help understanding your risk level. Ask if you need any heart tests to help catch heart disease early. […] When women have symptoms of heart disease, they may include: Pain or discomfort in the chest that may be dull and heavy or sharp. […] Women who have coronary artery disease are more likely than men to have chest pain when resting or doing daily activities, rather than during exercise. […] Symptoms of a heart attack in women may also be different than in men. […] You can help lower your risk by: Learning how to prevent heart disease and making heart-healthy habits part of your daily life. […] Remember, women can have heart disease without symptoms.
  • #115 Heart Disease in Women | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/heartdiseaseinwomen.html
    Women are often not diagnosed with heart disease as quickly as men are. […] Health care providers may not recognize heart disease in women because women’s symptoms may be different from men’s symptoms. […] A delay in diagnosis may mean a delay in medical care that could help prevent serious problems, such as a heart attack. […] If you have one or more risks for heart disease, ask your health care provider for help understanding your risk level. Ask if you need any heart tests to help catch heart disease early. […] When women have symptoms of heart disease, they may include: Pain or discomfort in the chest that may be dull and heavy or sharp. […] Women who have coronary artery disease are more likely than men to have chest pain when resting or doing daily activities, rather than during exercise. […] Symptoms of a heart attack in women may also be different than in men. […] You can help lower your risk by: Learning how to prevent heart disease and making heart-healthy habits part of your daily life. […] Remember, women can have heart disease without symptoms.
  • #116 Heart attack diagnosis missed in women more often than in men
    https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Heart-attack-diagnosis-missed-in-women-more-often-than-in-men
    Chest pain is misdiagnosed in women more frequently than in men, according to research presented today at ESC Acute CardioVascular Care 2021, an online scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). […] Our findings suggest a gender gap in the first evaluation of chest pain, with the likelihood of heart attack being underestimated in women, said study author Dr. Gemma Martinez-Nadal of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain. […] The low suspicion of heart attack occurs in both women themselves and in physicians, leading to higher risks of late diagnosis and misdiagnosis. […] In the physicians initial diagnosis, acute coronary syndrome was more likely to be considered the cause of chest pain in men compared to women. […] The significantly lower suspicion of ACS in females was maintained regardless of the number of risk factors or the presence of typical chest pain.
  • #117 Heart Disease in Women | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/heartdiseaseinwomen.html
    Women are often not diagnosed with heart disease as quickly as men are. […] Health care providers may not recognize heart disease in women because women’s symptoms may be different from men’s symptoms. […] A delay in diagnosis may mean a delay in medical care that could help prevent serious problems, such as a heart attack. […] If you have one or more risks for heart disease, ask your health care provider for help understanding your risk level. Ask if you need any heart tests to help catch heart disease early. […] When women have symptoms of heart disease, they may include: Pain or discomfort in the chest that may be dull and heavy or sharp. […] Women who have coronary artery disease are more likely than men to have chest pain when resting or doing daily activities, rather than during exercise. […] Symptoms of a heart attack in women may also be different than in men. […] You can help lower your risk by: Learning how to prevent heart disease and making heart-healthy habits part of your daily life. […] Remember, women can have heart disease without symptoms.
  • #118 Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis.html
    We provide routine to complex care for all types of coronary artery disease (CAD). […] They also have expertise in harder-to-recognize forms of the disease that require special testing. […] Our expertise and specialized tests help us make the right treatment recommendation for your needs. […] We are one of the few centers in the United States specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of non-obstructive coronary artery disease. […] Many women with hard-to-detect forms of non-obstructive CAD may have gone to doctors at other clinics without getting a precise diagnosis. […] At Stanford, we have the tools, technology, and knowledge to find these conditions and provide women with an accurate diagnosis so you can start getting the proper treatment right away. […] When we suspect coronary artery disease, initial testing typically focuses on whether arteries are blocked or narrowed.
  • #119 Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/coronary-artery-disease/diagnosis.html
    We provide routine to complex care for all types of coronary artery disease (CAD). […] They also have expertise in harder-to-recognize forms of the disease that require special testing. […] Our expertise and specialized tests help us make the right treatment recommendation for your needs. […] We are one of the few centers in the United States specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of non-obstructive coronary artery disease. […] Many women with hard-to-detect forms of non-obstructive CAD may have gone to doctors at other clinics without getting a precise diagnosis. […] At Stanford, we have the tools, technology, and knowledge to find these conditions and provide women with an accurate diagnosis so you can start getting the proper treatment right away. […] When we suspect coronary artery disease, initial testing typically focuses on whether arteries are blocked or narrowed.
  • #120 Coronary artery disease – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease
    Invasive testing with coronary angiography (ICA) can be used when non-invasive testing is inconclusive or show a high event risk. […] The diagnosis of microvascular angina (previously known as cardiac syndrome X) the rare coronary artery disease that is more common in females, as mentioned, is a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, usually, the same tests are used as in any person suspected of having coronary artery disease.
  • #121 Heart attack diagnosis missed in women more often than in men
    https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Heart-attack-diagnosis-missed-in-women-more-often-than-in-men
    Chest pain is misdiagnosed in women more frequently than in men, according to research presented today at ESC Acute CardioVascular Care 2021, an online scientific congress of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). […] Our findings suggest a gender gap in the first evaluation of chest pain, with the likelihood of heart attack being underestimated in women, said study author Dr. Gemma Martinez-Nadal of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain. […] The low suspicion of heart attack occurs in both women themselves and in physicians, leading to higher risks of late diagnosis and misdiagnosis. […] In the physicians initial diagnosis, acute coronary syndrome was more likely to be considered the cause of chest pain in men compared to women. […] The significantly lower suspicion of ACS in females was maintained regardless of the number of risk factors or the presence of typical chest pain.
  • #122 Heart attack diagnosis missed in women more often than in men
    https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/Heart-attack-diagnosis-missed-in-women-more-often-than-in-men
    In women, 5% of ACS were initially misdiagnosed, whereas in men, 3% of ACS were initially misdiagnosed (p0.001). […] After multivariate analysis, female gender was an independent risk factor for an initial impression of non-ACS. […] Dr. Martinez-Nadal said: Heart attack has traditionally been considered a male disease, and has been understudied, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in women, who may attribute symptoms to stress or anxiety.
  • #123 General Cardiology: Diagnosis and Treatment | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/general-cardiology/cardio-rheumatology-program/diagnosis.html
    Many patients come to us after receiving a heart disease screening test or reporting heart-related symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, to their rheumatologist. […] To diagnose a heart condition, we conduct a variety of tests, always emphasizing minimally invasive approaches, whenever possible, to precisely pinpoint each patients cardiac condition. […] Diagnostic procedures include: […] In addition, we perform diagnostic tests designed specifically for patients with rheumatologic conditions. […] With all patients, we consider a range of potential prevention strategies. […] Just as we do with our diagnostic tests and prevention strategies, we tailor treatment plans specifically to each patient.
  • #124 Diagnosis & Treatments at the Advanced Heart Failure & Transplant Center | Heart & Vascular | University Hospitals | Cleveland, OH | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/for-clinicians/specialties/heart-and-vascular/advanced-heart-failure-transplant-center/diagnosis-treatment
    Patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction, heart failure from valvular disease, rare cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, restrictive) and inherited disorders, pulmonary hypertension, adult congenital heart disease, and other severe conditions require aggressive medical and surgical options. […] Diagnostic capabilities include: Echocardiography, Cardiac catheterization, Stress testing, Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Nuclear cardiology, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, Computed tomography scans, CT coronary angiography, Myocardial viability testing by PET, Optical coherence tomography (OCT). […] Specialized Heart Failure Services include: Biventricular pacemaker and implantable cardiac defibrillator, Angioplasty and stenting, Coronary artery bypass grafting, Transmyocardial laser revascularization, High-risk mitral valve repair, Redo heart surgery, Surgical and nonsurgical aortic valve replacement, Ventricular assist device (VAD), Heart transplantation, Clinical trials, including drugs, devices and stem cell therapies, Cardio-Oncology Program.
  • #125 Diagnosis and Management of Heart Disease (Chapter 13) – Reichel’s Care of the Elderly
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/reichels-care-of-the-elderly/diagnosis-and-management-of-heart-disease/2FCB8E7E75C1804F5947C82CECA3D4ED
    This chapter addresses the major cardiovascular conditions faced by clinicians caring for older adults: ischemic heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, arrhythmias and conduction system disorders, and pericardial diseases. […] After a brief review of the global burden of heart disease and the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system, each subsequent section of the chapter provides a consistent approach to the description of these disease processes. […] Beginning with a summary of the epidemiology and clinical presentations relevant to older adults, pharmacologic and procedural recommendations are then presented based on clinical trial data and practice guidelines specific to this patient population. […] Each section also highlights the importance of individualized care for patients with advanced age or substantial medical comorbidities, including commentary about prognosis and palliative care, when appropriate. […] With clinically relevant treatment recommendations, comprehensive trial review and data tables, and several illustrative figures, this chapter provides evidence-based guidance to assist with the daily clinical care of our aging population with cardiovascular diseases.
  • #126 General Cardiology: Diagnosis and Treatment | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/general-cardiology/cardio-rheumatology-program/diagnosis.html
    Many patients come to us after receiving a heart disease screening test or reporting heart-related symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, to their rheumatologist. […] To diagnose a heart condition, we conduct a variety of tests, always emphasizing minimally invasive approaches, whenever possible, to precisely pinpoint each patients cardiac condition. […] Diagnostic procedures include: […] In addition, we perform diagnostic tests designed specifically for patients with rheumatologic conditions. […] With all patients, we consider a range of potential prevention strategies. […] Just as we do with our diagnostic tests and prevention strategies, we tailor treatment plans specifically to each patient.
  • #127 Heart and Vascular A-Z List – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/heart-and-vascular-a-to-z
    Adult Congenital Heart Defect Repair […] Adult Congenital Heart Disease […] Advanced Heart Failure/Cardiomyopathy […] Alcohol Septal Ablation […] Amyloid Heart Disease […] Aneurysm: Abdominal, Aortic, Thoracic and Peripheral […] Aneurysm Repair […] Aortic Disease Center […] Aortic Root Repair and Replacement […] Aortic Valve Repair and Replacement […] Atherosclerosis […] Atrial Fibrillation […] Cancer and the Heart […] Cardiac Ablation […] Cardiac Amyloidosis Program […] Cardiac Arrhythmia Service […] Cardiac Catheterization […] Cardiac CT […] Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging […] Cardiac Rehabilitation […] Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy […] Cardiac Ultrasound (Echocardiography) […] Cardio-oncology Program and Tumors of the Heart […] Cardiopulmonary Stress Test
  • #128 The 12 most common heart and cardiovascular conditions • HRI
    https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/the-12-most-common-heart-and-cardiovascular-conditions
    Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is when the heart does not function as well as it should in pumping blood and oxygen around the body. This can damage the organs and cause extra fluid to build up in the body. […] High blood pressure is very common, with one in three Australian adults living with it. Also known as hypertension, high blood pressure is when the force of the blood against the artery walls is higher than normal for an extended period of time or the long term. This puts a strain on the arteries, and the heart also has to work harder to keep blood circulating around the body. […] Preeclampsia is a serious condition where high blood pressure occurs during pregnancy and the postpartum period. It affects both the mother and unborn baby, and can lead to maternal and infant death.
  • #129 Heart and Vascular A-Z List – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/heart-and-vascular-a-to-z
    Heart Disease in Women […] Heart Rhythm Disorders […] Heart Transplant […] Heart Valve Disease […] Heart Valve Translational Research Program […] Hyperlipidemia (High Blood Cholesterol) and Obesity […] Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) […] Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD) […] Interventional Cardiology Program […] Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery […] Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery Program […] Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement […] Pacemakers […] Pericardial Disease […] Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) […] Peripheral Bypass Surgery […] Pregnancy and Heart Disease […] Prevention of Heart and Vascular Disease […] Pulmonary Hypertension […] Pulmonary Embolism […] Pulmonary Vascular Disease Program […] Rapid Response Teams […] Rehabilitation After Heart Disease, Intervention and Surgery
  • #130 Heart Disease: Tests and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/tests-diagnosis
    After completing a physical examination and blood tests, your doctor may order additional noninvasive tests. Noninvasive means the tests dont involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. There are many noninvasive tests available to help your doctor check for heart disease. […] Sometimes, noninvasive tests dont provide enough answers. Your doctor may need to use an invasive procedure to diagnose heart disease. Invasive procedures involve tools that physically enter the body, such as a needle, tube, or scope. […] Your doctor may perform a physical examination, order blood tests, or use other tests to check for problems with your heart or blood vessels. These tests can help them diagnose heart disease and develop a treatment plan. […] There is no one best test to diagnose heart disease. The tests you have will likely start with blood work and an electrocardiogram (EKG) of the electrical signals from your heart. The next steps of your diagnosis process will depend on the results of these tests.
  • #131 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Conventional invasive-based methods used for the diagnosis of heart disease which were based on the medical history of a patient, physical test results, and investigation of related symptoms by the doctors. […] To overcome the issues in conventional invasive-based methods for the identification of heart disease, researchers attempted to develop different non-invasive smart healthcare systems based on predictive machine learning techniques namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Nave Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT), etc. […] The contribution of the current work is to introduce an intelligent medical decision system for the diagnosis of heart disease based on contemporary machine learning algorithms. […] The research study recommends that which feature selection algorithm is feasible with which classification algorithm for developing a high-level intelligence system for the diagnosing of heart disease patients.
  • #132 Best Checkup for Your Heart – Consumer Reports
    https://www.consumerreports.org/health/heart-disease/best-checkup-for-your-heart-a9790305267/
    Echocardiograms. Stress tests. Cardiac calcium tests. You may well have had some or all of these. Your doctor may have recommended certain ones annually, even if you’re at low risk for heart disease. But „the days of regular asymptomatic testing in your doctor’s office are long gone,” says Michael Nanna, MD, an interventional cardiologist at the Yale School of Medicine. […] In fact, some heart tests have been found to be used far too often, at little benefit. Plus, there are newer tests you might not be familiar with. So which should you have and when? […] The National Institutes of Health says all adults over age 65 should have an annual blood test to measure their cholesterol, and possibly more often if they take cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins. […] This ultrasound checks the structure and function of your heart. Up to 20 percent of „echos” ordered may be inappropriate, according to the 2022 AHA report. „These ultrasounds are overused because they are so easy to use,” Weintraub says. „The echo machines used to be the size of a big fridge, but now they’re the size of a laptop.” In some cases, an echo done during a routine heart checkup may find something minor, „like a slight valve leak that’s actually still normal, but the doctor wants to monitor it and it leads to annual follow-ups,” Ruthmann says. „It creates a lot of unnecessary repeat echos, and a lot of anxiety for patients.”
  • #133 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    The tool also has the ability to suggest the size and position of stent that would work best for the specific patient. […] The new study looked at the use of HeartFlow Analysis among 90,000 NHS patients over three years between 2017 and 2020, with the tool used on nearly 8,000 of them. […] The results showed personalised imaging reduced unnecessary, potentially risky tests while increasing the number of people being treated for heart disease by more accurately diagnosing patients. […] These results show that this technology reduces the need for tests so that patients only undergo necessary treatments, demonstrating how AI technology can both improve care as well as increase efficiency in the NHS. […] From 2021, NHS England rolled out the technology through the MedTech Funding Mandate programme, which aims to ensure patients and the NHS benefit from clinically effective and cost saving medical technologies faster and more equitably.
  • #134 Diagnosis and Management of Kawasaki Disease: Key Points
    https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2024/11/15/18/52/update-on-diagnosis
    Invasive coronary angiography provides the finest delineation of coronary architecture, and its use must be balanced against risks of an invasive procedure on the basis of patient and institutional factors. Invasive coronary angiography is used for patients with myocardial ischemia and intervention for revascularization. […] Finally, formal health care transition programs and care teams are needed for adult patients with KD with CAA to ensure uninterrupted transition of care.
  • #135 Best Checkup for Your Heart – Consumer Reports
    https://www.consumerreports.org/health/heart-disease/best-checkup-for-your-heart-a9790305267/
    An echo is warranted when you show signs of heart disease, says Vinay Kini, MD, a cardiologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City and a co-author of the 2022 AHA report. „It’s very helpful if we suspect a structural or valvular heart problem, especially if paired with symptoms of heart disease or heart failure, such as shortness of breath and leg swelling,” he says. […] If you have a buildup of calcium, it can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to your heart, Kini says. It’s not recommended for routine use but can help if it’s unclear whether you should begin taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. […] Depending on the results, at the ER you may be taken immediately for an angiogram (where a catheter inserted into a leg artery is guided to heart blood vessels to identify blockages). If the EKG doesn’t show the need for an urgent angiogram, doctors will check your blood levels of troponin, a protein that rises when the heart muscle is damaged, Newby says.
  • #136 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Heart disease is a fatal human disease, rapidly increases globally in both developed and undeveloped countries and consequently, causes death. Early and on-time diagnosing of this problem is very essential for preventing patients from more damage and saving their lives. […] Among the conventional invasive-based techniques, angiography is considered to be the most well-known technique for diagnosing heart problems but it has some limitations. On the other hand, the non-invasive based methods, like intelligent learning-based computational techniques are found more upright and effectual for the heart disease diagnosis. Here, an intelligent computational predictive system is introduced for the identification and diagnosis of cardiac disease. […] The precise and appropriate diagnosis of heart disease is very imperative to prevent the patient from more damage.
  • #137 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    Whether youve just been told you have coronary artery disease, or you have had a heart attack or surgery on your heart, it is normal to have feelings like shock, denial, guilt, anger and sadness. You need time, courage and support to get used to your new normal. […] Coronary artery disease is a chronic illness. This means you need to take care of it for the rest of your life. But you can be healthy with coronary artery disease. You do this by following your doctors advice, changing your lifestyle and caring for your emotional health. […] Denial is not always easy to see. You may find it hard to believe you really have heart disease. You survived your heart attack. You made it through surgery. You feel better than before almost as if nothing had happened. Your treatment is working. […] Denial is common when you are adjusting to an upsetting situation. When you are in denial, you may not accept that your heart disease is real and you might not want to think about how it will affect your life.
  • #138 What to do after a heart disease diagnosis | Endeavor Health
    https://www.endeavorhealth.org/articles/what-to-do-after-a-heart-disease-diagnosis
    When you’re told you have heart disease, whether it’s after a dramatic event like a heart attack, an irregular heartbeat, or the anxiety associated with cardiac testing, it can lead to distress. […] People diagnosed with heart disease are not alone. It’s a common disease. The American Heart Association reported that between 2015 and 2018, 126.9 million American adults were living with cardiovascular disease. […] “Despite how common it is, a heart disease diagnosis can be jolting and scary,” said Paul Ruzumna, MD, cardiologist with Endeavor Health. “Fully understanding your condition will help ease some anxiety and will help you be better informed about your treatment options.” […] There are some things patients can do after a heart disease diagnosis to feel more in control of their health. […] While a heart disease diagnosis can be shocking, becoming familiar with what to expect and your care plan can help you regain some control over your health.
  • #139 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    Whether youve just been told you have coronary artery disease, or you have had a heart attack or surgery on your heart, it is normal to have feelings like shock, denial, guilt, anger and sadness. You need time, courage and support to get used to your new normal. […] Coronary artery disease is a chronic illness. This means you need to take care of it for the rest of your life. But you can be healthy with coronary artery disease. You do this by following your doctors advice, changing your lifestyle and caring for your emotional health. […] Denial is not always easy to see. You may find it hard to believe you really have heart disease. You survived your heart attack. You made it through surgery. You feel better than before almost as if nothing had happened. Your treatment is working. […] Denial is common when you are adjusting to an upsetting situation. When you are in denial, you may not accept that your heart disease is real and you might not want to think about how it will affect your life.
  • #140 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    If it lasts for a while, denial can be harmful, because it can keep you from taking care of yourself. That can make your heart disease worse. It is important to understand that denial will not change the real fact of your heart disease. […] Guilt can make you blame yourself for not looking after your health. […] Blaming yourself can stop you from taking control of your health and increase your risk of another heart attack or medical complications. […] Acceptance of your heart disease means you feel less frightened, angry, sad or guilty. You are OK with your situation. Fighting it and running from it hasnt helped. Now you can get back to your life and do the things you care about, while you take care of your health. […] Yes, you need to take care of your heart disease for the rest of your life. But you can lead a normal life while you take good care of yourself! […] Your healthcare team may suggest you quit smoking, exercise more, eat healthier, drink less alcohol, or take new medications. Changing behaviour can be hard almost everyone who has ever tried to diet or quit smoking knows this! This is true even when you know your health depends on change.
  • #141 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    If it lasts for a while, denial can be harmful, because it can keep you from taking care of yourself. That can make your heart disease worse. It is important to understand that denial will not change the real fact of your heart disease. […] Guilt can make you blame yourself for not looking after your health. […] Blaming yourself can stop you from taking control of your health and increase your risk of another heart attack or medical complications. […] Acceptance of your heart disease means you feel less frightened, angry, sad or guilty. You are OK with your situation. Fighting it and running from it hasnt helped. Now you can get back to your life and do the things you care about, while you take care of your health. […] Yes, you need to take care of your heart disease for the rest of your life. But you can lead a normal life while you take good care of yourself! […] Your healthcare team may suggest you quit smoking, exercise more, eat healthier, drink less alcohol, or take new medications. Changing behaviour can be hard almost everyone who has ever tried to diet or quit smoking knows this! This is true even when you know your health depends on change.
  • #142 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    Whether youve just been told you have coronary artery disease, or you have had a heart attack or surgery on your heart, it is normal to have feelings like shock, denial, guilt, anger and sadness. You need time, courage and support to get used to your new normal. […] Coronary artery disease is a chronic illness. This means you need to take care of it for the rest of your life. But you can be healthy with coronary artery disease. You do this by following your doctors advice, changing your lifestyle and caring for your emotional health. […] Denial is not always easy to see. You may find it hard to believe you really have heart disease. You survived your heart attack. You made it through surgery. You feel better than before almost as if nothing had happened. Your treatment is working. […] Denial is common when you are adjusting to an upsetting situation. When you are in denial, you may not accept that your heart disease is real and you might not want to think about how it will affect your life.
  • #143 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    If it lasts for a while, denial can be harmful, because it can keep you from taking care of yourself. That can make your heart disease worse. It is important to understand that denial will not change the real fact of your heart disease. […] Guilt can make you blame yourself for not looking after your health. […] Blaming yourself can stop you from taking control of your health and increase your risk of another heart attack or medical complications. […] Acceptance of your heart disease means you feel less frightened, angry, sad or guilty. You are OK with your situation. Fighting it and running from it hasnt helped. Now you can get back to your life and do the things you care about, while you take care of your health. […] Yes, you need to take care of your heart disease for the rest of your life. But you can lead a normal life while you take good care of yourself! […] Your healthcare team may suggest you quit smoking, exercise more, eat healthier, drink less alcohol, or take new medications. Changing behaviour can be hard almost everyone who has ever tried to diet or quit smoking knows this! This is true even when you know your health depends on change.
  • #144 Reacting to a diagnosis | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/recovery-and-support/emotions-and-feelings/reacting-to-a-diagnosis
    If it lasts for a while, denial can be harmful, because it can keep you from taking care of yourself. That can make your heart disease worse. It is important to understand that denial will not change the real fact of your heart disease. […] Guilt can make you blame yourself for not looking after your health. […] Blaming yourself can stop you from taking control of your health and increase your risk of another heart attack or medical complications. […] Acceptance of your heart disease means you feel less frightened, angry, sad or guilty. You are OK with your situation. Fighting it and running from it hasnt helped. Now you can get back to your life and do the things you care about, while you take care of your health. […] Yes, you need to take care of your heart disease for the rest of your life. But you can lead a normal life while you take good care of yourself! […] Your healthcare team may suggest you quit smoking, exercise more, eat healthier, drink less alcohol, or take new medications. Changing behaviour can be hard almost everyone who has ever tried to diet or quit smoking knows this! This is true even when you know your health depends on change.
  • #145 What to do after a heart disease diagnosis | Endeavor Health
    https://www.endeavorhealth.org/articles/what-to-do-after-a-heart-disease-diagnosis
    When you’re told you have heart disease, whether it’s after a dramatic event like a heart attack, an irregular heartbeat, or the anxiety associated with cardiac testing, it can lead to distress. […] People diagnosed with heart disease are not alone. It’s a common disease. The American Heart Association reported that between 2015 and 2018, 126.9 million American adults were living with cardiovascular disease. […] “Despite how common it is, a heart disease diagnosis can be jolting and scary,” said Paul Ruzumna, MD, cardiologist with Endeavor Health. “Fully understanding your condition will help ease some anxiety and will help you be better informed about your treatment options.” […] There are some things patients can do after a heart disease diagnosis to feel more in control of their health. […] While a heart disease diagnosis can be shocking, becoming familiar with what to expect and your care plan can help you regain some control over your health.
  • #146 10 Questions To Ask After A Heart Disease Diagnosis
    https://www.virtua.org/articles/10-questions-to-ask-after-a-heart-disease-diagnosis
    Hearing that you have heart disease can be overwhelming. Howard Weinberg, DO, Virtua cardiologist, shares 10 questions to ask your doctor if you’re diagnosed with heart disease. […] Its important that you get the facts so you can take control of your condition and make the healthiest choices. The best place to start is your doctors office. […] What type of heart condition do I have? Find out what your condition involves and how severe it is. […] How will following my treatment plan help me? Possible treatment benefits include relieving symptoms, increasing your energy and strength, and reducing the risk of having a future cardiac event. […] Would I benefit from cardiopulmonary rehabilitation? If youve had a heart attack, certain cardiac procedures, heart failure, or stable angina, your healthcare provider may suggest cardiopulmonary rehab. This medically supervised program is designed to help improve your well-being, change lifestyle habits, and prevent future heart problems. […] Working closely with your healthcare provider is crucial for living well with heart disease.
  • #147 10 Questions To Ask After A Heart Disease Diagnosis
    https://www.virtua.org/articles/10-questions-to-ask-after-a-heart-disease-diagnosis
    Hearing that you have heart disease can be overwhelming. Howard Weinberg, DO, Virtua cardiologist, shares 10 questions to ask your doctor if you’re diagnosed with heart disease. […] Its important that you get the facts so you can take control of your condition and make the healthiest choices. The best place to start is your doctors office. […] What type of heart condition do I have? Find out what your condition involves and how severe it is. […] How will following my treatment plan help me? Possible treatment benefits include relieving symptoms, increasing your energy and strength, and reducing the risk of having a future cardiac event. […] Would I benefit from cardiopulmonary rehabilitation? If youve had a heart attack, certain cardiac procedures, heart failure, or stable angina, your healthcare provider may suggest cardiopulmonary rehab. This medically supervised program is designed to help improve your well-being, change lifestyle habits, and prevent future heart problems. […] Working closely with your healthcare provider is crucial for living well with heart disease.
  • #148 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Conventional invasive-based methods used for the diagnosis of heart disease which were based on the medical history of a patient, physical test results, and investigation of related symptoms by the doctors. […] To overcome the issues in conventional invasive-based methods for the identification of heart disease, researchers attempted to develop different non-invasive smart healthcare systems based on predictive machine learning techniques namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Nave Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT), etc. […] The contribution of the current work is to introduce an intelligent medical decision system for the diagnosis of heart disease based on contemporary machine learning algorithms. […] The research study recommends that which feature selection algorithm is feasible with which classification algorithm for developing a high-level intelligence system for the diagnosing of heart disease patients.
  • #149 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    Revolutionary AI-driven 3D heart scans cut the need for invasive tests and have already saved millions of pounds, according to new analysis. […] Now rolled out across 56 NHS hospitals in England, the clever tech enables doctors to diagnose and treat patients with suspected heart disease much faster by turning a CT scan of their heart into a personalised 3D image which is then analysed using AI. […] The sci-fi like tool is helping give tens of thousands of patients at risk of potentially life-threatening coronary heart disease a faster and more accurate diagnosis, while also freeing up capacity in the NHS. […] A new study of the technologys use, published in Nature Medicine, found that it reduced the number of patients needing invasive angiogram tests by a sixth (16%) in cases where it was later found no further treatment was required and by 7% overall.
  • #150 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC
    https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics
    This channel includes news, videos, podcasts and other content on new technology innovations for cardiac diagnostic systems and techniques. This includes laboratory testing, blood tests including troponin testing, electrocardiogram (ECG) systems, point of care testing systems, genetic testing, cardiac patient monitoring devices including wearable sensors, and studies showing new ways to diagnose heart diseases. […] Researchers Find ApoB Test May be More Accurate Measure of Heart Disease Risk. […] The traditional lipid panel may not give the full picture of cholesterol-related heart disease risk for patients. […] Study: AI Helps Unlock Earlier Heart Failure Detection. […] Eko Health has published a peer-reviewed study evaluating its FDA-cleared AI model for heart failure detection.
  • #151 Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76635-9
    Conventional invasive-based methods used for the diagnosis of heart disease which were based on the medical history of a patient, physical test results, and investigation of related symptoms by the doctors. […] To overcome the issues in conventional invasive-based methods for the identification of heart disease, researchers attempted to develop different non-invasive smart healthcare systems based on predictive machine learning techniques namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Nave Bayes (NB), and Decision Tree (DT), etc. […] The contribution of the current work is to introduce an intelligent medical decision system for the diagnosis of heart disease based on contemporary machine learning algorithms. […] The research study recommends that which feature selection algorithm is feasible with which classification algorithm for developing a high-level intelligence system for the diagnosing of heart disease patients.
  • #152 A Novel Approach for Performance Evaluation and Effectiveness of Data-Driven Heart Disease Diagnosis | SpringerLink
    https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-9507-9_17
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a prominent cause of mortality globally during the past few decades. To receive medical care for heart illness in a clinic or medical center, it is necessary to undergo costly diagnostic tests. Implementing machine learning (ML) algorithms presents a viable approach to monitoring the health of individuals with cardiac conditions, offering a potential solution to mitigate the financial burden of medical expenses. This study employed ten ML algorithms to predict heart disease, which distinguishes itself from others by incorporating three distinct cross-validation approaches and three sample techniques, enhancing our findings accuracy. […] DTC, RFC, KNN, and XGB algorithms exhibited the most favorable outcomes. Our recommended model is the RF Classifier implemented with near-miss under-sampling out of the four models considered. The model under consideration demonstrates the maximum level of accuracy, specifically 97.54%, 97.11%, and 99%, while employing the Extra Tree, Random Forest Classifier, and XGB. The ML model’s performance was assessed using metrics like accuracy, error rate, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC AUC curve etc.
  • #153 Technique Improves Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis
    https://newsroom.uvahealth.com/2024/11/19/technique-improves-coronary-artery-disease-diagnosis/
    Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease, affecting 70% or more of people over 60. […] A new technology which allows doctors to quantify blood flow in the heart can improve their ability to diagnose potentially deadly coronary artery disease (CAD), an international study led by School of Medicine investigators has found. […] The technique represents an advance in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) used in conjunction with stress testing to diagnose coronary artery disease, a condition which affects 70% or more of people over 60. […] CMR stress testing is a useful way to spot coronary artery disease, but the new research from Patel and colleagues suggests that quantitative CMR with blood-flow data is even better. […] The researchers found that adding data on blood flow significantly improved CMRs ability to identify obstructive coronary artery disease.
  • #154 NHS England » Futuristic 3D heart scans on NHS speed up diagnosis and save millions
    https://www.england.nhs.uk/2025/05/futuristic-3d-heart-scans-speed-up-diagnosis-and-save-millions/
    Coronary heart disease (CHD) develops when fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries, restricting the blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart, and putting patients at risk of heart attacks or heart failure. […] Previously patients suspected of having CHD would need to undergo a CT scan and if a narrowing or blockage in a coronary artery was suspected, many would need an invasive angiogram to confirm the diagnosis. […] Instead, the new technology uses specialist analysis of the CT scan of the heart to create a personalised 3D model of a patients coronary arteries and assess the extent and location of blockages, which is interpreted by a cardiologist. […] Many patients can then be treated through medication and lifestyle changes, with an invasive angiogram only recommended if they may need to undergo surgery or have a stent fitted.
  • #155 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Advanced biomarkers have been shown to help identify residual risk and have been adopted by several practice guidelines and professional societies. […] The inflammatory response to injury contributes to the progression of plaque development and is a key factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture, which may cause a heart attack or stroke. […] The recently updated ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend BNP or NT-proBNP biomarker testing followed by early intervention as an aid for prevention. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members.
  • #156 Cardiac Diagnostics | DAIC
    https://www.dicardiology.com/channel/cardiac-diagnostics
    This channel includes news, videos, podcasts and other content on new technology innovations for cardiac diagnostic systems and techniques. This includes laboratory testing, blood tests including troponin testing, electrocardiogram (ECG) systems, point of care testing systems, genetic testing, cardiac patient monitoring devices including wearable sensors, and studies showing new ways to diagnose heart diseases. […] Researchers Find ApoB Test May be More Accurate Measure of Heart Disease Risk. […] The traditional lipid panel may not give the full picture of cholesterol-related heart disease risk for patients. […] Study: AI Helps Unlock Earlier Heart Failure Detection. […] Eko Health has published a peer-reviewed study evaluating its FDA-cleared AI model for heart failure detection.
  • #157 Heart Screening & Diagnosis | UC San Diego Health
    https://health.ucsd.edu/care/heart-vascular/screening-diagnosis/
    If you have a suspected heart or vascular condition, look to the experts at UC San Diego Health for access to the most sophisticated methods for diagnosis and screening. […] Advanced imaging technologies have dramatically improved our ability to detect and treat cardiovascular disease at an early stage. […] At UC San Diego Health, all imaging results are evaluated by both cardiology and radiology specialists, a collaborative approach that ensures highly accurate results. […] If you’re at risk of developing a heart or vascular disease, your doctor may recommend a screening test. Screening tests find signs of disease early, so you can get timely treatment. […] You may receive imaging services to help your doctor see if you have an increased risk of heart disease or heart attack. […] Diagnostic tests help us determine if you have heart or vascular disease. They also help us recommend a treatment program that fits your individual needs. […] Our Women’s Cardiovascular Health Program to provide gender-sensitive risk factor tests and symptom assessments for coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. […] UC San Diego Health cardiologist shares insights on prevention and early detection of heart disease.
  • #158 Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diagnosis – Open Access Jo
    https://www.hilarispublisher.com/cardiovascular-diseases-diagnosis.html
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of death globally, which are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. […] Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnosis journal publishes original research articles, epidemiological studies, new methodological clinical approaches, case reports, design and goals of clinical trials, review articles, points of view, editorials and Images in cardiovascular medicine. […] A special emphasis is given to congenital heart disease, valvular heart diseases and as well as Acute Myocardial Infarction, Ventricular Arrhythmia, Rheumatic Heart disease, Atrial Fibrillation, Valve Replacement, coronary disease, heart failure, Stroke, Echocardiography, and all sorts of cardiovascular disorders etc. […] The journal aims to publish most complete and reliable source of information on the discoveries and current developments in cardiovascular medicine and making them freely available through online Open Access without any restrictions or any other subscriptions to researchers worldwide.
  • #159 Diagnosis of heart diseases: A fuzzy-logic-based approach | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293112
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) also known as heart disease are now the leading cause of death in the world. This paper presents research for the design and creation of a fuzzy logic-based expert system for the prognosis and diagnosis of heart disease that is precise, economical, and effective. […] The Mamdani inference method has been used to evaluate the results. The system is tested with the Cleveland dataset and cross-checked with the in-field dataset. Compared with the other existing expert systems, the proposed method performs 98.08% accurately and can make accurate decisions for diagnosing heart diseases. […] In the medical domain, accuracy is very important in case of diagnosis of any disease. […] Literature shows that fuzzy logic-based expert systems are frequently utilized in the diagnosis of disease where various factors influence the decision-making process and lead to variances in practitioners opinions.
  • #160 Diagnosis of heart diseases: A fuzzy-logic-based approach | PLOS One
    https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293112
    Interestingly, the chance of mortality can be decreased by early diagnosis of heart diseases. […] If an efficient and cost-effective fuzzy expert system is developed, then it could help the patients with the prognosis of heart disease and then can take their decision for addressing the problem based on the status of their heart. […] The proposed Expert System has been simulated using the dataset of Cleveland Clinical Foundation in the (University of California, Irvine) UCI repository and found the systems performance in terms of accuracy up to 98.08%. […] The proposed system can assist a heart specialist in the diagnosis of heart disease accurately and reliably and increase his level of confidence. […] The simulated results with the Cleveland data sets deliver the accuracy of the system up to 98.08%. The results show that the proposed system outperforms the existing works in diagnosing heart disease.
  • #161 Cardiology (Heart) – Mayo Clinic Health System
    https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/services-and-treatments/cardiology
    Heart disease continues to be the nation’s No. 1 health problem, an estimated 80% of premature heart attacks and strokes are preventable. […] Cardiologists and heart specialists are trained experts and work to provide an accurate diagnosis, provide consultations and a personalized treatment plan. […] When you need a cardiac evaluation or early treatment of a heart problem, we offer a range of non-invasive and minimally-invasive tests and procedures. Our high-tech equipment provide you with a precise and accurate diagnosis so your care team can determine the best treatment for you. […] Cardiac catheterization procedures may be used to diagnose heart problems or as early interventional treatment. […] Diagnostic tests include: Ambulatory blood pressure monitor, Cardiac catheterization procedures, Cardiac monitoring (Holter monitor, 30 day, etc.), Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scan, Coronary computed tomography (CT) angiogram, Echocardiogram, Electrocardiogram (EKG), Heart scan, Stress test.
  • #162 Heart Screening & Diagnosis | UC San Diego Health
    https://health.ucsd.edu/care/heart-vascular/screening-diagnosis/
    If you have a suspected heart or vascular condition, look to the experts at UC San Diego Health for access to the most sophisticated methods for diagnosis and screening. […] Advanced imaging technologies have dramatically improved our ability to detect and treat cardiovascular disease at an early stage. […] At UC San Diego Health, all imaging results are evaluated by both cardiology and radiology specialists, a collaborative approach that ensures highly accurate results. […] If you’re at risk of developing a heart or vascular disease, your doctor may recommend a screening test. Screening tests find signs of disease early, so you can get timely treatment. […] You may receive imaging services to help your doctor see if you have an increased risk of heart disease or heart attack. […] Diagnostic tests help us determine if you have heart or vascular disease. They also help us recommend a treatment program that fits your individual needs. […] Our Women’s Cardiovascular Health Program to provide gender-sensitive risk factor tests and symptom assessments for coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke. […] UC San Diego Health cardiologist shares insights on prevention and early detection of heart disease.
  • #163 Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diagnosis – Open Access Jo
    https://www.hilarispublisher.com/cardiovascular-diseases-diagnosis.html
    The journal publishes most comprehensive, relevant and reliable information based on the current research and development in the field of cardiology. […] Regardless of the option, all manuscripts undergo thorough peer-review process, editorial assessment and production process. […] Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnosis received 427 citations as per Google Scholar report.
  • #164 Heart Disease Diagnosis and Treatment | Patient Care
    https://weillcornell.org/womens-heart-program/heart-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment
    The cardiologists at the Weill Cornell Medicine Womens Heart Program use the most advanced technology and imaging techniques to expertly diagnose and treat all types of heart disease. […] If you believe that you are experiencing heart disease symptoms or have been told by a doctor that you are at high risk for heart disease, the cardiologists at our Womens Heart Program are here to provide you with expert diagnosis, compassionate treatment and supportive care for your long-term health. […] Your cardiologist will use a variety of tests and imaging to get a good understanding of your specific condition. The tests may include: Blood tests to understand your blood lipid (fat), sugar and cholesterol levels, Chest X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the size and shape of your heart and lungs, Computed Tomography (CT) scan to measure calcium in and around your arteries, Angiogram to track blood flow throughout your arteries, Echocardiogram to measure your hearts pumping strength, Stress or exercise tests to measure your heart function while under stress.
  • #165 General Cardiology: Diagnosis and Treatment | Stanford Health Care
    https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-clinics/general-cardiology/cardio-rheumatology-program/diagnosis.html
    Many patients come to us after receiving a heart disease screening test or reporting heart-related symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or palpitations, to their rheumatologist. […] To diagnose a heart condition, we conduct a variety of tests, always emphasizing minimally invasive approaches, whenever possible, to precisely pinpoint each patients cardiac condition. […] Diagnostic procedures include: […] In addition, we perform diagnostic tests designed specifically for patients with rheumatologic conditions. […] With all patients, we consider a range of potential prevention strategies. […] Just as we do with our diagnostic tests and prevention strategies, we tailor treatment plans specifically to each patient.
  • #166 Atherosclerosis – Diagnosis | NHLBI, NIH
    https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/atherosclerosis/diagnosis
    Different heart imaging tests can be used to diagnose atherosclerosis: Angiography is a special type of X-ray using a dye. […] Cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) detects tissue damage or problems with blood flow in the heart or coronary arteries. […] Cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) scanning assesses blood flow through the small blood vessels of the heart. […] Coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography shows the inside of your coronary arteries without invasive cardiac catheterization. […] Coronary calcium scans measure the amount of calcium in the walls of your coronary arteries using a CT scanner. […] A stress test checks how your heart responds to physical stress. […] An ABI test can help diagnose peripheral artery disease. […] Healthcare providers sometimes recommend genetic testing for people who have very high cholesterol levels or if they have a family history of heart disease or unexplained, sudden death at young ages.
  • #167 Cardiovascular disease | Quest Diagnostics
    https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/about-our-tests/cardiovascular
    Guidelines are evolving to implement new kinds of cardiovascular diagnostic and prognostic testing services aimed at prevention and early intervention. […] Advanced biomarkers have been shown to help identify residual risk and have been adopted by several practice guidelines and professional societies. […] The inflammatory response to injury contributes to the progression of plaque development and is a key factor in the formation of vulnerable plaque and plaque rupture, which may cause a heart attack or stroke. […] The recently updated ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure recommend BNP or NT-proBNP biomarker testing followed by early intervention as an aid for prevention. […] Quest offers cardiogenetic testing to aid in early diagnosis and earlier treatment for affected patients as well as family members.
  • #168 Hypertensive Heart Disease: Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment
    https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/3/10.31083/j.rcm2503093
    Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) presents a substantial global health burden, spanning a spectrum from subtle cardiac functional alterations to overt heart failure. […] Additionally, this review provided an overview of contemporary imaging diagnostic tools for precise HHD severity assessment. […] We discussed in detail the current potential treatments for HHD, including pharmacologic, lifestyle, and intervention devices. […] Keywords: hypertensive heart disease, mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment.
  • #169 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of myocarditis in adults – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-myocarditis-in-adults
    Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of cardiac muscle that is caused by a variety of infectious and noninfectious conditions (table 1) [1]. It can be an acute, subacute, or chronic disorder, and may present with focal or diffuse involvement of the myocardium. In addition, many inherited cardiomyopathies (eg, Fabry disease and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy) may present with features of acute or chronic myocarditis [2,3]. […] The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of myocarditis will be reviewed here. […] Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is defined as myocarditis accompanied by cardiac dysfunction [4]. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy or be associated with other cardiomyopathies.
  • #170 Types of heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation
    https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/what-is-heart-disease/types-of-heart-disease
    How heart disease is diagnosed […] To diagnose heart disease, your healthcare provider will review your medical and family history and give you a complete physical exam. They may also run tests. The type of tests depends on the signs and symptoms you are experiencing. […] Treatment for heart disease includes lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery or other procedures. Treatment depends on the type and severity of your heart disease. […] Early treatment of heart disease can help prevent poor health outcomes like a heart attack, and help you to continue living a healthy and active life. You and your care team will discuss the treatment options and decide on a plan that works well for you and your circumstances.