Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] In 2022, 702,880 people died from heart disease. That’s the equivalent of 1 in every 5 deaths. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. Amongst environmental risk factors, air pollution is an important factor. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. […] The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. […] Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Identifying those at highest risk of CVDs and ensuring they receive appropriate treatment can prevent premature deaths. […] The risk factors for CVD include behaviours such as tobacco use, an unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol and inadequate physical activity. They also include physiological factors, including high blood pressure (hypertension), high blood cholesterol and high blood sugar or glucose, which are linked to underlying social determinants and drivers such as ageing, income and urbanization.

• #4 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels including heart attacks and strokes, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive diseases, cardiomyopathy, and others. […] Together, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. […] In 2000, around 14 million people died from cardiovascular diseases globally, while in 2019, close to 18 million died. […] The rising death toll is largely due to a growing and aging global population. […] Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have actually fallen in many countries as our ability to prevent and treat them has improved. […] Yet large disparities remain globally. […] Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. […] The global death toll from cardiovascular diseases has grown.

• #5 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have declined in many countries. […] There are large disparities in death rates from cardiovascular diseases worldwide. […] A range of factors heighten the risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] High blood pressure, or hypertension, is the number one risk factor.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Health policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available, as well as improving air quality and reducing pollution, are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviours. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] At least three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. People living in low- and middle-income countries often do not have the benefit of primary health care programmes for early detection and treatment of people with risk factors for CVDs. People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs. As a result, for many people in these countries detection is often late in the course of the disease and people die at a younger age from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases, often in their most productive years.

• #7 What are Heart Disease and Stroke? | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/heart-disease-stroke/what-are-heart-disease-stroke

  Heart disease and stroke are part of a group of cardiovascular diseases. Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women. These diseases affect your heart and blood vessels. Stroke is a condition in which the brain cant get enough blood flow. This happens because one or more blood vessels leading to the brain are blocked or have burst. […] Heart disease is a serious condition. There is one main way to prevent or reduce the effects of heart disease; live a healthy lifestyle, no matter how old you are. […] If you have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes, there are steps you can take to lower your risk for heart disease.

• #8 Cardiovascular disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

  Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and in all regions except Africa. In 2008, 30% of all global death was attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Death caused by cardiovascular diseases are also higher in low- and middle-income countries as over 80% of all global deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases occurred in those countries. It is also estimated that by 2030, over 23 million people will die from cardiovascular diseases each year. […] It is estimated that 60% of the world’s cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world’s population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the Indian Heart Association are working with the World Heart Federation to raise awareness about this issue.

• #9 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women.

• #10 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Epidemiological data on heart disease, stroke, and associated risk factors are compiled and published annually in the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update. This publication is a collaborative effort of the American Heart Association (AHA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies. This chapter draws from the most recent edition of the report, the Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2011 Update, in addition to other resources to provide an overview of the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the United States. […] The AHA reports that approximately 82.6 million people in the United States currently have one or more forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD), making it a leading cause of death for both men and women.

• #11 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #12 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #13 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) presents a significant burden to the UK. This review presents data from nationally representative datasets to provide up-to-date statistics on mortality, prevalence, treatment and costs. […] In 2012, CVD was the most common cause of death in the UK for women (28% of all female deaths), but not for men, where cancer is now the most common cause of death (32% of all male deaths). Mortality from CVD varies widely throughout the UK, with the highest age-standardised CVD death rates in Scotland (347/100000) and the North of England (320/100000 in the North West). Prevalence of coronary heart disease is also highest in the North of England (4.5% in the North East) and Scotland (4.3%). Overall, around three times as many men have had a myocardial infarction compared with women. Treatment for CVD is increasing over time, with prescriptions and operations for CVD having substantially increased over the last two decades. The National Health Service in England spent around 6.8 billion on CVD in 2012/2013, the majority of which came from spending on secondary care. Despite significant declines in mortality in the UK, CVD remains a considerable burden, both in terms of health and costs. Both primary and secondary prevention measures are necessary to reduce both the burden of CVD and inequalities in CVD mortality and prevalence.

• #14 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Regular exposure to passive smoking increases CHD risk by up to 25-30%. […] World Health Organization (WHO) research estimates that over 20% of CVD is due to smoking. […] A WHO report in 2003 stated that a diet high in fat (particularly saturated fat), sodium and sugar and low in complex carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables increases the risk of CVD. […] Physical activity reduces the risk of CHD. […] The 2002 World Health Report estimated that over 20% of CHD in developed countries was due to physical inactivity. […] For adults aged 40 to 69 years, each 20 mm Hg rise in usual systolic blood pressure or 10 mm Hg rise in diastolic blood pressure doubles the risk of death from CHD. […] CHD risk is related to cholesterol levels. […] Obesity is an independent risk factor for CHD. […] Men with type 2 diabetes have a 2 to 4 times greater annual risk of CHD; women have a 3 to 5 times greater risk. […] South Asian people living in the UK (people from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) have a higher premature death rate from CHD (46% higher for men; 51% higher for women). […] First-degree relatives of patients with premature myocardial infarction have double the risk themselves.

• #15 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] In 2022, 702,880 people died from heart disease. That’s the equivalent of 1 in every 5 deaths. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #16 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] The overall mortality rate (per 100,000) due to cardiovascular diseases was 251.2 in 2007; the rate for men was 300.3, and for women it was 211.6. […] Data from the Strong Heart Study found that incidence of stroke was 6.8 per 1,000 persons (age- and sex-adjusted) in American Indians. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified.

• #17 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Percentage of adults who reported ever being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke. […] Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to several conditions resulting from plaque building up in arteries, including coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke. Heart disease and stroke were the first- and fifth-leading causes of death in the United States in 2022, respectively. […] Risk factors for CVDs include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and family history of heart disease or stroke. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular disease for the 2019-2020 fiscal year totaled approximately $422.3 billion.

• #18 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  Healthcare costs relating to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are estimated at 9 billion each year. CVD’s cost to the UK economy (including premature death, disability and informal costs) is estimated to be 19 billion each year. […] There are 2.3 million people in the UK living with CHD (about 1.5 million men and 830,000 women). […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death (and premature death) in the UK. […] Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of the UKs leading causes of death and the most common cause of premature death. CHD is responsible for about 66,000 deaths in the UK each year. […] In 2019, CHD caused 13% of male and 8% of female deaths. It was the leading cause of death worldwide in 2019. In the UK, one in eight men and one in 14 women die from coronary heart disease.

• #19 Heart Disease in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/heartdisease.html

  The lowest heart disease death rates in Minnesota are in people who are Asian and people who are Hispanic, with death rates 41% and 50% lower than the overall population, respectively. […] In the United States, there were over $120 billion in annual heart disease-related medical costs, including procedures, hospitalizations, rehabilitation, and an additional $132 billion from lost productivity due to premature deaths during 2019 and 2020.

• #20 Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/Health-Information-Systems–Reporting/Hisrhome/Heart-Disease–Stroke-Surveillance-System

  Public health tracking of heart disease and stroke is an essential part of reducing the disease burden in Connecticut, identifying high-risk groups, formulating health care policy, and evaluating our states progress in preventing this disease. […] The objective of the Connecticut Heart Disease Stroke Surveillance System (CHDSS) is to provide timely and relevant information about heart disease, stroke and their complications in Connecticut, as well as related risk factor information. […] Please see the Mortality Statistics page heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular disease-related death counts; age-adjusted mortality and premature mortality rates; and mortality disparities by gender, race, and ethnicity. […] Visit the Hospitalization Statistics page for hospital discharge data workbooks.

• #21 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/establishing-a-national-cardiovascular-disease-surveillance-system-in-the-united-states-using-electronic-health-record-data-key-strengths-and-limitations/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite widespread acknowledgement of its potential value, a national surveillance system dedicated specifically to cardiovascular disease does not currently exist in the United States. […] Accordingly, this article elaborates on some key strengths and limitations of using EHR data for establishing a national cardiovascular disease surveillance system. Key strengths discussed include the: (1) ubiquity of EHRs and consequent ability to create a more national surveillance system, (2) existence of a common data infrastructure underlying the health care enterprise with respect to data domains and the nomenclature by which these data are expressed, (3) longitudinal length and detail that define EHR data when individuals repeatedly patronize a health care organization, and (4) breadth of outcomes capable of being surveilled with EHRs.

• #22 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Key limitations discussed include the: (1) incomplete ascertainment of health information related to health care-seeking behavior and the disconnect of health care data generated at separate health care organizations, (2) suspect data quality resulting from the default information-gathering processes within the clinical enterprise, (3) questionable ability to surveil patients through EHRs in the absence of documented interactions, and (4) the challenge in interpreting temporal trends in health metrics, which can be obscured by changing clinical and administrative processes. […] Despite multiple exhortations for a dedicated national CVD surveillance system over the past 15 years, such a system does not currently exist. […] Population-level surveillance of the appropriate metrics serves to quantify this burden at the national level and enables contrasts between metrics such that prioritizations can be made and impactful public health and/or clinical interventions can be planned and applied.

• #23 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges. […] Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] Although EHR data possess some obvious strengths as a potential resource for surveillance and some work has been done in this area, some inherent features of EHR data cast uncertainty on its value as a surveillance data source.

• #24 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges. […] Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] Although EHR data possess some obvious strengths as a potential resource for surveillance and some work has been done in this area, some inherent features of EHR data cast uncertainty on its value as a surveillance data source.

• #25 How the “Crown Jewel of Epidemiology” Changed How We Look at Heart Disease

  https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/how-the-crown-jewel-of-epidemiology-changed-how-we-look-at-heart-disease

  Started in 1948 and spanning three generations, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) is the longest-running cardiovascular epidemiological study. […] Mountin recognized the need to study the cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] The FHS disproved the myth that hypertension is a benign part of aging, as one of the very first papers to come out of the FHS showed that hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. […] The FHS actively surveils its participants for developing dementia and Alzheimers, stroke, and cognitive impairment. […] The FHS has been able to follow participants with dementia for multiple decades, giving them insight into the development of dementia. […] The FHS continues to grow its data set and strive for new discoveries in cardiovascular health. […] In 2022, the FHS came forward with great news: as time goes on, participants in the FHS are living longer and having their first cardiovascular disease events later in life.

• #26 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges. […] Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] Although EHR data possess some obvious strengths as a potential resource for surveillance and some work has been done in this area, some inherent features of EHR data cast uncertainty on its value as a surveillance data source.

• #27 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/establishing-a-national-cardiovascular-disease-surveillance-system-in-the-united-states-using-electronic-health-record-data-key-strengths-and-limitations/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite widespread acknowledgement of its potential value, a national surveillance system dedicated specifically to cardiovascular disease does not currently exist in the United States. […] Accordingly, this article elaborates on some key strengths and limitations of using EHR data for establishing a national cardiovascular disease surveillance system. Key strengths discussed include the: (1) ubiquity of EHRs and consequent ability to create a more national surveillance system, (2) existence of a common data infrastructure underlying the health care enterprise with respect to data domains and the nomenclature by which these data are expressed, (3) longitudinal length and detail that define EHR data when individuals repeatedly patronize a health care organization, and (4) breadth of outcomes capable of being surveilled with EHRs.

• #28 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations – Kaiser Permanente Division of Research

  https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/publications/establishing-a-national-cardiovascular-disease-surveillance-system-in-the-united-states-using-electronic-health-record-data-key-strengths-and-limitations/

  Key limitations discussed include the: (1) incomplete ascertainment of health information related to health care-seeking behavior and the disconnect of health care data generated at separate health care organizations, (2) suspect data quality resulting from the default information-gathering processes within the clinical enterprise, (3) questionable ability to surveil patients through EHRs in the absence of documented interactions, and (4) the challenge in interpreting temporal trends in health metrics, which can be obscured by changing clinical and administrative processes.

• #29 Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resource Guide | Cardiovascular Disease Data, Tools, and Evaluation Resources | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/cardiovascular-resources/php/data-research/surveillance-evaluation-data-resource-guide.html

  The Surveillance and Evaluation Data Resource Guide for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Programs is an at-a-glance compilation of data sources useful for heart disease and stroke prevention programs conducting policy or data surveillance and/or evaluation. […] The guide can be used by program managers and evaluators in the planning and evaluation stages of heart disease and stroke prevention programs. […] Data from the guide can be used to compare program impact and outcomes with those of other states and the nation. […] Each data source includes a variety of CVD-related measures (e.g., hospitalizations, prescription medication, outpatient care). […] Provide access to county (or equivalent) estimates of annual CVD death. […] Provide federal agencies, state and local health departments, nonprofit organizations, academic institutions, and the public with information to enhance CVD prevention and treatment activities, plan services, allocate resources, and develop policies.

• #30 Surveillance of heart diseases and conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/heart-health/heart-diseases-conditions/surveillance-heart-diseases-conditions.html

  Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada, claiming more than 50,000 lives each year. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), about 8.5% of Canadian adults were living with diagnosed ischemic heart disease. This is the most common type of heart disease, and the figure comprises about: […] About 25% of Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with diagnosed hypertension (20172018 CCDSS). Men and women were equally affected. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada uses provincial and territorial health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. This system helps the federal government better understand chronic conditions by estimating: […] The system aims to make the collection of surveillance data consistent and comparable across jurisdictions. Since the provinces and territories share population-level summaries only, patient privacy is protected. Pan-Canadian data can be found on the system’s website. […] Information is reported to support the planning and evaluation of policies and programs.

• #31 Surveillance of heart diseases and conditions – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/heart-health/heart-diseases-conditions/surveillance-heart-diseases-conditions.html

  Heart disease is the second leading cause of death in Canada, claiming more than 50,000 lives each year. […] According to 20172018 data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System (CCDSS), about 8.5% of Canadian adults were living with diagnosed ischemic heart disease. This is the most common type of heart disease, and the figure comprises about: […] About 25% of Canadian adults aged 20 years and older were living with diagnosed hypertension (20172018 CCDSS). Men and women were equally affected. […] The Public Health Agency of Canada uses provincial and territorial health data from the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System. This system helps the federal government better understand chronic conditions by estimating: […] The system aims to make the collection of surveillance data consistent and comparable across jurisdictions. Since the provinces and territories share population-level summaries only, patient privacy is protected. Pan-Canadian data can be found on the system’s website. […] Information is reported to support the planning and evaluation of policies and programs.

• #32 Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance | Georgia Department of Public Health

  https://dph.georgia.gov/chronic-disease-prevention/cardiovascular-disease-surveillance

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance is responsible for monitoring health outcomes, behaviors, and policies at regular intervals in worksite, community, and health care settings. […] To collect information on cardiovascular disease (CVD) for the State of Georgia. […] To develop tools and collect data on prevention policies and environments affecting preventable risk factors for cardiovascular disease: lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, and tobacco use. […] To provide cardiovascular disease morbidity, mortality and prevention policies and environments data to the cardiovascular health program to assist them in developing strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. […] Knowledge of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The Georgia Health Plan Policies and Practices Survey was conducted for the first time in 2004.

• #33 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  The aetiology of CHD is multifactorial. It is the result of interaction between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Poor diet and other lifestyle factors are estimated to account for about one-third of all deaths from CVD in England. […] In England and Wales there is a positive correlation between deaths from circulatory diseases and levels of deprivation. […] There is a marked difference in prevalence of CHD between and within communities. […] Men and women living in the West of Scotland are nearly six times more likely to die prematurely from CHD than men and women living in the South West of England. […] The difference in CHD rates in different socio-economic groups is related to many factors, including diet, smoking, exercise, and alcohol. […] Mortality from CHD is 60% higher in smokers.

• #34 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] In 2022, 702,880 people died from heart disease. That’s the equivalent of 1 in every 5 deaths. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #35

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. Amongst environmental risk factors, air pollution is an important factor. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. Amongst environmental risk factors, air pollution is an important factor. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.

• #37 How the “Crown Jewel of Epidemiology” Changed How We Look at Heart Disease

  https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/how-the-crown-jewel-of-epidemiology-changed-how-we-look-at-heart-disease

  Started in 1948 and spanning three generations, the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) is the longest-running cardiovascular epidemiological study. […] Mountin recognized the need to study the cardiovascular disease epidemic. […] The FHS disproved the myth that hypertension is a benign part of aging, as one of the very first papers to come out of the FHS showed that hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart disease. […] The FHS actively surveils its participants for developing dementia and Alzheimers, stroke, and cognitive impairment. […] The FHS has been able to follow participants with dementia for multiple decades, giving them insight into the development of dementia. […] The FHS continues to grow its data set and strive for new discoveries in cardiovascular health. […] In 2022, the FHS came forward with great news: as time goes on, participants in the FHS are living longer and having their first cardiovascular disease events later in life.

• #38 Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease

  The aetiology of CHD is multifactorial. It is the result of interaction between genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Poor diet and other lifestyle factors are estimated to account for about one-third of all deaths from CVD in England. […] In England and Wales there is a positive correlation between deaths from circulatory diseases and levels of deprivation. […] There is a marked difference in prevalence of CHD between and within communities. […] Men and women living in the West of Scotland are nearly six times more likely to die prematurely from CHD than men and women living in the South West of England. […] The difference in CHD rates in different socio-economic groups is related to many factors, including diet, smoking, exercise, and alcohol. […] Mortality from CHD is 60% higher in smokers.

• #39 Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in India: Current Epidemiology and Future Directions | DCP3

  https://www.dcp-3.org/resources/global-burden-cardiovascular-disease-india-current-epidemiology-and-future-directions

  Despite wide heterogeneity in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors across different regions, CVD has emerged as the leading cause of death in all parts of India, including poorer states and rural areas. The progression of the epidemic is characterized by the reversal of socioeconomic gradients; tobacco use and low fruit and vegetable intake have become more prevalent among those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds frequently do not receive optimal therapy, leading to poorer outcomes. Countering the epidemic requires the development of strategies such as the formulation and effective implementation of evidencebased policy, reinforcement of health systems, and emphasis on prevention, early detection, and treatment with the use of both conventional and innovative techniques. Several ongoing community-based studies are testing these strategies.

• #40 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] To fully appreciate the burden of disease on the population, mortality rates, incident and recurrent event rates, disability rates, healthcare utilization patterns and rates, economic indicators, and other variables need to be measured and followed over time. […] The capability to collect local-level data is necessary to facilitate the development of interventions aimed at the conditions unique to specific geographic areas and specific subpopulations. […] Strengthening surveillance systems will enable timely and appropriate delivery of public health and clinical policy, and it will allow monitoring of trends in CVD risk factors and health status.

• #41 Heart Disease Facts | Heart Disease | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-disease/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Heart disease is the leading cause of death for men, women, and people of most racial and ethnic groups. […] In 2022, 702,880 people died from heart disease. That’s the equivalent of 1 in every 5 deaths. […] Heart disease is the leading cause of death for people of most racial and ethnic groups in the United States. […] High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and smoking are key risk factors for heart disease. […] Several other medical conditions and lifestyle choices can also put people at a higher risk for heart disease, including diabetes, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use.

• #42 ESC Prevention of CVD Programme: Epidemiology of IHD

  https://www.escardio.org/Education/ESC-Prevention-of-CVD-Programme/Epidemiology-of-IHD

  In 54 ESC member countries there were 19.9 million new cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 108.6 million people living with CVD in 2017. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the most common manifestation of CVD with 3.6 million new cases and 34.9 million people living with IHD. CVD is the most common cause of death in Europe accounting for 4.1 million deaths (2.2 mio in females, 1,9 mio in males) each year; corresponding to 47% of all deaths among women and 39% among men. IHD and cerebrovascular disease are the most common causes of cardiovascular death and IHD accounts for 1.67 million deaths corresponding to 17% and 18% of all deaths in men and women, respectively. […] The age-adjusted CVD incidence has declined rapidly in almost all Western European countries with up to 30-50% reduction in the last 10-15 years in some countries.

• #43 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that almost 30% of all deaths worldwide were caused by CVD. […] This review is based on the Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2014 report. These reports aim to provide up-to-date statistics on CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the UK. […] In 2012, for the first time since the middle of the 20th century, CVD went from being the main cause of death to the second cause of death in the UK. Twenty-eight per cent of deaths were caused by CVD in 2012, and 29% were caused by cancer. […] The main causes of CVD death are CHD and stroke. In 2012, 46% of CVD deaths were from CHD and 26% were from stroke. Overall, CHD was responsible for 16% of all male deaths and 10% of all female deaths, a total of just under 73500 deaths.

• #44 Survival analysis in cardiovascular epidemiology: nexus between heart disease and mortality | Journal of Emerging Investigators

  https://emerginginvestigators.org/articles/24-024

  In 2021, over 20 million people died from cardiovascular diseases, accounting for approximately one-third of all global deaths an increase from the 1990s when approximately 12 million people died each year. […] We explored which of the many variables influences the outcome of patient mortality in the event of heart failure and how the influence changes as these features are removed or added. […] While aging prompts changes in the heart’s structure including muscle cell deterioration, valve rigidity, and reduced chamber capacity, high blood pressure hampers arterial capabilities. […] This study could be one step out of the many that are needed towards assisting with personalized medicine to improve the chances of a patient’s survival following heart failure.

• #45 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that almost 30% of all deaths worldwide were caused by CVD. […] This review is based on the Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2014 report. These reports aim to provide up-to-date statistics on CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the UK. […] In 2012, for the first time since the middle of the 20th century, CVD went from being the main cause of death to the second cause of death in the UK. Twenty-eight per cent of deaths were caused by CVD in 2012, and 29% were caused by cancer. […] The main causes of CVD death are CHD and stroke. In 2012, 46% of CVD deaths were from CHD and 26% were from stroke. Overall, CHD was responsible for 16% of all male deaths and 10% of all female deaths, a total of just under 73500 deaths.

• #46 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  More than one quarter of premature deaths in men and around 18% of premature deaths in women were from CVD in 2012. […] Age-standardised CVD mortality rates by local authority showed a clear trend for higher CVD rates in Scotland and the North of England and lower CVD rates in the South of England. […] Throughout the UK, prevalence of MI in men was almost three times greater than for women in 2013. […] Estimates of the number of people in the UK who have CVD, derived from the CPRD GOLD database, are broadly supported by results from the QOF. […] In the UK, there were 1.6 million episodes related to CVD in NHS hospitals, accounting for 10.1% of all inpatient episodes among men and 6.3% among women. […] The total number of operations carried out to treat CHD is increasing in the UK.

• #47 Heart Disease in Minnesota – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/cardiovascular/data/heartdisease.html

  In 2023, 4% of adults in Minnesota reported ever having had a heart attack in their lifetime almost 180,000 people. […] Approximately 17% of all deaths in Minnesota are due to heart disease (8,972 deaths in 2022), making it the second-leading cause of death in the state behind cancer. […] In 2022, Minnesotans experienced more than 45,000 acute heart disease hospitalizations. […] Every year from 2000 through 2022, Minnesota had the lowest overall heart disease death rate in the United States. […] From 2018-2022, the heart disease death rate was 43% higher in people who are American Indian/Alaskan Native compared to Minnesotans overall. […] In the middle-aged adult group ages 45-64, Black or African American adults die from heart disease at nearly two times the rate of all Minnesotans of the same age.

• #48 2 Cardiovascular Disease | A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13145/chapter/4

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] The overall mortality rate (per 100,000) due to cardiovascular diseases was 251.2 in 2007; the rate for men was 300.3, and for women it was 211.6. […] Data from the Strong Heart Study found that incidence of stroke was 6.8 per 1,000 persons (age- and sex-adjusted) in American Indians. […] The direct and indirect costs of cardiovascular diseases and stroke in the United States are estimated at more than $286 billion. […] Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial; some risk factors are modifiable, and some (age, heredity, and male sex) cannot be modified.

• #49 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  Some population statistics suggested that the epidemiologic burden of heart failure (HF) may have significantly decreased between 2000 and 2010. […] The current worldwide prevalence of HF is 64.34 million cases (8.52 per 1,000 inhabitants), accounting for 9.91 million years lost due to disability (YLDs) and 346.17 billion US $ expenditure. […] HF poses the largest burden after 60 years of age and both prevalence and YLDs have increased by 3.9% and 4.5% in very elderly people during the last 28 years. […] A linear, direct relationship can be found between socio-demographic index (SDI) and both prevalence and YLDs of HF. […] HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden constantly increase, especially in the elderly and in people living in low-to middle SDI regions.

• #50 Cardiovascular Diseases – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/cardiovascular-diseases

  Cardiovascular diseases cover all diseases of the heart and blood vessels including heart attacks and strokes, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertensive diseases, cardiomyopathy, and others. […] Together, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death globally. […] In 2000, around 14 million people died from cardiovascular diseases globally, while in 2019, close to 18 million died. […] The rising death toll is largely due to a growing and aging global population. […] Death rates from cardiovascular diseases have actually fallen in many countries as our ability to prevent and treat them has improved. […] Yet large disparities remain globally. […] Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. […] The global death toll from cardiovascular diseases has grown.

• #51 Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure – Lippi – AME Medical Journal

  https://amj.amegroups.org/article/view/5475/html

  The results of our analysis suggest that both prevalence and health loss (i.e., YLDs) of HF have constantly increased during the past 28 years on a worldwide scale, following a path that is unlikely to reverse in the next 10 years based on our estimations. […] This increased population burden will then translate into an enhanced worldwide expenditure for managing HF patients, which will reach approximately 400 billion US $ in 2030. […] Although the burden of HF remains higher in high SDI regions, the 28-year trends reveal a 11.2% decreased prevalence in these regions counterbalanced by a 10.3% increase in low-to-middle SDI regions. […] More specifically, our analysis shows that the burden of HF has increased by 3.1% in the last 10 years in low-to-middle SDI regions (from 43.4% to 46.5% of all worldwide HF cases), which would allow us to estimate that the burden of this condition will overcome 50% by the year 2030. […] The results of our analysis attest that HF is an emerging worldwide threat whose prevalence and health loss burden are constantly increasing, especially in the elderly and in people living in low SDI regions.

• #52 The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014 | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/101/15/1182

  More than one quarter of premature deaths in men and around 18% of premature deaths in women were from CVD in 2012. […] Age-standardised CVD mortality rates by local authority showed a clear trend for higher CVD rates in Scotland and the North of England and lower CVD rates in the South of England. […] Throughout the UK, prevalence of MI in men was almost three times greater than for women in 2013. […] Estimates of the number of people in the UK who have CVD, derived from the CPRD GOLD database, are broadly supported by results from the QOF. […] In the UK, there were 1.6 million episodes related to CVD in NHS hospitals, accounting for 10.1% of all inpatient episodes among men and 6.3% among women. […] The total number of operations carried out to treat CHD is increasing in the UK.

• #53 Cardiovascular diseases statistics – Statistics Explained – Eurostat

  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Cardiovascular_diseases_statistics

  Standardised death rates for diseases of the circulatory system were systematically higher for males than for females in 2021 across all of the EU countries. […] The standardised death rate for cerebrovascular diseases in Bulgaria was 9.1 times as high as the rate in France. […] The number of in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system discharged from hospitals across the EU was 8.6 million in 2021. […] Hospital discharges of in-patients treated for diseases of the circulatory system show a very large variation across the EU countries. […] In 2021, across the EU, in-patients with diseases of the circulatory system spent a total of 69 million days in hospital. […] Transluminal coronary angioplasty was a common form of intervention for patients treated for cardiovascular diseases.

• #54 IJPDS International Journal of Population Data Science

  https://ijpds.org/article/view/2677

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Traditionally, disease surveillance relies on data from surveys, registries, and administrative databases. As medical records undergo global digitization, electronic medical records (EMRs) are emerging as a crucial reservoir of real-world data. However, the extent EMRs are used in CVD surveillance is unknown. We are conducting a scoping review to assess the current state and effectiveness of EMR-based CVD surveillance worldwide. […] Surveillance of CVD is crucial for prevention and health policy development. While EMRs can be a data source for surveillance, such potential has yet to be fully realized. […] This study will inform existing research challenges and future opportunities of EMR-based CVD surveillance.

• #55 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Cardiovascular disease surveillance involves quantifying the evolving population-level burden of cardiovascular outcomes and risk factors as a data-driven initial step followed by the implementation of interventional strategies designed to alleviate this burden in the target population. […] Despite widespread acknowledgement of its potential value, a national surveillance system dedicated specifically to cardiovascular disease does not currently exist in the United States. […] Accordingly, this article elaborates on some key strengths and limitations of using EHR data for establishing a national cardiovascular disease surveillance system. Key strengths discussed include the: (1) ubiquity of EHRs and consequent ability to create a more national surveillance system, (2) existence of a common data infrastructure underlying the health care enterprise with respect to data domains and the nomenclature by which these data are expressed, (3) longitudinal length and detail that define EHR data when individuals repeatedly patronize a health care organization, and (4) breadth of outcomes capable of being surveilled with EHRs.

• #56 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Key limitations discussed include the: (1) incomplete ascertainment of health information related to health care-seeking behavior and the disconnect of health care data generated at separate health care organizations, (2) suspect data quality resulting from the default information-gathering processes within the clinical enterprise, (3) questionable ability to surveil patients through EHRs in the absence of documented interactions, and (4) the challenge in interpreting temporal trends in health metrics, which can be obscured by changing clinical and administrative processes. […] Despite multiple exhortations for a dedicated national CVD surveillance system over the past 15 years, such a system does not currently exist. […] Population-level surveillance of the appropriate metrics serves to quantify this burden at the national level and enables contrasts between metrics such that prioritizations can be made and impactful public health and/or clinical interventions can be planned and applied.

• #57 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] To fully appreciate the burden of disease on the population, mortality rates, incident and recurrent event rates, disability rates, healthcare utilization patterns and rates, economic indicators, and other variables need to be measured and followed over time. […] The capability to collect local-level data is necessary to facilitate the development of interventions aimed at the conditions unique to specific geographic areas and specific subpopulations. […] Strengthening surveillance systems will enable timely and appropriate delivery of public health and clinical policy, and it will allow monitoring of trends in CVD risk factors and health status.

• #58 A nationwide framework for surveillance of cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases

  https://www.healthpartners.com/knowledgeexchange/display/document-rn26836

  Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic lung disease, are common and costly, yet they also are among the most preventable health problems. Surveillance systems focused on chronic diseases have a potentially key role in reducing this health toll. […] there is no surveillance system that operates on a national basis and in a coordinated manner to integrate current and emerging data on chronic diseases and generate timely guidance for stakeholders at the local, state, regional, and national levels. […] the agencies asked the IOM to appoint a study committee to develop a framework for building a national chronic disease surveillance system focused primarily on cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases.

• #59 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults, Reducing coronary heart disease deaths, Reducing stroke deaths, Increasing control of blood pressure in adults, Increasing cholesterol treatment in adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  The key to cardiovascular disease reduction lies in the inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health coverage packages, although in a high number of countries health systems require significant investment and reorientation to effectively manage CVDs. Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke. Patients with cardiovascular disease should have access to appropriate technology and medication. Basic medicines that should be available include: aspirin; beta-blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; and statins. An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed.

• #61 Explore Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States | AHR

  https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/CVD/CVD_civilian

  Most deaths resulting from heart disease and stroke are preventable. Many of the risk factors for CVDs may be successfully reduced through lifestyle changes, medication or medical procedures. […] Healthy People 2030 provides several objectives related to improving cardiac health, including: Improving cardiovascular health among adults, Reducing coronary heart disease deaths, Reducing stroke deaths, Increasing control of blood pressure in adults, Increasing cholesterol treatment in adults. […] Additionally, the Million Hearts 2027 initiative is a national effort to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in five years by promoting community and clinical prevention programs.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke. Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs. Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural and environmental risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol and air pollution. It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin. […] The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. Amongst environmental risk factors, air pollution is an important factor. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These intermediate risks factors can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

  Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Health policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available, as well as improving air quality and reducing pollution, are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviours. […] In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. […] At least three-quarters of the world’s deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. People living in low- and middle-income countries often do not have the benefit of primary health care programmes for early detection and treatment of people with risk factors for CVDs. People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs. As a result, for many people in these countries detection is often late in the course of the disease and people die at a younger age from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases, often in their most productive years.

• #64 Cardiovascular Disease – A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83160/

  Cardiovascular diseases claimed 813,804 lives in 2007. On average, more than 2,200 Americans lose their lives to cardiovascular disease each day. Cardiovascular diseases are consistently ranked as the leading cause of death in the United States, exceeding all forms of cancer. […] To fully appreciate the burden of disease on the population, mortality rates, incident and recurrent event rates, disability rates, healthcare utilization patterns and rates, economic indicators, and other variables need to be measured and followed over time. […] The capability to collect local-level data is necessary to facilitate the development of interventions aimed at the conditions unique to specific geographic areas and specific subpopulations. […] Strengthening surveillance systems will enable timely and appropriate delivery of public health and clinical policy, and it will allow monitoring of trends in CVD risk factors and health status.

• #65 Establishing a National Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in the United States Using Electronic Health Record Data: Key Strengths and Limitations

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9238467/

  Continuous surveillance efforts allow assessing the collective impact of applied interventions on the metrics they are designed to improve. […] The ideal national CVD surveillance system would cost-efficiently follow a large, representative set of US residents over extended periods while tracking a broad range of metrics such that a comprehensive picture of the nation’s cardiovascular health emerges. […] Several ongoing efforts provide valuable surveillance metrics related to CVD, many of which have been recently summarized. […] The recent proliferation of EHRs in the United States has generated enthusiasm for using EHR data for research, assessing quality improvement initiatives, and monitoring public health, including establishment of a national CVD surveillance system. […] EHR data also tend to represent broader patient populations than isolated claims data sources and are more available in real time. […] Although EHR data possess some obvious strengths as a potential resource for surveillance and some work has been done in this area, some inherent features of EHR data cast uncertainty on its value as a surveillance data source.

• #66 Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in India: Current Epidemiology and Future Directions | DCP3

  https://www.dcp-3.org/resources/global-burden-cardiovascular-disease-india-current-epidemiology-and-future-directions

  Despite wide heterogeneity in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors across different regions, CVD has emerged as the leading cause of death in all parts of India, including poorer states and rural areas. The progression of the epidemic is characterized by the reversal of socioeconomic gradients; tobacco use and low fruit and vegetable intake have become more prevalent among those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition, individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds frequently do not receive optimal therapy, leading to poorer outcomes. Countering the epidemic requires the development of strategies such as the formulation and effective implementation of evidencebased policy, reinforcement of health systems, and emphasis on prevention, early detection, and treatment with the use of both conventional and innovative techniques. Several ongoing community-based studies are testing these strategies.

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