Materiały źródłowe

• #1 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Having the correct diagnosis is important for getting the right treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) may be difficult to diagnosis. […] A biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is needed to diagnose HL. The preferred and most common type of biopsy is called an excisional biopsy, in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). […] The biopsy samples will be sent to a hematopathologist, a doctor who has special training in diagnosing blood diseases by studying cells under a microscope. The hematopathologist examines the samples using a microscope to look for cancer cells. […] The lymph node biopsy’s purpose is to confirm a diagnosis and […] Identify your Hodgkin lymphoma subtype […] It is important that a specialist with experience in diagnosing HL analyzes the biopsy tissue. Pathology slides may be sent to a specialty center for confirmation of diagnosis.

• #2 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the following four features: HL usually presents in young adults, commonly arises in cervical lymph nodes, involves scattered large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells on a background of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells, and characteristic neoplastic cells are often surrounded by T lymphocytes. Hodgkin lymphoma generally has an excellent prognosis, though this depends on several factors. […] Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), formerly called Hodgkin disease, is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm with high cure rates. […] Definitive diagnosis for Hodgkin lymphoma is through biopsy from a lymph node or suspected organ. […] An RS cell or LP cell needs to be identified within the biopsy specimen to establish a definitive diagnosis.

• #3 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  The Hodgkin lymphomas are a family of unique lymphoma subtypes, in which the nature of the neoplastic cell was enigmatic for many years. […] Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. […] The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era relies on an appropriate clinical setting, and morphological and immunophenotypic assessment. […] This review also will touch on diagnostic pitfalls, and conditions that mimic Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The initial diagnosis of CHL should be made on an adequate tissue biopsy. A fine needle aspiration or even a needle core biopsy is inadequate, as the assessment of architecture is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #4 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. […] The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The signs and symptoms, The stage of the cancer, The type of Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood test results, Age, gender, and general health, Whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages range from stage I (in which only one lymph node region or structure is involved) to stage IV (in which the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system). […] We believe there is great value for patients with suspected or diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma to receive a second opinion. Many times, our pathologists render a different diagnosis from that of the referring doctor.

• #5 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. […] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #6 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s Disease): Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Hodgkins lymphoma, also called Hodgkins disease, is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that start in the lymphatic system. This system consists of a network of organs, nodes, and vessels throughout your body. […] According to the American Cancer Society, Hodgkins lymphoma typically develops in B lymphocytes in your upper body, most commonly in your chest, in your neck, or under your arms. It typically spreads to other lymph nodes through your lymph vessels. […] The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, large cells that may contain more than one nucleus, is the defining feature of Hodgkins lymphoma as compared to non-Hodgkins. […] Healthcare professionals can identify the type of Hodgkins lymphoma by looking at a sample of the enlarged lymph tissue under a microscope.

• #7 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body’s germ-fighting and disease-fighting immune system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma have helped give people with this disease the chance for a full recovery. […] Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include: Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin. […] Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte.

• #8 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Every year, more people are living longer after receiving treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment can often cure Hodgkin lymphoma, eliminating all signs and symptoms. That said, this condition sometimes comes back (recurs). Medical researchers are investigating new treatments for when this happens. […] Healthcare providers call fever, unintended weight loss and drenching night sweats associated with lymphoma B symptoms. The presence or absence of these symptoms helps your provider determine your prognosis (the likely outcome of your condition) and plan treatments. […] A healthcare provider will do a physical exam to look for signs of Hodgkin lymphoma, like swollen lymph nodes. Theyll ask about any changes youve noticed, like a fever that doesnt go away or losing weight without trying. You may need several tests to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma, including blood tests, imaging tests or biopsies.

• #9 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Every year, more people are living longer after receiving treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment can often cure Hodgkin lymphoma, eliminating all signs and symptoms. That said, this condition sometimes comes back (recurs). Medical researchers are investigating new treatments for when this happens. […] Healthcare providers call fever, unintended weight loss and drenching night sweats associated with lymphoma B symptoms. The presence or absence of these symptoms helps your provider determine your prognosis (the likely outcome of your condition) and plan treatments. […] A healthcare provider will do a physical exam to look for signs of Hodgkin lymphoma, like swollen lymph nodes. Theyll ask about any changes youve noticed, like a fever that doesnt go away or losing weight without trying. You may need several tests to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma, including blood tests, imaging tests or biopsies.

• #10 Hodgkins Lymphoma: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hodgkins-lymphoma/?srsltid=AfmBOoosDUeKlj4CEQ-rUzQSDCjk5fBW9y8vcUNul7c4it4n3Pzh_6S_

  If Hodgkins lymphoma diagnosis is confirmed, staging may be performed. The stages may be divided into A and B categories. If the cancer is staged as A, that means the individual has not had any B symptoms. If the cancer is staged as B, the individual has had one or more of the following symptoms: unexplained weight loss of more than 10% of baseline body weight during the 6 months prior to diagnosis, temperature above 100.4F (38C) of unknown origin, soaking night sweats.

• #11 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and may do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for HL or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose HL. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has spread). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A physical exam allows your doctor to look for any signs of HL. During a physical exam, your doctor may: check if any lymph nodes are larger than normal (enlarged).

• #12 How Hodgkin Lymphoma Is Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hodgkin-lymphoma-diagnosis-5072824

  Some of the early symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include high fevers, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, persistent cough, abdominal pain, swelling, or the enlargement of lymph nodes. […] If you experience one or more of these symptoms, your healthcare provider will likely run a series of tests to diagnose whether or not your condition is Hodgkin lymphoma. This will include a physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests like an X-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan, and a biopsy. […] A clinical diagnosis is crucial when it comes to treating Hodgkin lymphoma as effectively and quickly as possible for the best possible outcome. […] Your healthcare provider will start with a physical exam when it comes to diagnosing Hodgkin lymphoma. Theyll examine your lymph nodes, looking for any possible swelling or enlargement in the neck, groin, armpits, as well as the spleen and liver.

• #13 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to help rule out an infection. […] Doctors may order a blood test to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a test tube. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. […] An HIV test may be done if doctors think that HL is related to an HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. […] Blood tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be done because having either one can affect how treatments work. […] A chest x-ray is used to check for larger than normal lymph nodes in the chest. It is also used to see if HL has spread to the lungs.

• #14 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] To diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma a histologic evaluation is always required, and an excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended for this purpose. Various imaging studies are used to stage the patient. […] Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Serum creatinine; Alkaline phosphatase; HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered.

• #15 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] To diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma a histologic evaluation is always required, and an excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended for this purpose. Various imaging studies are used to stage the patient. […] Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Serum creatinine; Alkaline phosphatase; HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered.

• #16 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] To diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma a histologic evaluation is always required, and an excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended for this purpose. Various imaging studies are used to stage the patient. […] Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Serum creatinine; Alkaline phosphatase; HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered.

• #17 Hodgkin Lymphoma | Hodgkin Disease | Lymphoma | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hodgkinlymphoma.html

  Hodgkin lymphoma, also called Hodgkin disease, is a type of cancer that develops in the lymph system. Your lymph system is part of your immune system. It helps protect your body from infection and disease. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the main types of lymphoma. The other is non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Each type starts in different types of white blood cells. […] To find out if you have Hodgkin lymphoma, your provider: Will ask about your symptoms and medical history. This will include checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. […] May order some lab tests, such as: Complete blood count, Blood chemistry studies, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test, Blood tests to rule out other medical conditions, May do imaging tests such as a CT and PET (positron emission tomography) scans, May do a lymph node biopsy. […] Hodgkin lymphoma can usually be cured if it is found and treated early.

• #18 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to help rule out an infection. […] Doctors may order a blood test to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a test tube. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. […] An HIV test may be done if doctors think that HL is related to an HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. […] Blood tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be done because having either one can affect how treatments work. […] A chest x-ray is used to check for larger than normal lymph nodes in the chest. It is also used to see if HL has spread to the lungs.

• #19 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] To diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma a histologic evaluation is always required, and an excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended for this purpose. Various imaging studies are used to stage the patient. […] Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Serum creatinine; Alkaline phosphatase; HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered.

• #20 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to help rule out an infection. […] Doctors may order a blood test to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a test tube. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. […] An HIV test may be done if doctors think that HL is related to an HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. […] Blood tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be done because having either one can affect how treatments work. […] A chest x-ray is used to check for larger than normal lymph nodes in the chest. It is also used to see if HL has spread to the lungs.

• #21 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Looking at the tissue samples under the microscope is often enough to diagnose HL (and what type it is), but sometimes more lab tests are needed. […] Imaging tests can be used in many ways, such as: To help determine the stage (extent) of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] HL often enlarges lymph nodes in the chest. This can often be seen on a chest x-ray. […] A CT scan can also be used to guide a biopsy needle into a suspicious area. […] PET scans can be used for many reasons in a person with HL: They can help show if an enlarged lymph node contains HL. […] Blood tests arent used to diagnose HL, but they can help your doctor get a sense of how advanced it is and how well you might tolerate certain treatments. […] The complete blood count (CBC) is a test that measures the levels of different cells in the blood. People with HL can sometimes have abnormal blood counts.

• #22 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A CT scan may be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes or a mass in the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. […] A PET scan may be used to look for HL that has spread from where it started to other areas of the body or to measure how well treatment is working. […] An ultrasound may be used to examine the abdomen and organs that may be affected by HL, such as the kidneys, spleen or liver. […] An MRI can be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to see if the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. The report from the lab will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells. […] Immunohistochemistry helps doctors determine the types of cells in a sample, including if there are Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or LP cells. Immunohistochemistry can rule out HL.

• #23 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Looking at the tissue samples under the microscope is often enough to diagnose HL (and what type it is), but sometimes more lab tests are needed. […] Imaging tests can be used in many ways, such as: To help determine the stage (extent) of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] HL often enlarges lymph nodes in the chest. This can often be seen on a chest x-ray. […] A CT scan can also be used to guide a biopsy needle into a suspicious area. […] PET scans can be used for many reasons in a person with HL: They can help show if an enlarged lymph node contains HL. […] Blood tests arent used to diagnose HL, but they can help your doctor get a sense of how advanced it is and how well you might tolerate certain treatments. […] The complete blood count (CBC) is a test that measures the levels of different cells in the blood. People with HL can sometimes have abnormal blood counts.

• #24 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A complete blood count (CBC) measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to help rule out an infection. […] Doctors may order a blood test to measure the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The ESR measures how quickly red blood cells (also called erythrocytes) fall to the bottom of a test tube. […] Blood chemistry tests measure certain chemicals in the blood. They show how well certain organs are working and can help find abnormalities. […] An HIV test may be done if doctors think that HL is related to an HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. […] Blood tests for hepatitis B and hepatitis C may be done because having either one can affect how treatments work. […] A chest x-ray is used to check for larger than normal lymph nodes in the chest. It is also used to see if HL has spread to the lungs.

• #25 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Imaging studies include the following: Plain radiographs: Measurement of mediastinal mass in relationship to thoracic diameter on posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs remains the gold standard; Computed tomography: Chest radiography has been largely replaced by CT scanning; on CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, possible abnormal findings include enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, lung nodules or infiltrates, and pleural effusions; Positron emission tomography: Recommended for the initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma; also used for treatment assessment. […] A histologic diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is always required. An excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended because the lymph node architecture is important for histologic classification. […] The Ann Arbor classification is used most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, as follows: Stage I: A single lymph node area or single extranodal site; Stage II: 2 or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm; Stage III: Lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm; Stage IV: Disseminated or multiple involvement of the extranodal organs. […] Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the International Harmonization Project provide consensus opinions from leading experts on evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #26 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A CT scan may be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes or a mass in the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. […] A PET scan may be used to look for HL that has spread from where it started to other areas of the body or to measure how well treatment is working. […] An ultrasound may be used to examine the abdomen and organs that may be affected by HL, such as the kidneys, spleen or liver. […] An MRI can be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to see if the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. The report from the lab will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells. […] Immunohistochemistry helps doctors determine the types of cells in a sample, including if there are Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or LP cells. Immunohistochemistry can rule out HL.

• #27 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Imaging studies include the following: Plain radiographs: Measurement of mediastinal mass in relationship to thoracic diameter on posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs remains the gold standard; Computed tomography: Chest radiography has been largely replaced by CT scanning; on CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, possible abnormal findings include enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, lung nodules or infiltrates, and pleural effusions; Positron emission tomography: Recommended for the initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma; also used for treatment assessment. […] A histologic diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is always required. An excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended because the lymph node architecture is important for histologic classification. […] The Ann Arbor classification is used most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, as follows: Stage I: A single lymph node area or single extranodal site; Stage II: 2 or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm; Stage III: Lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm; Stage IV: Disseminated or multiple involvement of the extranodal organs. […] Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the International Harmonization Project provide consensus opinions from leading experts on evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #28 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A CT scan may be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes or a mass in the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. […] A PET scan may be used to look for HL that has spread from where it started to other areas of the body or to measure how well treatment is working. […] An ultrasound may be used to examine the abdomen and organs that may be affected by HL, such as the kidneys, spleen or liver. […] An MRI can be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to see if the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. The report from the lab will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells. […] Immunohistochemistry helps doctors determine the types of cells in a sample, including if there are Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or LP cells. Immunohistochemistry can rule out HL.

• #29 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Looking at the tissue samples under the microscope is often enough to diagnose HL (and what type it is), but sometimes more lab tests are needed. […] Imaging tests can be used in many ways, such as: To help determine the stage (extent) of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] HL often enlarges lymph nodes in the chest. This can often be seen on a chest x-ray. […] A CT scan can also be used to guide a biopsy needle into a suspicious area. […] PET scans can be used for many reasons in a person with HL: They can help show if an enlarged lymph node contains HL. […] Blood tests arent used to diagnose HL, but they can help your doctor get a sense of how advanced it is and how well you might tolerate certain treatments. […] The complete blood count (CBC) is a test that measures the levels of different cells in the blood. People with HL can sometimes have abnormal blood counts.

• #30 Hodgkin’s lymphoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/311

  Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) most commonly presents with painless cervical and/or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy in a young adult. […] Imaging, preferably PET/CT, is essential to determine extent of disease. Biopsy is necessary to confirm diagnosis. […] The topic focuses on the diagnosis and management of adults with HL. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors and lymphadenopathy. […] Diagnostic investigations include FBC with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), thyroid function tests, screening for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, CXR, PET/CT scan, gallium scan, contrast-enhanced CT (neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis), excisional lymph node biopsy or core biopsy, and immunohistochemical studies.

• #31 Hodgkin Lymphoma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. […] Diagnosis is based on lymph node biopsy. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is usually suspected in patients with painless lymphadenopathy or mediastinal adenopathy detected on physical examination or routine chest x-ray. […] Biopsy reveals Reed-Sternberg cells (large, binucleated cells) in a characteristically heterogeneous cellular infiltrate, consisting of histiocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. […] A combined fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis is the imaging study of choice for staging Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages can be further classified by A to indicate the absence or B to indicate the presence of systemic symptoms (weight loss, fever, or night sweats).

• #32 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A CT scan may be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes or a mass in the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. […] A PET scan may be used to look for HL that has spread from where it started to other areas of the body or to measure how well treatment is working. […] An ultrasound may be used to examine the abdomen and organs that may be affected by HL, such as the kidneys, spleen or liver. […] An MRI can be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to see if the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. The report from the lab will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells. […] Immunohistochemistry helps doctors determine the types of cells in a sample, including if there are Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or LP cells. Immunohistochemistry can rule out HL.

• #33 Diagnosis & Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-tests-for-hodgkin-lymphoma

  MRI uses a magnetic field rather than X-rays, and can often distinguish more accurately between healthy and lymphoma tissue than a CT. […] A bone marrow aspiration removes a sample of the fluid with a needle. […] A bone marrow biopsy is the removal of a small amount of solid tissue using a needle. […] It is important to determine how much the cancer has spread before initiating treatment in order to select the best treatment option. […] Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma may also experience general symptoms from their lymphoma. […] Patients with fever, night sweats or significant weight loss are said to have B symptoms. […] Patients who do not experience these specific symptoms are classified as A. […] The cancer has persisted or returned (recurred/relapsed) following treatment.

• #34 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #35

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you see a GP because you’re concerned about symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, they’ll ask about your health and carry out a simple physical examination. […] If you’re referred to hospital, a biopsy will usually be carried out, as this is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] If a biopsy confirms a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma, further testing will be needed to check how far the lymphoma has spread. This allows a doctor to diagnose the stage of your lymphoma. […] When testing is complete, it should be possible to determine the stage of your lymphoma. „Staging” means scoring the cancer by how far it’s spread.

• #36

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/

  Hodgkin lymphoma is an uncommon cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout your body. […] The only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is by carrying out a biopsy. […] This is a minor surgical procedure where a sample of affected lymph node tissue is removed and studied in a laboratory.

• #37 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Having the correct diagnosis is important for getting the right treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) may be difficult to diagnosis. […] A biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is needed to diagnose HL. The preferred and most common type of biopsy is called an excisional biopsy, in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). […] The biopsy samples will be sent to a hematopathologist, a doctor who has special training in diagnosing blood diseases by studying cells under a microscope. The hematopathologist examines the samples using a microscope to look for cancer cells. […] The lymph node biopsy’s purpose is to confirm a diagnosis and […] Identify your Hodgkin lymphoma subtype […] It is important that a specialist with experience in diagnosing HL analyzes the biopsy tissue. Pathology slides may be sent to a specialty center for confirmation of diagnosis.

• #38 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Having the correct diagnosis is important for getting the right treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) may be difficult to diagnosis. […] A biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is needed to diagnose HL. The preferred and most common type of biopsy is called an excisional biopsy, in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). […] The biopsy samples will be sent to a hematopathologist, a doctor who has special training in diagnosing blood diseases by studying cells under a microscope. The hematopathologist examines the samples using a microscope to look for cancer cells. […] The lymph node biopsy’s purpose is to confirm a diagnosis and […] Identify your Hodgkin lymphoma subtype […] It is important that a specialist with experience in diagnosing HL analyzes the biopsy tissue. Pathology slides may be sent to a specialty center for confirmation of diagnosis.

• #39 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dental/34,BHodgD4

  Types of biopsies: The types of biopsies used to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma include: Excisional or incisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is most often used for Hodgkin lymphoma. For an excisional biopsy, the surgeon takes out the whole lymph node. This type of biopsy almost always gives the pathologist enough tissue to make a diagnosis. For an incisional biopsy, only part of a large tumor or lymph node is taken out. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy. The healthcare provider uses a very thin, hollow needle to do an FNA. For a core needle biopsy, the healthcare provider uses a slightly bigger needle. The tip of the needle is put into the lymph node or tumor. Then a syringe is used to pull a small sample of tissue into the needle. For tumors deeper in the body, the provider may use an ultrasound or CT scan to help guide the needle into the right place. A needle biopsy may not take out enough tissue for the pathologist to find cancer cells. Or the sample may be too small to tell the exact type of lymphoma. Because of this, most providers dont use a needle biopsy to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #40 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  The Hodgkin lymphomas are a family of unique lymphoma subtypes, in which the nature of the neoplastic cell was enigmatic for many years. […] Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. […] The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era relies on an appropriate clinical setting, and morphological and immunophenotypic assessment. […] This review also will touch on diagnostic pitfalls, and conditions that mimic Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The initial diagnosis of CHL should be made on an adequate tissue biopsy. A fine needle aspiration or even a needle core biopsy is inadequate, as the assessment of architecture is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #41 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dental/34,BHodgD4

  Types of biopsies: The types of biopsies used to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma include: Excisional or incisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is most often used for Hodgkin lymphoma. For an excisional biopsy, the surgeon takes out the whole lymph node. This type of biopsy almost always gives the pathologist enough tissue to make a diagnosis. For an incisional biopsy, only part of a large tumor or lymph node is taken out. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy. The healthcare provider uses a very thin, hollow needle to do an FNA. For a core needle biopsy, the healthcare provider uses a slightly bigger needle. The tip of the needle is put into the lymph node or tumor. Then a syringe is used to pull a small sample of tissue into the needle. For tumors deeper in the body, the provider may use an ultrasound or CT scan to help guide the needle into the right place. A needle biopsy may not take out enough tissue for the pathologist to find cancer cells. Or the sample may be too small to tell the exact type of lymphoma. Because of this, most providers dont use a needle biopsy to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #42 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dental/34,BHodgD4

  Types of biopsies: The types of biopsies used to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma include: Excisional or incisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is most often used for Hodgkin lymphoma. For an excisional biopsy, the surgeon takes out the whole lymph node. This type of biopsy almost always gives the pathologist enough tissue to make a diagnosis. For an incisional biopsy, only part of a large tumor or lymph node is taken out. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy. The healthcare provider uses a very thin, hollow needle to do an FNA. For a core needle biopsy, the healthcare provider uses a slightly bigger needle. The tip of the needle is put into the lymph node or tumor. Then a syringe is used to pull a small sample of tissue into the needle. For tumors deeper in the body, the provider may use an ultrasound or CT scan to help guide the needle into the right place. A needle biopsy may not take out enough tissue for the pathologist to find cancer cells. Or the sample may be too small to tell the exact type of lymphoma. Because of this, most providers dont use a needle biopsy to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #43 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dental/34,BHodgD4

  Types of biopsies: The types of biopsies used to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma include: Excisional or incisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is most often used for Hodgkin lymphoma. For an excisional biopsy, the surgeon takes out the whole lymph node. This type of biopsy almost always gives the pathologist enough tissue to make a diagnosis. For an incisional biopsy, only part of a large tumor or lymph node is taken out. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy. The healthcare provider uses a very thin, hollow needle to do an FNA. For a core needle biopsy, the healthcare provider uses a slightly bigger needle. The tip of the needle is put into the lymph node or tumor. Then a syringe is used to pull a small sample of tissue into the needle. For tumors deeper in the body, the provider may use an ultrasound or CT scan to help guide the needle into the right place. A needle biopsy may not take out enough tissue for the pathologist to find cancer cells. Or the sample may be too small to tell the exact type of lymphoma. Because of this, most providers dont use a needle biopsy to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #44 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Most people with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) see their doctor because they have certain symptoms, or because they just dont feel well and go in for a check-up. […] If a person has signs or symptoms that suggest HL, exams and tests will be done to find out for sure and, if so, to determine the exact type. […] The doctor also might order blood tests to look for signs of infection or other problems. If the doctor suspects that HL might be the problem, a biopsy of a swollen lymph node might be recommended. […] This procedure, called a biopsy, is the only way to be sure of the diagnosis. If it is HL, the biopsy can also show what type it is. […] Most doctors do not use needle biopsies (especially FNA biopsies) to diagnose HL. […] All biopsy samples are looked at under a microscope by a pathologist (a doctor specially trained to recognize cancer cells), who will look for Hodgkin lymphoma cells (called Reed-Sternberg cells).

• #45 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Diagnosis

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dental/34,BHodgD4

  Types of biopsies: The types of biopsies used to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma include: Excisional or incisional biopsy. This type of biopsy is most often used for Hodgkin lymphoma. For an excisional biopsy, the surgeon takes out the whole lymph node. This type of biopsy almost always gives the pathologist enough tissue to make a diagnosis. For an incisional biopsy, only part of a large tumor or lymph node is taken out. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy. The healthcare provider uses a very thin, hollow needle to do an FNA. For a core needle biopsy, the healthcare provider uses a slightly bigger needle. The tip of the needle is put into the lymph node or tumor. Then a syringe is used to pull a small sample of tissue into the needle. For tumors deeper in the body, the provider may use an ultrasound or CT scan to help guide the needle into the right place. A needle biopsy may not take out enough tissue for the pathologist to find cancer cells. Or the sample may be too small to tell the exact type of lymphoma. Because of this, most providers dont use a needle biopsy to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #46 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  The Hodgkin lymphomas are a family of unique lymphoma subtypes, in which the nature of the neoplastic cell was enigmatic for many years. […] Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. […] The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era relies on an appropriate clinical setting, and morphological and immunophenotypic assessment. […] This review also will touch on diagnostic pitfalls, and conditions that mimic Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The initial diagnosis of CHL should be made on an adequate tissue biopsy. A fine needle aspiration or even a needle core biopsy is inadequate, as the assessment of architecture is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #47 Pathology Outlines – Classic Hodgkin lymphoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lymphomanonBclassic.html

  Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL): B cell derived lymphoma characterized by distinctive immunophenotype and relatively few malignant cells in a nonneoplastic inflammatory background. […] 4 subgroups (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte rich, lymphocyte depleted) with distinct clinical, morphologic and epidemiologic characteristics. […] Diagnosis: Excisional lymph node biopsy or tissue biopsy. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy may be insufficient given importance of tissue architecture for diagnosis and potential rarity of Reed-Sternberg cells. […] Staging critical for accurate prognostication and treatment. […] Early stage disease includes favorable and unfavorable groups. […] Unfavorable prognosis associated with B symptoms, bulky mediastinal disease, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), involvement of multiple lymph node groups, extranodal disease, older age (> 40 – 50 years).

• #48 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Most people with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) see their doctor because they have certain symptoms, or because they just dont feel well and go in for a check-up. […] If a person has signs or symptoms that suggest HL, exams and tests will be done to find out for sure and, if so, to determine the exact type. […] The doctor also might order blood tests to look for signs of infection or other problems. If the doctor suspects that HL might be the problem, a biopsy of a swollen lymph node might be recommended. […] This procedure, called a biopsy, is the only way to be sure of the diagnosis. If it is HL, the biopsy can also show what type it is. […] Most doctors do not use needle biopsies (especially FNA biopsies) to diagnose HL. […] All biopsy samples are looked at under a microscope by a pathologist (a doctor specially trained to recognize cancer cells), who will look for Hodgkin lymphoma cells (called Reed-Sternberg cells).

• #49 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  The Hodgkin lymphomas are a family of unique lymphoma subtypes, in which the nature of the neoplastic cell was enigmatic for many years. […] Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. […] The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era relies on an appropriate clinical setting, and morphological and immunophenotypic assessment. […] This review also will touch on diagnostic pitfalls, and conditions that mimic Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The initial diagnosis of CHL should be made on an adequate tissue biopsy. A fine needle aspiration or even a needle core biopsy is inadequate, as the assessment of architecture is important for an accurate diagnosis.

• #50 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options. […] Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. People diagnosed with this type have large lymphoma cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in their lymph nodes. […] There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. […] There’s no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #51 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. […] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #52 Classic Hodgkin lymphoma: Presentation, evaluation, and diagnosis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/classic-hodgkin-lymphoma-presentation-evaluation-and-diagnosis-in-adults

  Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL; formerly called Hodgkin’s disease) refers to a category of lymphoid neoplasms in which malignant Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells are admixed with an infiltrate composed of variable proportions of reactive (ie, nonmalignant) lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells. HRS cells are of B cell origin, but they do not correspond to a normal cellular counterpart. […] cHL primarily involves lymph nodes and generally manifests as painless, enlarged lymph nodes. cHL can also present with systemic symptoms (eg, fever, sweats, unexplained weight loss, pruritus), involvement of the liver or spleen, and other findings. […] The epidemiology, pathogenesis, evaluation, and diagnosis of cHL are discussed in this topic.

• #53 Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A CT scan may be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes or a mass in the neck, chest, abdomen or pelvis. […] A PET scan may be used to look for HL that has spread from where it started to other areas of the body or to measure how well treatment is working. […] An ultrasound may be used to examine the abdomen and organs that may be affected by HL, such as the kidneys, spleen or liver. […] An MRI can be used to check for enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen or pelvis. It can also be used to see if the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. The report from the lab will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] Immunophenotyping is the study of proteins expressed by cells. It uses a very specific antigen-antibody reaction to identify proteins in tissues or cells. […] Immunohistochemistry helps doctors determine the types of cells in a sample, including if there are Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) or LP cells. Immunohistochemistry can rule out HL.

• #54 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #55 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  Although most cases of CHL can be diagnosed based on morphological and immunophenotypic features, the distinction from other types of non-Hodgkin B-cell or T-cell lymphomas and a variety of EBV-associated lymphoproliferations can prove difficult. […] A variety of benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations can display histological features resembling Hodgkin lymphoma. All of these Hodgkin mimics emphasize the importance of a complete clinical history and an adequate excisional biopsy for proper diagnosis.

• #56 How Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-and-staging/diagnosis/

  If a lymph node biopsy confirms you have Hodgkin lymphoma, youll have further tests to check which areas of your body are affected and your general health. This will help your doctor plan your treatment. […] You will usually have some blood tests to check your general health and how well organs like your liver and kidneys are working. […] This is a test that uses x-rays and a computer to build a up a picture of the inside of your body. It can be used to see which areas of your body are affected by the Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A PET-CT scan can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread and allows your doctor to decide what stage disease you have. […] An MRI scan is another test that can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread. […] Rarely, some people may need to have a bone marrow biopsy to check if they have Hodgkin lymphoma cells in their bone marrow.

• #57 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Healthcare providers usually diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma using a lymph node biopsy. For this procedure, a provider removes all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope for signs of Reed-Sternberg cells. (The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells lets providers know that you have Hodgkin instead of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.) […] Once your healthcare provider diagnoses a Hodgkin lymphoma, they use test results to stage your condition. Cancer staging helps providers determine how advanced the cancer is, how quickly it may spread and what treatments may work best. […] Healthcare providers use different treatment approaches for Hodgkin lymphomas depending on the stage of the cancer. These treatments either kill cancer cells or keep them from dividing. Treatment options include:

• #58 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Once your hematologist-oncologist confirms a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, he or she orders more tests to stage your disease. Staging identifies the extent of your disease and where it’s located in your body. […] Some patients who have been diagnosed with HL may need to undergo a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. These tests are not typically used to diagnose HL, but they may be done after diagnosis to see if there are lymphoma cells in the bone marrow.

• #59 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Detailed history, clinical examination as well as imaging procedures including contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) and 18FDG-Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) are mandatory for initial staging. Moreover, PET/CT is highly sensitive to detecting bone marrow involvement and allows omission of the bone marrow biopsy in the case of PET negativity. […] Individual stages of HL are differentiated using the modified Ann-Arbor classification and defined risk factors. Risk stratification varies between Europe and North America. […] The current first-line approaches include combined modality treatment as well as PET-adapted strategies. PET-adapted approaches as well as the implementation of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) aim at reducing treatment-associated long-term toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy.

• #60 How Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-and-staging/diagnosis/

  If a lymph node biopsy confirms you have Hodgkin lymphoma, youll have further tests to check which areas of your body are affected and your general health. This will help your doctor plan your treatment. […] You will usually have some blood tests to check your general health and how well organs like your liver and kidneys are working. […] This is a test that uses x-rays and a computer to build a up a picture of the inside of your body. It can be used to see which areas of your body are affected by the Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A PET-CT scan can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread and allows your doctor to decide what stage disease you have. […] An MRI scan is another test that can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread. […] Rarely, some people may need to have a bone marrow biopsy to check if they have Hodgkin lymphoma cells in their bone marrow.

• #61 Diagnosis & Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-tests-for-hodgkin-lymphoma

  MRI uses a magnetic field rather than X-rays, and can often distinguish more accurately between healthy and lymphoma tissue than a CT. […] A bone marrow aspiration removes a sample of the fluid with a needle. […] A bone marrow biopsy is the removal of a small amount of solid tissue using a needle. […] It is important to determine how much the cancer has spread before initiating treatment in order to select the best treatment option. […] Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma may also experience general symptoms from their lymphoma. […] Patients with fever, night sweats or significant weight loss are said to have B symptoms. […] Patients who do not experience these specific symptoms are classified as A. […] The cancer has persisted or returned (recurred/relapsed) following treatment.

• #62 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #63 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #64 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #65 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-and-detection

  Hodgkin lymphoma can be difficult to diagnose. Your multidisciplinary team of Hodgkin lymphoma cancer experts uses a variety of evidence-based tools and technologies designed for diagnosing Hodgkin lymphoma, evaluating the disease and developing a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] We may use blood tests to rule out an infection or other disease and determine if the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread. […] A biopsy is a common diagnostic test for Hodgkin lymphoma. Our pathologists will take the cells from a biopsy sample and examine them under a microscope to look for the presence of abnormal lymphocytes called the Reed-Sternberg cell. […] A flow cytometry test for Hodgkin lymphoma may provide insight into whether the tumor cells contain a normal or abnormal amount of DNA, and the relative rate at which the tumor is growing. […] The following imaging tests may be used to help formulate a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis: CT scan, PET/CT scan, Pulmonary function test (in some cases).

• #66 Hodgkin Lymphoma Detection & Diagnosis | WVCI – Oregon Cancer Experts

  https://www.oregoncancer.com/lymphoma/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  As with most other cancers, early detection is the main key to the successful treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). […] If you have swollen lymph nodes or another symptom that suggests Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will try to find out whats causing the problem. […] Tests that may be used to diagnose HL can include: […] A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose lymphoma. […] If diagnosed with HL, and chemotherapy is part of the treatment plan, your doctor may recommend additional tests since chemo can affect the heart and lungs. […] After diagnostic tests are done, your doctor will take the time to go over the results with you. If the diagnosis is Hodgkin lymphoma, these results will also help your doctor determine your specific subtype of HL as well as the hodgkin lymphoma stage.

• #67 Hodgkin Lymphoma Detection & Diagnosis | WVCI – Oregon Cancer Experts

  https://www.oregoncancer.com/lymphoma/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  As with most other cancers, early detection is the main key to the successful treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). […] If you have swollen lymph nodes or another symptom that suggests Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will try to find out whats causing the problem. […] Tests that may be used to diagnose HL can include: […] A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose lymphoma. […] If diagnosed with HL, and chemotherapy is part of the treatment plan, your doctor may recommend additional tests since chemo can affect the heart and lungs. […] After diagnostic tests are done, your doctor will take the time to go over the results with you. If the diagnosis is Hodgkin lymphoma, these results will also help your doctor determine your specific subtype of HL as well as the hodgkin lymphoma stage.

• #68 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-and-detection

  Hodgkin lymphoma can be difficult to diagnose. Your multidisciplinary team of Hodgkin lymphoma cancer experts uses a variety of evidence-based tools and technologies designed for diagnosing Hodgkin lymphoma, evaluating the disease and developing a treatment plan tailored to your needs. […] We may use blood tests to rule out an infection or other disease and determine if the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread. […] A biopsy is a common diagnostic test for Hodgkin lymphoma. Our pathologists will take the cells from a biopsy sample and examine them under a microscope to look for the presence of abnormal lymphocytes called the Reed-Sternberg cell. […] A flow cytometry test for Hodgkin lymphoma may provide insight into whether the tumor cells contain a normal or abnormal amount of DNA, and the relative rate at which the tumor is growing. […] The following imaging tests may be used to help formulate a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis: CT scan, PET/CT scan, Pulmonary function test (in some cases).

• #69 Hodgkin lymphoma – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/311

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) most commonly presents with painless cervical and/or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy in a young adult. […] Imaging, preferably PET/CT, is essential to determine extent of disease. Biopsy is necessary to confirm diagnosis. […] The topic focuses on the diagnosis and management of adults with HL. […] Key diagnostic factors include lymphadenopathy. […] Other diagnostic factors include unexplained fevers, night sweats, weight loss, dyspnea, cough, chest pain, superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), abdominal pain, pruritus, alcohol-induced pain at involved sites, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, and tonsillar enlargement. […] Diagnostic tests include CBC with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), thyroid function tests, screening for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, CXR, PET/CT scan, gallium scan, contrast-enhanced CT (neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis), excisional lymph node biopsy or core biopsy, and immunohistochemical studies.

• #70 How Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-and-staging/diagnosis/

  If a lymph node biopsy confirms you have Hodgkin lymphoma, youll have further tests to check which areas of your body are affected and your general health. This will help your doctor plan your treatment. […] You will usually have some blood tests to check your general health and how well organs like your liver and kidneys are working. […] This is a test that uses x-rays and a computer to build a up a picture of the inside of your body. It can be used to see which areas of your body are affected by the Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A PET-CT scan can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread and allows your doctor to decide what stage disease you have. […] An MRI scan is another test that can show how far the Hodgkin lymphoma has spread. […] Rarely, some people may need to have a bone marrow biopsy to check if they have Hodgkin lymphoma cells in their bone marrow.

• #71 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352650

  Hodgkin lymphoma staging uses the numbers 1 to 4 to indicate the stage. A lower number means the lymphoma cells only involve one or a few areas of lymph nodes. An early-stage cancer is more likely to be cured. As the lymphoma grows to involve more areas of the body, the stage number goes up. A higher number means the cancer is more advanced. […] For Hodgkin lymphoma, some basic questions to ask include: Do I have Hodgkin lymphoma? What type of Hodgkin lymphoma do I have? What stage is my condition? Will I need more tests? Will I need treatment? What are my treatment options? What are the potential side effects of each treatment? How will treatment affect my daily life? Can I continue working? How long will treatment last? Is there one treatment you believe is best for me? […] For Hodgkin lymphoma, immunotherapy might be considered in certain situations, such as if the disease doesn’t respond to other treatments.

• #72

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you see a GP because you’re concerned about symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, they’ll ask about your health and carry out a simple physical examination. […] If you’re referred to hospital, a biopsy will usually be carried out, as this is the only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] If a biopsy confirms a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma, further testing will be needed to check how far the lymphoma has spread. This allows a doctor to diagnose the stage of your lymphoma. […] When testing is complete, it should be possible to determine the stage of your lymphoma. „Staging” means scoring the cancer by how far it’s spread.

• #73 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options. […] Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. People diagnosed with this type have large lymphoma cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in their lymph nodes. […] There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. […] There’s no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #74 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. […] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #75 Hodgkin Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s disease) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/lymphoma/types/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkins disease) is an uncommon form of lymphoma. It is distinguished by the presence of large abnormal tumor cells called Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells. Although Hodgkin lymphoma can occur in both children and adults, it is usually diagnosed in young adults between 20 and 34. […] Hodgkin lymphoma has two main subtypes: classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. More than 90 percent of Hodgkin lymphoma patients have classical Hodgkin lymphoma. […] There are four subtypes of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, including: nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphocyte-rich Hodgkins disease, lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkins disease.

• #76 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] To diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma a histologic evaluation is always required, and an excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended for this purpose. Various imaging studies are used to stage the patient. […] Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Lactate dehydrogenase; Serum creatinine; Alkaline phosphatase; HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered.

• #77 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options. […] Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. People diagnosed with this type have large lymphoma cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in their lymph nodes. […] There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. […] There’s no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #78 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352650

  Hodgkin lymphoma staging uses the numbers 1 to 4 to indicate the stage. A lower number means the lymphoma cells only involve one or a few areas of lymph nodes. An early-stage cancer is more likely to be cured. As the lymphoma grows to involve more areas of the body, the stage number goes up. A higher number means the cancer is more advanced. […] For Hodgkin lymphoma, some basic questions to ask include: Do I have Hodgkin lymphoma? What type of Hodgkin lymphoma do I have? What stage is my condition? Will I need more tests? Will I need treatment? What are my treatment options? What are the potential side effects of each treatment? How will treatment affect my daily life? Can I continue working? How long will treatment last? Is there one treatment you believe is best for me? […] For Hodgkin lymphoma, immunotherapy might be considered in certain situations, such as if the disease doesn’t respond to other treatments.

• #79 Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0101/p34.html

  The Lugano classification system further modified staging by incorporating positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) results to determine the staging of the lymphoma. […] The standard treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is ABVD (doxorubicin [Adriamycin], bleomycin, vinblastine [Velban], and dacarbazine), but other regimens such as the Stanford V (doxorubicin, vinblastine, mechlorethamine, etoposide [Toposar], vincristine, bleomycin, and prednisone) and escalated-BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine [Matulane], and prednisone) can be used. […] Patients who have achieved remission need routine surveillance to monitor for complications and relapse, as well as age-appropriate screenings recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

• #80 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Imaging studies include the following: Plain radiographs: Measurement of mediastinal mass in relationship to thoracic diameter on posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs remains the gold standard; Computed tomography: Chest radiography has been largely replaced by CT scanning; on CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, possible abnormal findings include enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, lung nodules or infiltrates, and pleural effusions; Positron emission tomography: Recommended for the initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma; also used for treatment assessment. […] A histologic diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is always required. An excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended because the lymph node architecture is important for histologic classification. […] The Ann Arbor classification is used most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, as follows: Stage I: A single lymph node area or single extranodal site; Stage II: 2 or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm; Stage III: Lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm; Stage IV: Disseminated or multiple involvement of the extranodal organs. […] Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the International Harmonization Project provide consensus opinions from leading experts on evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #81 Diagnosis & Tests for Hodgkin Lymphoma | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)

  https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis-tests-for-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Stage I: Cancer is found only in a single lymph node, in the area immediately surrounding that node or in a single organ. […] Stage II: Cancer involves more than one lymph node on one side of the diaphragm (the breathing muscle separating the abdomen from the chest). […] Stage III: The cancer involves lymph node regions above and below the diaphragm. For example, there may be swollen lymph nodes under the arm and in the abdomen. […] Stage IV: Cancer involves one or more organs outside the lymph system or a single organ and a distant lymph node site. […] Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma may also experience general symptoms from their lymphoma. Patients with fever, night sweats or significant weight loss are said to have B symptoms. Patients who do not experience these specific symptoms are classified as A. […] Relapsed/Refractory: The cancer has persisted or returned (recurred/relapsed) following treatment.

• #82 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma-hodgkin-disease

  Hodgkin lymphoma staging uses the numbers 1 to 4 to indicate the stage. A lower number means the lymphoma cells only involve one or a few areas of lymph nodes. An early-stage cancer is more likely to be cured. As the lymphoma grows to involve more areas of the body, the stage number goes up. A higher number means the cancer is more advanced. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages also may include the letters A and B. The letter A means that you don’t have worrying symptoms of lymphoma. The letter B means that you have some symptoms, such as fever or weight loss.

• #83 Hodgkins Lymphoma: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/hodgkins-lymphoma/?srsltid=AfmBOoosDUeKlj4CEQ-rUzQSDCjk5fBW9y8vcUNul7c4it4n3Pzh_6S_

  If Hodgkins lymphoma diagnosis is confirmed, staging may be performed. The stages may be divided into A and B categories. If the cancer is staged as A, that means the individual has not had any B symptoms. If the cancer is staged as B, the individual has had one or more of the following symptoms: unexplained weight loss of more than 10% of baseline body weight during the 6 months prior to diagnosis, temperature above 100.4F (38C) of unknown origin, soaking night sweats.

• #84 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Imaging studies include the following: Plain radiographs: Measurement of mediastinal mass in relationship to thoracic diameter on posteroanterior and lateral chest radiographs remains the gold standard; Computed tomography: Chest radiography has been largely replaced by CT scanning; on CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, possible abnormal findings include enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly, lung nodules or infiltrates, and pleural effusions; Positron emission tomography: Recommended for the initial staging of Hodgkin lymphoma; also used for treatment assessment. […] A histologic diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is always required. An excisional lymph node biopsy is recommended because the lymph node architecture is important for histologic classification. […] The Ann Arbor classification is used most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, as follows: Stage I: A single lymph node area or single extranodal site; Stage II: 2 or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm; Stage III: Lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm; Stage IV: Disseminated or multiple involvement of the extranodal organs. […] Guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and the International Harmonization Project provide consensus opinions from leading experts on evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #85 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. […] The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The signs and symptoms, The stage of the cancer, The type of Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood test results, Age, gender, and general health, Whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages range from stage I (in which only one lymph node region or structure is involved) to stage IV (in which the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system). […] We believe there is great value for patients with suspected or diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma to receive a second opinion. Many times, our pathologists render a different diagnosis from that of the referring doctor.

• #86 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hodgkins-lymphoma/

  In 1998 an International Prognostic Factor Project on advanced Hodgkins disease was developed based on data from 1618 patients treated at 25 centers. The prognostic score was defined as the number of adverse prognostic factors at diagnosis. […] Recommended Pretreatment Evaluation […] Table 45.3 outlines the procedures deemed necessary for correct staging of Hodgkins disease. An adequate surgical biopsy, possibly of more than one intact lymph node, should be undertaken for pathological examination. Inguinal nodes should not be biopsied if other equally suspicious peripheral nodes are present. When the diagnosis of Hodgkins disease is made from biopsy of an extranodal site, a concomitant nodal biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis is desirable. […] A detailed history must be obtained with information about the presence or absence of unexplained fever and its duration, unexplained sweating (especially at night) and its severity, unexplained weight loss as a percentage of usual body weight and rapidity of loss, and pruritus with its extent and severity. The presence of alcohol-induced pain, a family history of Hodgkins disease or other hematologic malignancy, any history of immunosuppressive illness, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or EBV infection, such as mononucleosis or a previous history of neoplasm together with any previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy should also be documented.

• #87 Pathology Outlines – Classic Hodgkin lymphoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lymphomanonBclassic.html

  Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL): B cell derived lymphoma characterized by distinctive immunophenotype and relatively few malignant cells in a nonneoplastic inflammatory background. […] 4 subgroups (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte rich, lymphocyte depleted) with distinct clinical, morphologic and epidemiologic characteristics. […] Diagnosis: Excisional lymph node biopsy or tissue biopsy. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy may be insufficient given importance of tissue architecture for diagnosis and potential rarity of Reed-Sternberg cells. […] Staging critical for accurate prognostication and treatment. […] Early stage disease includes favorable and unfavorable groups. […] Unfavorable prognosis associated with B symptoms, bulky mediastinal disease, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), involvement of multiple lymph node groups, extranodal disease, older age (> 40 – 50 years).

• #88 Pathology Outlines – Classic Hodgkin lymphoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lymphomanonBclassic.html

  Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL): B cell derived lymphoma characterized by distinctive immunophenotype and relatively few malignant cells in a nonneoplastic inflammatory background. […] 4 subgroups (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte rich, lymphocyte depleted) with distinct clinical, morphologic and epidemiologic characteristics. […] Diagnosis: Excisional lymph node biopsy or tissue biopsy. […] Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy may be insufficient given importance of tissue architecture for diagnosis and potential rarity of Reed-Sternberg cells. […] Staging critical for accurate prognostication and treatment. […] Early stage disease includes favorable and unfavorable groups. […] Unfavorable prognosis associated with B symptoms, bulky mediastinal disease, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), involvement of multiple lymph node groups, extranodal disease, older age (> 40 – 50 years).

• #89 Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system. […] Tests that examine the lymph system and other parts of the body are used to help diagnose and stage Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. […] After Hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] The following stages are used for Hodgkin lymphoma: Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, Stage IV. […] Hodgkin lymphoma may be grouped for treatment as follows: Early Favorable, Early Unfavorable, Advanced.

• #90 Pathology Outlines – Classic Hodgkin lymphoma

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/lymphomanonBclassic.html

  Advanced stage disease: prognosis associated with International Prognostic Score, based on 7 variables that independently predict outcome. […] 80 – 90% cure rates with stage adapted therapy. […] 10 – 25% of patients have primary refractory disease or relapse. […] Increased percentage of CD68 positive macrophages in a diagnostic lymph node biopsy associated with shorter progression free and disease specific survival and increased failure rate after secondary treatment, including autologous stem cell transplant.

• #91 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hodgkins-lymphoma/

  In 1998 an International Prognostic Factor Project on advanced Hodgkins disease was developed based on data from 1618 patients treated at 25 centers. The prognostic score was defined as the number of adverse prognostic factors at diagnosis. […] Recommended Pretreatment Evaluation […] Table 45.3 outlines the procedures deemed necessary for correct staging of Hodgkins disease. An adequate surgical biopsy, possibly of more than one intact lymph node, should be undertaken for pathological examination. Inguinal nodes should not be biopsied if other equally suspicious peripheral nodes are present. When the diagnosis of Hodgkins disease is made from biopsy of an extranodal site, a concomitant nodal biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis is desirable. […] A detailed history must be obtained with information about the presence or absence of unexplained fever and its duration, unexplained sweating (especially at night) and its severity, unexplained weight loss as a percentage of usual body weight and rapidity of loss, and pruritus with its extent and severity. The presence of alcohol-induced pain, a family history of Hodgkins disease or other hematologic malignancy, any history of immunosuppressive illness, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or EBV infection, such as mononucleosis or a previous history of neoplasm together with any previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy should also be documented.

• #92 Diagnosis and Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hodgkins-lymphoma/

  In 1998 an International Prognostic Factor Project on advanced Hodgkins disease was developed based on data from 1618 patients treated at 25 centers. The prognostic score was defined as the number of adverse prognostic factors at diagnosis. […] Recommended Pretreatment Evaluation […] Table 45.3 outlines the procedures deemed necessary for correct staging of Hodgkins disease. An adequate surgical biopsy, possibly of more than one intact lymph node, should be undertaken for pathological examination. Inguinal nodes should not be biopsied if other equally suspicious peripheral nodes are present. When the diagnosis of Hodgkins disease is made from biopsy of an extranodal site, a concomitant nodal biopsy for confirmation of diagnosis is desirable. […] A detailed history must be obtained with information about the presence or absence of unexplained fever and its duration, unexplained sweating (especially at night) and its severity, unexplained weight loss as a percentage of usual body weight and rapidity of loss, and pruritus with its extent and severity. The presence of alcohol-induced pain, a family history of Hodgkins disease or other hematologic malignancy, any history of immunosuppressive illness, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or EBV infection, such as mononucleosis or a previous history of neoplasm together with any previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy should also be documented.

• #93 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  Although most cases of CHL can be diagnosed based on morphological and immunophenotypic features, the distinction from other types of non-Hodgkin B-cell or T-cell lymphomas and a variety of EBV-associated lymphoproliferations can prove difficult. […] A variety of benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations can display histological features resembling Hodgkin lymphoma. All of these Hodgkin mimics emphasize the importance of a complete clinical history and an adequate excisional biopsy for proper diagnosis.

• #94 Hodgkin Lymphoma Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-differential

  Other conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma include the following: […] Because Hodgkin lymphoma is considered a curable malignancy and the differential diagnosis is broad, medicolegal problems may arise from failure to diagnose the disease in a timely manner, possibly due to the following factors: […] Occasionally, Hodgkin lymphoma can present as hemophagocytic syndrome (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). […] The hemophagocytic syndrome may be more prevalent in patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigen expression and has the following characteristics:

• #95 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. […] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #96 Diagnosis of Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Modern Era

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6310079/

  Although most cases of CHL can be diagnosed based on morphological and immunophenotypic features, the distinction from other types of non-Hodgkin B-cell or T-cell lymphomas and a variety of EBV-associated lymphoproliferations can prove difficult. […] A variety of benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations can display histological features resembling Hodgkin lymphoma. All of these Hodgkin mimics emphasize the importance of a complete clinical history and an adequate excisional biopsy for proper diagnosis.

• #97 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis – Blue Ridge Cancer Care

  https://blueridgecancercare.com/disease-drug-information/blood-cancers/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/

  If you have swollen lymph nodes or another symptom that suggests Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will try to find out whats causing the problem. Your doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. […] You may have some of the following exams and tests: […] A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma. Your doctor may remove an entire lymph node (excisional biopsy) or only part of a lymph node (incisional biopsy). A thin needle (fine needle aspiration) usually cannot remove a large enough sample for the pathologist to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma. Removing an entire lymph node is best. […] The pathologist uses a microscope to check the tissue for Hodgkin lymphoma cells. A person with Hodgkin lymphoma usually has large, abnormal cells known as Reed-Sternberg cells. They are not found in people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #98 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the lymph nodes. […] Diagnosis is conducted by confirming the presence of cancer and identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsies. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The two main types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #99 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Accurate diagnosis of your lymphoma sub-type is crucial in determining the proper course of treatment. This makes it important to be seen at or consult with a large lymphoma treatment center like ours, which diagnoses and cares for many patients with all forms of this kind of cancer. […] Data from our program shows that in 10 to 15 percent of cases, a second opinion from our team renders a different diagnosis from what was given by a referring doctor. […] A biopsy of involved tissue or lymph nodes is essential in order to make a diagnosis. […] Our surgeons have expertise in performing lymph node biopsies that ensure adequate tissue is gathered to make a precise diagnosis. […] Generally, the removal of all or a big part of a lymph node is the preferred method in order to ensure an adequate sample.

• #100 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Having the correct diagnosis is important for getting the right treatment. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) may be difficult to diagnosis. […] A biopsy of an enlarged lymph node is needed to diagnose HL. The preferred and most common type of biopsy is called an excisional biopsy, in which the whole lymph node is typically removed (excised). […] The biopsy samples will be sent to a hematopathologist, a doctor who has special training in diagnosing blood diseases by studying cells under a microscope. The hematopathologist examines the samples using a microscope to look for cancer cells. […] The lymph node biopsy’s purpose is to confirm a diagnosis and […] Identify your Hodgkin lymphoma subtype […] It is important that a specialist with experience in diagnosing HL analyzes the biopsy tissue. Pathology slides may be sent to a specialty center for confirmation of diagnosis.

• #101 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Accurate diagnosis of your lymphoma sub-type is crucial in determining the proper course of treatment. This makes it important to be seen at or consult with a large lymphoma treatment center like ours, which diagnoses and cares for many patients with all forms of this kind of cancer. […] Data from our program shows that in 10 to 15 percent of cases, a second opinion from our team renders a different diagnosis from what was given by a referring doctor. […] A biopsy of involved tissue or lymph nodes is essential in order to make a diagnosis. […] Our surgeons have expertise in performing lymph node biopsies that ensure adequate tissue is gathered to make a precise diagnosis. […] Generally, the removal of all or a big part of a lymph node is the preferred method in order to ensure an adequate sample.

• #102 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. […] The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The signs and symptoms, The stage of the cancer, The type of Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood test results, Age, gender, and general health, Whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages range from stage I (in which only one lymph node region or structure is involved) to stage IV (in which the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system). […] We believe there is great value for patients with suspected or diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma to receive a second opinion. Many times, our pathologists render a different diagnosis from that of the referring doctor.

• #103 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  Accurate diagnosis of your lymphoma sub-type is crucial in determining the proper course of treatment. This makes it important to be seen at or consult with a large lymphoma treatment center like ours, which diagnoses and cares for many patients with all forms of this kind of cancer. […] Data from our program shows that in 10 to 15 percent of cases, a second opinion from our team renders a different diagnosis from what was given by a referring doctor. […] A biopsy of involved tissue or lymph nodes is essential in order to make a diagnosis. […] Our surgeons have expertise in performing lymph node biopsies that ensure adequate tissue is gathered to make a precise diagnosis. […] Generally, the removal of all or a big part of a lymph node is the preferred method in order to ensure an adequate sample.

• #104 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. […] The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The signs and symptoms, The stage of the cancer, The type of Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood test results, Age, gender, and general health, Whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages range from stage I (in which only one lymph node region or structure is involved) to stage IV (in which the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system). […] We believe there is great value for patients with suspected or diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma to receive a second opinion. Many times, our pathologists render a different diagnosis from that of the referring doctor.

• #105 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Overall, a comprehensive workup is essential for both diagnosis and staging of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The goal of treatment for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma is to cure the disease with control of short and long-term complications. […] Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma largely depends on the histologic characteristics, the stage of the disease, and the presence or absence of prognostic factors. […] The interprofessional team has to meet on a weekly basis to discuss patient care and future therapy. […] Prognosis depends on several prognostic factors, including disease stage. Disease stage is currently only one factor in the prognostic indices used for pretreatment risk stratification and assessment.

• #106 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy accounting for roughly 15% of all lymphomas and mostly affecting young patients. A second peak is seen in patients above 60 years of age. The history of HL treatment represents a remarkable success story in which HL has turned from an incurable disease to a neoplasm with an excellent prognosis. First-line treatment with stage-adapted treatment consisting of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy results in cure rates of approximately 80%. […] The diagnosis of HL involves a multistage process. The removal and histopathological analysis of a lymph node or punch biopsy of another affected organ is the method of choice for diagnosis. Thus, pathological expert review is recommended. A fine needle biopsy alone is only sufficient if sufficient material for histopathological diagnosis can be obtained.

• #107 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Detailed history, clinical examination as well as imaging procedures including contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) and 18FDG-Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) are mandatory for initial staging. Moreover, PET/CT is highly sensitive to detecting bone marrow involvement and allows omission of the bone marrow biopsy in the case of PET negativity. […] Individual stages of HL are differentiated using the modified Ann-Arbor classification and defined risk factors. Risk stratification varies between Europe and North America. […] The current first-line approaches include combined modality treatment as well as PET-adapted strategies. PET-adapted approaches as well as the implementation of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) aim at reducing treatment-associated long-term toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy.

• #108 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Detailed history, clinical examination as well as imaging procedures including contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) and 18FDG-Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) are mandatory for initial staging. Moreover, PET/CT is highly sensitive to detecting bone marrow involvement and allows omission of the bone marrow biopsy in the case of PET negativity. […] Individual stages of HL are differentiated using the modified Ann-Arbor classification and defined risk factors. Risk stratification varies between Europe and North America. […] The current first-line approaches include combined modality treatment as well as PET-adapted strategies. PET-adapted approaches as well as the implementation of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) aim at reducing treatment-associated long-term toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy.

• #109 Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0101/p34.html

  The Lugano classification system further modified staging by incorporating positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) results to determine the staging of the lymphoma. […] The standard treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is ABVD (doxorubicin [Adriamycin], bleomycin, vinblastine [Velban], and dacarbazine), but other regimens such as the Stanford V (doxorubicin, vinblastine, mechlorethamine, etoposide [Toposar], vincristine, bleomycin, and prednisone) and escalated-BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine [Matulane], and prednisone) can be used. […] Patients who have achieved remission need routine surveillance to monitor for complications and relapse, as well as age-appropriate screenings recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

• #110 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  The staging is the same for both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] After Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed, a person will be staged by undergoing a series of tests and procedures that will determine what areas of the body are affected. […] The common non-Hodgkin treatment, rituximab (which is a monoclonal antibody against CD20) is not routinely used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma due to the lack of CD20 surface antigens in most cases. […] The use of positron emission tomography (PET) early after commencing chemotherapy has demonstrated to have powerful prognostic ability.

• #111 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  A pathologist then examines the lymph node tissue to look for the malignant B cells. […] Immunophenotyping may be done on tissue that was removed to study the protein expressed by cells. This is used to diagnose the specific type of lymphoma by comparing the cancer cells to normal cells. […] Your doctor may conduct imaging studies (see below), such as CT scans, X-rays, and PET scans, of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. […] PET scanning can identify patients who are candidates for chemotherapy treatment alone. […] You can have a precise „tumor profile” created that gives us information that may reveal genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. […] We have unique expertise in interpreting molecular and genomic tests and translating the data into an action plan. […] Your doctor may decide to run blood tests, including a blood chemistry study.

• #112 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  The staging is the same for both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] After Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed, a person will be staged by undergoing a series of tests and procedures that will determine what areas of the body are affected. […] The common non-Hodgkin treatment, rituximab (which is a monoclonal antibody against CD20) is not routinely used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma due to the lack of CD20 surface antigens in most cases. […] The use of positron emission tomography (PET) early after commencing chemotherapy has demonstrated to have powerful prognostic ability.

• #113 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Detailed history, clinical examination as well as imaging procedures including contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) and 18FDG-Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) are mandatory for initial staging. Moreover, PET/CT is highly sensitive to detecting bone marrow involvement and allows omission of the bone marrow biopsy in the case of PET negativity. […] Individual stages of HL are differentiated using the modified Ann-Arbor classification and defined risk factors. Risk stratification varies between Europe and North America. […] The current first-line approaches include combined modality treatment as well as PET-adapted strategies. PET-adapted approaches as well as the implementation of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) aim at reducing treatment-associated long-term toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy.

• #114 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  Detailed history, clinical examination as well as imaging procedures including contrast enhanced CT (ceCT) and 18FDG-Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) are mandatory for initial staging. Moreover, PET/CT is highly sensitive to detecting bone marrow involvement and allows omission of the bone marrow biopsy in the case of PET negativity. […] Individual stages of HL are differentiated using the modified Ann-Arbor classification and defined risk factors. Risk stratification varies between Europe and North America. […] The current first-line approaches include combined modality treatment as well as PET-adapted strategies. PET-adapted approaches as well as the implementation of the anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (BV) aim at reducing treatment-associated long-term toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy.

• #115 Hodgkin Lymphoma—Review on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Current and Future Treatment Approaches for Adult Patients

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/5/1125

  However, about 20% of cHL patients suffer from relapse or primary progressive disease. Second-line treatment usually consists of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for those patients under the age of 60 years. With this intensive treatment approach, about 50% of patients can be cured. […] The poor outcome of cHL patients relapsing after HDCT and ASCT has improved with the introduction of BV as well as the immunomodulatory treatment approach with checkpoint inhibitors.

• #116 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Healthcare providers consider Hodgkin lymphoma to be a treatable and highly curable cancer. Your outlook will depend on the stage and other factors that your healthcare provider can discuss with you. […] The survival rate for Hodgkin Lymphoma continues to improve as healthcare providers develop new and improved treatments. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, 88% of people with Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed between 2014 to 2020 were alive five years after treatment. […] Studies show more than 90% of people treated for early-stage Hodgkin lymphomas are alive five years after diagnosis. In other words, the earlier its caught, the better.

• #117 What is Hodgkin Lymphoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma.html

  Hodgkin lymphoma usually starts in B lymphocytes, a type of immune system white blood cell. […] Between 8,000 and 9,000 people are diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States each year and the disease is most frequently diagnosed among people between the ages of 20-34, according to data from the National Cancer Institute. […] Hodgkin lymphoma diagnoses have been trending down over the last decade and the survival rate is relatively high. The average five-year survival rate across all stages is close to 87%, with a survival rate of greater than 91% in cases confined to a single region (stage I). […] Almost all Hodgkin lymphoma cases contain Reed-Sternberg cells, a specific type of large cancer cell that is not found in non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into two major types according to how the lymph cells look under a microscope and whether Reed-Sternberg cells are present. Knowing the type of lymphoma helps doctors determine your best treatment. […] Not everyone with risk factors gets Hodgkin lymphoma. However, if you have risk factors, you should discuss them with your doctor. […] MD Anderson has helped advance the development of several new targeted therapies for Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #118 Hodgkin Lymphoma Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma-diagnosis.html

  Successfully treating Hodgkin lymphoma depends upon an accurate and precise diagnosis. However, the disease may be hard to diagnose. It is important for a specialist familiar with Hodgkin lymphoma to analyze your biopsy. […] One or more of the following tests may be used to find out if you have Hodgkin lymphoma. These tests also may help find out if your treatment is working. […] If you are diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor will determine the stage of the disease. Staging is a way of classifying cancer by how much disease is in the body and where it has spread. This helps the doctor plan the best way to treat the cancer. Once the staging classification is determined, it stays the same even if treatment is successful or the cancer spreads.

• #119 How We Diagnose Hodgkin Lymphoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis

  An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that makes it. […] The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following: The signs and symptoms, The stage of the cancer, The type of Hodgkin lymphoma, Blood test results, Age, gender, and general health, Whether the cancer is recurrent or progressive. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the body is called staging. […] Hodgkin lymphoma stages range from stage I (in which only one lymph node region or structure is involved) to stage IV (in which the cancer has spread beyond the lymphatic system). […] We believe there is great value for patients with suspected or diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma to receive a second opinion. Many times, our pathologists render a different diagnosis from that of the referring doctor.

• #120 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/what-you-need-to-know-about-hodgkin-lymphoma-symptoms-treatment-and-prognosis

  ESR is a measure of inflammation in the body. It is important in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Different types of cancer use different systems for staging. Cancer stages are described as stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 with subclassifications. […] Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are staged using the Lugano classification system. […] Identifying the subtype of lymphoma helps determine how to best treat it. […] Treatment of classic Hodgkin lymphoma usually includes a combination of therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplant. […] The best course of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is determined by the lymphomas subtype and stage as well as the persons age and overall health. […] A diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma usually has an excellent prognosis; the overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 88.3 percent. […] A diagnosis of stage 1 or stage 2 Hodgkin disease improves the five-year survival rate to over 90 percent. […] A stage 4 diagnosis still has a 78.5 percent survival rate, which is better than the overall five-year survival rate for all cancers combined (67.7 percent).

• #121 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Healthcare providers consider Hodgkin lymphoma to be a treatable and highly curable cancer. Your outlook will depend on the stage and other factors that your healthcare provider can discuss with you. […] The survival rate for Hodgkin Lymphoma continues to improve as healthcare providers develop new and improved treatments. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, 88% of people with Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed between 2014 to 2020 were alive five years after treatment. […] Studies show more than 90% of people treated for early-stage Hodgkin lymphomas are alive five years after diagnosis. In other words, the earlier its caught, the better.

• #122 Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Symptoms, outlook, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Treatment will depend on disease staging and other risk factors. For example, people with bulky advanced stage CHL do not respond well to radiation, so a doctor may advise against it. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most easily treated types of cancer. Most people who have survived 5 years with Hodgkins lymphoma will likely be cured. […] The 5-year survival rate for all stages of Hodgkins lymphoma is 89%. […] Survival rates are best in people who receive an early diagnosis. Therefore, it is important to contact a doctor as soon as possible for any unexplained changes in a lymph node or other symptoms of infection or illness.

• #123 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Overall, a comprehensive workup is essential for both diagnosis and staging of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The goal of treatment for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma is to cure the disease with control of short and long-term complications. […] Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma largely depends on the histologic characteristics, the stage of the disease, and the presence or absence of prognostic factors. […] The interprofessional team has to meet on a weekly basis to discuss patient care and future therapy. […] Prognosis depends on several prognostic factors, including disease stage. Disease stage is currently only one factor in the prognostic indices used for pretreatment risk stratification and assessment.

• #124 Classical Hodgkin lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/types-lymphoma-hodgkin-lymphoma/classical-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Treatment for classical Hodgkin lymphoma usually involves chemotherapy, sometimes followed by radiotherapy. […] The exact treatment you need depends on the stage of your disease and how it is affecting you. […] Your medical team should explain the possible side effects and late effects of your planned treatment. […] For early stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma, your doctor considers the signs and symptoms you have before deciding what chemotherapy is most likely to be effective for you and how long you should be treated for. […] Advanced stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma is also usually treated with chemotherapy, but you are likely to have more cycles of treatment. […] Your consultant will discuss the treatment options with you. […] If your Hodgkin lymphoma has not responded to treatment, or has come back, you might have more chemotherapy. This is likely to be a different combination of drugs from the ones you had first time round. […] Treatment for classical Hodgkin lymphoma is usually successful but doctors continue to research treatments that might provide better outcomes.

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