Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the following four features: HL usually presents in young adults, commonly arises in cervical lymph nodes, involves scattered large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells on a background of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells, and characteristic neoplastic cells are often surrounded by T lymphocytes. Hodgkin lymphoma generally has an excellent prognosis, though this depends on several factors. […] Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), formerly called Hodgkin disease, is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm with high cure rates. […] Four features characterize Hodgkin lymphomas. They commonly arise in the cervical lymph nodes; the disease is more common in young adults; there are scattered large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated cells (Reed-Sternberg) intermixed in a background of a mixture of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells; finally, T lymphocytes are often observed surrounding the characteristic neoplastic cells. Hodgkin lymphoma has an excellent overall prognosis with approximately an 80% cure rate.

• #2 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a potentially curable lymphoma. The World Health Organization categorizes Hodgkin lymphoma as classic or nodular lymphocyte-predominant and divides classic Hodgkin lymphoma into four types, as follows: Nodular sclerosis, Mixed cellularity, Lymphocyte depleted, Lymphocyte rich. […] Features of Hodgkin lymphoma include the following: Asymptomatic lymphadenopathy, Unexplained weight loss, unexplained fever, night sweats, Chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, Pruritus, Pain at sites of nodal disease, Back or bone pain, Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma has a strong genetic component and has often previously been diagnosed in the family, Palpable, painless lymphadenopathy in the cervical area, axilla, or inguinal area, Involvement of the Waldeyer ring (back of the throat, including the tonsils) or occipital (lower rear of the head) or epitrochlear (inside the upper arm near the elbow) area, Splenomegaly and/or hepatomegaly, Superior vena cava syndrome may develop in patients with massive mediastinal lymphadenopathy, Central nervous system symptoms or signs may be due to paraneoplastic syndromes, including cerebellar degeneration, neuropathy, Guillain-Barr syndrome or multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

• #3 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include: Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin. Fever. Feeling very tired. Night sweats. Weight loss that happens without trying. Itchy skin. […] Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first. […] The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms.

• #4 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that start in lymphocytes white blood cells in your lymphatic system. Most start in the lymph nodes in your neck or chest cavity. Although it can come back after treatment, Hodgkin lymphoma is considered one of the most curable cancers. Often, treatment eliminates all signs and symptoms. […] Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, including swollen lymph nodes, persistent fatigue, itchy skin, unexplained weight loss. Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma vary based on where the lymphoma (cancer) cells are. […] The most common first sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is painless swollen lymph nodes in your neck, underarm or groin. Other symptoms include persistent fatigue. This is feeling much more tired than usual for at least several days. Unexplained fever. A high fever that remains for two or more hours after home treatment or lasts longer than two days may be a sign of a serious issue. Drenching night sweats. This is sweating that’s so intense it drenches your sheets and clothes. Unexplained weight loss. This is losing body weight without trying. Losing 10% or more of your total body weight over six months is a sign of unexplained weight loss. Itchy skin (pruritus). Some people with Hodgkin lymphoma have very itchy skin after drinking alcohol or taking a bath. Belly (abdominal) pain or swelling. Not all belly pain is a sign of serious illness. Contact a healthcare provider if you have severe pain that doesn’t go away. Chest pain. This may be a symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma in your lung tissues or lymph nodes inside of your chest. Shortness of breath. This could be a sign of Hodgkin lymphoma in your lungs or of a large mass in your chest.

• #5 Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms

  The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in one or more lymph nodes. This can be in any area of the body, but the most common areas are the neck, armpit, and groin. […] Lymph nodes commonly swell if we have an infection but they usually go back to normal over a short time. With lymphoma, the lymph nodes often grow slowly and may be there for months or years before they’re noticed. But sometimes they grow very quickly. […] Usually, the swollen nodes don’t hurt. But some people say their lumps ache or are painful. And for some they are painful after drinking alcohol. […] You might have other symptoms such as heavy sweating, especially at night; high temperatures that come and go with no obvious cause, often overnight; losing a lot of weight over a short period of time, despite eating well; itching, which may be worse after drinking alcohol; persistent cough or shortness of breath; pain in your tummy (abdomen) or lymph nodes after drinking alcohol.

• #6 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Symptoms.aspx

  Involved lymph nodes can become painful after drinking alcohol, although this only occurs in around 2% to 3% of cases. The pain typically begins within minutes of drinking alcohol and is often reported to be either a dull ache or a sharp and stabbing pain. […] Some patients complain of non-specific back pain, although the lower back is the area most frequently affected. […] Some patients have abnormal cells in their bone marrow at diagnosis, which can disrupt levels of blood cells and lead to symptoms such as heavy periods, nosebleeds and blood spots under the skin.

• #7 https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/signs-and-symptoms

  The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is one or more enlarged (swollen) lymph nodes. The enlarged lymph node may be in the neck, upper chest, armpit, abdomen or groin. The swollen lymph node is usually painless. […] Other signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma may include drenching night sweats, unexplained weight loss, unexplained fever, persistent fatigue, persistent cough and shortness of breath (due to enlarged lymph nodes in the chest), itchy skin, decreased appetite, abdominal pain or swelling and feeling of fullness (due to an enlarged spleen), occasional pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol. […] Fever, drenching night sweats and loss of more than 10 percent of body weight over six months are sometimes termed „B symptoms.” These symptoms are significant to the prognosis and staging of the disease.

• #8 Stages of Hodgkin Lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/stages

  The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is swollen lymph nodes. […] Your doctor will add the letter B to your stage (for example, stage 1B) if you have any of the following symptoms: heavy sweating at night, high temperatures that come and go, often at night, unexplained weight loss, more than a tenth (10%) of your body weight in the last 6 months. […] People with B symptoms may need more treatment than those without them. […] Advanced stage generally means you have stage 3 or stage 4 Hodgkin lymphoma. However stage 2 with B symptoms and bulky disease or extranodal sites is usually treated as advanced stage (stage 2BX or 2BE).

• #9 Hodgkin Lymphoma Stages | Hodgkin Disease Stages | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. […] HL generally starts in the lymph nodes. If it spreads, it’s usually to another set of nearby lymph nodes. It can invade (grow into) nearby organs as well. Rarely, HL will start in an organ other than lymph nodes, such as a lung. […] Each stage may also be assigned a letter (A or B). B is added (stage IIIB, for example) if a person has any of these B symptoms: Loss of more than 10% of body weight over the previous 6 months (without dieting), Unexplained fever of at least 100.4F (38C), Drenching night sweats.

• #10 Hodgkin lymphoma – symptoms, causes, diagnosis & treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects your lymphatic system. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is also called Hodgkin disease, and the average age at diagnosis is 45 years. […] A biopsy (tissue sample) is needed to diagnose Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Treatment depends on the type of Hodgkin lymphoma and whether it has spread. […] Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma can include: a painless swelling or lump in one or more lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpit or groin; tiredness; night sweats; fever; weight loss; loss of appetite; persistent cough; shortness of breath; a rash or itching. […] Hodgkin lymphoma usually responds well to treatment. […] Its not possible to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma. Theres no screening test currently available. […] Hodgkin lymphoma and its treatments can cause complications. These can include: Immunosuppression (a weakened immune system) this can increase your risk of infection. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is confirmed with a biopsy, where a sample of the affected lymph tissue is tested. The sample is examined under a microscope, which can show if there are cancer cells.

• #11 Hodgkin Lymphoma Stages | Hodgkin Disease Stages | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  If a person has any B symptoms, it usually means the lymphoma is more advanced, and more intensive treatment is often recommended. If no B symptoms are present, the letter A is added to the stage. […] The terms resistant or progressive disease are used when the lymphoma does not go away or progresses (grows) while you’re being treated. Recurrent or relapsed disease means that HL went away with treatment, but it has now come back. If the lymphoma returns, it might be in the same place where it started or in another part of the body. This can happen shortly after treatment or years later.

• #12

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms/

  The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is a swelling in the neck, armpit or groin. The swelling is usually painless, although some people find that it aches. […] Some people with Hodgkin lymphoma also have other more general symptoms. These can include: night sweats, unintentional weight loss, a high temperature (fever), a persistent cough or feeling of breathlessness, persistent itching of the skin all over the body. […] Other symptoms will depend on where in the body the enlarged lymph glands are. For example, if the abdomen (tummy) is affected, you may have abdominal pain or indigestion. […] A few people with lymphoma have abnormal cells in their bone marrow when they’re diagnosed. This may lead to: persistent tiredness or fatigue, an increased risk of infections, excessive bleeding such as nosebleeds, heavy periods and spots of blood under the skin. […] Sometimes, people with Hodgkin lymphoma have pain in their lymph glands when they drink alcohol. […] See a GP if you have symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma, particularly if you have persistently swollen glands with no other signs of infection.

• #13 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Signs | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  You or your child can have Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and feel perfectly well. But Hodgkin lymphoma often causes symptoms or changes that should be checked by a doctor. […] The most common symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma is an enlarged lymph node. These are often felt as a lump under the skin, often in the neck, underarm, or groin. […] Some people with Hodgkin lymphoma have what are known as B symptoms. These are symptoms that can help doctors determine the stage of the cancer and the person’s outlook. B symptoms include: Fever (which can come and go over several weeks) without an infection, Drenching night sweats, Weight loss without trying (at least 10% of your body weight over 6 months). […] Hodgkin lymphoma can also cause other symptoms that may seem unrelated, such as: Itching skin, Feeling tired (fatigue), Loss of appetite.

• #14 Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Signs | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html

  If Hodgkin lymphoma affects lymph nodes inside your chest, they might press on the windpipe (trachea) and cause: Coughing, Trouble breathing, especially when lying down, Pain behind the breast bone. […] Having one or more of the symptoms above doesnt mean you definitely have Hodgkin lymphoma. Many of these symptoms are much more likely to be caused by other problems, like an infection. Still, if you or your child has any of these symptoms, have them checked by a doctor to find out the cause and get treatment if needed.

• #15 10 Top Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma-symptoms.html

  Hodgkin lymphoma often develops in people between the ages of 16 and 34. These younger patients are usually otherwise healthy. Because of this, their bodies can withstand the disease without showing any symptoms for a long period of time. Other times, the only symptom will be painless swelling of the lymph nodes usually in the neck or under the arm, as well as in the upper chest, abdomen and groin. Patients often visit a physician because of this swelling, which eventually leads to a diagnosis. Other symptoms vary from person to person and may include: Pain in the swollen lymph nodes after drinking alcohol. Heavy night sweats, with or without a fever. Fever or chills at night or during the day. Unexplained weight loss. Loss of appetite. Fatigue or lack of energy. Dry, itchy skin. A widespread, red rash. Cough and shortness of breath or chest discomfort caused by a large lymph node mass in the chest. An enlarged liver or spleen. These symptoms do not always mean you have Hodgkin lymphoma. However, it is important to discuss any signs with your doctor, since they may signal other health problems. In lymphomas earliest stages, patients often report itchy, inflamed skin or unexplained rashes. In more advanced cases, where patients have large tumors, we start seeing weight loss, fevers, night sweats, and fatigue. Some experience painful muscle aches after drinking alcohol, too, though that is fairly unusual.

• #16 Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms

  Your doctor might call some of these symptoms B symptoms. […] Other symptoms will depend on where in your body the Hodgkin lymphoma is. […] Around 5 out of 100 people (around 5%) with Hodgkin lymphoma have lymphoma cells in their bone marrow. Hodgkin lymphoma in the bone marrow can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and tiredness due to low levels of red blood cells (anaemia); increased risk of infections due to low levels of white blood cells; low levels of platelets that can cause nosebleeds, very heavy periods, or a rash of tiny blood spots under the skin. […] You should see your doctor if you have a swollen lymph node, especially if you haven’t had a recent infection or you have any of the other symptoms mentioned here. […] Although your symptoms are unlikely to be cancer, it’s important to get them checked by a doctor.

• #17 Hodgkin lymphoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma typically presents with painless swelling of superficial lymph nodes or with an asymptomatic mass on a chest X-ray. Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma occasionally present with severe generalised pruritus or with skin lesions. […] Hodgkin lymphoma usually starts within a single lymph node and then progresses to nearby lymph nodes via the lymphatic channels before spreading to distant sites and organs. It typically presents with painless swelling of superficial lymph nodes (in the neck, axilla, or groin) or as an asymptomatic mass seen on a chest X-ray. […] Some patients present to their doctors with non-specific, or 'B’, symptoms. They can have one or more of the following symptoms: Fevers, Drenching night sweats, Unintentional weight loss, Lethargy. […] Occasionally, patients can present with symptoms and signs that reflect the involvement of organs in the disease such as: Jaundice and itching due to liver involvement, Tetany (muscular spasms) due to high levels of calcium, Tiredness due to anaemia, Oedema due to kidney involvement.

• #18 Hodgkin Lymphoma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms typically include painless lymphadenopathy, sometimes with fever, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, pruritus, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. […] Most patients with Hodgkin lymphoma present with painless cervical adenopathy. Although the mechanism is unclear, pain rarely may occur in diseased areas immediately after drinking alcoholic beverages, sometimes providing an early indication of the diagnosis. […] Systemic symptoms include fever, night sweats, and loss of appetite resulting in unintentional weight loss (10% of body weight in previous 6 months), which are referred to as „B symptoms.” B symptoms are significant to prognosis and staging because they may signify involvement of internal lymph nodes (mediastinal or retroperitoneal), viscera (liver), or bone marrow.

• #19 Hodgkin Lymphoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-clinical

  Features of Hodgkin lymphoma include the following: Asymptomatic lymphadenopathy may be present (above the diaphragm in 80% of patients) […] Constitutional symptoms (unexplained weight loss [10% of total body weight] within the past 6 months, unexplained fever 38 C, or drenching night sweats) are present in 40% of patients; collectively, these are known as „B symptoms” […] Intermittent fever is observed in approximately 35% of cases; infrequently, the classic Pel-Ebstein fever is observed (high fever for 1-2 wk, followed by an afebrile period of 1-2 wk) […] Chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, or a combination of those may be present due to a large mediastinal mass or lung involvement; rarely, hemoptysis occurs […] Pruritus may be present […] Pain at sites of nodal disease, precipitated by drinking alcohol, occurs in fewer than 10% of patients but is specific for Hodgkin lymphoma […] Back or bone pain may rarely occur […] A family history is also helpful; in particular, nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL) has a strong genetic component and has often previously been diagnosed in the family.

• #20 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s Disease): Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Hodgkins lymphoma, also called Hodgkins disease, is a type of lymphoma. Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that start in the lymphatic system. This system consists of a network of organs, nodes, and vessels throughout your body. […] In people with Hodgkins lymphoma, these lymphocytes grow abnormally and crowd out healthy white blood cells. As the disease progresses, it becomes more difficult for your body to fight infections. […] According to the American Cancer Society, Hodgkins lymphoma typically develops in B lymphocytes in your upper body, most commonly in your chest, in your neck, or under your arms. It typically spreads to other lymph nodes through your lymph vessels. […] In the late stages, it can reach your bloodstream and spread to other organs, such as your bone marrow, lungs, or liver.

• #21 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s Disease): Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hodgkins-lymphoma

  The most common symptom of Hodgkins lymphoma is swelling of your lymph nodes, which can cause a lump to form under your skin. This lump usually isnt painful. It often develops in one of the following areas: on the side of your neck, in your armpit, around your groin. […] Other symptoms of Hodgkins lymphoma include: night sweats, itchy skin, fever, fatigue, unintended weight loss, persistent cough, trouble breathing, chest pain, pain in the lymph nodes after consuming alcohol, enlarged spleen. […] The exact cause of Hodgkins lymphoma isnt known, but the disease develops when changes in the DNA of lymphocytes cause them to replicate uncontrollably. […] Known risk factors for Hodgkins lymphoma include: Age. Most people who develop Hodgkins lymphoma are between ages 20 and 40 or over 55. Epstein-Barr virus. Having been infected with the virus that causes mononucleosis, also called mono, is thought to increase your risk of developing Hodgkins lymphoma. Being male. The risk is higher for males than for females. In children, about 85 percent of cases occur in boys. Family history. People with siblings who have Hodgkins lymphoma are at higher risk of developing it, too, and identical twins have a very high risk. However, most people with Hodgkins lymphoma dont have a family history of it. Weakened immune system. People who have HIV are at a higher risk of developing Hodgkins lymphoma. People who take immunosuppressant medications after receiving organ transplants are also at an elevated risk.

• #22 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Laboratory tests include the following: Complete blood cell count studies for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, or eosinophilia, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Lactate dehydrogenase, Serum creatinine, Alkaline phosphatase, HIV testing, because HIV-infected persons are at 5- to 26-fold higher risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma, and effective antiretroviral treatment improves lymphoma-related survival; screening for hepatitis B and C should also be considered, Serum levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10) and soluble CD25 (IL-2 receptor) correlate with tumor burden, systemic symptoms, and prognosis. […] The Ann Arbor classification is used most often for Hodgkin lymphoma, as follows: Stage I: A single lymph node area or single extranodal site, Stage II: 2 or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm, Stage III: Lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm, Stage IV: Disseminated or multiple involvement of the extranodal organs.

• #23 Hodgkin Lymphoma Stages, Grades and Survival Rates

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/stages

  Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed by stages and categories. There are four stages of Hodgkin lymphoma1, 2, 3 and 4each determined by how much the disease has spread from a single lymph node region to the rest of the body. […] With stage 1 Hodgkin lymphoma, the following is true: The cancer affects one lymph node region or lymphoid organ. […] With stage 2 Hodgkin lymphoma, the following is true: The cancer affects two or more lymph node areas on the same side of the body. […] With stage 3 Hodgkin lymphoma, cancer is on both sides of the diaphragm. […] In stage 4 Hodgkin lymphoma, the following is true: The cancer has spread to at least one organ outside of the lymphatic system, such as the liver, lungs or bone marrow. […] Treatment is usually two to four rounds of chemotherapy. You may also undergo radiation therapy.

• #24 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  The absence of systemic symptoms is signified by adding „A” to the stage; the presence of systemic symptoms is signified by adding „B” to the stage. For localized extranodal extension from mass of nodes that does not advance the stage, subscript „E” is added. Splenic involvement is signified by adding „S” to the stage. The inclusion of „bulky disease” is signified by „X”. […] The high cure rates and long survival of many people with Hodgkin lymphoma has led to a high concern with late adverse effects of treatment, including cardiovascular disease and second malignancies such as acute leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors within the radiation therapy field. […] Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma has been improving. Types of chemotherapy have resulted in higher survival rates than have previously been seen. In a 2007 European trial, the five-year survival rate for those people with a favorable prognosis was 98%, while that for people with worse outlooks was at least 85%.

• #25 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  There are multiple types of Hodgkin lymphoma. The type of lymphoma you have is based on the characteristics of the cells involved in your disease and their behavior. The type of lymphoma you have helps determine your treatment options. […] Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. People diagnosed with this type have large lymphoma cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in their lymph nodes. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Being male. People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth. Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven’t. One example is infectious mononucleosis. HIV infection. People who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] There’s no way to prevent Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #26 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma frequently present with painless supra-diaphragmatic lymphadenopathy (one to two lymph node areas), B symptoms including unexplained profound weight loss, high fevers, and drenching night sweats. B symptoms are evident in up to 30% of patients and are generally more common in stages 3 to 4 of the disease, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted HL subtypes. […] Each subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma has distinct clinical features. Nodular sclerosis subtype affects young adults and presents with early disease stage, while mixed cellularity HL is prevalent in both children and elderly patients and commonly presents with advanced disease stage. Lymphocyte depletion HL presents with extensive extranodal disease, affects elderly patients, and is associated with AIDS infection. Lymphocyte-rich classical HL presents with localized painless peripheral lymphadenopathy similar to NLP-HL. NLP-HL is a distinct, unique clinicopathological entity that is distinct from classical HL. It presents in males with localized painless peripheral lymphadenopathy in the neck that often spares the mediastinum. NLP-HL shows a more indolent course with a tendency for late relapses.

• #27 What is Hodgkin lymphoma? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a cancer that starts in lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found mostly in the lymphatic system. […] HL can start anywhere in the lymphatic system. It usually starts in a group of lymph nodes in one part of the body, most often in the chest, in the neck or under the arms. […] Sometimes HL can cause generalized symptoms, which means they affect the whole body. These are called B symptoms or systemic symptoms. The symptoms are unexplained fever, night sweats and weight loss. Whether you have any B symptoms can help predict the outcome of the disease. If you have no B symptoms, there is a better outlook. […] Nodular sclerosis HL (NSHL) usually starts in lymph nodes of the deep tissue in the centre of the chest (called the mediastinum) or neck. It causes B symptoms in about 40% of people.

• #28 What is Hodgkin lymphoma? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/what-is-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Mixed cellularity HL (MCHL) usually develops in the upper half of the body and often affects lymph nodes in the abdomen and spleen. It usually causes B symptoms. […] Lymphocyte-depleted HL (LDHL) usually affects lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen, spleen, liver and bone marrow. Most people with LDHL have B symptoms. […] NLPHL is usually slow growing (indolent) and diagnosed at an early stage. Most people don’t have symptoms other than enlarged lymph nodes. B symptoms are rare.

• #29 What Are the Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms and Signs?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/symptoms

  Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms are typically non-specific and share many characteristics with other illnesses, such as a cold, the flu, other types of respiratory infection and other types of blood cancer. The Hodgkin lymphoma stages may not cause any symptoms. […] When symptoms do occur, a common early sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is swelling in one or more lymph nodes, usually in the neck. […] Common symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms or groin, Intermittent fevers, Drenching night sweats, Fatigue, or feeling tired all the time, Unexplained weight loss, Persistent cough, Shortness of breath, Chest discomfort, Decreased appetite, Abdominal pain or swelling, Feeling of fullness, Rash or itchy skin, Unusual bleeding, such as chronic nosebleeds. […] Part of staging Hodgkin lymphoma requires determining whether certain B symptoms are present, which may factor into the overall prognosis and may be signs of more advanced disease. Those B symptoms are: Fever, Drenching night sweats, Dramatic and unexplained weight loss.

• #30 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Systemic symptoms: About one-third of people with Hodgkin disease may also present with systemic symptoms, including itchy skin, night sweats, unexplained weight loss of at least 10% of the person’s total body mass in six months or less, low-grade fever, and fatigue. Systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss are known as B symptoms; thus, presence of these indicate that the person’s stage is, for example, 2B instead of 2A. […] Hodgkin lymphoma must be distinguished from noncancerous causes of lymph node swelling (such as various infections) and from other types of cancer. Definitive diagnosis is by lymph node biopsy (usually excisional biopsy with microscopic examination). Blood tests are also performed to assess function of major organs and safety for chemotherapy. […] The staging is the same for both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. After Hodgkin lymphoma is diagnosed, a person will be staged by undergoing a series of tests and procedures that will determine what areas of the body are affected.

• #31 What are the Stages of Hodgkin Lymphoma? | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://blog.dana-farber.org/insight/2023/04/what-are-the-stages-of-hodgkin-lymphoma/

  Hodgkin lymphoma starts in the white blood cells, but what patients and doctors will most likely notice first is a lump in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin indicating a swollen lymph node. […] Staging of Hodgkin lymphoma typically involves a PET scan. According to Merryman, all patients should have a PET scan before starting treatment. The scan will show where the lymphoma is in the body. […] Staging is one factor that helps oncologists select treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. For many forms of cancer, later stage disease is harder to treat. But for Hodgkin lymphoma, the goal of treatment is cure for all stages of the disease. […] The treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is different for early stage (stages I and II) than it is for advanced stage (stages III and IV). Early stage disease is further separated into favorable and unfavorable risk groups based on the number of sites involved, the size of involved lymph nodes, age, symptoms, and blood work. Most patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (in all of these groups) can be cured with initial therapy for their lymphoma.

• #32 Hodgkin lymphoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000580.htm

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites. […] The first sign of Hodgkin lymphoma is often a painless swollen lymph node that appears without a known cause. The disease can spread to nearby lymph nodes. Later it may spread to the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or other organs. […] Symptoms may include any of the following: Feeling tired all the time, Fever and chills that come and go, Itching all over the body that cannot be explained, Loss of appetite, Drenching night sweats, Painless swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin (swollen glands), Weight loss that cannot be explained. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers. A cure is even more likely if it is diagnosed and treated early. Unlike many other cancers, Hodgkin lymphoma is also very curable in its late stages. […] You will need to have regular exams for years after your treatment. This helps your provider check for signs of the cancer returning and for any long-term treatment effects.

• #33 Staging & Prognosis for Hodgkin Lymphoma | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis/staging-and-prognosis/

  Hodgkin lymphoma usually responds well to treatment, and most people who are treated for Hodgkin lymphoma (including advanced disease) go into remission. This means the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma disappear and the doctor can’t find any sign of the disease during a physical examination or on imaging tests. […] In a small number of cases, Hodgkin lymphoma may not respond to the initial treatment, which is known as refractory disease, or it may come back (relapse or recur) after remission.

• #34 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Healthcare providers consider Hodgkin lymphoma to be a treatable and highly curable cancer. Your outlook will depend on the stage and other factors that your healthcare provider can discuss with you. That said, there are times when treatment doesn’t work or the cancer comes back. […] The survival rate for Hodgkin Lymphoma continues to improve as healthcare providers develop new and improved treatments. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, 88% of people with Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosed between 2014 to 2020 were alive five years after treatment. Survival rates vary by cancer stage. According to the same statistics, between 92% to 95% of people with early-stage disease were alive five years after diagnosis. Between 81% to 87% of people diagnosed in later stages were alive after five years.

• #35 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Patient prognosis is largely based on the stage of the disease and various prognostic factors, which may be defined differently across various major cooperative groups. The SEER data report an 88.9% overall 5-year survival rate from 2014-2020. In addition to the stage of the disease, many factors contribute to the likelihood of survival from Hodgkin lymphoma. Factors that influence prognosis include patient age, presence or absence of B symptoms, stage of disease, and elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] The most commonly used prognostic system is the International Prognostic System (IPS), which uses the following variables to determine prognosis: Serum albumin less than 4 g/dL, Hemoglobin less than 10.5 g/dL, Male sex, Age of 45 years or older, Stage IV disease (Ann Arbor classification), White blood cell (WBC) count greater than 15,000/mm3, Absolute lymphocyte count less than 600/mm3, less than 8% of the total WBC count, or both.

• #36 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Prognosis depends on several prognostic factors, including disease stage. Disease stage is currently only one factor in the prognostic indices used for pretreatment risk stratification and assessment. The 5-year overall survival (OS) in stage 1 or 2a is approximately 90%; on the other hand, stage 4 disease has a 5-year OS of approximately 60%.

• #37 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma

  Your prognosis is what you can expect after completing treatment. Your specific prognosis depends on your situation, such as the type of lymphoma you have, your age and your overall health. That said, treatment often puts lymphoma into remission or cures the condition. Remission means you don’t have lymphoma symptoms and tests don’t find signs of lymphoma. […] Overall, survival rate data show 89% of people with Hodgkin lymphoma and 74% of people with non-Hodgkin lymphoma were alive five years after diagnosis.

• #38 Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-hodgkin-treatment-pdq

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system. […] Signs and symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Hodgkin lymphoma can usually be cured if found and treated early. […] Hodgkin lymphoma may be grouped for treatment as follows: Early Favorable, Early Unfavorable, Advanced. […] Hodgkin lymphoma can recur (come back) after it has been treated.

• #39 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Early Detection, and Support

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Hodgkins lymphoma, also known as Hodgkins disease, is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. It can begin anywhere in the lymphatic tissue and most often spreads from lymph node to lymph node. […] With Hodgkins lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow out of control. This most often happens in the lymph nodes. The mass of extra cells form a tumor. Sometimes tumors form in the spleen or in other organs. […] Hodgkins lymphoma can start in any part of your lymphatic system. It can then spread to more than one area of your body. The lymphoma may also spread to your bone marrow and other organs in your body. […] Hodgkins lymphoma, also called Hodgkins disease, can have many different symptoms. These are the most common: Swollen lymph nodes. These cause lumps under your skin. Theyre often the first symptom you may notice. But swollen lymph nodes are most often caused by infection and are very common.

• #40 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Early Detection, and Support

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Other symptoms may also occur. They are known as B symptoms: Weight loss. You may lose your appetite and lose weight without trying. Fever. You may have fevers over a long period of time with no other signs of infection. Drenching night sweats. You may sweat to the point of soaking your clothes and bed sheets. […] B symptoms can mean that the cancer is more likely to grow quickly. If you have B symptoms, you may need different kinds of treatment. […] Many of these symptoms may be caused by other health problems. But its important to see your healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer.

• #41 Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Symptoms, outlook, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkins lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes. The cancer typically spreads from one lymph node to a neighboring one. […] Not everyone with Hodgkins lymphoma has symptoms. However, some people may experience signs that could point to this condition. […] The NHS states that the most common symptom of Hodgkins lymphoma is a swollen lymph node under the skin. This often appears as a lump in the neck, armpit, or groin. […] The lump may not hurt all the time, but it might hurt more after a person has drunk alcohol. […] However, when a lymph node swells for no apparent reason, and the swelling remains, it could indicate cancer. […] Sometimes, swollen lymph nodes occur with other symptoms, such as coughing or difficulty breathing. […] Other symptoms some people may experience include: sweating at night, fever, unexplained weight loss, itchy skin, extreme tiredness.

• #42 Hodgkin’s lymphoma: Symptoms, outlook, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkins lymphoma can spread quickly throughout the body. However, it is one of the most treatable types of cancer. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most easily treated types of cancer. Most people who have survived 5 years with Hodgkins lymphoma will likely be cured. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is a relatively aggressive cancer and can spread quickly through the body. It is a serious cancer but is also one of the most easily treated types of cancer. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It has a high remission rate, and most people with this condition survive.

• #43 Understanding the Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/hodgkin-lymphoma-signs-and-symptoms

  No one told me how bad these night sweats would be! […] I dont have anywhere near the energy that I used to have. […] Someone make the itchy skin stop! […] Who knew coughing was a symptom of lymphoma? […] This article focuses on Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), a type of blood cancer. Understanding the signs and symptoms of HL can help you recognize whats happening in your body, talk to your doctor sooner, and feel more prepared for what comes next. […] Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkins disease, is a type of blood cancer and one of the two main types of lymphoma. […] Understanding the signs and symptoms of HL can help with early diagnosis and give you a better idea of what to expect when living with the condition. […] What does HL feel like? Theres no single symptom that sets it apart. Instead, a combination of symptoms can help define the disease. Symptoms can affect the whole body (systemic) or a specific area (localized).

• #44 Understanding the Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin Lymphoma | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/hodgkin-lymphoma-signs-and-symptoms

  Some people with HL feel pain in their lymph nodes after drinking alcohol. This reaction is rare but can be an early sign of the disease. […] Localized signs and symptoms can be caused by the effects of a tumor in a specific place in the body. […] Lymphoma in the chest can cause many symptoms including pain and pressure in the chest, coughing, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing. […] An enlarged spleen or liver can make you feel full after eating only a small amount of food. […] All of the signs and symptoms of lymphoma can also have other causes, including other cancers or diseases that arent serious. […] Having symptoms isnt enough to diagnose HL. Further tests are needed to confirm the cause and find the best treatment. […] Yes. About 80 percent of people with HL are completely cured even those diagnosed at later stages.

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