Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Being male. People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth. Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven’t. One example is infectious mononucleosis. HIV infection. People who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/causes/

  Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by a change (mutation) in the DNA of a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes. The exact reason why this happens isn’t known. […] While the cause of the initial mutation that triggers Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, a number of factors can increase your risk of developing the condition. These include: […] Hodgkin lymphoma isn’t infectious and isn’t thought to run in families. Although your risk is increased if a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) has had lymphoma, it’s not clear if this is because of an inherited genetic fault or lifestyle factors.

• #3 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6206-hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphomas form when genes inside B lymphocytes (B cells) mutate, or change, at some point in your life. […] Hodgkin lymphomas typically start in the lymph nodes in your neck or chest cavity. […] Hodgkin lymphomas form when your B cells develop genetic changes. These changes are acquired. This means you develop them during your lifetime instead of being born with them. […] When B cells mutate, they create larger-than-normal cancerous cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. […] Healthcare providers have identified factors that may increase your risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma, including: […] Having certain viruses. Having HIV, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 or Epstein-Barr virus may increase your risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Healthcare providers consider Hodgkin lymphoma to be a treatable and highly curable cancer. […] Studies show more than 90% of people treated for early-stage Hodgkin lymphomas are alive five years after diagnosis.

• #4 Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/ae/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/hodgkin-lymphoma

  DNA changes in certain lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) can lead to the development of Reed-Sternberg cells. Scientists have found many gene changes in these cancer cells that enable them to grow and divide uncontrollably or live longer than they should. These cells also release special substances called cytokines that attract other healthy cells to protect them and help them grow further. Crowding of the cells causes the lymph node to swell (enlarge). […] The reason why some people develop lymphoma and others do not is not clear. However, several factors are known to be associated with the development of lymphoma: […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection EBV causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Immunosuppression People who have a weakened immune system due to HIV infection, autoimmune diseases or medicines to suppress their immune system after an organ transplant, are at higher risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Family history Those who have a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma are more likely to develop the disease. […] Sex Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often in males than females, particularly in children.

• #5 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Being male. People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth. Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven’t. One example is infectious mononucleosis. HIV infection. People who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #6 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #7 Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem-cell transplantation. […] About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are due to EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) and these are generally the classic form. […] Other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having HIV/AIDS. […] The virus-positive cases are classified as a form of the EpsteinBarr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases. […] The common non-Hodgkin treatment, rituximab (which is a monoclonal antibody against CD20) is not routinely used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma due to the lack of CD20 surface antigens in most cases. […] The number of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma is increased in people with infected with HIV.

• #8 What Causes Hodgkin Lymphoma? Biggest Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/causes-of-hodgkin-lymphoma-what-you-need-to-know

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) sometimes called Hodgkins disease is a form of blood cancer that originates from a specific type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. […] Its not usually clear why any one person develops HL. However, experts understand how individual cells can become cancerous and have identified risk factors that can increase a persons chances of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause of HL they havent discovered exactly why cancerous gene changes develop. However, they have found certain risk factors that may make it more likely that a cells genes will undergo changes. […] Risk factors are elements that make a person more likely to develop a condition. […] A person has an increased risk of HL if their immune system is not very strong. […] Up to one in four people with HL have cancer cells that are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

• #9 What Causes Hodgkin Lymphoma? Biggest Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/causes-of-hodgkin-lymphoma-what-you-need-to-know

  Researchers dont know how this virus can lead to HL. Its possible that EBV causes gene changes within lymphocytes. Its also possible that HL develops when the immune system has an abnormal reaction to an EBV infection. […] Almost all adults within the U.S. have had EBV infections. Doctors arent yet sure why EBV leads to HL in only a small portion of infected individuals.

• #10 Hodgkin Lymphoma Screening/Prevention | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)

  https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma-screeningprevention

  The Epstein-Barr virus can be found in the biopsy samples of individuals with Hodgkins disease. In one clinical study from Africa, 87% of patients with Hodgkins disease tested positive for the Epstein-Barr virus. The relationship between the Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkins disease is complex and does not appear to be a direct cause and effect relationship. In other words, the Epstein-Barr virus can be found in individuals with Hodgkins disease, but the reverse is not often true. While 90-95% of adults have evidence of an infection from the Epstein-Barr virus, only a small percentage of these individuals will ever develop Hodgkins disease. It is thought that the development of Hodgkins disease may be accompanied or triggered by viral reactivation. Scientists are still trying to understand why the peak incidence of Hodgkins disease occurs in young individuals and have further speculated that the additional involvement of an as yet undetected second virus may be involved. […] The overwhelming majority of cases of Hodgkins disease cannot be prevented since we do not know the cause.

• #11 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the following four features: HL usually presents in young adults, commonly arises in cervical lymph nodes, involves scattered large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells on a background of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells, and characteristic neoplastic cells are often surrounded by T lymphocytes. […] The exact etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. However, there is an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in Epstein-Barr (EBV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, autoimmune diseases, and immunosuppression. There is also evidence of familial predisposition in Hodgkin lymphoma. EBV has been found to be more common in the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Loss of immune surveillance has been proposed as the possible disease etiology in EBV-positive disease. No other viruses have been found to play a major contributing role in disease pathogenesis. […] Studies found that there is a ten-fold increase in developing HL in same-sex siblings of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, suggesting a gene-environment interaction role in Hodgkin lymphoma predisposition.

• #12 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  The etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. Infectious agents, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), may be involved in the pathogenesis. Depending on the study, data show that up to 30% of cases of classic Hodgkin lymphoma may be positive for EBV proteins. In addition, a case control study supports an increased risk of classic Hodgkin lymphoma after EBV infection, with a risk of approximately 1 in 1000 cases. […] The incidence of EBV positivity varies with subtype. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) rarely expresses EBV proteins, whereas in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, EBV positivity is most common in the mixed-cellularity variant. However, the exact mechanism by which EBV can lead to Hodgkin lymphoma is not known. […] HIV-positive patients also have a higher incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma compared with HIV-negative patients. However, Hodgkin lymphoma is not considered an AIDS-defining neoplasm.

• #13 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #14 Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for HL. […] Long-term infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a risk factor for HL. […] First-degree relatives of a person with HL, particularly siblings of the same sex, have a higher risk of developing the disease. […] The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV weakens the bodys immune system and may leave people vulnerable to certain types of cancer, including HL. The risk of developing HL is 10 times higher in people with HIV than in people without the virus.

• #15 Lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

  There are different types of lymphoma, but really two main categories. Firstly, Hodgkin lymphoma. This is an uncommon form of lymphoma identified by the presence of rare large cells, which are called Reed- Sternberg cells. […] Like all cancers, lymphoma is the result of mutations in DNA that instruct the cells on how to grow, and the cells often grow out of control and live longer than they should. […] We don’t always know exactly what caused that initial mutation, but we know the effects that it has downstream. There are, however, a variety of things that can increase your risk. […] In Hodgkin lymphoma, cases are predominantly seen in two peaks, often in young adults 20 to 40, and again in older people over 55. […] Certain infections can be connected with higher rates of lymphoma. These infections include Epstein-Barr virus infections and helicobacter pylori infections.

• #16 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/cancer/blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Some research has found that Hodgkin lymphoma is more likely to occur in individuals living in a small household who haven’t had a lot of exposure to other younger people, Samaneigo says. […] Although it’s not always clear why someone develops Hodgkin lymphoma, there are a few risk factors that researchers have found, including: Having had Epstein-Barr virus in the past. […] Hodgkin lymphoma has what’s called bimodal distribution, explains Samaniego. This means it tends to affect people in two different age groups. […] To be clear, Hodgkin lymphoma can’t be passed from one person to another, Greenberger states.

• #17 Hodgkin Lymphoma | Hodgkin Disease | Lymphoma | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hodgkinlymphoma.html

  Hodgkin lymphoma, also called Hodgkin disease, is a type of cancer that develops in the lymph system. Your lymph system is part of your immune system. It helps protect your body from infection and disease. […] The cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. But there are certain people who are at higher risk of developing it. […] Certain factors can make you more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma: Age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in early adulthood (age 20-39 years) and in late adulthood (age 65 years and older). Being male. The risk of adult Hodgkin lymphoma is slightly higher in males than in females. Past Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Having an infection with EBV as a young child or teenager increases your risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma increases your risk of developing it.

• #18 What Causes Hodgkin Lymphoma and Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/risk-factors

  Hodgkin lymphoma occurs when the DNA in a white blood cell mutates, or changes. These cells force normal white blood cells out, and cancerous cells form into masses that are typically located in the lymph nodes, but may be found in other body areas where lymphoid tissue is present. Lymph nodes are found throughout the body. […] While the exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma may not be known, several factors may increase the risk for developing the disease. […] Men have a slightly greater chance of developing Hodgkin lymphoma than women. […] Although people of any age can develop Hodgkin lymphoma, adults in their 20s and early 30s and those over age 55 are at an increased risk for developing this disease. […] Having a history of mono may increase the risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma, but the risk is still small at about 1 in every 1,000 people, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS).

• #19 Hodgkin lymphoma (Hodgkin disease) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352646

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Hodgkin lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes Hodgkin lymphoma. It begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. […] The DNA changes tell the cells to multiply quickly and live when other cells would naturally die. The Hodgkin lymphoma cells attract many healthy immune system cells to protect them and help them grow. The extra cells crowd into the lymph nodes and cause swelling and other symptoms. […] Factors that can increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma include: Your age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people in their 20s and 30s and those over age 65. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a blood relative with Hodgkin lymphoma increases the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Being male. People who are assigned male at birth are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who are assigned female at birth. Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus are at higher risk of Hodgkin lymphoma than are those who haven’t. One example is infectious mononucleosis. HIV infection. People who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #20 Hodgkin Lymphoma

  https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/ae/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/hodgkin-lymphoma

  DNA changes in certain lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) can lead to the development of Reed-Sternberg cells. Scientists have found many gene changes in these cancer cells that enable them to grow and divide uncontrollably or live longer than they should. These cells also release special substances called cytokines that attract other healthy cells to protect them and help them grow further. Crowding of the cells causes the lymph node to swell (enlarge). […] The reason why some people develop lymphoma and others do not is not clear. However, several factors are known to be associated with the development of lymphoma: […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection EBV causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Immunosuppression People who have a weakened immune system due to HIV infection, autoimmune diseases or medicines to suppress their immune system after an organ transplant, are at higher risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Family history Those who have a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma are more likely to develop the disease. […] Sex Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often in males than females, particularly in children.

• #21 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Genetic predisposition plays a role in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma. Approximately 1% of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma have a family history of the disease, and siblings of an affected individual have a 3- to 7-fold increased risk of developing the disease. Most evidence for a genetic etiology has been established in the distinct subtype of nonsclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL). NSHL has been shown to be one of the most heritable types of neoplasm, with a 100-fold increased risk in identical twins. […] There is evidence that NSHL may result from an atypical immune response to a virus or other trigger, in an individual with a genetic predisposition to such a response. For decades, specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genotypes, including HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, have been known to be associated with NSHL, and this has been confirmed by genome-wide association studies. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 6p21.32 region, which is rich in genes associated with immune function, have also been associated with NSHL risk.

• #22 Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499969/

  Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare monoclonal lymphoid neoplasm characterized by the following four features: HL usually presents in young adults, commonly arises in cervical lymph nodes, involves scattered large mononuclear Hodgkin and multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells on a background of non-neoplastic inflammatory cells, and characteristic neoplastic cells are often surrounded by T lymphocytes. […] The exact etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. However, there is an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in Epstein-Barr (EBV) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, autoimmune diseases, and immunosuppression. There is also evidence of familial predisposition in Hodgkin lymphoma. EBV has been found to be more common in the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma. Loss of immune surveillance has been proposed as the possible disease etiology in EBV-positive disease. No other viruses have been found to play a major contributing role in disease pathogenesis. […] Studies found that there is a ten-fold increase in developing HL in same-sex siblings of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma, suggesting a gene-environment interaction role in Hodgkin lymphoma predisposition.

• #23 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  Research published in a 2015 edition of Blood concluded that having a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with Hodgkin lymphoma increases your risk of the disease by 3-fold compared to the general population. […] A number of infections, environmental toxins, and medical treatments have been linked to lymphoma. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely linked to both Burkitt lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoma, as well as 20% to 25% of all Hodgkin lymphoma cases. […] Some studies have suggested that chemicals like benzene and certain insecticides are linked with an increased risk of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A 2013 study published in Cancer Causes and Control found a close association between Hodgkin lymphoma and the use of insecticides and fungicides. […] A number of studies have found a link between Hodgkin lymphoma and a higher body mass index (BMI). […] According to a 2019 study in the British Journal of Cancer, every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI is associated with a 10% increase in the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #24 Hodgkin disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/hodgkin-disease

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are the two types of lymphomas. […] The exact causes of HD are unknown. Research indicates that the malignant process leading to HD may be triggered by a combination of environmental and genetic factors along with a susceptible immune system. […] Certain types of viral infections may increase the risk for HD. Infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, is associated with increased risk as is infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with a slightly higher risk for this disease. First-degree relatives of people with HD have a 3 times higher risk than the general population. The risk is almost 100 times higher for an identical twin of a person with HD.

• #25 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview

  Genetic predisposition plays a role in the pathogenesis of Hodgkin lymphoma. Approximately 1% of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma have a family history of the disease, and siblings of an affected individual have a 3- to 7-fold increased risk of developing the disease. Most evidence for a genetic etiology has been established in the distinct subtype of nonsclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma (NSHL). NSHL has been shown to be one of the most heritable types of neoplasm, with a 100-fold increased risk in identical twins. […] There is evidence that NSHL may result from an atypical immune response to a virus or other trigger, in an individual with a genetic predisposition to such a response. For decades, specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genotypes, including HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1, have been known to be associated with NSHL, and this has been confirmed by genome-wide association studies. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the 6p21.32 region, which is rich in genes associated with immune function, have also been associated with NSHL risk.

• #26 Hodgkin Lymphoma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma results from the clonal transformation of cells of B-cell origin, giving rise to pathognomic binucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. […] The cause is unknown, but genetic susceptibility (eg, family history) and environmental associations play a role. Environmental associations connected with Hodgkin lymphoma include history of treatment with phenytoin, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or HIV. […] Risk is slightly increased in people with certain types of immunosuppression (eg, patients taking immunosuppressants after a transplant), congenital immunodeficiency disorders (eg, ataxia-telangiectasia, Klinefelter syndrome, Chdiak-Higashi syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), and certain autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, Sjgren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus).

• #27 Hodgkin Lymphoma – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes and is distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of a particular kind of cancer cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell. […] The cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, but exposure to Epstein-Barr virus may play a role in some people. […] There may also be a hereditary association. […] Although there are some families in which more than one person has Hodgkin lymphoma, it is not contagious. […] Other people at risk for Hodgkin lymphoma include those with inherited immunodeficiency syndromes such as ataxia-telangiectasia, Klinefelter syndrome, Chdiak-Higashi syndrome, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] Acquired immunodeficiency caused by disorders such as HIV infection or medications used after solid organ transplantation. […] Autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, Sjgren syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #28 Hodgkin Lymphoma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphoma

  Hodgkin lymphoma results from the clonal transformation of cells of B-cell origin, giving rise to pathognomic binucleated Reed-Sternberg cells. […] The cause is unknown, but genetic susceptibility (eg, family history) and environmental associations play a role. Environmental associations connected with Hodgkin lymphoma include history of treatment with phenytoin, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or HIV. […] Risk is slightly increased in people with certain types of immunosuppression (eg, patients taking immunosuppressants after a transplant), congenital immunodeficiency disorders (eg, ataxia-telangiectasia, Klinefelter syndrome, Chdiak-Higashi syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), and certain autoimmune disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, Sjgren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus).

• #29 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma

  Lymphoma happens when the white blood cells in your lymphatic system change (mutate) into rapidly growing cancer cells that dont die. […] Like most cancers, the majority of the genetic mutations that cause lymphoma happen spontaneously, without an identifiable cause. But research suggests the following conditions or issues may increase your risk of developing lymphoma: […] You have or have had viruses including HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis) and Kaposi sarcoma human immunodeficiency virus. […] You have a family history of lymphoma. […] Your immune system is weakened by other conditions or medical treatments. For example, people who have organ transplants take immunosuppressant medication to keep their bodies from rejecting the transplanted organ. […] You have an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease happens when your immune system accidentally attacks your body instead of protecting it.

• #30 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  Research published in a 2015 edition of Blood concluded that having a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with Hodgkin lymphoma increases your risk of the disease by 3-fold compared to the general population. […] A number of infections, environmental toxins, and medical treatments have been linked to lymphoma. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely linked to both Burkitt lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoma, as well as 20% to 25% of all Hodgkin lymphoma cases. […] Some studies have suggested that chemicals like benzene and certain insecticides are linked with an increased risk of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] A 2013 study published in Cancer Causes and Control found a close association between Hodgkin lymphoma and the use of insecticides and fungicides. […] A number of studies have found a link between Hodgkin lymphoma and a higher body mass index (BMI). […] According to a 2019 study in the British Journal of Cancer, every 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI is associated with a 10% increase in the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #31 Hodgkin Lymphoma Screening/Prevention | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)

  https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma-screeningprevention

  Many, but not all, studies show a consistent link between woodworking and Hodgkins disease. Trichloroethylene is an organic chemical used in dry cleaning, metal degreasing and as a solvent for oils and resins and has been identified to cause liver and kidney cancer in animals. Exposure to trichloroethylene has been associated with an increased chance of developing Hodgkins disease and other cancers. […] Exposure to low levels of radiation may cause an increased incidence of Hodgkins disease. Workers at some nuclear facilities have been found to have an increased incidence of pancreatic cancer and Hodgkins disease compared to the normal population. An increased incidence of Hodgkins disease has been reported in farmers compared to people living in cities. […] Autoimmune diseases and cancers treated with immunosuppressive and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs appear to increase the incidence of Hodgkins disease. For instance, Hodgkins disease has been reported after methotrexate treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

• #32 Hodgkin’s lymphoma | Oncology Consultants

  https://www.oncologyconsultants.com/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Rarely, Hodgkins disease may occur in more than one family member, but it is not clear if this is due to genetic factors, environmental factors, or both. […] The fact that only one of a pair of identical twins usually develops Hodgkins disease suggests that finding the specific cause for Hodgkins disease will be difficult if not impossible. However, by studying large numbers of people all over the world, researchers have found certain factors that increase a persons risk of getting Hodgkins disease. […] Many, but not all, studies show a consistent link between woodworking and Hodgkins disease. […] Exposure to trichloroethylene has been associated with an increased chance of developing Hodgkins disease and other cancers. […] Exposure to low levels of radiation may cause an increased incidence of Hodgkins disease.

• #33 Causes and risk factors for lymphoma | Lymphoma Action

  https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

  Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (known as MGUS) is a non-cancerous condition where the body makes an abnormal antibody, called a monoclonal protein or paraprotein. […] Having a body mass index of over 30 (obesity) increases your risk of developing many types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Being around high levels of industrial chemicals, solvents, weedkillers and insecticides are possible risk factors for developing lymphoma.

• #34 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #35 What Causes Hodgkin Lymphoma and Is It Hereditary?

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/risk-factors

  Having a compromised immune system from HIV/AIDS, or from immunosuppressants to prevent organ transplant rejection, may increase the risk for developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Having a parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma may increase the risk for developing the disease. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in North America and northern Europe. It’s less common in Asia and Africa. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in individuals with a higher socioeconomic background.

• #36 Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention – Pi Health Cancer Hospital

  https://www.pihealthcancerhospital.com/blog/hodgkin-lymphoma-symptoms-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention/

  Some studies suggest that Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in people from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, possibly due to differences in exposure to infectious agents during childhood. […] The disease is more prevalent in certain parts of the world, such as the United States, Canada, and northern Europe, compared to Asia and Africa. […] While having one or more of these risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing Hodgkin lymphoma, its important to note that many people with these risk factors never develop the disease, and some people with no known risk factors can still get it.

• #37 Understanding Hodgkin Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s Disease)– Basic Information

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/understanding-hodgkins-disease-basic-information

  Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a type of lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. […] The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is not known, but the following have been implicated: […] The Epstein-Barr virus, the same virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (mono), has been implicated as a cause of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Same-sex siblings and an identical twin of a person with Hodgkin lymphoma are at high risk of developing the disease. […] Fewer siblings, early birth order, single-family homes, and fewer playmates are associated with an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma — possibly due to a lack of exposure to bacterial and viral infections at an early age.

• #38 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | U.S. NewsCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Opt-Out Icon

  https://health.usnews.com/conditions/cancer/blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkins-lymphoma

  Some research has found that Hodgkin lymphoma is more likely to occur in individuals living in a small household who haven’t had a lot of exposure to other younger people, Samaneigo says. […] Although it’s not always clear why someone develops Hodgkin lymphoma, there are a few risk factors that researchers have found, including: Having had Epstein-Barr virus in the past. […] Hodgkin lymphoma has what’s called bimodal distribution, explains Samaniego. This means it tends to affect people in two different age groups. […] To be clear, Hodgkin lymphoma can’t be passed from one person to another, Greenberger states.

• #39 Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for HL. […] Long-term infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a risk factor for HL. […] First-degree relatives of a person with HL, particularly siblings of the same sex, have a higher risk of developing the disease. […] The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. HIV weakens the bodys immune system and may leave people vulnerable to certain types of cancer, including HL. The risk of developing HL is 10 times higher in people with HIV than in people without the virus.

• #40 About Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/hodgkin-lymphoma/about-hodgkin-lymphoma/

  Family history –Having a parent, brother or sister (first-degree relative) who has had Hodgkin lymphoma slightly increases a person’s risk of developing it. However, this family history link is uncommon. […] Many people with known risk factors don’t develop Hodgkin lymphoma, and most people who do get it have no known risk factors. Hodgkin lymphoma is not contagious.

• #41 What Causes Hodgkin Lymphoma? | How Do You Get Hodgkin Disease? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some researchers think that infection with the Epstein-Barr virus sometimes causes DNA changes in B lymphocytes. In some cases, this leads to the development of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are the cancer cells in HL. […] Despite the advances in knowing how cancer cells work, scientists do not yet know what sets off these processes. An abnormal reaction to infection with EBV or to other infections may be the trigger in some cases. But a lot more research is needed to understand what causes Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #42 Definition and etiology – GHSG – German Hodgkin Study Group

  https://en.ghsg.org/definition

  Hodgkin lymphoma (also called Hodgkins lymphoma, Hodgkins disease and lymphogranulomatosis) is a clearly defined malignant disease of the lymphatic system. […] In all the years following the discovery of these cells right until today, various potential causes and triggers for the development of Hodgkin lymphoma have been discussed. […] Further, it is assumed that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a role in the development of Hodgkin lymphoma. […] However, the genetic code of the EBV cannot be found in all Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. […] For these reasons there must be other essential factors causing or contributing to the development of Hodgkin lymphoma that have not been revealed yet. Potential factors might be a disturbed immune system regulation as well as genetic aspects or environmental influences.

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