Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #2 Reye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526101/

  Reye syndrome is most commonly precipitated by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B as well as varicella. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data between 1980 and 1997 found that cases of Reye syndrome were preceded by influenza infection 73%, varicella infection 21%, and gastroenteritis infections 14% of the time. […] Inborn errors of metabolism (especially fatty acid metabolism), medication reactions and toxins may also predispose or cause the development of Reye syndrome. […] Epidemiologic studies found a link between use of salicylate and development of Reye syndrome. While less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, more than 80% of children diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the preceding 3 weeks.

• #3 Reye’s Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder that affects many parts of the body including the brain, blood, and liver. […] The cause of Reye’s syndrome is unknown. Studies have shown a link between taking aspirin (salicylate) during a viral illness and developing Reye’s syndrome. […] In some children, a rare metabolic condition called medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency can cause symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. […] This includes research on how and why RS develops and the association with taking aspirin.

• #4 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #5 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  Reye syndrome typically occurs after a viral illness, particularly an upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, varicella, or gastroenteritis, and is associated with the use of aspirin during the illness. […] The association of Reye syndrome with salicylates, particularly aspirin, was demonstrated in several epidemiologic studies around the world. Less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, but more than 80% of patients diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the past 3 weeks. A causal relation between Reye syndrome and salicylates has not been definitively established and has been questioned on the basis of biases and limitations in the studies, […] but recommendations by government health agencies that children not be treated with salicylates led to an immediate and dramatic decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome.

• #6 Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/reyes-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-pediatric-condition

  Reyes syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal condition affecting children and adolescents, initially described by Australian pathologist R.D. Reye in 1963. It is a metabolic noninflammatory encephalopathy associated with fatty degeneration of the liver. Reyes syndrome is typically preceded by a viral illness, and generally presents with severe protracted vomiting, followed by encephalopathy that may progress to coma or death, or may spontaneously resolve. […] In the mid 1960s, after the publication of Reyes report, physicians and researchers around the world worked to identify a cause for Reyes syndrome. As early as 1965, it was suggested that the syndrome could be caused by hypersensitivity to salicylates. This view was generally accepted by the late 1980s. […] However, the link between aspirin and Reyes syndrome has not been proven, and this link is still challenged and debated today.

• #7 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  Reye syndrome typically occurs after a viral illness, particularly an upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, varicella, or gastroenteritis, and is associated with the use of aspirin during the illness. […] The association of Reye syndrome with salicylates, particularly aspirin, was demonstrated in several epidemiologic studies around the world. Less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, but more than 80% of patients diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the past 3 weeks. A causal relation between Reye syndrome and salicylates has not been definitively established and has been questioned on the basis of biases and limitations in the studies, […] but recommendations by government health agencies that children not be treated with salicylates led to an immediate and dramatic decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome.

• #8 Reye Syndrome — Ohio, Michigan

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049023.htm

  In addition to a previously reported study from Arizona, CDC has received reports of studies conducted in Ohio and Michigan which suggest a relationship between Reye syndrome and salicylates (i.e., aspirin) taken during an associated antecedent illness. […] The recently reported study from Michigan involved 25 patients with Reye syndrome and 44 controls selected in a manner similar to that of the Ohio study, matched for the same criteria, and interviewed 4 to 83 days (mean 6.5 weeks) after their acute illness. […] Although the epidemiologic association between Reye syndrome and antecedent viral illnesses is well established, the etiology of this rare disease remains unclear. Several previous reports have suggested the possibility that medications taken during the antecedent illness of patients with Reye syndrome may play a role in the development of this disease, and aspirin is 1 medication which has been mentioned frequently. […] The results of these studies suggest that during certain viral illnesses the use of salicylates — even before the onset of vomiting — may be a factor in the pathogenesis of Reye syndrome.

• #9 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #10 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #11 REYE’S SYNDROME: KNOW THE SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, AND TREATMENTS | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/reyes-syndrome-know-the-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

  Studies have revealed a significant connection between aspirin use and the onset of Reye’s syndrome, which was more prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with frequent aspirin use in children. […] Research has shown a strong link between the use of aspirin, viral infections (such as Varicella or influenza), or liver toxicity and the development of this condition. […] Reyes syndrome may also be linked to inherited metabolic disorders. […] Aspirin can exacerbate these disorders, leading to a higher risk of developing Reyes syndrome. […] The exact cause is still unknown.

• #12 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  Reye syndrome typically occurs after a viral illness, particularly an upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, varicella, or gastroenteritis, and is associated with the use of aspirin during the illness. […] The association of Reye syndrome with salicylates, particularly aspirin, was demonstrated in several epidemiologic studies around the world. Less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, but more than 80% of patients diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the past 3 weeks. A causal relation between Reye syndrome and salicylates has not been definitively established and has been questioned on the basis of biases and limitations in the studies, […] but recommendations by government health agencies that children not be treated with salicylates led to an immediate and dramatic decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome.

• #13 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection, such as influenza or chickenpox. About 90% of cases in children are associated with aspirin (salicylate) use. Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor. […] The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in industrialized countries. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. […] There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.

• #14 Reye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526101/

  Reye syndrome is most commonly precipitated by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B as well as varicella. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data between 1980 and 1997 found that cases of Reye syndrome were preceded by influenza infection 73%, varicella infection 21%, and gastroenteritis infections 14% of the time. […] Inborn errors of metabolism (especially fatty acid metabolism), medication reactions and toxins may also predispose or cause the development of Reye syndrome. […] Epidemiologic studies found a link between use of salicylate and development of Reye syndrome. While less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, more than 80% of children diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the preceding 3 weeks.

• #15 Reye’s Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/pediatric-liver-information-center/pediatric-liver-disease/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye syndrome is a rare illness that affects all bodily organs but is most harmful to the brain and the liver. It occurs primarily among children who are recovering from a viral infection, such as chicken pox or the flu. It usually develops a week after the onset of the viral illness but can also occur a few days after onset. Liver-related complications of Reye syndrome include fatty deposits, abnormal liver function tests, and poor blood clotting and bleeding caused by liver failure. […] The cause of Reye syndrome remains a mystery. However studies have shown that using aspirin to treat viral illnesses increases the risk of developing Reye syndrome. A physician should be consulted before giving a child any aspirin or anti-nausea medicines during a viral illness, which could hide the symptoms of the condition.

• #16 Reye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526101/

  Reye syndrome is most commonly precipitated by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B as well as varicella. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data between 1980 and 1997 found that cases of Reye syndrome were preceded by influenza infection 73%, varicella infection 21%, and gastroenteritis infections 14% of the time. […] Inborn errors of metabolism (especially fatty acid metabolism), medication reactions and toxins may also predispose or cause the development of Reye syndrome. […] Epidemiologic studies found a link between use of salicylate and development of Reye syndrome. While less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, more than 80% of children diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the preceding 3 weeks.

• #17 Reye’s Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/pediatric-liver-information-center/pediatric-liver-disease/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye syndrome is a rare illness that affects all bodily organs but is most harmful to the brain and the liver. It occurs primarily among children who are recovering from a viral infection, such as chicken pox or the flu. It usually develops a week after the onset of the viral illness but can also occur a few days after onset. Liver-related complications of Reye syndrome include fatty deposits, abnormal liver function tests, and poor blood clotting and bleeding caused by liver failure. […] The cause of Reye syndrome remains a mystery. However studies have shown that using aspirin to treat viral illnesses increases the risk of developing Reye syndrome. A physician should be consulted before giving a child any aspirin or anti-nausea medicines during a viral illness, which could hide the symptoms of the condition.

• #18 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  Reyes syndrome is defined as a fatal biphasic disorder that clinically described by preceding viral illness, protracted vomiting from one to two days before the onset of encephalopathy and liver dysfunction. […] Both universal mitochondrial injury and triglyceride accumulations are the cornerstone etiology of Reyes syndrome. […] Etiologically, micro vesicular fatty degeneration of the liver and non-inflammatory encephalopathy is cardinal characteristics of Reyes syndrome. […] The syndrome was classically explained with a preceding infection and consumption of salicylates but; cases have been observed with intake of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs involving diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid. […] The administration of acetyl salicylic acid leads to accelerated macrophage generation of tumour necrosis factor.

• #19 Reye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526101/

  Reye syndrome is most commonly precipitated by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B as well as varicella. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data between 1980 and 1997 found that cases of Reye syndrome were preceded by influenza infection 73%, varicella infection 21%, and gastroenteritis infections 14% of the time. […] Inborn errors of metabolism (especially fatty acid metabolism), medication reactions and toxins may also predispose or cause the development of Reye syndrome. […] Epidemiologic studies found a link between use of salicylate and development of Reye syndrome. While less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, more than 80% of children diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the preceding 3 weeks.

• #20 Reye Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526101/

  Reye syndrome is most commonly precipitated by viral pathogens such as influenza A and B as well as varicella. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveillance data between 1980 and 1997 found that cases of Reye syndrome were preceded by influenza infection 73%, varicella infection 21%, and gastroenteritis infections 14% of the time. […] Inborn errors of metabolism (especially fatty acid metabolism), medication reactions and toxins may also predispose or cause the development of Reye syndrome. […] Epidemiologic studies found a link between use of salicylate and development of Reye syndrome. While less than 0.1% of children who took aspirin developed Reye syndrome, more than 80% of children diagnosed with Reye syndrome had taken aspirin in the preceding 3 weeks.

• #21 Reye syndrome | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthlinkbc-files/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare disease that mainly affects children and teenagers. It often occurs in children who have, or recently had, a viral infection such as chickenpox or influenza. Reye syndrome causes swelling of the liver and brain, and can be fatal. […] The use of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or Aspirin) has been strongly linked to Reye syndrome. Do not give ASA or Aspirin to anyone under 18 years of age to manage symptoms such as fever, headache and muscle aches. […] Reye syndrome occurs 3 to 7 days after the beginning of a viral infection. It can also occur while recovering from the infection. Reye syndrome can be misdiagnosed as swelling of the brain (encephalitis) or swelling of the lining of the brain (meningitis), diabetes, drug overdose, poisoning, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or a psychiatric illness. […] Most people recover completely, but Reye syndrome can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #22 What is Reyes Syndrome? | Reyessyndrome

  https://www.reyes-syndrome.org/blank-1

  Reye’s Syndrome, a deadly disease, strikes swiftly and can attack any child, teen, or adult without warning. […] While the cause and cure remain unknown, research has established a link between Reye’s Syndrome and the use of aspirin and other salicylate containing medications, over the counter products, and topical use products. […] Scientists do know that Reye’s Syndrome is not contagious and the cause is unknown. […] An epidemic of flu or chicken pox is commonly followed by an increase in the number of cases of Reye’s Syndrome. […] Reye’s Syndrome should be suspected in a person if this pattern of symptoms appear during, or most commonly, after a viral illness. […] Physicians and medical staff in emergency rooms who have not had experience in treating Reye’s Syndrome may misdiagnose the disease.

• #23 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #24 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection, such as influenza or chickenpox. About 90% of cases in children are associated with aspirin (salicylate) use. Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor. […] The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in industrialized countries. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. […] There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.

• #25 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection, such as influenza or chickenpox. About 90% of cases in children are associated with aspirin (salicylate) use. Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor. […] The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in industrialized countries. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. […] There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.

• #26 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #27 Reye’s Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder that affects many parts of the body including the brain, blood, and liver. […] The cause of Reye’s syndrome is unknown. Studies have shown a link between taking aspirin (salicylate) during a viral illness and developing Reye’s syndrome. […] In some children, a rare metabolic condition called medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency can cause symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. […] This includes research on how and why RS develops and the association with taking aspirin.

• #28 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #29 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #30 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #31 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #32 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  IEMs that produce Reye-like syndromes include fatty-acid oxidation defects, particularly medium-chain acyl dehydrogenase (MCAD) and long-chain acyl dehydrogenase deficiency (LCAD) inherited and acquired forms, urea-cycle defects, amino and organic acidopathies, primary carnitine deficiency, and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Undoubtedly, other IEMs that cause Reye-like syndrome will be identified.

• #33 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #34 Reye syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/reye-syndrome-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorYVXHdy6OSYqdeBn_pBpdgeubCI85swn5FM4eM5Kp9V1_8EJJh

  Reye syndrome also called Reyes syndrome, is a rare but serious health condition that primarily affects the liver and causes swelling of the brain. […] While the exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is unknown, there can be several factors that can cause this health disorder. […] Besides several unknown causes or a sudden bout of chicken pox or some flu, the use of aspirin (to treat the infection) is one of the causes that can trigger Reye’s syndrome. […] In some cases, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome are also noticed due to an underlying metabolic disorder. Such as the MCAD (medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin can become a trigger point for Reye’s syndrome. […] One of the best ways to avoid Reye Syndrome is to avoid the attack of viral illnesses, which in this case is chicken pox, flu, or influenza.

• #35 Reye’s syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye’s syndrome is a very rare condition that can affect children or young adults after they’ve had an illness like flu or chickenpox. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is unknown. It’s been linked to the use of a type of medicine known as salicylates, particularly aspirin, in young people and children under 16. […] Sometimes a child with a rare genetic condition, such as medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), can get Reye’s syndrome. This has nothing to do with the use of aspirin.

• #36 The Mechanism for Aspirin or Salicylates Induced Reye’s Syndrome in Children with Viral Infections

  https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/reye-syndrome-asa-aspirin-mechanism-liver-encephalopathy

  Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that results in microvesicular hepatitic steatosis (fatty changes of the liver) and acute encephalopathy (altered mental status) primarily in children and teenagers recovering from a viral illness (such as influenza or varicella zoster virus). […] The use of aspirin or salicylates is known to increase the risk for Reye’s syndrome if used during a viral illness. […] The underlying problem with the use of aspirin during a viral illness is an inhibition of fatty acid metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation and b-oxidation) in the liver. […] It appears to be more common in patients with an inherited metabolic disorder such as enzyme defects of b-oxidation (required for fatty acid metabolism) or the urea cycle. […] Furthermore, it has been associated with the use of salicylates.

• #37 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The serious symptoms of Reye syndrome appear to result from damage to cellular mitochondria, at least in the liver, and there are a number of ways that aspirin could cause or exacerbate mitochondrial damage. A potential increased risk of developing Reye syndrome is one of the main reasons that aspirin has not been recommended for use in children and teenagers, the age group for which the risk of lasting serious effects is highest.

• #38 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #39 The Mechanism for Aspirin or Salicylates Induced Reye’s Syndrome in Children with Viral Infections

  https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/reye-syndrome-asa-aspirin-mechanism-liver-encephalopathy

  Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that results in microvesicular hepatitic steatosis (fatty changes of the liver) and acute encephalopathy (altered mental status) primarily in children and teenagers recovering from a viral illness (such as influenza or varicella zoster virus). […] The use of aspirin or salicylates is known to increase the risk for Reye’s syndrome if used during a viral illness. […] The underlying problem with the use of aspirin during a viral illness is an inhibition of fatty acid metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation and b-oxidation) in the liver. […] It appears to be more common in patients with an inherited metabolic disorder such as enzyme defects of b-oxidation (required for fatty acid metabolism) or the urea cycle. […] Furthermore, it has been associated with the use of salicylates.

• #40 Case Based Pediatrics Chapter

  https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s18c17.html

  Reye syndrome (also called Reye’s syndrome) is a rare but severe illness seen primarily in children between 4 months and 14 years of age with an average age of 6 years. The etiology of Reye syndrome is unknown. It is characterized by fatty degeneration in the liver and acute, noninflammatory encephalopathy that often progresses to coma. […] Reye syndrome is typically associated with a viral infection that has been treated with salicylates (aspirin) for antipyretic therapy. Therefore, the use of aspirin is avoided in children. […] The pathogenesis of Reye syndrome is still unknown. However, the proposed pathological mechanism is mitochondrial dysfunction caused by salicylate metabolites (or some other toxin) during a viral infection. Aspirin metabolites decrease fatty acid beta-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes. Mitochondrial damage leads to elevated short chain fatty acids, hyperammonemia, and cerebral edema.

• #41 Case Based Pediatrics Chapter

  https://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s18c17.html

  Reye syndrome (also called Reye’s syndrome) is a rare but severe illness seen primarily in children between 4 months and 14 years of age with an average age of 6 years. The etiology of Reye syndrome is unknown. It is characterized by fatty degeneration in the liver and acute, noninflammatory encephalopathy that often progresses to coma. […] Reye syndrome is typically associated with a viral infection that has been treated with salicylates (aspirin) for antipyretic therapy. Therefore, the use of aspirin is avoided in children. […] The pathogenesis of Reye syndrome is still unknown. However, the proposed pathological mechanism is mitochondrial dysfunction caused by salicylate metabolites (or some other toxin) during a viral infection. Aspirin metabolites decrease fatty acid beta-oxidation by reversible inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes. Mitochondrial damage leads to elevated short chain fatty acids, hyperammonemia, and cerebral edema.

• #42 What Is Reye’s Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/parenting-and-childrens-health/reyes-syndrome

  The salicylates present in Aspirin can damage the mitochondria, which gets intensified during a viral infection due to the release of endotoxins and cytokines, and leads to Reyes syndrome. […] Experts are not sure what causes this syndrome, but the more clear evidence is that it occurs in children taking Aspirin who are recovering from a viral infection.

• #43 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  In Reyes syndrome and Reyes syndrome-related medicine toxicities, the initiation of the MPT was proposed to be a frequent pathophysiological mechanism causing liver damage because of impairment of mitochodrial beta-oxidation. […] A relationship between the advancement of Reyes syndrome and the dose of aspirin consumed during the antecedent of respiratory diseases was resulted. […] Pediatric who advance RS perhaps have an altered sensitivity or lowered capacity to clear endotoxin by the reticuloendothelial system, or both. […] The accelerated genetic or acquired sensitivity to endotoxin leads to endotoxin stimulated macrophage generation and synthesis of Tumour necrosis factor.

• #44 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #45 Reye’s syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] Aspirin has been linked with Reye’s syndrome in children or teenagers who have the flu or chickenpox. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome.

• #46 What is Reye’s syndrome? Reye-Johnson Syndrome Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-reye-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a rare but serious disease that causes swelling in the liver and brain. It can affect people of any age, but it is most often seen in children and teenagers recovering from a virus such as the flu or chickenpox. […] Studies have found that the main risk factor for Reyes syndrome is taking aspirin or other related drugs, called salicylates. […] Doctors dont fully understand what causes Reyes syndrome. They do know that some people are prone to get it when they take aspirin for a virus. […] Others have a greater chance of getting it if they: Have a disorder that affects how their bodies break down fatty acids, Have been exposed to certain toxins, including paint thinners and products to kill insects and weeds.

• #47 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #48 What is Reye’s syndrome? Reye-Johnson Syndrome Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-reye-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a rare but serious disease that causes swelling in the liver and brain. It can affect people of any age, but it is most often seen in children and teenagers recovering from a virus such as the flu or chickenpox. […] Studies have found that the main risk factor for Reyes syndrome is taking aspirin or other related drugs, called salicylates. […] Doctors dont fully understand what causes Reyes syndrome. They do know that some people are prone to get it when they take aspirin for a virus. […] Others have a greater chance of getting it if they: Have a disorder that affects how their bodies break down fatty acids, Have been exposed to certain toxins, including paint thinners and products to kill insects and weeds.

• #49 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #50 Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/reyes-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-pediatric-condition

  Causation of Reyes syndrome remains unclear and is a topic of debate. There are many published case-control studies that support a strong association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome. […] Many authors point to the radically decreasing rates of Reyes syndrome that occurred with the cessation of aspirin use in children as evidence of a causative link as well. […] Others, however, claim that the association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. […] Several infectious agents have been correlated with Reyes syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. […] Of note, an association has also been observed between Reyes syndrome and several other medications and toxins, including hypoglycin from the ackee fruit, aflatoxin, paint-thinner, acetaminophen, valproic acid, outdated tetracycline, zidovudine, and didanosine. The relationship of these agents to Reyes syndrome is not as strong of an association as that of aspirin and the syndrome.

• #51 Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/reyes-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-pediatric-condition

  Causation of Reyes syndrome remains unclear and is a topic of debate. There are many published case-control studies that support a strong association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome. […] Many authors point to the radically decreasing rates of Reyes syndrome that occurred with the cessation of aspirin use in children as evidence of a causative link as well. […] Others, however, claim that the association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. […] Several infectious agents have been correlated with Reyes syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. […] Of note, an association has also been observed between Reyes syndrome and several other medications and toxins, including hypoglycin from the ackee fruit, aflatoxin, paint-thinner, acetaminophen, valproic acid, outdated tetracycline, zidovudine, and didanosine. The relationship of these agents to Reyes syndrome is not as strong of an association as that of aspirin and the syndrome.

• #52 Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/reyes-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-pediatric-condition

  Causation of Reyes syndrome remains unclear and is a topic of debate. There are many published case-control studies that support a strong association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome. […] Many authors point to the radically decreasing rates of Reyes syndrome that occurred with the cessation of aspirin use in children as evidence of a causative link as well. […] Others, however, claim that the association between aspirin and Reyes syndrome does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. […] Several infectious agents have been correlated with Reyes syndrome and Reye-like syndrome. […] Of note, an association has also been observed between Reyes syndrome and several other medications and toxins, including hypoglycin from the ackee fruit, aflatoxin, paint-thinner, acetaminophen, valproic acid, outdated tetracycline, zidovudine, and didanosine. The relationship of these agents to Reyes syndrome is not as strong of an association as that of aspirin and the syndrome.

• #53 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  In Reyes syndrome and Reyes syndrome-related medicine toxicities, the initiation of the MPT was proposed to be a frequent pathophysiological mechanism causing liver damage because of impairment of mitochodrial beta-oxidation. […] A relationship between the advancement of Reyes syndrome and the dose of aspirin consumed during the antecedent of respiratory diseases was resulted. […] Pediatric who advance RS perhaps have an altered sensitivity or lowered capacity to clear endotoxin by the reticuloendothelial system, or both. […] The accelerated genetic or acquired sensitivity to endotoxin leads to endotoxin stimulated macrophage generation and synthesis of Tumour necrosis factor.

• #54 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  In Reyes syndrome and Reyes syndrome-related medicine toxicities, the initiation of the MPT was proposed to be a frequent pathophysiological mechanism causing liver damage because of impairment of mitochodrial beta-oxidation. […] A relationship between the advancement of Reyes syndrome and the dose of aspirin consumed during the antecedent of respiratory diseases was resulted. […] Pediatric who advance RS perhaps have an altered sensitivity or lowered capacity to clear endotoxin by the reticuloendothelial system, or both. […] The accelerated genetic or acquired sensitivity to endotoxin leads to endotoxin stimulated macrophage generation and synthesis of Tumour necrosis factor.

• #55 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  Reyes syndrome is defined as a fatal biphasic disorder that clinically described by preceding viral illness, protracted vomiting from one to two days before the onset of encephalopathy and liver dysfunction. […] Both universal mitochondrial injury and triglyceride accumulations are the cornerstone etiology of Reyes syndrome. […] Etiologically, micro vesicular fatty degeneration of the liver and non-inflammatory encephalopathy is cardinal characteristics of Reyes syndrome. […] The syndrome was classically explained with a preceding infection and consumption of salicylates but; cases have been observed with intake of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs involving diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid. […] The administration of acetyl salicylic acid leads to accelerated macrophage generation of tumour necrosis factor.

• #56 Etiology, pathophysiology and management of reye’s syndrome – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JPNC/etiology-pathophysiology-and-management-of-reyes-syndrome.html

  Reyes syndrome is defined as a fatal biphasic disorder that clinically described by preceding viral illness, protracted vomiting from one to two days before the onset of encephalopathy and liver dysfunction. […] Both universal mitochondrial injury and triglyceride accumulations are the cornerstone etiology of Reyes syndrome. […] Etiologically, micro vesicular fatty degeneration of the liver and non-inflammatory encephalopathy is cardinal characteristics of Reyes syndrome. […] The syndrome was classically explained with a preceding infection and consumption of salicylates but; cases have been observed with intake of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs involving diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid. […] The administration of acetyl salicylic acid leads to accelerated macrophage generation of tumour necrosis factor.

• #57 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #58 Reye syndrome

  https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Reye-syndrome/313200

  Reye syndrome is a rare but very serious complication of common childhood respiratory infections that causes both liver disease and inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). […] Subsequent studies found a close connection between Reye syndrome and the use of aspirin to treat a respiratory tract infection or chickenpox. […] Reye syndrome may be caused by a combination of a viral illness, an altered gene, and exposure to aspirin or similar drugs (called salicylates).

• #59 What is Reye’s Syndrome? A Complete Overview – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-reyes-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal disease that most commonly affects children and teenagers between the ages of 4 and 12 years old, often after recovering from a viral illness such as the flu or chickenpox. […] Other risk factors for Reyes syndrome include taking salicylate medicines, such as aspirin and aspirin-containing medicines, as well as having underlying metabolic disorders, such as fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). […] According to the National Reyes Syndrome Foundation, the condition is most commonly linked to the use of drugs called salicylates, particularly aspirin and aspirin-containing medicines, during viral illnesses such as an upper respiratory tract infection (influenza) or varicella (chickenpox). […] The exact cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown. However, it’s been linked to the use of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in children and teens during a viral illness.

• #60 Reye’s Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/pediatric-liver-information-center/pediatric-liver-disease/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 12, although it can occur at any age. It usually develops about a week after common viral infections such as influenza or chickenpox. Reye syndrome can also develop after an ordinary upper respiratory infection such as a cold. The precise reason is unknown, but using aspirin to treat a viral illness or infection may trigger the condition in children. […] To reduce the risk of Reye syndrome, avoid giving aspirin or medications that contain aspirin to your child to treat viral illnesses. Other names for aspirin include: acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylate, salicylic acid, and salicylate. Unless specifically instructed to do so by your child’s doctor, do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 19.

• #61 What is Reye’s Syndrome? A Complete Overview – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-reyes-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a rare and potentially fatal disease that most commonly affects children and teenagers between the ages of 4 and 12 years old, often after recovering from a viral illness such as the flu or chickenpox. […] Other risk factors for Reyes syndrome include taking salicylate medicines, such as aspirin and aspirin-containing medicines, as well as having underlying metabolic disorders, such as fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). […] According to the National Reyes Syndrome Foundation, the condition is most commonly linked to the use of drugs called salicylates, particularly aspirin and aspirin-containing medicines, during viral illnesses such as an upper respiratory tract infection (influenza) or varicella (chickenpox). […] The exact cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown. However, it’s been linked to the use of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in children and teens during a viral illness.

• #62 Reye’s Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/pediatric-liver-information-center/pediatric-liver-disease/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye syndrome occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 4 and 12, although it can occur at any age. It usually develops about a week after common viral infections such as influenza or chickenpox. Reye syndrome can also develop after an ordinary upper respiratory infection such as a cold. The precise reason is unknown, but using aspirin to treat a viral illness or infection may trigger the condition in children. […] To reduce the risk of Reye syndrome, avoid giving aspirin or medications that contain aspirin to your child to treat viral illnesses. Other names for aspirin include: acetylsalicylic acid, acetylsalicylate, salicylic acid, and salicylate. Unless specifically instructed to do so by your child’s doctor, do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 19.

• #63 Reye’s syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/reyes-syndrome?content_id=CON-20377238

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is not known. The use of aspirin during a viral illness has most commonly been linked to Reye’s syndrome. Several factors may play a role. […] In some children, the symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may be caused by another health condition, such as a metabolic condition. This can occur even without the use of aspirin. […] The most common condition that causes Reye’s syndrome is medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. […] In people with a fatty acid oxidation disorder, aspirin use during a viral illness is more likely to trigger symptoms of Reye’s syndrome. […] Reye’s syndrome may develop after influenza or chickenpox in particular. […] Exposure to certain toxins such as insecticides, herbicides and paint thinner may produce symptoms similar to Reye’s syndrome. But these toxins don’t cause Reye’s syndrome. […] The following risk factors usually when they occur together may lead to Reye’s syndrome: Using aspirin to treat a viral infection such as chickenpox, the flu or an upper respiratory infection. […] Having a metabolic condition. This may include a fatty acid oxidation disorder.

• #64 What is Reye’s Syndrome? A Complete Overview – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-reyes-syndrome

  Medications called salicylates, most notably aspirin and salicylate-containing medicines such as Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), can cause Reyes syndrome, especially in children and teenagers who are recovering from a viral infection. […] Sometimes, Reye’s syndrome is not linked to the use of aspirin but rather to underlying metabolic disorders called fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). […] Additionally, exposure to certain toxins, such as herbicides, insecticides, and paint thinner, can also cause a Reye-like syndrome with similar symptoms.

• #65 Reye’s Syndrome – Pharmasave – Pharmasave

  https://pharmasave.com/health/diseases/reyes-syndrome/

  Research has failed to find any other consistent risk factor other than the use of ASA in the presence of a viral infection, which increases the risk by as much as 35 times. […] We do know that Reye’s syndrome is not contagious. […] It’s worth remembering that lightning strikes kill more people than Reye’s syndrome. Even if a child is given ASA to combat the flu, the child is at extremely low risk. Nevertheless, taking ASA is the only known risk factor. Taking ASA to fight respiratory viruses increases the risk up to 35 times. […] While only ASA itself has been clearly linked to Reye’s, the US National Reye’s Syndrome Foundation recommends that (pending further research) the whole salicylate family of medications should be avoided during viral illness.

• #66 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #67 Reye’s Syndrome — Pediatric EM Morsels

  https://pedemmorsels.com/reyes-syndrome/

  Reyes Syndrome was first describe in 1963 (by, you guessed it, Reye et al.). [Reye, 1963] […] Etiology is not clearly known. […] Possible that it isnt due to one causative agent, but rather different mechanisms that have similar final results. [Schror, 2007] […] An association (although not clear causality) is described between recent viral illness and aspirin therapy. […] Reyes Syndrome rates declined after warnings to avoid aspirin therapy in children. [CDC.gov] […] May be related to inducible Nitric Oxide synthase that is seen as a consequence of a variety of factors, including viral illness and aspirin therapy. [Clark, 2001] […] Reye syndrome is a rare and potentially life-threatening disease characterized by liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy. Multiple possible etiologies have been suggested, but only aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been statistically proven to be a causative factor. […] Reye syndrome is an extremely rare but severe and often fatal disease. […] The most important recent development in our understanding of Reyes syndrome is the epidemiologic evidence linking this disease to aspirin in the United States.

• #68 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #69 Reye’s Syndrome – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/healthy-living/your-health/diseases/reye.html

  Reye’s Syndrome (RS) is a rare disease that affects mainly children or teenagers during a viral illness, such as chicken pox or influenza. It can be fatal. The use of ASA (Acetylsalicylic Acid) has been strongly linked with the development of RS. […] The use of ASA to treat the original illness is strongly connected to the development of RS. However, in rare cases, RS occurs without ASA being taken. We don’t know how ASA triggers RS, nor why it primarily affects children, teenagers and young adults.

• #70 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection, such as influenza or chickenpox. About 90% of cases in children are associated with aspirin (salicylate) use. Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor. […] The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in industrialized countries. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. […] There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.

• #71 Reye Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/health/reye-syndrome/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=28505

  Reye syndrome is often triggered by viral infections such as the flu (influenza A and B) and chickenpox (varicella). […] Studies have linked the use of salicylate, or aspirin, to the development of Reye syndrome. […] Reye syndrome is a rare disease, with less than 2 cases reported each year since 1994. […] Reye syndrome is treated through a combination of interventions and medications. Medical interventions may include inserting a central venous access, intubation, putting in a Foley catheter, performing a liver biopsy, or monitoring the pressure inside the skull. […] Reye syndrome is a rare and potentially deadly disease that affects children. It involves acute neurological problems, like confusion, and a damaged liver that stores too much fat.

• #72 Reye’s syndrome | Healthengine Blog

  https://healthinfo.healthengine.com.au/reyes-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a condition in which there is brain and liver damage of an unknown cause. It is associated with the use of aspirin to treat chicken pox or influenza in children. […] Although the cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown, it typically follows a viral illness such as an upper respiratory tract infection, chicken pox, influenza or gastroenteritis, and is associated with aspirin use during the illness. […] The onset of Reyes syndrome usually follows an upper respiratory tract infection. […] The mortality rate of Reyes syndrome has fallen from 50% to less than 20% as a result of earlier diagnoses, recognition of milder cases, and more aggressive therapy. […] There is no specific treatment for Reyes syndrome.

• #73 Reye Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/reye.html

  Reye syndrome is a rare but serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. It’s still not well understood, but studies have linked it to the use of aspirin (salicylates) or aspirin products during illnesses caused by viruses. […] In general, kids and teens should not take aspirin (salicylates) except on the advice of a doctor for certain conditions.

• #74 Reye Syndrome in Children

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/90,P02620

  Reye syndrome is a rare but very serious illness that causes brain swelling and liver damage. […] The exact cause of Reye syndrome is not known. But studies have shown a link between Reye syndrome and children who take aspirin during or shortly after a viral illness. […] A child is at risk for Reye syndrome if they take aspirin during or shortly after a viral illness. […] If not treated quickly, Reye syndrome can cause a child to go into a coma, lead to brain damage, or cause death.

• #75 Reye’s syndrome: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317960

  Reyes syndrome is a rare disorder that can cause serious damage to all organs of the body, but particularly to the brain and liver. […] The exact cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown, but research has suggested a link between the condition and the use of aspirin. […] The cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown but it commonly affects children who may be recovering from a cold or the flu. […] As previously mentioned, the exact cause of Reyes syndrome is unknown, and there is no known cure. However, it most commonly affects children and young adults who are recovering from a viral infection, such as a cold, flu, or chickenpox. […] Research suggests that there is a link between Reyes syndrome and taking aspirin while having viral diseases, such as flu or chickenpox. […] Though the links are not conclusive, the U.S. Surgeon General, the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the National Reyes Syndrome Foundation all recommend that aspirin should not be given to anyone under the age of 19 with a fever or signs of viral illness.

• #76 Related conditions – Reye’s Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/baby-health/related-conditions/reyes-syndrome

  The disease was first described in 1963, and since that time it has been noted that the vast majority of victims had been taking ASA or other products containing salicylates in the days before Reye’s developed. Research has failed to find any other consistent risk factor other than the use of ASA in the presence of a viral infection, which increases the risk by as much as 35 times. We do know that Reye’s syndrome is not contagious. […] It’s worth remembering that lightning strikes kill more people than Reye’s syndrome. Even if a child is given ASA to combat the flu, the child is at extremely low risk. Nevertheless, taking ASA is the only known risk factor. Taking ASA to fight respiratory viruses increases the risk up to 35 times. […] While only ASA itself has been clearly linked to Reye’s, the US National Reye’s Syndrome Foundation recommends that (pending further research) the whole salicylate family of medications should be avoided during viral illness. Other common salicylate-containing products include Pepto-Bismol and oil of wintergreen. If you’re not sure whether a product or herbal tonic preparation contains salicylates, consult your doctor.

• #77 Reye syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/reye-syndrome-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorYVXHdy6OSYqdeBn_pBpdgeubCI85swn5FM4eM5Kp9V1_8EJJh

  Aspirin is one of the main causes, therefore one should be careful when giving aspirin to children or even to teenagers, specifically when they are recovering from chickenpox or flu. […] Newborns should be screened for fatty acid oxidation disorders to determine if they are at greater risk of developing Reye’s syndrome.

• #78 Reye syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/reye-syndrome-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOorYVXHdy6OSYqdeBn_pBpdgeubCI85swn5FM4eM5Kp9V1_8EJJh

  Aspirin is one of the main causes, therefore one should be careful when giving aspirin to children or even to teenagers, specifically when they are recovering from chickenpox or flu. […] Newborns should be screened for fatty acid oxidation disorders to determine if they are at greater risk of developing Reye’s syndrome.

• #79 Reye’s syndrome | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome is a rare disorder that can cause serious liver and brain damage. […] The exact cause of Reye’s syndrome is unknown. It most commonly affects children and young adults recovering from a viral infection. In most cases, aspirin has been used to treat their symptoms. […] In Reye’s syndrome, it’s thought that tiny structures within the cells called mitochondria become damaged. Mitochondria provide cells with energy and are important for the healthy functioning of the liver. […] If the liver loses its energy supply, it begins to fail, causing a build-up of toxic chemicals in the blood. This can damage the entire body and cause the brain to swell.

• #80 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown. It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection, such as influenza or chickenpox. About 90% of cases in children are associated with aspirin (salicylate) use. Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor. […] The association with aspirin has been shown through epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of Reye syndrome greatly decreased in the 1980s, when genetic testing for inborn errors of metabolism was becoming available in industrialized countries. A retrospective study of 49 survivors of cases diagnosed as Reye syndrome showed that the majority of the surviving patients had various metabolic disorders, particularly a fatty-acid oxidation disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. […] There is an association between taking aspirin for viral illnesses and the development of Reye syndrome, but no animal model of Reye syndrome has been developed in which aspirin causes the condition.

• #81 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare form of acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in children 18 years old. […] The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown, but many cases seem to follow infection with influenza A or B or varicella. Using salicylates (generally aspirin) during such illness increases the risk by as much as 20-fold. […] This finding has led to a marked decrease in salicylate use in the United States in children and adolescents since the mid-1980s and a corresponding decrease in the incidence of Reye syndrome from several hundred annual cases to about 2. […] The disease affects mitochondrial function, causing disturbance in fatty acid and carnitine metabolism. […] Reye syndrome should be suspected in any child exhibiting the acute onset of an encephalopathy and pernicious vomiting associated with hepatic dysfunction.

• #82 Reye’s Syndrome – WikiLectures

  https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Reye%27s_Syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare encephalopathy (1:100 000) in small children. It causes damage to mitochondria, leading to steatosis liver, kidney, heart, and brain edema. The disease is triggered by salicylate treatment (+ genetic predisposition). The syndrome was discovered due to the massive administration of Aspirin to children „for everything” in the 1950s. After the ban on the administration of salicylates to children in the 1980s, its incidence decreased significantly. […] Etiology unknown. Demonstrated acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defect leading to carnitine deficiency (which we test for children with Reye’s syndrome).

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