Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Reye’s syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reyes-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377255

  Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that causes swelling in the liver and brain. It can occur at any age but usually affects children and teenagers after a viral infection, most commonly the flu or chickenpox. Reye’s syndrome is rare. The condition also is known as Reye syndrome. […] Symptoms such as confusion, seizures and loss of consciousness need emergency treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye’s syndrome can save a child’s life. […] The symptoms of Reye’s syndrome usually start about 3 to 5 days after a viral infection begins. The viral infection may be the flu, also known as influenza, or chickenpox. Or Reye’s syndrome may develop after an upper respiratory infection such as a cold. […] In Reye’s syndrome, a child’s blood sugar usually drops while levels of ammonia and acidity in the blood rise. The liver also may swell, and fats may build up. Swelling may occur in the brain. This can cause seizures, convulsions or loss of consciousness.

• #2 Reye’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6088-reyes-syndrome

  Reyes syndrome is a rare condition that happens in children after a viral infection or illness, especially if they took aspirin (salicylate) to treat their symptoms. Symptoms can be life-threatening if not treated early. […] Symptoms of Reyes syndrome range in severity based on how the condition affects your child. The first sign of Reyes syndrome is a viral infection, like a cold, an upper respiratory infection, the flu or chickenpox. After experiencing symptoms of the viral infection for five to seven days, symptoms of Reyes syndrome appear, including: Vomiting. Feeling tired or lethargic. Showing anxiety, confusion, becoming easily disoriented or experiencing hallucinations. Personality changes such as agitation, irritability or combativeness. Breathing quickly. […] Increased pressure in the skull (intracranial pressure) causes changes in how your child’s brain functions, while also affecting how your child’s liver functions. Severe symptoms of Reyes syndrome include: Seizures. Coma. Loss of consciousness. Difficulty clotting blood. Excess ammonia in their blood.

• #2 Reye’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6088-reyes-syndrome

  If these symptoms are present during or soon after a viral illness, seek medical attention immediately because they are life-threatening. […] Symptoms of Reyes syndrome are the result of increased fluid or pressure of brain tissues (cerebral edema) and changes to their liver. […] Studies show that the condition progresses when damaged mitochondria cells pair with a viral illness or infection. Symptoms of Reyes syndrome increase if aspirin enters their body, which worsens damage to mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria causes levels of ammonia to increase in their blood, followed by swelling of their brain (cerebral edema and intracranial pressure). […] Your child’s prognosis depends on the severity of their diagnosis, specifically the amount of swelling of their brain and how much ammonia is in your child’s blood. If the condition moves rapidly and your child goes into a coma, they’ll have a poor prognosis. If the condition receives treatment early after a diagnosis, the prognosis is excellent.

• #3 Reye Syndrome (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/reye.html

  Reye syndrome is a rare but serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. It’s most common in kids who are recovering from a viral infection. […] The signs and symptoms of Reye syndrome almost always follow the start of a viral illness, such as an upper respiratory tract infection (a cold, the flu, etc.), a diarrheal illness, or chickenpox. Reye syndrome can start from 1 day to 2 weeks after a viral infection. Symptoms include: vomiting often, tiredness or sleepiness, in babies, diarrhea and fast breathing, irritability or aggressive behavior. […] In the later stages, a child might: behave irrationally, be confused, have severe muscle weakness, seizures, and loss of consciousness (passing out). […] The outlook for children with Reye syndrome has improved thanks to earlier diagnosis and better treatment. If the late stages of the syndrome happen, they can cause brain damage, disability, or death.

• #4 Reye Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-young-children/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a very rare but life-threatening disorder that causes inflammation and swelling of the brain and impairment and loss of function of the liver. […] Children typically have symptoms of a viral infection and then severe nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sluggishness, sometimes followed by coma. […] The syndrome begins with the symptoms of a viral infection, such as an upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, or sometimes chickenpox. After 5 to 7 days, the child suddenly develops very severe nausea and vomiting. Within a day, the child becomes sluggish (lethargic), confused, disoriented, and agitated. These changes in the child’s mental condition are caused by increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure) and are sometimes followed by seizures, coma, and death.

• #4 Reye Syndrome – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-young-children/reye-syndrome

  In some children, the liver does not function correctly, which may lead to blood-clotting problems and bleeding and a buildup of ammonia in the blood. […] The child’s prognosis depends on how long and how severely the brain was affected, whether the illness progressed to coma, the severity of increased pressure on the brain, and the level of ammonia in the blood. […] The overall chances that the child will die are about 21% but range from less than 2% among children with mild disease (stage I) to more than 80% among children in a deep coma (stage IV or V). […] Many children who survive the acute phase of the illness recover fully. However, children who had more severe symptoms may later have signs of brain damage, such as intellectual disability, a seizure disorder, or muscle weakness. Abnormal muscle movement or damage to specific nerves may also occur.

• #5 Reye’s Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Treatment

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/pediatric-liver-information-center/pediatric-liver-disease/reyes-syndrome/

  Reye syndrome is a rare illness that affects all bodily organs but is most harmful to the brain and the liver. It occurs primarily among children who are recovering from a viral infection, such as chicken pox or the flu. It usually develops a week after the onset of the viral illness but can also occur a few days after onset. Liver-related complications of Reye syndrome include fatty deposits, abnormal liver function tests, and poor blood clotting and bleeding caused by liver failure. […] Symptoms include persistent or recurrent vomiting, listlessness, personality changes such as irritability or combativeness, disorientation, delirium, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. If these symptoms are present during or soon after a viral illness, medical attention should be sought immediately. The symptoms of Reye syndrome in infants do not follow a typical pattern; for example, vomiting does not always occur. The onset of Reye syndrome can be rapid, and signs and symptoms may worsen within hours.

• #6 Reye’s Syndrome: A Rare But Serious Pediatric Condition

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/reyes-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-pediatric-condition

  Reyes syndrome is typically preceded by a viral illness, and generally presents with severe protracted vomiting, followed by encephalopathy that may progress to coma or death, or may spontaneously resolve. […] The initial report by R.D. Reye described 21 children who presented with severe vomiting, tachypnea, hypoglycemia, and elevated liver enzymes. They also experienced mental status changes and varying degrees of reduced consciousness, some progressing to coma. […] Reyes syndrome is a biphasic condition that typically occurs in a child who is otherwise healthy. It begins as a prodromal febrile illness that is likely viral in nature, such as an upper respiratory infection or varicella, or possibly rotavirus. After this illness resolves, the child will recover for 3 to 5 days. Following this period is sudden onset of protracted vomiting along with a degree of mental status changes that will vary with severity of disease. Patients will often present with some degree of hepatomegaly and hepatic dysfunction due to fatty degeneration of the liver, but they will not be icteric. There also may be an elevation of intracranial pressure. […] The severity of Reyes syndrome can be classified with the clinical staging system. Stages 1 through 3 are considered to represent mild-to-moderate disease, while stages 4 and 5 of the illness represent severe Reyes syndrome.

• #7 Reye’s syndrome

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/reyes-syndrome/

  Symptoms of Reye’s syndrome often start 1 to 3 weeks after a child recovers from a virus like flu or chickenpox. The child may: keep being sick (vomiting) […] be drowsy and lack energy […] feel confused […] have changes in their behaviour, such as being irritable or aggressive […] breathe quickly and have a fast heart rate […] have fits (seizures) […] lose consciousness. Reye’s syndrome most commonly affects children between 5 and 14 years of age. Younger and older children can also sometimes get it, but it’s very rare in babies under the age of 1 and in those over the age of 18. If your child has Reye’s syndrome, they’ll need to go into hospital straight away for treatment. Most children with Reye’s syndrome make a full recovery if it’s treated quickly. But some children can have long-term brain problems.

• #8 Reye’s syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/reyes-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20377255

  For children younger than age 2, the first symptoms of Reye’s syndrome may include: Diarrhea. Rapid breathing. […] For older children and teenagers, early symptoms may include: Vomiting that doesn’t stop. Being sleepy or sluggish. […] As the condition gets worse, symptoms may become more serious, including: Irritable, aggressive or irrational behavior. Confusion or seeing or hearing things that aren’t there. Weakness in the arms and legs or not being able to move them. Seizures. Excessive sluggishness. Decreased level of consciousness. […] These symptoms need emergency treatment. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye’s syndrome can save a child’s life. If you suspect that your child has Reye’s syndrome, it’s important to act quickly. […] Seek emergency medical help if your child: Has seizures. Loses consciousness. […] Contact your child’s healthcare professional if your child experiences the following symptoms after having the flu or chickenpox: Vomits repeatedly. Becomes unusually sleepy or sluggish. Has sudden behavior changes.

• #9 Reye Syndrome | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is a rare condition that affects the normal chemical balance in the body, resulting in potential damage to all organs, but primarily the brain and liver. As the inflammation in the brain increases, the pressure inside of the head may also increase. The increased pressure in the head causes neurological changes in the child. […] It has a very rapid onset that can cause a child to go into a coma, or can result in death within hours of the symptoms. […] The following are the most common symptoms of Reye syndrome. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Your child may have had a viral illness, such as a respiratory infection, chickenpox, or diarrhea before experiencing symptoms of Reye syndrome. Symptoms may include: A full or bulging fontanelle (a soft spot on the top of the head in infants), Sleepiness or lethargy, Sudden and prolonged vomiting, Combative behavior, Rapid breathing and heart rate, Seizures, Coma, Increased intracranial pressure, Increased irritability, High-pitched cry.

• #10

  https://www.boystownpediatrics.org/knowledge-center/reyes-syndrome-children-teens

  Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can affect children and teens who are recovering from a viral infection such as the flu or chickenpox, or upper respiratory infection like a cold. […] When a child or teen develops Reye’s, his/her blood sugar typically drops while levels of ammonia and acidity in the blood rise. At the same time, the liver may swell and develop fatty deposits. The brain may also swell, which can lead to more noticeable symptoms and brain damage. […] In children younger than 2, initial signs of Reye’s include diarrhea and rapid breathing during recovery from a viral infection. For children and teens, early symptoms can be persistent and include continuous vomiting and unusual sleepiness/lethargy. As Reye’s syndrome progresses, your child may show the following symptoms: Irritable, aggressive or irrational behavior, Confusion, disorientation or hallucinations, Weakness or paralysis in arms and legs, Seizures, Excessive lethargy, Decreased levels of consciousness.

• #11 Reye Syndrome | Cigna

  https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medical-topics/reye-syndrome-hw74464

  Reye syndrome often starts when a child is recovering from a viral illness, such as the flu or chickenpox. Symptoms usually appear 3 to 7 days after the viral illness starts. They may develop over several hours to a day or two. […] The first symptoms may include: Sudden retching or vomiting. Lack of energy and loss of interest in things. Strange behavior, such as staring, irritability, personality changes, and slurred speech. Sleepiness. […] As liver damage and brain damage get worse, other symptoms may develop, including: Confusion. Your child may not know where he or she is, recognize family or friends, or be able to answer simple questions. Fast, deep breathing (hyperventilation). Violent behavior, such as hitting others without reason. Seizures and coma. […] If Reye syndrome is not treated quickly, it can cause death. […] If your child has symptoms of Reye syndrome, get medical care right away, even if your child has not had a recent viral illness or taken aspirin. Early treatment makes full recovery more likely.

• #12 Reye’s syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1027

  Reye syndrome is defined as acute encephalopathy with hepatic dysfunction stemming from mitochondrial damage. […] Usually presents with acute onset of profuse vomiting and altered mental status, ranging from a personality change to coma, in children recovering from a recent viral infection. […] Prognosis is generally good, and liver function returns to normal. However, encephalopathy can result in permanent neurological sequelae. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, vomiting, and altered mental status. […] Other diagnostic factors include hyperventilation, hepatomegaly, abnormal pupillary response, hyper-reflexia/areflexia, diminished pain response, seizures, and absence of, or minimal, jaundice and scleral icterus.

• #13 Reye Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-clinical

  According to Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) surveillance statistics for 1980-1997, 93% of 1160 patients had at least 1 viral illness in the 3 weeks preceding the onset of Reye syndrome. […] Abrupt onset of pernicious vomiting occurs 12 hours to 3 weeks (mean, 3 days) after symptoms of viral illness have resolved. Neurologic symptoms usually occur 24-48 hours after the onset of vomiting. Lethargy is typically the first neurologic manifestation. Diarrhea and hyperventilation may be the first signs in children younger than 2 years. Irritability, restlessness, delirium, seizures, and coma occur. […] Signs and symptoms of Reye syndrome include protracted vomiting, with or without clinically significant dehydration; hepatomegaly in 50%; minimal or absent jaundice; and lethargy progressing to encephalopathy, obtundation, coma, seizures, and paralysis. Notably, patients are afebrile.

• #13 Reye Syndrome Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-clinical

  The stages used in the CDC classification of Reye syndrome are as follows: Stage 0 – Alert, abnormal history and laboratory findings consistent with Reye syndrome, and no clinical manifestations; Stage 1 – Vomiting, sleepiness, and lethargy; Stage 2 – Restlessness, irritability, combativeness, disorientation, delirium, tachycardia, hyperventilation, dilated pupils with sluggish response, hyperreflexia, positive Babinski sign, and appropriate response to noxious stimuli; Stage 3 – Obtunded, comatose, decorticate rigidity, and inappropriate response to noxious stimuli; Stage 4 – Deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, fixed and dilated pupils, loss of oculovestibular reflexes, and dysconjugate gaze with caloric stimulation; Stage 5 – Seizures, flaccid paralysis, absent deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), no pupillary response, and respiratory arrest; Stage 6 – Patients who cannot be classified because they have been treated with curare or another medication that alters the level of consciousness.

• #14 Reye syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reye_syndrome

  Symptoms of Reye syndrome may include vomiting, personality changes, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. […] Reye syndrome progresses through five stages: Stage I includes vasoconstrictive rash on palms of hands and feet, persistent heavy vomiting that is not relieved by not eating, generalized lethargy, confusion, nightmares (possible symptom), no fever usually present, and headaches. […] Stage II includes deep lethargy, delirium, confusion, combative behavior, stupor, hyperventilation, fatty liver (found on biopsy), and hyperactive reflexes. […] Stage III includes continuation of Stage I and II symptoms, possible coma, possible cerebral edema, possible seizures, rarely, respiratory arrest, and decorticate posturing. […] Stage IV includes seizures, decerebrate posturing, deepening coma, dilated pupils with minimal response to light, loss of oculocephalic reflexes, and minimal but still present liver dysfunction. […] Stage V includes very rapid onset following stage IV, areflexia, deep coma, dilated, nonreactive pupils, isoelectric EEG, respiratory arrest, seizures, multiple organ failure, flaccidity, and hyperammonemia (above 300 mg/dL of blood), and death.

• #15 What is Reyes Syndrome? | Reyessyndrome

  https://www.reyes-syndrome.org/blank-1

  Reye’s Syndrome tends to appear with greatest frequency during January, February, and March when influenza is most common. […] When Reye’s Syndrome develops, it typically occurs when a person is beginning to recover from a viral illness. […] Abnormal accumulations of fat begin to develop in the liver and other organs of the body, along with a severe increase of pressure in the brain. Unless diagnosed and treated successfully, death is common, often within a few days, and even a few hours. A person’s life depends upon early diagnosis. Statistics indicate an excellent chance of recovery when Reye’s Syndrome is diagnosed and treated in its earliest stages. The later the diagnosis and treatment, the more severely reduced are the chances for successful recovery and survival. […] Stage 1 Symptoms: Persistent or continuous vomiting, Signs of brain dysfunction: Listlessness, Loss of pep and energy, Drowsiness. […] Stage 2 Symptoms: Personality changes: Irritability, Aggressive behavior. […] Stage 3 Symptoms: Disorientation: Confusion, Irrational behavior, Combative. […] Stage 4 Symptoms: Delirium, Convulsions, Coma.

• #16 Symptoms and Signs of Reye’s Syndrome

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/reyes-syndrome-symptoms-and-signs.htm

  Clinical features of Reye’s syndrome are staged into five. Symptoms usually occur after a viral illness. Rapid development of brain swelling ensues and may result in permanent neurological damage or death. […] Stage 1: Frequent or persistent vomiting, Drowsiness and fatigue, Laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction. […] Stage 2: Personality changes, such as irritability and aggression, Confusion, Disordered speech, Hallucinations, Deep lethargy, Hyperventilation. […] Stages 3 to 5: Coma, Seizures, Inability to breathe without help. […] Owing to the rapidity of development of symptoms and complications it is vital that the child be shifted to a hospital at the event of suspicion of the ailment.

• #17 Reye’s Syndrome Symptoms and What to Do

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/reyes-syndrome-2861001

  The second stage includes personality changes such as irritability or aggressive behavior, restlessness, confusion or disorientation, deep lethargy and drowsiness, hyperventilation (rapid breathing), and tachycardia (rapid heartbeats). […] The third stage includes unconsciousness, possible coma, and possible seizures. […] The fourth stage includes deepening coma, seizures, rigidity, and unresponsive pupils. […] The fifth stage includes seizures, deep coma, flaccidity (paralysis with loose limbs), respiratory arrest, fixed, dilated pupils, and multiple organ failure. […] Reye’s syndrome is a rare condition affecting the brain and liver that mainly affects children recovering from a viral illness who have taken aspirin. Symptoms range from headache, personality changes, and vomiting to seizures, unconsciousness, and coma. […] The risk of death is high with RS; children who survive often have brain damage. The risk of RS is greatly reduced by avoiding aspirin in children and teens with flu or chickenpox.

• #18 Reye’s Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome (RS) is a rare disorder that affects many parts of the body including the brain, blood, and liver. People with RS often have low blood sugar and higher levels of ammonia and acidity in the blood. This causes severe and sudden brain swelling. […] Symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting that doesn’t stop, Rapid breathing, Being unusually sleepy or sluggish, Sudden personality changes, such as irritability or combativeness, Anxiety, disorientation, or confusion (delirium), Seizures, Loss of consciousness, Coma. […] Reyes syndrome is a serious condition. Seek immediate medical attention at the nearest emergency department if symptoms appear soon after a viral illness. Reyes syndrome can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, a coma, and death. While there is no cure for RS, treatments are available to help manage symptoms and address other conditions that may develop.

• #18

• #19 Reye Syndrome – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/reye.html

  Reye syndrome is a rare but serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. It’s most common in kids who are recovering from a viral infection. […] The signs and symptoms of Reye syndrome almost always follow the start of a viral illness, such as an upper respiratory tract infection (a cold, the flu, etc.), a diarrheal illness, or chickenpox. Reye syndrome can start from 1 day to 2 weeks after a viral infection. Symptoms include: vomiting often, tiredness or sleepiness, in babies, diarrhea and fast breathing, irritability or aggressive behavior. […] Other symptoms include changes in vision, trouble hearing, and abnormal speech. In the later stages, a child might: behave irrationally, be confused, have severe muscle weakness, seizures, and loss of consciousness (passing out). […] The outlook for children with Reye syndrome has improved thanks to earlier diagnosis and better treatment. If the late stages of the syndrome happen, they can cause brain damage, disability, or death.

• #20 Reye syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001565.htm

  Reye syndrome is characterized by sudden (acute) brain damage and liver function problems. This condition does not have a known cause. […] Children with Reye syndrome get sick very suddenly. The syndrome often begins with vomiting. It may last for many hours. The vomiting is quickly followed by irritable and aggressive behavior. As the condition gets worse, the child may be unable to stay awake and alert. Other symptoms of Reye syndrome: Confusion, Lethargy, Loss of consciousness or coma, Mental changes, Nausea and vomiting, Seizures, Unusual placement of arms and legs (decerebrate posture). The arms are extended straight and turned toward the body, the legs are held straight, and the toes are pointed downward. […] Other symptoms that can occur with this disorder include: Double vision, Hearing loss, Muscle function loss or paralysis of the arms or legs, Speech difficulties, Weakness in the arms or legs.

• #21 Reye syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/reye-syndrome

  Reye syndrome is characterized by sudden (acute) brain damage and liver function problems. This condition does not have a known cause. […] Children with Reye syndrome get sick very suddenly. The syndrome often begins with vomiting. It may last for many hours. The vomiting is quickly followed by irritable and aggressive behavior. As the condition gets worse, the child may be unable to stay awake and alert. […] Other symptoms of Reye syndrome: Confusion, Lethargy, Loss of consciousness or coma, Mental changes, Nausea and vomiting, Seizures, Unusual placement of arms and legs (decerebrate posture). The arms are extended straight and turned toward the body, the legs are held straight, and the toes are pointed downward. […] Other symptoms that can occur with this disorder include: Double vision, Hearing loss, Muscle function loss or paralysis of the arms or legs, Speech difficulties, Weakness in the arms or legs.

• #22 Reye’s Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6088-reyes-syndrome

  The fatality rate for children diagnosed with Reyes syndrome is 21% on average. The fatality rate ranges from less than 2% for children diagnosed with stage I or mild Reyes syndrome to 80% for children who are in a coma with stage V Reyes syndrome. Early detection and treatment significantly improves the rate of survival. […] Children who experience severe symptoms of Reyes syndrome may have side effects of the condition that last into adulthood, like brain damage, problems with cognitive development, epilepsy, muscle weakness and nerve damage.

• #23 Reye’s Syndrome | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/reyes-syndrome

  Recovery depends on how much brain swelling the person has and how much ammonia is in their blood. Many children recover completely, while others may have lasting problems, including: Muscle weakness, Nerve damage, Memory loss, Learning disabilities, Vision and hearing loss, Speech and language problems, Difficulty doing everyday tasks, Brain damage, Epilepsy. […] Early detection and treatment greatly improve the rate of recovery and survival.

• #24 Reye Syndrome: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/803683-overview

  Reye syndrome is characterized by acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver failure. Reye syndrome typically occurs after a viral illness, particularly an upper respiratory tract infection, influenza, varicella, or gastroenteritis, and is associated with the use of aspirin during the illness. Although Reye syndrome is rare, this condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis in any child with vomiting and altered mental status and classic laboratory findings. Early recognition and treatment of Reye and Reye-like syndromes, including presumptive treatment for possible IEM, are essential to prevent death and optimize the likelihood of recovery without neurologic impairment. The mortality rate has decreased from 50% to less than 20% as a result of early diagnosis, recognition of mild cases, and aggressive therapy. Death is usually due to cerebral edema or increased intracranial pressure (ICP), but it may be due to myocardial dysfunction, cardiovascular collapse, respiratory failure, renal failure, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, status epilepticus, or sepsis. Patients who survive may recover completely. Increased risk of mortality is associated with the following: Age younger than 5 years, with a relative risk of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5-2.1); Rapid progression from stage 1 to stage 3 and/or presentation with stage 4 or 5; Ammonia level greater than 45 g/dL (26 mol/L), with a relative risk of 3.4 (95% CI, 1.9-6.2). Survivors are at increased risk for long-term neurologic sequelae if ammonia levels exceed 45 g/dL, if they have stage 2-5 disease, or if they are younger than 5 years.

• #25 Related conditions – Reye’s Syndrome – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/channel/baby-health/related-conditions/reyes-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome usually occurs during or after a viral infection involving the airways. In most cases, the viral infection and fever will already be fading, though occasionally Reye’s appears just a few days into the infection. […] The first symptom is continuous and violent vomiting and dry retching. The other clear warning sign is a change in mental status due to brain inflammation. In the early stages or in a milder case, lethargy and confusion are prominent. People may become aggressive, striking out at would-be helpers. In the final stages, muscles may become stiff or lose function, pupils remain dilated, and there may be seizures, loss of reflexes, difficulty breathing, and coma. […] Although rare, Reye’s syndrome should be considered if a child with an upper respiratory tract infection starts vomiting constantly and exhibits confusion or lack of responsiveness. […] Other complications of Reyes syndrome may be serious and include low blood pressure, heart arrhythmias, pancreatitis, blood clotting, bleeding, a buildup of ammonia in the blood, and the inability to regulate body temperature or electrolytes.

• #26 Reye’s syndrome symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/reyes-syndrome/

  As the illness rapidly progresses and the brain continues to deteriorate due to swelling and pressure, further symptoms can include dilated pupils, confusion or disorientation, hallucinations, shallow or rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, and loss of consciousness. […] In severe cases, damage to the brain can lead to seizures, paralysis in the arms and legs, coma, and eventually death. The mortality rate of Reyes syndrome was once about 50%, but that number has decreased to less than 20% in recent years.

• #27 Reye’s syndrome: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317960

  Less than 20 cases of Reyes syndrome are reported in the United States every year, but because of its severity, it is important to be aware of its symptoms. […] Early detection is key for successful treatment. […] Warning signs to watch out for are constant vomiting, changes in behavior, and extreme tiredness, especially just after having a viral illness. […] Survival rate for Reyes syndrome has improved in recent years and is now at about 80 percent. […] Early detection and treatment is key to a full recovery, with later diagnosis sometimes leading to permanent brain damage and disability. […] Other long-term problems associated with Reyes syndrome include poor attention span and memory, some loss of vision and hearing, speech problems, movement and posture difficulties, swallowing problems.

• #28 Reye’s syndrome | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/reyes-syndrome

  Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye’s syndrome can save a child’s life. If you suspect that your child has Reye’s syndrome, it’s important to act quickly. […] Seek emergency medical help if your child: has seizures, loses consciousness. […] Contact your child’s healthcare professional if your child experiences the following symptoms after having the flu or chickenpox: vomits repeatedly, becomes unusually sleepy or sluggish, has sudden behavior changes.

• #29 Reye’s syndrome // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/reye-s-syndrome

  Early diagnosis and treatment of Reye’s syndrome can save a child’s life. If you suspect that your child has Reye’s syndrome, it’s important to act quickly. […] Seek emergency medical help if your child: Has seizures. Loses consciousness. […] Contact your child’s healthcare professional if your child experiences the following symptoms after having the flu or chickenpox: Vomits repeatedly. Becomes unusually sleepy or sluggish. Has sudden behavior changes.

• #30 Reye Syndrome – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous-disorders-in-infants-and-children/reye-syndrome

  Outcome is related to the duration of cerebral dysfunction, severity and rate of progression of coma, severity of increased intracranial pressure, and degree of blood ammonia elevation. Progression from stage I to higher stages is likely when the initial blood ammonia level is 100 mcg/dL (60 mcmol/L) and the prothrombin time is 3 seconds longer than that of the control. In fatal cases, the mean time from hospitalization to death is 4 days. Fatality rates average 21% but range from 2% among patients in stage I to 80% among patients in stage IV or V.

• #31 Reye s Syndrome

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/reye-s-syndrome

  Reye’s syndrome (RS) is primarily a children’s disease, although it can occur at any age. […] Symptoms of RS include persistent or recurrent vomiting, listlessness, personality changes such as irritability or combativeness, disorientation or confusion, delirium, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. […] The symptoms of RS in infants do not follow a typical pattern; for example, vomiting does not always occur. […] Recovery from RS is directly related to the severity of the swelling of the brain. Some people recover completely, while others may sustain varying degrees of brain damage. […] Those cases in which the disorder progresses rapidly and the patient lapses into a coma have a poorer prognosis than those with a less severe course. […] Statistics indicate that when RS is diagnosed and treated in its early stages, chances of recovery are excellent. […] When diagnosis and treatment are delayed, the chances for successful recovery and survival are severely reduced. […] Unless RS is diagnosed and treated successfully, death is common, often within a few days.

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