Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #2 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. […] Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Approximately 90% of concussion symptoms are transient, with symptoms resolving within 10 to 14 days but may linger for weeks. […] Clinical criteria for PCS are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). […] PCS is a constellation of physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional symptoms occurring after TBI.

• #3 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person.

• #4 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. […] Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Approximately 90% of concussion symptoms are transient, with symptoms resolving within 10 to 14 days but may linger for weeks. […] Clinical criteria for PCS are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). […] PCS is a constellation of physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional symptoms occurring after TBI.

• #5 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There’s no way to diagnose PCS directly because no specific test can confirm a concussion. Instead, a healthcare provider diagnoses a concussion and later, PCS based on their clinical judgment and a person’s symptoms. […] Concussions and PCS aren’t considered curable, but there are treatment plans to allow for recovery. This means there’s usually no direct treatment or cure for PCS either. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms.

• #6 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. […] Diagnosis of PCS is complicated by the absence of objective findings and symptom variability, with criteria including a history of TBI and at least three specific symptoms such as insomnia and dizziness. […] The DSM-5 categorizes PCS under neurocognitive disorders due to TBI, emphasizing the need for evidence of TBI and associated symptoms or neurological signs.

• #7 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #8 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #9 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #10 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), also known as persisting symptoms after concussion, is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, or years after a concussion. PCS is medically classified as a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). About 35% of people with concussion experience persistent or prolonged symptoms 3 to 6 months after injury. A diagnosis may be made when symptoms resulting from concussion last for more than three months after the injury. Loss of consciousness is not required for a diagnosis of concussion or post-concussion syndrome. However, it is important that patients find help as soon as they notice lingering symptoms within one month, and especially when they notice their mental health deteriorating, since they are at risk of post-concussion syndrome depression. […] The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS in 1992. In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury „usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness” and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under „ICD-10” within four weeks. About 38% of people who have a head injury with symptoms of concussion and no radiological evidence of brain lesions meet these criteria. In addition to these symptoms, people that meet the ICD-10 criteria for PCS may fear that they will have permanent brain damage, which may worsen the original symptoms.

• #11 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #12 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #13 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) are defined with a time frame of >14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children. […] The definition of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is somewhat controversial and there is disagreement among sports medicine physicians regarding the diagnosis. […] The most recent concussion consensus statement in Berlin tried to establish a time frame of greater than 14 days in adults and greater than 4 weeks in children, did not use the term “post-concussion syndrome,” but used the terminology “persistent post-concussive symptoms” (McCory, 2016). […] The recently published AMSSM position statement has aligned with the Berlin consensus statement and tried to define “persistent post-concussive symptoms,” or PPCS, with a time frame of >14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children (Harmon, 2019; Kamins, 2017).

• #14 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #15 Post concussion syndrome (PCS) | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome will be made by assessing a persons symptoms on a case-by-case basis. […] There are no standard diagnostic tests for PCS. […] Seek medical attention if any symptoms remain present after two weeks. […] To meet the ICD-10 criteria for diagnosis with PCS, a person must have symptoms which fall into at least three of the above categories. […] The presence of any symptoms beyond this point may indicate post-concussion syndrome.

• #16 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #17 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. In general, PCS symptoms tend to stay the same or get worse over time until they are properly treated. […] There is no one test available to prove you have post-concussion syndrome. […] Typically, healthcare professionals will diagnose someone with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) when their symptoms last longer than three months and other potential causes for the symptoms have been observed but ruled out as the cause of the patients persistent symptoms. […] If you are diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome, what should you do next? The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome involves physical exercise and therapy from multiple disciplines. […] Sometimes, clinicians and researchers use the phrase persistent post-concussion syndrome to describe what patients experience when their post-concussion symptoms aren’t going away.

• #18 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #19 Postconcussion syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postconcussion-syndrome/print

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and describes a symptom complex that includes headache, dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. […] The term „postconcussion syndrome” was coined in 1934; some authors prefer to refer to the syndrome as „persisting symptoms after concussion.” […] However, it may be more accurate to use the term „post-TBI syndrome,” as PCS may also occur after moderate and severe TBI. […] Loss of consciousness does not have to occur for PCS to develop. […] PCS is controversial, especially in its protracted form. […] The symptoms are vague, subjective, and common in the general population. […] The affected patient population is heterogeneous with varying degrees of injury to the head and brain.

• #20 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury).

• #21 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person.

• #22 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury).

• #23 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #24 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #25 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #26 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #27 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There’s no way to diagnose PCS directly because no specific test can confirm a concussion. Instead, a healthcare provider diagnoses a concussion and later, PCS based on their clinical judgment and a person’s symptoms. […] Concussions and PCS aren’t considered curable, but there are treatment plans to allow for recovery. This means there’s usually no direct treatment or cure for PCS either. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms.

• #28 Frontiers | Prevalence of post-concussion syndrome and associated factors among patients with traumatic brain injury at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Hospital, North Central Ethiopia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.1056298/full

  The occurrence of three or more of the following signs and symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, exhaustion, irritability, sleeplessness, difficulties in concentrating, or memory problems, following a head injury is referred to as post-concussion syndrome (PCS). […] The symptoms of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) may persist for weeks, months, or even a year or more following a concussion. […] Approximately 34–35% of concussion victims have ongoing or long-standing symptoms 3–6 months after the incident. […] A conclusive test does not exist for post-concussion syndrome. The primary factors in the diagnosis include a history of head trauma and reported symptoms. […] Despite the lack of a specific treatment for PCS, medications, physical, and behavioral therapy can help resolve symptoms.

• #29 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #30 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] In most people, symptoms occur within the first seven to 10 days and go away within three months. Sometimes, they can persist for a year or more. […] The goal of treatment after concussion is to effectively manage your symptoms. […] No single test will prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Your doctor may want to order a scan of your brain to check for other potential problems that could be causing your symptoms. A computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to detect structural brain abnormalities.

• #31 Post-Concussion Syndrome Tests: Know If You Have PCS

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-tests-diagnosis

  If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, this article covers all the basics of post-concussion syndrome, including diagnosis, treatment, patient stories, and more. […] Unfortunately, that means it is not well-optimized for someone who has been experiencing post-concussion symptoms for a long period of time. […] Most of the time, a regular, structural MRI cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. But functional neurocognitive imaging (fNCI), which is a special type of MRI, can detect brain damage sustained from a mild TBI. […] A qEEG can sometimes indicate a problem, but not what that problem is, where the problem is, or how it is best resolved. […] If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, schedule a consultation with our staff. They can help you understand if PCS is a likely cause of your symptoms and determine if an fNCI scan is the right next step for you.

• #32 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] The degree of severity of PCS after minor head injury has been shown to be significantly correlated with the degree of damage to white matter. […] Unfortunately, common tests in the clinical setting typically do not identify this physical damage. […] In patients with symptoms of concussion and PCS, brain imaging scans, such as CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often are normal. […] These brain imaging technologies can detect more serious problems like major bleeding, but often cannot detect the microscopic brain damage in concussions. […] Newer, more sophisticated imaging technologies are more effective in capturing the damage that occurs in concussion. […] A patient with PCS usually has a normal neurological exam, but reports more subjective symptoms.

• #33 Post-Concussion Syndrome Tests: Know If You Have PCS

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-tests-diagnosis

  If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, this article covers all the basics of post-concussion syndrome, including diagnosis, treatment, patient stories, and more. […] Unfortunately, that means it is not well-optimized for someone who has been experiencing post-concussion symptoms for a long period of time. […] Most of the time, a regular, structural MRI cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. But functional neurocognitive imaging (fNCI), which is a special type of MRI, can detect brain damage sustained from a mild TBI. […] A qEEG can sometimes indicate a problem, but not what that problem is, where the problem is, or how it is best resolved. […] If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, schedule a consultation with our staff. They can help you understand if PCS is a likely cause of your symptoms and determine if an fNCI scan is the right next step for you.

• #34 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #35 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #36 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #37 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  Even if a patient is asymptomatic, they shouldnt immediately resume normal activities. […] We need to make sure the brain heals fully. […] If we dont, there is a very real risk of plunging the patient back into a situation where additional injury could occur before the first concussion was properly healed. […] In assessing TBIs, MAC Alliance uses advanced brain health testing technologies and concussion protocols. […] We also use these tools to monitor how patients recovery programs are working, and allow us to customize each to address individual needs. […] Amen Clinics has built the worlds largest database of SPECT brain scans (over 200,000 to date) to help patients with a wide variety of cognitive and mental health issues, as well as detecting areas of brain injury from trauma, hypoxia, toxic exposure, etc.

• #38 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #39 Post-Concussion Syndrome Tests: Know If You Have PCS

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-tests-diagnosis

  If you experience symptoms in multiple SCAT2 categories, then there is a good chance you have post-concussion syndrome. However, it is not possible to know for sure without consulting a medical professional who has experience with post-concussion syndrome. […] If you think you may have post-concussion syndrome, schedule a consultation with our staff. They will help you understand your diagnosis and treatment options.

• #40 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What is it?

  https://www.powerofpatients.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-what-is-it

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which concussion symptoms prevail and persist for months or years following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (Cognitivefx USA, 2020). […] Common symptoms of PCS include: headaches, vision problems, light sensitivity, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty exercising, brain fog, and nausea. […] Because no concussion or brain injury is alike, symptoms specific to one person may deviate from the norm, making it harder to treat and diagnose. […] Diagnosis is difficult for PCS because symptoms can be vague, commonplace, or attributable to other reasons. […] As of right now, there is no definitive test for PCS. […] PCS is Diagnosed using the following methods: SCAT2, PCSS, Physical Evaluation, Cognitive Evaluation, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, Baseline Testing, fNCI, and Biomarkers. […] A study from 2020 by the National Institutes of Health even confirms that neurofilament light chains as blood biomarkers can detect traumatic brain injury and predict recovery in patients (National Institutes of Health, 2020).

• #41 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What is it?

  https://www.powerofpatients.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-what-is-it

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which concussion symptoms prevail and persist for months or years following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (Cognitivefx USA, 2020). […] Common symptoms of PCS include: headaches, vision problems, light sensitivity, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty exercising, brain fog, and nausea. […] Because no concussion or brain injury is alike, symptoms specific to one person may deviate from the norm, making it harder to treat and diagnose. […] Diagnosis is difficult for PCS because symptoms can be vague, commonplace, or attributable to other reasons. […] As of right now, there is no definitive test for PCS. […] PCS is Diagnosed using the following methods: SCAT2, PCSS, Physical Evaluation, Cognitive Evaluation, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, Baseline Testing, fNCI, and Biomarkers. […] A study from 2020 by the National Institutes of Health even confirms that neurofilament light chains as blood biomarkers can detect traumatic brain injury and predict recovery in patients (National Institutes of Health, 2020).

• #42 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #43 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #44 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #45 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #46 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #47 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #48 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #49 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What is it?

  https://www.powerofpatients.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-what-is-it

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which concussion symptoms prevail and persist for months or years following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (Cognitivefx USA, 2020). […] Common symptoms of PCS include: headaches, vision problems, light sensitivity, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty exercising, brain fog, and nausea. […] Because no concussion or brain injury is alike, symptoms specific to one person may deviate from the norm, making it harder to treat and diagnose. […] Diagnosis is difficult for PCS because symptoms can be vague, commonplace, or attributable to other reasons. […] As of right now, there is no definitive test for PCS. […] PCS is Diagnosed using the following methods: SCAT2, PCSS, Physical Evaluation, Cognitive Evaluation, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, Baseline Testing, fNCI, and Biomarkers. […] A study from 2020 by the National Institutes of Health even confirms that neurofilament light chains as blood biomarkers can detect traumatic brain injury and predict recovery in patients (National Institutes of Health, 2020).

• #50 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #51 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #52 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. In general, PCS symptoms tend to stay the same or get worse over time until they are properly treated. […] There is no one test available to prove you have post-concussion syndrome. […] Typically, healthcare professionals will diagnose someone with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) when their symptoms last longer than three months and other potential causes for the symptoms have been observed but ruled out as the cause of the patients persistent symptoms. […] If you are diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome, what should you do next? The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome involves physical exercise and therapy from multiple disciplines. […] Sometimes, clinicians and researchers use the phrase persistent post-concussion syndrome to describe what patients experience when their post-concussion symptoms aren’t going away.

• #53 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #54 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #55 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #56 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #57 Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Postconcussion Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8181109/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is often considered a functional disorder due to the paucity of imaging abnormalities. […] The most common presenting symptom of postconcussion syndrome is headache. After a mild TBI, 30-90% of patients may have a persistent headache. […] The most common cause of these headaches is cervical root irritation. […] Because of a high variability in onset, duration, and severity of symptomatology, there is a lack of scientifically proven protocols or strategies for treatment of postconcussion syndrome.

• #58 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #59 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #60 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://neurosymptoms.org/en/symptoms/common-associated-symptoms/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The evidence suggests that there is a post-traumatic syndrome in which people develop predominantly functional, and of course genuine, symptoms. Its further evidence that brain damage which is what people are understandably normally worried about is not the cause of the problem. […] Most of the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome can be approached as functional symptoms occurring without a knock to the head. […] Because the symptoms were triggered by a blow to the head and have been there ever since, its often reasonable to feel that the injury caused the symptoms. That in one sense may be true. But if you become convinced that the symptoms are due to brain damage, then that is likely to hamper your recovery.

• #61 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #62 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Symptoms common to Altlantoaxial instability (Atlantoaxial instability is the abnormal, excessive movement of the joint between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). Whiplash-associated disorder, post-concussion disorder, cervicocranial syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency. […] There are many things that can cause Post-Concussion Syndrome. There are many treatments that can help Post-Concussion Syndrome. But what if you continue to have symptoms, nothing is helping, you have had a barrage of tests and your neurologist then walks into the exam room and says: “Your MRI, CAT Scan, and EEG say nothing is wrong with you. I can’t help you beyond antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications.” Now what? […] The diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome is often made after suffering a head injury where the patient loses consciousness and develops a myriad of symptoms a year after the injury. These symptoms include headache, neck pain, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, nausea, anxiety, and memory problems. Many of these symptoms overlap with those of atlanto-axial instability, cervicocranial syndrome, and whiplash-associated disorder. This is not just a coincidence. Typical causes of concussion include blows to the head or falls. If you fall and hit your head on the ground, it is easy to understand that the fall would put a large force on the skull. In addition to that, however, that same force can also be transmitted to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine. A blow to the head or a fall could also cause a hyperextension-hyperflexion type movement of the neck, insinuating that those who suffer concussions also suffer a concurrent whiplash injury.

• #63 Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Postconcussion Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8181109/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is often considered a functional disorder due to the paucity of imaging abnormalities. […] The most common presenting symptom of postconcussion syndrome is headache. After a mild TBI, 30-90% of patients may have a persistent headache. […] The most common cause of these headaches is cervical root irritation. […] Because of a high variability in onset, duration, and severity of symptomatology, there is a lack of scientifically proven protocols or strategies for treatment of postconcussion syndrome.

• #64 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Symptoms common to Altlantoaxial instability (Atlantoaxial instability is the abnormal, excessive movement of the joint between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). Whiplash-associated disorder, post-concussion disorder, cervicocranial syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency. […] There are many things that can cause Post-Concussion Syndrome. There are many treatments that can help Post-Concussion Syndrome. But what if you continue to have symptoms, nothing is helping, you have had a barrage of tests and your neurologist then walks into the exam room and says: “Your MRI, CAT Scan, and EEG say nothing is wrong with you. I can’t help you beyond antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications.” Now what? […] The diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome is often made after suffering a head injury where the patient loses consciousness and develops a myriad of symptoms a year after the injury. These symptoms include headache, neck pain, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, nausea, anxiety, and memory problems. Many of these symptoms overlap with those of atlanto-axial instability, cervicocranial syndrome, and whiplash-associated disorder. This is not just a coincidence. Typical causes of concussion include blows to the head or falls. If you fall and hit your head on the ground, it is easy to understand that the fall would put a large force on the skull. In addition to that, however, that same force can also be transmitted to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine. A blow to the head or a fall could also cause a hyperextension-hyperflexion type movement of the neck, insinuating that those who suffer concussions also suffer a concurrent whiplash injury.

• #65 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #66 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #67 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #68 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #69 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #70 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] A history of prior concussion doubled the risk for prolonged symptoms in football players only. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness. […] The most comprehensive prospective study of sports concussion in youth found that prolonged symptoms were predicted by loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and high initial levels of symptomatology.

• #71 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) is a complex and debilitating condition that can develop after head concussions or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). PPCS is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes, that can persist for months or even years after the initial injury. […] Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of PPCS are still poorly understood; furthermore, there are limited resources to predict PPCS development in mTBI patients and no established treatment. […] The incidence of PCS in patients with mild TBI varies widely, with reported rates ranging from 30% to 80% of these cases, possibly due to the differences in populations and diagnostic criteria. […] A history of prior concussions, especially if recent or multiple, may be a risk factor for persistent symptoms after concussion.

• #72 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Definition and Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome

  The severity of the concussion or TBI plays no role in the likelihood of developing PCS. […] Anyone who has recently experienced a concussion is at risk for PCS. Youre more likely to develop PCS if youre over the age of 40 years. […] Some experts believe that people with pre-existing psychiatric conditions are more likely to develop PCS after a concussion. […] No single treatment exists for PCS. Instead, your doctor will treat the symptoms specific to you. […] Most people with PCS fully recover. However, its difficult to predict when this might occur. PCS usually goes away within 3 months, but there have been cases that have lasted a year or longer. […] The only way to prevent PCS is by preventing the head injury itself.

• #73 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] A history of prior concussion doubled the risk for prolonged symptoms in football players only. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness. […] The most comprehensive prospective study of sports concussion in youth found that prolonged symptoms were predicted by loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and high initial levels of symptomatology.

• #74 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study suggests that younger adults are more likely than their older counterparts (age 61) to recover post-concussion. […] The TRICORDRR tool is currently being prospectively validated by staff physicians at the Hull-Ellis Concussion and Research Clinic at Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteUniversity Health Network. […] The results of the current study should allow the first primary care or emergency medicine providers who see an individual with concussion to quickly and easily determine a patients risk of developing PPCS while still in the acute stage of injury.

• #75 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.”

• #76 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] A history of prior concussion doubled the risk for prolonged symptoms in football players only. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness. […] The most comprehensive prospective study of sports concussion in youth found that prolonged symptoms were predicted by loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and high initial levels of symptomatology.

• #77 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%.” […] „Treatment of PCS typically focuses on relieving the individual symptoms, as the underlying cause of PCS isn’t known and therefore can’t be addressed as a condition.” […] PCS can be extremely disruptive to a patient’s life.

• #78 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] A history of prior concussion doubled the risk for prolonged symptoms in football players only. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness. […] The most comprehensive prospective study of sports concussion in youth found that prolonged symptoms were predicted by loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and high initial levels of symptomatology.

• #79 Post Concussion Syndrome: who is at risk and what treatments are available?

  https://red.library.usd.edu/idea/343/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when symptoms specific to traumatic brain injuries such as headaches, dizziness, sensitivity to light and sound, irritability, and memory and concentration deficits last longer than three months after an initial injury. […] This diagnosis is highly controversial because there is not a single standardized diagnostic test or treatment proven to alleviate all symptoms in the majority of cases. […] Consideration of current studies indicates that the occurrence of seizures, loss of consciousness, and being under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury may increase the probability of persistent symptoms. […] Similarly, more severe head injuries and double concussions also significantly increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] Cognitive-behavioral therapy will be discussed as one of the few treatments that has been recognized as an effective treatment by most researchers. […] Furthermore, more research is necessary to determine what factors cause an individual to obtain post-concussive syndromes before treatments can be evaluated and understood.

• #80 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Definition and Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome

  The severity of the concussion or TBI plays no role in the likelihood of developing PCS. […] Anyone who has recently experienced a concussion is at risk for PCS. Youre more likely to develop PCS if youre over the age of 40 years. […] Some experts believe that people with pre-existing psychiatric conditions are more likely to develop PCS after a concussion. […] No single treatment exists for PCS. Instead, your doctor will treat the symptoms specific to you. […] Most people with PCS fully recover. However, its difficult to predict when this might occur. PCS usually goes away within 3 months, but there have been cases that have lasted a year or longer. […] The only way to prevent PCS is by preventing the head injury itself.

• #81 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study suggests that younger adults are more likely than their older counterparts (age 61) to recover post-concussion. […] The TRICORDRR tool is currently being prospectively validated by staff physicians at the Hull-Ellis Concussion and Research Clinic at Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteUniversity Health Network. […] The results of the current study should allow the first primary care or emergency medicine providers who see an individual with concussion to quickly and easily determine a patients risk of developing PPCS while still in the acute stage of injury.

• #82 Post-Concussive Syndrome – Article 20527

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/post-concussive-syndrome-20527

  Ten to twenty percent of individuals who sustain a mild traumatic brain injury will experience post-concussion syndrome which is persistent concussion symptoms that last weeks or months. […] In non-sports-related concussions, they say that if any symptoms persist beyond three months, then that’s considered post-concussion syndrome. […] As I mentioned, there’s a lack of a consistent standardized definition of PCS. […] Some predictors of post-concussion syndrome are pre-injury psychiatric and physical history, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms, PTSD, life stressors, financial relationship stress, and pain. […] Other predictors include mental health diagnoses or migraines. […] Treatment and care for patients with continued long-term reports of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury or concussion is complex.

• #83 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  It is important for individuals with a concussion to receive care from providers knowledgeable about concussions, and a number of state concussion laws require that high school athletes with a concussion be cleared to return to play by providers knowledgeable in concussion diagnosis and management. […] The committee offers the following findings concerning the treatment and management of prolonged symptoms and PCS: Typically youth athletes recover from a concussion within 2 weeks of the injury, but in 10 to 20 percent of cases the symptoms of concussion persist for a number of weeks, months, or even years. […] Short-term predictors of prolonged recovery and PCS vary across studies but appear to include older age (adolescent versus child), high initial symptom load, initial presenting symptoms of amnesia and loss of consciousness, and some evidence to support premorbid conditions as contributing to symptom persistence (e.g., previous concussion, learning difficulties, psychiatric difficulties). […] There are no randomized clinical trials testing the efficacy of psychosocial or psychopharmacological treatments for children and adolescents with post-concussive symptoms and prolonged recovery.

• #84 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #85 Frontiers | Prevalence of post-concussion syndrome and associated factors among patients with traumatic brain injury at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Hospital, North Central Ethiopia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.1056298/full

  One of the most frequent consequences of TBI is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), which consists of somatic, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. […] The prevalence of a group of physical, mental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that can be identified in victims of traumatic brain injury ranges from 11 to 64%. […] Up to 60% of individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) may experience the post-concussion syndrome (PCS), which is characterized by the persistence of symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, memory loss, and emotional instability. […] About 42.8% of study participants had at least three symptoms of PCS. […] The Glasgow coma scale level at the time of presentation, the reason for the injury, social support, and the site of the injury were all significantly associated with the occurrence of PCS.

• #86 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.”

• #87 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20313610/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Theres no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring?

• #88 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%.” […] „Treatment of PCS typically focuses on relieving the individual symptoms, as the underlying cause of PCS isn’t known and therefore can’t be addressed as a condition.” […] PCS can be extremely disruptive to a patient’s life.

• #89 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #90 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #91 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20313610/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Theres no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring?

• #92 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #93 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  The intricate web of the human nervous system is a maze of possibilities when it comes to identifying the culprit behind your symptoms. […] Neurologists may prescribe medication to manage the symptoms: pain relievers, antidepressants, sleep aids, mood stabilizers. […] PCS isnt curable in a traditional sense, but treatments still make an impactful difference. […] Remember, many roads toward recovery are a marathon, not a sprint. Patience, persistence, and the right medical support are key to managing the condition effectively. […] Post-concussion syndrome typically lasts for about three months, although it can persist for a year or more in some individuals. […] In general, most patients with post-concussion syndrome respond positively to two treatment options: medication and active rehabilitation (therapy).

• #94 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] The degree of severity of PCS after minor head injury has been shown to be significantly correlated with the degree of damage to white matter. […] Unfortunately, common tests in the clinical setting typically do not identify this physical damage. […] In patients with symptoms of concussion and PCS, brain imaging scans, such as CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often are normal. […] These brain imaging technologies can detect more serious problems like major bleeding, but often cannot detect the microscopic brain damage in concussions. […] Newer, more sophisticated imaging technologies are more effective in capturing the damage that occurs in concussion. […] A patient with PCS usually has a normal neurological exam, but reports more subjective symptoms.

• #95 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. […] Diagnosis of PCS is complicated by the absence of objective findings and symptom variability, with criteria including a history of TBI and at least three specific symptoms such as insomnia and dizziness. […] The DSM-5 categorizes PCS under neurocognitive disorders due to TBI, emphasizing the need for evidence of TBI and associated symptoms or neurological signs.

• #96 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  Concussion is common and usually resolves without complications. However, persistent symptoms occur in 10-15% of patients. These post-concussion symptoms are predominantly somatic, cognitive and emotional. […] The aim of this article is to highlight the condition of long-term post-concussion symptoms. On the basis of a discretionary literature review and our own clinical experience, we will look at the symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors and potential causal mechanisms. Treatment options will be briefly summarised. […] There is debate surrounding post-concussion symptoms. Reasons for this include the lack of clear relationship between the severity of the head injury and development of the resulting condition, the non-specificity of symptoms, and the fact that objective findings are rarely revealed in the medical evaluation.

• #97 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #98 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  The absence of established and generally recognised criteria for the spectrum of symptoms, aetiology and duration has led to wide variations in diagnostic testing and inclusion criteria in both clinical practice and research. […] While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] Many patients referred with persistent post-concussion symptoms report feeling alone and being unsure of how to deal with the symptoms. This demonstrates the need for better healthcare provision for this patient group. […] Concussion usually has a good prognosis, but 10-15% of patients have persistent symptoms consistent with post-concussion symptoms. The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system.

• #99 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatments, Tests, Recovery, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is a condition that is typically associated with a head injury. […] Diagnosis is mainly based on a history of head injury and reported symptoms. […] Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are often vague and non-specific. […] Such symptoms can affect day-to-day life, and inhibit the ability to perform in situations like work. […] Most health care providers will also treat symptoms of post-concussion syndrome. […] For some patients, the best post-concussion treatment is education, as patients may experience anxiety about their long-term health.

• #100 Articles

  https://samgoldstein.com/resources/articles/forensic-updates/forensic-update-07post-concussion-syndrome-pcs.aspx

  Post Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a collection of symptoms that include cognitive complaints such as inattention, concentration and memory difficulty; physical complaints such as headache, fatigue, dizziness and sensory sensitivity; and psychosocial complaints such as irritability, depression, anxiety and personality change. […] It has been estimated that some level of post concussion symptoms are experienced by 50% to 80% of individuals during an acute period following mild head trauma. Approximately 50% of affected individuals experience symptoms for at least three months and approximately 10% to 15% complain of persistent post concussive symptoms beyond that. […] Although PCS has been included in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association as a diagnosis requiring further investigation, the existence of a true syndrome, one that relates to the experience of a mild traumatic brain injury, remains controversial. […] The subjective nature of post concussion symptoms continues to be problematic for clinicians. Self and family report observation measures continue to be researched and standardized in an effort to assist evaluators in understanding the experience and etiology of post concussive symptoms.

• #101 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #102 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. […] Diagnosis of PCS is complicated by the absence of objective findings and symptom variability, with criteria including a history of TBI and at least three specific symptoms such as insomnia and dizziness. […] The DSM-5 categorizes PCS under neurocognitive disorders due to TBI, emphasizing the need for evidence of TBI and associated symptoms or neurological signs.

• #103 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person.

• #104 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  The absence of established and generally recognised criteria for the spectrum of symptoms, aetiology and duration has led to wide variations in diagnostic testing and inclusion criteria in both clinical practice and research. […] While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] Many patients referred with persistent post-concussion symptoms report feeling alone and being unsure of how to deal with the symptoms. This demonstrates the need for better healthcare provision for this patient group. […] Concussion usually has a good prognosis, but 10-15% of patients have persistent symptoms consistent with post-concussion symptoms. The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system.

• #105 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #106 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person.

• #107 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There’s no way to diagnose PCS directly because no specific test can confirm a concussion. Instead, a healthcare provider diagnoses a concussion and later, PCS based on their clinical judgment and a person’s symptoms. […] Concussions and PCS aren’t considered curable, but there are treatment plans to allow for recovery. This means there’s usually no direct treatment or cure for PCS either. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms.

• #108 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #109 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #110 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #111

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2021/03000/persistent_postconcussion_symptoms__an_expert.3.aspx

  To provide an expert consensus definition of persistent postconcussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). […] After 5 rounds, consensus was reached on a set of criteria that can be summarized as follows: presence of any symptom that cannot be attributed to a preexisting condition and that appeared within hours of an mTBI, that is still present every day 3 months after the trauma, and that has an impact on at least one sphere of a person’s life. […] This Delphi consensus proposes a set of criteria that support a more uniform definition of persistent symptoms in mild TBI among clinicians and researchers. […] Thus, there is no clear consensual definition of persistent symptoms. […] The objective of this study was therefore to develop a consensual definition of mTBI persistent symptoms as a whole, which includes the actual symptoms, their frequency, and duration.

• #112

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2021/03000/persistent_postconcussion_symptoms__an_expert.3.aspx

  To provide an expert consensus definition of persistent postconcussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). […] After 5 rounds, consensus was reached on a set of criteria that can be summarized as follows: presence of any symptom that cannot be attributed to a preexisting condition and that appeared within hours of an mTBI, that is still present every day 3 months after the trauma, and that has an impact on at least one sphere of a person’s life. […] This Delphi consensus proposes a set of criteria that support a more uniform definition of persistent symptoms in mild TBI among clinicians and researchers. […] Thus, there is no clear consensual definition of persistent symptoms. […] The objective of this study was therefore to develop a consensual definition of mTBI persistent symptoms as a whole, which includes the actual symptoms, their frequency, and duration.

• #113 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #114

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2021/03000/persistent_postconcussion_symptoms__an_expert.3.aspx

  To provide an expert consensus definition of persistent postconcussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). […] After 5 rounds, consensus was reached on a set of criteria that can be summarized as follows: presence of any symptom that cannot be attributed to a preexisting condition and that appeared within hours of an mTBI, that is still present every day 3 months after the trauma, and that has an impact on at least one sphere of a person’s life. […] This Delphi consensus proposes a set of criteria that support a more uniform definition of persistent symptoms in mild TBI among clinicians and researchers. […] Thus, there is no clear consensual definition of persistent symptoms. […] The objective of this study was therefore to develop a consensual definition of mTBI persistent symptoms as a whole, which includes the actual symptoms, their frequency, and duration.

• #115

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2021/03000/persistent_postconcussion_symptoms__an_expert.3.aspx

  To provide an expert consensus definition of persistent postconcussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). […] After 5 rounds, consensus was reached on a set of criteria that can be summarized as follows: presence of any symptom that cannot be attributed to a preexisting condition and that appeared within hours of an mTBI, that is still present every day 3 months after the trauma, and that has an impact on at least one sphere of a person’s life. […] This Delphi consensus proposes a set of criteria that support a more uniform definition of persistent symptoms in mild TBI among clinicians and researchers. […] Thus, there is no clear consensual definition of persistent symptoms. […] The objective of this study was therefore to develop a consensual definition of mTBI persistent symptoms as a whole, which includes the actual symptoms, their frequency, and duration.

• #116 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #117 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #118 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #119 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #120 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) are defined with a time frame of >14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children. […] The definition of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is somewhat controversial and there is disagreement among sports medicine physicians regarding the diagnosis. […] The most recent concussion consensus statement in Berlin tried to establish a time frame of greater than 14 days in adults and greater than 4 weeks in children, did not use the term “post-concussion syndrome,” but used the terminology “persistent post-concussive symptoms” (McCory, 2016). […] The recently published AMSSM position statement has aligned with the Berlin consensus statement and tried to define “persistent post-concussive symptoms,” or PPCS, with a time frame of >14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children (Harmon, 2019; Kamins, 2017).

• #121 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #122 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) is the persistence of concussion symptoms beyond the normal course of recovery. The majority of concussion symptoms will resolve within one month, but in cases that last longer than a month, doctors may diagnose PCS. […] Patients with PCS can experience concussion-like symptoms at rest or in response to too much cognitive or physical activity, often forcing them to withdraw from their usual physical, social, and professional lives. […] PCS symptoms most often fall into four categories: cognitive, sleep, mood and behavior, and physical. […] While not everyone who experiences a concussion will develop PCS, it’s important to monitor symptoms following a concussion and seek medical attention if they persist beyond one month.

• #123 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. […] Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Approximately 90% of concussion symptoms are transient, with symptoms resolving within 10 to 14 days but may linger for weeks. […] Clinical criteria for PCS are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). […] PCS is a constellation of physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional symptoms occurring after TBI.

• #124 Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Postconcussion Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8181109/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is often considered a functional disorder due to the paucity of imaging abnormalities. […] The most common presenting symptom of postconcussion syndrome is headache. After a mild TBI, 30-90% of patients may have a persistent headache. […] The most common cause of these headaches is cervical root irritation. […] Because of a high variability in onset, duration, and severity of symptomatology, there is a lack of scientifically proven protocols or strategies for treatment of postconcussion syndrome.

• #125 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #126 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #127 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #128 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #129 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #130 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #131 Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) | Portland Chiropractic Neurology

  https://portchiro.com/our-care/condition/persistent-post-concussion-syndrome-ppcs/320/

  Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) […] Our team of functional neurologists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners are expertly trained in post-concussion syndrome diagnosis and recovery. […] Our Functional Neurologists are experts in healing your brain injury by locating the source of symptoms and addressing the disrupted neuropathways and their connections that occur as a result of TBI/Concussion. […] Symptoms related to persistent post-concussion syndrome are: light and sound sensitivity, brain fog, slow processing, memory issues, nausea, headaches, migraines, eye tracking issues, double vision, focus issues/vision changes, poor concentration, difficult looking at multiple objects at different depths, pupil size changes, eye pain, disorientation, visual lag, imbalance, vertigo, dizziness, dizziness/light headed upon standing (Dysautonomia, POTS), neck pain, pain at the base of the skull, disrupted sleep, emotional changes, easily overwhelmed in busy environments, digestive changes, Bowel/Bladder changes (often urinary urgency) associated with autonomic dysfunction.

• #132 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #133 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #134 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #135 Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) | Portland Chiropractic Neurology

  https://portchiro.com/our-care/condition/persistent-post-concussion-syndrome-ppcs/320/

  Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) […] Our team of functional neurologists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners are expertly trained in post-concussion syndrome diagnosis and recovery. […] Our Functional Neurologists are experts in healing your brain injury by locating the source of symptoms and addressing the disrupted neuropathways and their connections that occur as a result of TBI/Concussion. […] Symptoms related to persistent post-concussion syndrome are: light and sound sensitivity, brain fog, slow processing, memory issues, nausea, headaches, migraines, eye tracking issues, double vision, focus issues/vision changes, poor concentration, difficult looking at multiple objects at different depths, pupil size changes, eye pain, disorientation, visual lag, imbalance, vertigo, dizziness, dizziness/light headed upon standing (Dysautonomia, POTS), neck pain, pain at the base of the skull, disrupted sleep, emotional changes, easily overwhelmed in busy environments, digestive changes, Bowel/Bladder changes (often urinary urgency) associated with autonomic dysfunction.

• #136 Post Concussion Syndrome: Ten reasons why symptoms persist — Rethink Speech Therapy

  https://www.rethinkspeechtherapy.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-ten-reasons-why-symptoms-persist

  Post concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder characterized by persistent physical, cognitive, visual, sleep, and/or emotional symptoms. […] PCS may be diagnosed when symptoms persist for weeks or more after the initial injury. […] Persistent cognitive symptoms are really frustrating. […] If you or someone you know is frustrated by persistent changes in thinking skills after a concussion, consider these reasons why symptoms persist: […] It does take time for the brain to heal. […] Progress over time is not only possible but expected.

• #137 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #138 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #139 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #140 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #141 Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) | Portland Chiropractic Neurology

  https://portchiro.com/our-care/condition/persistent-post-concussion-syndrome-ppcs/320/

  Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) […] Our team of functional neurologists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners are expertly trained in post-concussion syndrome diagnosis and recovery. […] Our Functional Neurologists are experts in healing your brain injury by locating the source of symptoms and addressing the disrupted neuropathways and their connections that occur as a result of TBI/Concussion. […] Symptoms related to persistent post-concussion syndrome are: light and sound sensitivity, brain fog, slow processing, memory issues, nausea, headaches, migraines, eye tracking issues, double vision, focus issues/vision changes, poor concentration, difficult looking at multiple objects at different depths, pupil size changes, eye pain, disorientation, visual lag, imbalance, vertigo, dizziness, dizziness/light headed upon standing (Dysautonomia, POTS), neck pain, pain at the base of the skull, disrupted sleep, emotional changes, easily overwhelmed in busy environments, digestive changes, Bowel/Bladder changes (often urinary urgency) associated with autonomic dysfunction.

• #142 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  In essence, post-concussion syndrome is a complex disorder that rears its head following brain trauma, characterized by a cornucopia of symptoms that can linger for weeks, months, or even a year post-injury. […] Common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include persistent headaches, dizziness or vertigo, fatigue, or an overall lack of energy, difficulty with memory and concentration, insomnia and other sleep disturbances, anxiety and depression, irritability, coupled with changes in personality and behavior, noise and light sensitivity. […] According to the CDC, 2020 saw around 214,1100 hospitalizations due to traumatic brain injuries, with concussions accounting for many of these. […] The end result is that some parts of the mind cant properly do what they need to do, or in others, work overtime to compensate for the weakened portions.

• #143 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #144 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  A concussion is a TBI, period. […] Its severity is best determined by objectively measuring visual and cognitive deficits along the way to recovery. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability. […] When it comes to youth sports, parents, coaches and athletes should know that taking longer than 14 days to recover from a concussion can be perfectly normal. […] Changing expectations may help eliminate social pressure that might convince athletes, coaches or parents to allow for a return to normal activity before the concussion patient has really fully recovered.

• #145 Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Postconcussion Syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8181109/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is often considered a functional disorder due to the paucity of imaging abnormalities. […] The most common presenting symptom of postconcussion syndrome is headache. After a mild TBI, 30-90% of patients may have a persistent headache. […] The most common cause of these headaches is cervical root irritation. […] Because of a high variability in onset, duration, and severity of symptomatology, there is a lack of scientifically proven protocols or strategies for treatment of postconcussion syndrome.

• #146 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) is the persistence of concussion symptoms beyond the normal course of recovery. The majority of concussion symptoms will resolve within one month, but in cases that last longer than a month, doctors may diagnose PCS. […] Patients with PCS can experience concussion-like symptoms at rest or in response to too much cognitive or physical activity, often forcing them to withdraw from their usual physical, social, and professional lives. […] PCS symptoms most often fall into four categories: cognitive, sleep, mood and behavior, and physical. […] While not everyone who experiences a concussion will develop PCS, it’s important to monitor symptoms following a concussion and seek medical attention if they persist beyond one month.

• #147 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #148 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #149 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury).

• #150 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury).

• #151 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #152 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study suggests that younger adults are more likely than their older counterparts (age 61) to recover post-concussion. […] The TRICORDRR tool is currently being prospectively validated by staff physicians at the Hull-Ellis Concussion and Research Clinic at Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteUniversity Health Network. […] The results of the current study should allow the first primary care or emergency medicine providers who see an individual with concussion to quickly and easily determine a patients risk of developing PPCS while still in the acute stage of injury.

• #153 Post-Concussive Syndrome – Article 20527

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/post-concussive-syndrome-20527

  Ten to twenty percent of individuals who sustain a mild traumatic brain injury will experience post-concussion syndrome which is persistent concussion symptoms that last weeks or months. […] In non-sports-related concussions, they say that if any symptoms persist beyond three months, then that’s considered post-concussion syndrome. […] As I mentioned, there’s a lack of a consistent standardized definition of PCS. […] Some predictors of post-concussion syndrome are pre-injury psychiatric and physical history, anxiety and trauma-related symptoms, PTSD, life stressors, financial relationship stress, and pain. […] Other predictors include mental health diagnoses or migraines. […] Treatment and care for patients with continued long-term reports of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury or concussion is complex.

• #154 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #155 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #156 Post-concussion syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326227

  A doctor may also carry out neurological tests to check for any balance issues or cognitive changes. They may use CT scans or MRI scans to check images of the brain and rule out any other possible underlying causes. […] Post-concussion syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and, in most cases, it goes away completely in time.

• #157 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, And Recovery

  https://www.re-origin.com/articles/post-concussion-syndrome

  A TBI or Traumatic Brain Injury can be the main cause of PCS. Some research points towards the damage to white matter in our brain as the culprit behind developing this syndrome. […] We can get a proper post-concussion syndrome diagnosis by conducting physical tests on the patient along with looking at their medical history. Visual and neurological tests are also common here, along with vestibular tests. All of these can help to rule out other possible diagnoses. […] After a post-concussion syndrome diagnosis, its time to think about a decent post-concussion syndrome treatment. There are various options including getting plenty of rest and monitoring the symptoms. […] The medical community now views concussion recovery as of the utmost importance to prevent and fight PCS. For now, early treatment remains the best option for a good recovery.

• #158 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #159 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #160 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] The degree of severity of PCS after minor head injury has been shown to be significantly correlated with the degree of damage to white matter. […] Unfortunately, common tests in the clinical setting typically do not identify this physical damage. […] In patients with symptoms of concussion and PCS, brain imaging scans, such as CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often are normal. […] These brain imaging technologies can detect more serious problems like major bleeding, but often cannot detect the microscopic brain damage in concussions. […] Newer, more sophisticated imaging technologies are more effective in capturing the damage that occurs in concussion. […] A patient with PCS usually has a normal neurological exam, but reports more subjective symptoms.

• #161 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] The degree of severity of PCS after minor head injury has been shown to be significantly correlated with the degree of damage to white matter. […] Unfortunately, common tests in the clinical setting typically do not identify this physical damage. […] In patients with symptoms of concussion and PCS, brain imaging scans, such as CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), often are normal. […] These brain imaging technologies can detect more serious problems like major bleeding, but often cannot detect the microscopic brain damage in concussions. […] Newer, more sophisticated imaging technologies are more effective in capturing the damage that occurs in concussion. […] A patient with PCS usually has a normal neurological exam, but reports more subjective symptoms.

• #162 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] In most people, symptoms occur within the first seven to 10 days and go away within three months. Sometimes, they can persist for a year or more. […] The goal of treatment after concussion is to effectively manage your symptoms. […] No single test will prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Your doctor may want to order a scan of your brain to check for other potential problems that could be causing your symptoms. A computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to detect structural brain abnormalities.

• #163 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] In most people, symptoms occur within the first seven to 10 days and go away within three months. Sometimes, they can persist for a year or more. […] The goal of treatment after concussion is to effectively manage your symptoms. […] No single test will prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Your doctor may want to order a scan of your brain to check for other potential problems that could be causing your symptoms. A computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed to detect structural brain abnormalities.

• #164 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #165 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #166 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #167 Post-Concussion Syndrome Tests: Know If You Have PCS

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-tests-diagnosis

  If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, this article covers all the basics of post-concussion syndrome, including diagnosis, treatment, patient stories, and more. […] Unfortunately, that means it is not well-optimized for someone who has been experiencing post-concussion symptoms for a long period of time. […] Most of the time, a regular, structural MRI cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. But functional neurocognitive imaging (fNCI), which is a special type of MRI, can detect brain damage sustained from a mild TBI. […] A qEEG can sometimes indicate a problem, but not what that problem is, where the problem is, or how it is best resolved. […] If you think you have post-concussion syndrome, schedule a consultation with our staff. They can help you understand if PCS is a likely cause of your symptoms and determine if an fNCI scan is the right next step for you.

• #168 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What is it?

  https://www.powerofpatients.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-what-is-it

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which concussion symptoms prevail and persist for months or years following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (Cognitivefx USA, 2020). […] Common symptoms of PCS include: headaches, vision problems, light sensitivity, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty exercising, brain fog, and nausea. […] Because no concussion or brain injury is alike, symptoms specific to one person may deviate from the norm, making it harder to treat and diagnose. […] Diagnosis is difficult for PCS because symptoms can be vague, commonplace, or attributable to other reasons. […] As of right now, there is no definitive test for PCS. […] PCS is Diagnosed using the following methods: SCAT2, PCSS, Physical Evaluation, Cognitive Evaluation, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, Baseline Testing, fNCI, and Biomarkers. […] A study from 2020 by the National Institutes of Health even confirms that neurofilament light chains as blood biomarkers can detect traumatic brain injury and predict recovery in patients (National Institutes of Health, 2020).

• #169 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, And Recovery

  https://www.re-origin.com/articles/post-concussion-syndrome

  A TBI or Traumatic Brain Injury can be the main cause of PCS. Some research points towards the damage to white matter in our brain as the culprit behind developing this syndrome. […] We can get a proper post-concussion syndrome diagnosis by conducting physical tests on the patient along with looking at their medical history. Visual and neurological tests are also common here, along with vestibular tests. All of these can help to rule out other possible diagnoses. […] After a post-concussion syndrome diagnosis, its time to think about a decent post-concussion syndrome treatment. There are various options including getting plenty of rest and monitoring the symptoms. […] The medical community now views concussion recovery as of the utmost importance to prevent and fight PCS. For now, early treatment remains the best option for a good recovery.

• #170 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, And Recovery

  https://www.re-origin.com/articles/post-concussion-syndrome

  A TBI or Traumatic Brain Injury can be the main cause of PCS. Some research points towards the damage to white matter in our brain as the culprit behind developing this syndrome. […] We can get a proper post-concussion syndrome diagnosis by conducting physical tests on the patient along with looking at their medical history. Visual and neurological tests are also common here, along with vestibular tests. All of these can help to rule out other possible diagnoses. […] After a post-concussion syndrome diagnosis, its time to think about a decent post-concussion syndrome treatment. There are various options including getting plenty of rest and monitoring the symptoms. […] The medical community now views concussion recovery as of the utmost importance to prevent and fight PCS. For now, early treatment remains the best option for a good recovery.

• #171 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  A detailed multimodal clinical assessment is required to identify primary and secondary pathologies that may be contributing to persistent symptoms. […] Clinicians must be aware of the current known risk factors for prolonged concussion symptoms and how they may affect recovery. […] In summary, there has been a shift over the past two years to change the terminology regarding prolonged symptoms following a concussion. Both the Berlin consensus statement and most recent AMSSM position paper encourage using “persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS).”

• #172 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.”

• #173 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is when you have concussion symptoms that last months or even a year or more after your initial injury. […] Persistent post-concussion syndrome is when symptoms continue for an extremely long time. The time limit on this varies and often falls to a healthcare provider’s judgment. Providers commonly use this diagnosis when symptoms last longer than three months, six months or even a year after an injury. […] Studies estimate that about 15% of people with a concussion will also experience PCS. However, researchers also have strong reason to believe that’s an underestimation. […] PCS is tricky to diagnose. Some concussion symptoms are difficult to detect. Emotional and behavioral changes are examples of this. […] There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent.

• #174 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) is a complex and debilitating condition that can develop after head concussions or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). PPCS is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes, that can persist for months or even years after the initial injury. […] Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of PPCS are still poorly understood; furthermore, there are limited resources to predict PPCS development in mTBI patients and no established treatment. […] The incidence of PCS in patients with mild TBI varies widely, with reported rates ranging from 30% to 80% of these cases, possibly due to the differences in populations and diagnostic criteria. […] A history of prior concussions, especially if recent or multiple, may be a risk factor for persistent symptoms after concussion.

• #175 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is when you have concussion symptoms that last months or even a year or more after your initial injury. […] Persistent post-concussion syndrome is when symptoms continue for an extremely long time. The time limit on this varies and often falls to a healthcare provider’s judgment. Providers commonly use this diagnosis when symptoms last longer than three months, six months or even a year after an injury. […] Studies estimate that about 15% of people with a concussion will also experience PCS. However, researchers also have strong reason to believe that’s an underestimation. […] PCS is tricky to diagnose. Some concussion symptoms are difficult to detect. Emotional and behavioral changes are examples of this. […] There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent.

• #176 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms last longer two weeks […] Research looking at persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) points to a need for a dramatic shift in the way we view even mild traumatic brain injuries. […] According to a study published in 2022 in the Frontiers in Neurology, approximately 15-30% of concussions result in symptoms continuing for four weeks or more post-injury in children, youth, and adolescents. In adults, similar percentages of patients can find themselves with PPCS lasting three months or more. […] Also called post-concussion syndrome (PCS), patients with this condition will experience recovery period that is more like weeks to months. […] The study notes that these symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, problems with concentration and memory as well as mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

• #177 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] No single test can definitively diagnose post-concussion syndrome. Doctors make a diagnosis based on symptoms, how long they’ve lasted, and clinical examination. […] People do recover. Concussions aren’t a permanent brain injury, and they do resolve over time. […] It’s important for your safety and well-being to see a concussion specialist to create a plan for safe return to sports or other activities.

• #178 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) is a complex and debilitating condition that can develop after head concussions or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). PPCS is characterized by a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive deficits, and emotional changes, that can persist for months or even years after the initial injury. […] Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms of PPCS are still poorly understood; furthermore, there are limited resources to predict PPCS development in mTBI patients and no established treatment. […] The incidence of PCS in patients with mild TBI varies widely, with reported rates ranging from 30% to 80% of these cases, possibly due to the differences in populations and diagnostic criteria. […] A history of prior concussions, especially if recent or multiple, may be a risk factor for persistent symptoms after concussion.

• #179 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Currently, there are two clinical criteria used to diagnose PCS. […] The ICD-10 defines PCS as the symptoms outlined above persisting for longer than 3 weeks, is more general, and encompasses more patients. […] Evaluation of PCS requires recognition of residual symptoms following TBI. […] The initial evaluation will include a thorough history and physical exam. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. […] In 85% to 90% of cases, mild TBI is self-limited and does not progress to PCS. […] Most patients will improve within three months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer. […] The literature has reported that patients with litigation or compensation issues consistently have reported persistent symptoms and disability after mild TBI. […] Patients with complicated TBI (intracranial hematoma or depressed skull fracture) may also be at risk for more persistent symptoms.

• #180 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  In research conducted by the University of Michigan, the recovery times of nearly 1,700 athletes with concussions were analyzed. […] The study suggests that 28 days is a more accurate projection for the process of full concussion recovery. […] The study notes that at the 28-day point, 85% of the athletes had returned to play. […] As stated by the study authors: We believe that recovery rates may be slower than previously reported. […] They further write that given increasing data suggesting that many people have a more prolonged recovery, more conservative recommendations may need to be made in future consensus statements. […] Even a mild concussion can have severe symptoms and result in long-term post-concussion syndrome, because there are so many factors that come into play when the brain is injured.

• #181 Persistent post-concussive syndrome in children after mild traumatic brain injury is prevalent and vastly underdiagnosed | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08302-0

  Data on epidemiology and prognosticators of persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the pediatric population is scarce. […] The prevalence of PPCS in the mTBI group was 25.3% and PPCS like symptoms in the control was 2.4%, p<0.001. [...] PPCS is underdiagnosed in the pediatric population and 25% of children admitted to the ED due to mTBI may suffer from PPCS. [...] The prevalence of PPCS among children after mTBI is not well known, with reports ranging from 2.3 to 33%. [...] The high rate of PPCS after mTBI found in this study population, 25.3%, is similar to the findings of a recent study done by Ewing-Cobbs et al. [...] The prevalence of PPCS found in our pediatric population is in step with the adult population after mTBI, in which PPCS prevalence one year after the injury is reported to range from 5 to 30%.

• #182 Persistent post-concussive syndrome in children after mild traumatic brain injury is prevalent and vastly underdiagnosed | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08302-0

  In addition, there was no significant change in the prevalence of PPCS in correlation to time elapsed from the injury. […] In this study, none of the 52 patients who had PPCS were officially categorized as such in their electronic medical records by their pediatric primary care physician or neurologist. […] It is highly important to appropriately diagnose PPCS, since these children are prone to deficits in attention and cognitive control, school-related problems, inferior academic achievements, and truancy. […] These findings warrant better screening guidelines, and practices to be employed in the pediatric population after suffering mTBI.

• #183 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #184 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #185 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #186 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #187 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #188 Persistent post-concussive syndrome in children after mild traumatic brain injury is prevalent and vastly underdiagnosed | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08302-0

  In addition, there was no significant change in the prevalence of PPCS in correlation to time elapsed from the injury. […] In this study, none of the 52 patients who had PPCS were officially categorized as such in their electronic medical records by their pediatric primary care physician or neurologist. […] It is highly important to appropriately diagnose PPCS, since these children are prone to deficits in attention and cognitive control, school-related problems, inferior academic achievements, and truancy. […] These findings warrant better screening guidelines, and practices to be employed in the pediatric population after suffering mTBI.

• #189 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study suggests that younger adults are more likely than their older counterparts (age 61) to recover post-concussion. […] The TRICORDRR tool is currently being prospectively validated by staff physicians at the Hull-Ellis Concussion and Research Clinic at Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteUniversity Health Network. […] The results of the current study should allow the first primary care or emergency medicine providers who see an individual with concussion to quickly and easily determine a patients risk of developing PPCS while still in the acute stage of injury.

• #190 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  The British Columbia Post Concussion Symptoms Inventory, the Post Concussion Syndrome Checklist, the Post Concussion Syndrome Symptoms Scale, and the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire are known to be reliable tools that consistently identify the symptoms of PCS. […] Patients who had strong concerns about their injury, had a more difficult time coping with their injury, and those who reported earlier complaints of symptoms are also known to be at greater risk for a slow recovery and development of PCS. […] Screening patients in the ED for immediate memory problems, delayed memory, and severity of injury-related headache may help identify patients at risk for PCS. […] However, no medication prescribed at discharge from the ED has been proven to change the course of PCS. […] Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms.

• #191 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The second group represents people who are feeling the effects that multiple concussions have brought them. These are the people who have a greater likelihood of problems considered neurologic mysteries. […] A June 2022 study led by St George’s University of London and published in the medical journal Brain notes that the use of the term post-concussion syndrome remains widespread and this may be causing patients to not be treated correctly. These researchers suggest that this term is poorly used because it undermines the complexity of the patient’s problems and “its use acts to close off diagnostic and treatment pathways. […] In our practice, we see many people with a long list of symptoms that are described throughout this article. In many cases, it is initially thought that neurologic conditions mean mild traumatic brain injury as a result of the concussion. When there are neurologic-like conditions, it is clear that something is going on in the brain. But is it the concussion itself that caused injury to the brain or is it a continued injury because of cervical spine instability? Both? This is one of the challenges of diagnosis and treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome.

• #192 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms often improve after the affected person learns that there is a cause for his or her symptoms and that the symptoms will likely improve with time. Education about the disorder can ease a person’s fears and help provide peace of mind.

• #193 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #194 Persistent post-concussive syndrome in children after mild traumatic brain injury is prevalent and vastly underdiagnosed | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08302-0

  In addition, there was no significant change in the prevalence of PPCS in correlation to time elapsed from the injury. […] In this study, none of the 52 patients who had PPCS were officially categorized as such in their electronic medical records by their pediatric primary care physician or neurologist. […] It is highly important to appropriately diagnose PPCS, since these children are prone to deficits in attention and cognitive control, school-related problems, inferior academic achievements, and truancy. […] These findings warrant better screening guidelines, and practices to be employed in the pediatric population after suffering mTBI.

• #195 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring? How long will these symptoms continue? Do I need any other tests? Do I need to do anything to prepare for the tests? Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #196 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring? How long will these symptoms continue? Do I need any other tests? Do I need to do anything to prepare for the tests? Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend?

• #197 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.”

• #198 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #199 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  The intricate web of the human nervous system is a maze of possibilities when it comes to identifying the culprit behind your symptoms. […] Neurologists may prescribe medication to manage the symptoms: pain relievers, antidepressants, sleep aids, mood stabilizers. […] PCS isnt curable in a traditional sense, but treatments still make an impactful difference. […] Remember, many roads toward recovery are a marathon, not a sprint. Patience, persistence, and the right medical support are key to managing the condition effectively. […] Post-concussion syndrome typically lasts for about three months, although it can persist for a year or more in some individuals. […] In general, most patients with post-concussion syndrome respond positively to two treatment options: medication and active rehabilitation (therapy).

• #200 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  For example, using the ICD-10s criteria, a patient may be diagnosed with PCS if they have a history of a traumatic brain injury and exhibit at least three of the following eight symptoms: Headache, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Insomnia, Concentration difficulty, Memory difficulty, Intolerance of stress, emotion, or alcohol. […] Some experts would argue that the criteria used to diagnose PCS are restraining and arbitrary. In order to ensure an accurate diagnosis, be sure to see a neurologist or neuropsychologist who has experience diagnosing and treating patients with PCS.

• #201 Post-concussion syndrome | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/post-concussion-syndrome

  Patients experiencing PCS usually begin showing symptoms within the first seven to ten days after experiencing a head trauma. PCS symptoms can last from a few days to a few months, and in some cases patients experience symptoms for years. […] Although no definitive test exists to show a patient has developed PCS, doctors often suggest brain scans such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for brain abnormalities. […] No single treatment effectively resolves all cases of PCS. Treatment for PCS is specific to the symptoms each patient presents. […] Individuals who develop psychological symptoms such as anxiety or depression are encouraged to visit a psychologist or psychiatrist.

• #202 What Can a Neurologist Do for Post-Concussion Syndrome – Neurodiagnostics Medical P.C.

  https://neuroinjurycare.com/what-can-a-neurologist-do-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  The intricate web of the human nervous system is a maze of possibilities when it comes to identifying the culprit behind your symptoms. […] Neurologists may prescribe medication to manage the symptoms: pain relievers, antidepressants, sleep aids, mood stabilizers. […] PCS isnt curable in a traditional sense, but treatments still make an impactful difference. […] Remember, many roads toward recovery are a marathon, not a sprint. Patience, persistence, and the right medical support are key to managing the condition effectively. […] Post-concussion syndrome typically lasts for about three months, although it can persist for a year or more in some individuals. […] In general, most patients with post-concussion syndrome respond positively to two treatment options: medication and active rehabilitation (therapy).

• #203 Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) | Portland Chiropractic Neurology

  https://portchiro.com/our-care/condition/persistent-post-concussion-syndrome-ppcs/320/

  Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) […] Our team of functional neurologists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners are expertly trained in post-concussion syndrome diagnosis and recovery. […] Our Functional Neurologists are experts in healing your brain injury by locating the source of symptoms and addressing the disrupted neuropathways and their connections that occur as a result of TBI/Concussion. […] Symptoms related to persistent post-concussion syndrome are: light and sound sensitivity, brain fog, slow processing, memory issues, nausea, headaches, migraines, eye tracking issues, double vision, focus issues/vision changes, poor concentration, difficult looking at multiple objects at different depths, pupil size changes, eye pain, disorientation, visual lag, imbalance, vertigo, dizziness, dizziness/light headed upon standing (Dysautonomia, POTS), neck pain, pain at the base of the skull, disrupted sleep, emotional changes, easily overwhelmed in busy environments, digestive changes, Bowel/Bladder changes (often urinary urgency) associated with autonomic dysfunction.

• #204 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome will get better with time and the right therapies. […] Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), will get better with time and the right therapies. […] The treatments listed below are supported by peer-reviewed scientific studies and are common for the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. […] Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation is a specialized, individualized treatment regimen used in the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. […] Neuroendocrine assessment of pituitary function may be helpful for those experiencing PCS symptoms, especially brain fog, fatigue, listlessness, and depression, who are not responding to active therapies. […] The pituitary gland can be injured with traumatic brain injury, including concussion. Pituitary gland injury can negatively affect thyroid and adrenal gland activity or testosterone and growth hormone levels and can result in symptoms that mimic PCS symptoms.

• #205 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome will get better with time and the right therapies. […] Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), will get better with time and the right therapies. […] The treatments listed below are supported by peer-reviewed scientific studies and are common for the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. […] Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation is a specialized, individualized treatment regimen used in the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. […] Neuroendocrine assessment of pituitary function may be helpful for those experiencing PCS symptoms, especially brain fog, fatigue, listlessness, and depression, who are not responding to active therapies. […] The pituitary gland can be injured with traumatic brain injury, including concussion. Pituitary gland injury can negatively affect thyroid and adrenal gland activity or testosterone and growth hormone levels and can result in symptoms that mimic PCS symptoms.

• #206 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #207 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms often improve after the affected person learns that there is a cause for his or her symptoms and that the symptoms will likely improve with time. Education about the disorder can ease a person’s fears and help provide peace of mind.

• #208 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatments, Tests, Recovery, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is a condition that is typically associated with a head injury. […] Diagnosis is mainly based on a history of head injury and reported symptoms. […] Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are often vague and non-specific. […] Such symptoms can affect day-to-day life, and inhibit the ability to perform in situations like work. […] Most health care providers will also treat symptoms of post-concussion syndrome. […] For some patients, the best post-concussion treatment is education, as patients may experience anxiety about their long-term health.

• #209 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms often improve after the affected person learns that there is a cause for his or her symptoms and that the symptoms will likely improve with time. Education about the disorder can ease a person’s fears and help provide peace of mind.

• #210 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] No single test can definitively diagnose post-concussion syndrome. Doctors make a diagnosis based on symptoms, how long they’ve lasted, and clinical examination. […] People do recover. Concussions aren’t a permanent brain injury, and they do resolve over time. […] It’s important for your safety and well-being to see a concussion specialist to create a plan for safe return to sports or other activities.

• #211 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring? How long will these symptoms continue? Do I need any other tests? Do I need to do anything to prepare for the tests? Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #212 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Why are these symptoms still occurring? […] How long will these symptoms continue? […] Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend? […] Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow?

• #213 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  For persistent post-concussive symptoms, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: Why are these symptoms still occurring? How long will these symptoms continue? Do I need any other tests? Do I need to do anything to prepare for the tests? Are there any treatments available, and which do you recommend?

• #214 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Definition and Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome

  The severity of the concussion or TBI plays no role in the likelihood of developing PCS. […] Anyone who has recently experienced a concussion is at risk for PCS. Youre more likely to develop PCS if youre over the age of 40 years. […] Some experts believe that people with pre-existing psychiatric conditions are more likely to develop PCS after a concussion. […] No single treatment exists for PCS. Instead, your doctor will treat the symptoms specific to you. […] Most people with PCS fully recover. However, its difficult to predict when this might occur. PCS usually goes away within 3 months, but there have been cases that have lasted a year or longer. […] The only way to prevent PCS is by preventing the head injury itself.

• #215 Post-Concussive Syndrome – Article 20527

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/post-concussive-syndrome-20527

  It’s important not to highlight or exaggerate symptoms and continue to educate about the typical trajectory of recovery. […] Focusing on resilience and self-efficacy have been identified as significant factors in positive recovery outcomes. […] In summary, post-concussion syndrome is challenging to diagnose and treat.

• #216 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There’s no way to diagnose PCS directly because no specific test can confirm a concussion. Instead, a healthcare provider diagnoses a concussion and later, PCS based on their clinical judgment and a person’s symptoms. […] Concussions and PCS aren’t considered curable, but there are treatment plans to allow for recovery. This means there’s usually no direct treatment or cure for PCS either. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms.

• #217 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. […] Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. […] Diagnosis of PCS is complicated by the absence of objective findings and symptom variability, with criteria including a history of TBI and at least three specific symptoms such as insomnia and dizziness. […] The DSM-5 categorizes PCS under neurocognitive disorders due to TBI, emphasizing the need for evidence of TBI and associated symptoms or neurological signs.

• #218 Understanding the Post Concussion Syndrome Test: Your Guide to Diagnosis and Recovery in Des Moines, Iowa — Hyperbaric Chamber For Sale: Clarity HBOT

  https://desmoineshyperbarics.com/blog/post-concussive-syndrome-des-moines-hbot

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) diagnosis is complex due to non-specific symptoms and requires precise testing, including recognition of cognitive and physical symptoms that can significantly impact health and quality of life. Our Doctors in Des Moines are experts in identifying and treating post concussion symptoms. […] Evaluation for PCS involves a detailed assessment process, including clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, and use of symptom checklists, and, in some cases, advanced diagnostic tools like MRI, PET scans, SPECT, and blood biomarkers. […] The necessity for precise diagnosis and treatment of PCS is underscored by the potential for symptoms to persist and worsen, significantly affecting an individuals health and quality of life. […] Recognizing the signs of pcs symptoms is the first step in seeking appropriate medical help at a hyperbaric or neurologic clinic.

• #219 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Diagnosis, Treatment, & Recovery

  https://mooremyoworx.com/post-concussion-syndrome/treatment/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder that can significantly impact daily life. […] Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective post-concussion treatment. Healthcare providers conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neurological exams and cognitive tests. Diagnosing PCS involves a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tools. […] In most cases, post-concussion syndrome symptoms do not show up on standard MRI scans, as the condition often involves subtle changes in brain function rather than visible structural damage. However, advanced imaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can reveal subtle brain changes associated with PCS. […] A neurologist can help manage persistent post-concussion syndrome by diagnosing symptoms, prescribing medications for headaches or sleep issues, and recommending therapies like cognitive rehabilitation or physical therapy. They may also rule out other conditions that mimic PCS.

• #220 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  In addition, patients who have sustained a mild TBI may be diagnosed with concussion-related symptoms when they are actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, or a condition with a strong component of chronic pain such as chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. […] The term “postconcussional disorder” was listed in the DSM-IV but is absent from the current edition – the DSM-V. […] Unfortunately, this newer DSM edition bases its definition for all the people who have chronic, persistent symptoms after a concussion solely on evidence of cognitive dysfunction, when such a decline may not occur, or may not be the primary symptom. […] Despite the controversies, there continue to be physicians and other clinicians devoted to the medical treatment and rehabilitation of people with persistent symptoms.

• #221 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #222 What Is the Diagnostic Criteria for Post-Concussive Syndrome?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/diagnostic-criteria-for-post-concussive-syndrome

  PCS diagnosis demands three persistent symptoms post-concussion, lasting three months, causing functional impairment, and excluding alternative causes. […] In addition to thoroughly evaluating the patient’s symptoms and medical history, post-concussive syndrome diagnosis entails ruling out other potential causes of the symptoms. […] The symptoms must have onset shortly after the head injury and persist for at least three months. […] The symptoms must result in significant functional impairment in one or more areas of daily life, such as work, school, social interactions, or activities of daily living. […] There is no other medical ailment, mental illness, pharmaceutical usage, or substance misuse that would better explain the symptoms. […] It can be difficult to diagnose post-concussive syndrome, even with the recognized diagnostic criteria, for several reasons. […] A proper diagnosis of PCS is crucial to reducing long-term issues, promoting recovery, and providing affected individuals with the appropriate therapy and support.

• #223 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.”

• #224 Functional Overlay Model of Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1028

  The pathogenesis of persistent PCS is unclear. Nevertheless, it is believed to be a complex interaction of structural and functional brain changes, genetic predisposition, psychosocial factors, and healthcare solutions. […] A psychogenic contribution to persistent PCS is suggested by the high prevalence of comorbid depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with persistent PCS. […] The persistence of PCS symptoms is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and functional status and has significant economic and social costs. […] Management of patients with persistent PCS requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. […] The DSM-V diagnosis criteria of FND require one or more symptoms that affect body movement or senses that cannot be explained by a neurological or other medical condition or another mental health disorder, but that cause significant distress or problems in social, work, or other areas, or that are significant enough for medical evaluation to be recommended. […] Despite these similarities, there are also differences between FND and PCS. Cognitive impairment in PCS has a clear pathophysiology and cause, while cognitive impairment in FND does not have a clear organic basis.

• #225 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms often improve after the affected person learns that there is a cause for his or her symptoms and that the symptoms will likely improve with time. Education about the disorder can ease a person’s fears and help provide peace of mind.

• #226 Perspective Chapter: Challenges in the Diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome – Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, Neuroimaging Biomarkers, and Salivary Biomarkers | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1188580

  The diagnosis of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) relies on two primary clinical frameworks: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the International Classification of Diseases. […] The PCS diagnosis relies on clinical standards, such as those delineated in the ICD-10 and DSM-5. […] Research into fluid biomarkers, including serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, offers hope for more objective diagnostic criteria in the future. […] Emerging research on salivary biomarkers underscores their diagnostic significance. […] The Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) diagnosis presents significant challenges to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of symptoms, the absence of definitive diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other conditions. […] These challenges complicate the clinical management and treatment of PCS, necessitating a nuanced approach to diagnosis.

• #227 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What is it?

  https://www.powerofpatients.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-what-is-it

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which concussion symptoms prevail and persist for months or years following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (Cognitivefx USA, 2020). […] Common symptoms of PCS include: headaches, vision problems, light sensitivity, sleep disturbances, fatigue, difficulty exercising, brain fog, and nausea. […] Because no concussion or brain injury is alike, symptoms specific to one person may deviate from the norm, making it harder to treat and diagnose. […] Diagnosis is difficult for PCS because symptoms can be vague, commonplace, or attributable to other reasons. […] As of right now, there is no definitive test for PCS. […] PCS is Diagnosed using the following methods: SCAT2, PCSS, Physical Evaluation, Cognitive Evaluation, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, Baseline Testing, fNCI, and Biomarkers. […] A study from 2020 by the National Institutes of Health even confirms that neurofilament light chains as blood biomarkers can detect traumatic brain injury and predict recovery in patients (National Institutes of Health, 2020).

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