Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help.

• #2 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Approximately 90 percent of concussion symptoms are transient, and symptoms typically resolve within 10 to 14 days. However, symptoms may linger for weeks. Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. […] Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer, however, because of biased reporting, these reported numbers can be overestimated with the overall prevalence is much lower. […] A small number of patients can continue with disabling symptoms that persist after several months or a year. On some occasions, these symptoms may be more disabling than they were immediately after the injury.

• #3 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is when recovery from a concussion takes an unusually long time. While most people will eventually recover completely, there are rare cases where the effects are permanent. However, the symptoms are often treatable and most people can minimize the impact of this condition on their lives. […] Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is when you have concussion symptoms that last months or even a year or more after your initial injury. The symptoms can affect you in many ways, including how your body and brain function, as well as how you experience emotions. […] Persistent post-concussion syndrome is when symptoms continue for an extremely long time. The time limit on this varies and often falls to a healthcare provider’s judgment. Providers commonly use this diagnosis when symptoms last longer than three months, six months or even a year after an injury.

• #4 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] Each person with prolonged symptoms will have their own unique cluster of symptoms.

• #5 Persisting symptoms after concussion: Time for a paradigm shift

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10087676/

  The term postconcussion syndrome (PCS) has long been used to refer to symptoms occurring after the acute phase of concussion. […] Persisting symptoms after concussion are characterized by the following: Symptoms are not improving or are worsening in number and/or severity over days to weeks after injury. […] Symptoms cause distress or disability more days than not. […] Symptoms interfere with partial or full return to typical activities such as school, work, sport, and/or social roles. […] When symptoms do not subside, undiagnosed issues or secondary factors that exacerbate concussion symptoms are likely at play. […] We do not define persisting symptoms as those that are present beyond a specific time point, but rather by a recovery trajectory marked by symptoms that are not improving or are worsening in number and/or severity over days to weeks after injury.

• #6 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://neurosymptoms.org/en/symptoms/common-associated-symptoms/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome/ Post -Traumatic Syndrome is a description given to a cluster of physical and cognitive symptoms that sometimes occurs after minor head injury. These include dizziness, poor memory and concentration, headache, fatigue, sleep disturbance, light sensitivity, tinnitus, neck pain, and irritability. […] In post-concussion syndrome symptoms persist longer than would be expected from the nature of the injury. They often get WORSE over time whereas symptoms directly related to a head injury are worst at the beginning and slowly improve. […] If it was a minor brain injury, by the time 8-12 weeks have gone by its very unlikely that any of the symptoms that are left are still caused by brain damage. Instead they arise because of abnormal nervous system and brain functioning. In other words they are functional neurological symptoms.

• #7 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.” […] However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%, meaning that the majority of the symptoms go away within a year of the injury.” […] „Treatment of PCS typically focuses on relieving the individual symptoms, as the underlying cause of PCS isn’t known and therefore can’t be addressed as a condition, like giving an antibiotic for pneumonia, for example.” […] PCS can be extremely disruptive to a patient’s life. In addition to having to constantly manage concussion symptoms, which can intensify with normal activity, long-term PCS patients often have to restructure their lives to avoid activities and situations that cause symptoms to worsen.

• #8 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/de/mayo-health-library/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health.

• #9 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Studies estimate that about 15% of people with a concussion will also experience PCS. However, researchers also have strong reason to believe that’s an underestimation. […] Post-concussion symptoms themselves are usually the same as concussion symptoms they just last for much longer. […] The symptoms of a concussion tend to fall into four categories: Physical, Sensory, Mental (focus/concentration changes), Emotional or behavioral changes. […] There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent. […] In general, the outlook for PCS is good. Most people with PCS eventually recover and their symptoms stop. How long this takes can vary. Some people fully recover within weeks or months. For others, it may take a year or longer. […] Unfortunately, some people may have permanent effects from PCS. In these cases, managing the symptoms might be possible.

• #10 Post-concussion syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326227

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which the symptoms of concussion or a head injury last long after the initial injury. […] PCS can last for months or even years, but the symptoms do not worsen. PCS improves over time, and, in most cases, people recover from it. […] Long term effects from a concussion are not common. After getting a concussion, the majority of people recover from the initial symptoms within 2 weeks to a month. However, approximately 20% of people will experience PCS and have symptoms that last for longer than 6 weeks. […] According to some sources, concussion symptoms that affect three or more domains which include emotional changes and cognitive impairment for more than 1 or 2 months are indicative of PCS. […] PCS can cause an increased risk of depression. If someone has a preexisting health condition, such as depression or migraine, concussion and PCS may make it worse. […] Post-concussion syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and, in most cases, it goes away completely in time.

• #11 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Most young people who sustain a concussion during active play or sports naturally progress from the injury event through a period of symptom resolution, followed by a return to full normal activities. […] In 10 to 20 percent of individuals, however, concussive symptoms persist for a number of weeks, months, or even years. These individuals may be said to be experiencing post-concussion syndrome (PCS). […] Post-concussion syndrome is the persistence of a constellation of physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms beyond the usual recovery period after a concussion. […] Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness.

• #12 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] The recovery process after an accident is multifaceted, involving physical, emotional, and cognitive healing. PCS can complicate this process, with symptoms persisting for months or even years, affecting daily functioning and quality of life. […] Predicting who will experience PCS is challenging, but research offers insights into individuals who may face a higher risk. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS.

• #12 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) is the persistence of concussion symptoms beyond the normal course of recovery. The majority of concussion symptoms will resolve within one month, but in cases that last longer than a month, doctors may diagnose PCS. […] Patients with PCS can experience concussion-like symptoms at rest or in response to too much cognitive or physical activity, often forcing them to withdraw from their usual physical, social, and professional lives. […] PCS symptoms most often fall into four categories: cognitive, sleep, mood and behavior, and physical. […] Cognitive difficulties primarily encompass memory, attention, and focus issues, which directly impact the ability to complete schoolwork or fulfill work responsibilities effectively.

• #13 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  The absence of established and generally recognised criteria for the spectrum of symptoms, aetiology and duration has led to wide variations in diagnostic testing and inclusion criteria in both clinical practice and research. […] It is likely that post-concussion symptoms represent an individual response to the concussion or the event leading to it, but the reason for some individuals developing long-term and disabling symptoms following a mild head injury is still unclear. […] While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model.

• #14 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Age. Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #15 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/de/mayo-health-library/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Age. Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] Theres no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. Learning about persistent post-concussive symptoms can help ease fears and offer some peace of mind.

• #16 Understanding Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome – Sydney Concussion Centre

  https://sydneyconcussioncentre.com.au/understanding-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Insomnia, disrupted sleep patterns, or excessive sleepiness during the day can occur in individuals with PCS. […] Depression, anxiety, irritability, and mood swings are common psychological symptoms of PCS. […] The exact causes of PCS are not fully understood, but several factors may contribute to its development. […] Individuals who experience more severe concussions may be at a higher risk of developing PCS. […] Sustaining multiple concussions over a short period may increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] Individuals with a history of migraines, depression, anxiety, neurodevelopmental/behavioral disorders, or other neurological disorders may be more susceptible to PCS. […] Managing PCS requires a comprehensive approach tailored to the individuals specific symptoms and needs. […] Practitioners at Sydney Concussion Centre understand the frustration of long-standing concussion symptoms.

• #17 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  However, some research shows that certain factors are more common in people who develop persistent post-concussive symptoms compared with those who don’t. These factors include a history of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, significant life stressors, a poor social support system and lack of coping skills. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Age. Studies have found increasing age to be a risk factor for persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] The only known way to prevent the development of persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid the head injury in the first place. […] There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms often improve after the affected person learns that there is a cause for his or her symptoms and that the symptoms will likely improve with time.

• #17 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] In most people, symptoms occur within the first seven to 10 days and go away within three months. Sometimes, they can persist for a year or more. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Headaches, Dizziness, Fatigue, Irritability, Anxiety, Insomnia, Loss of concentration and memory, Ringing in the ears, Blurry vision, Noise and light sensitivity, Rarely, decreases in taste and smell. […] Some experts believe persistent post-concussive symptoms are caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of the messaging system within the nerves, caused by the impact that caused the concussion.

• #18 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. […] PPCS is a condition where a child, adolescent or adult continues to experience concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms for more than 4 weeks. […] It is not clear how many people suffer from PPCS after concussion, though some research indicates that it could be as high as 53%. […] Risk factors that may contribute to a person experiencing PPCS include: […] People with a history of mental health disorders have been found to be more likely to experience PPCS.

• #19 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  Symptoms of a postconcussion syndrome can be subjective or objective and are often vague and non-specific. It is common to cluster or organize complaints into the categories of sleep-related (insomnia), cognitive (memory loss, poor concentration and problem solving), emotional (depressed mood, irritability, anxiety) and physical (headache, dizziness, exercise intolerance, fatigue, noise and light sensitivity) (Harmon, 2013). […] Conclusion. In summary, there has been a shift over the past two years to change the terminology regarding prolonged symptoms following a concussion. Both the Berlin consensus statement and most recent AMSSM position paper encourage using “persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS).”

• #20 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Sleep problems ranging from excessive sleepiness to insomnia are common in PCS patients. In some cases, individuals may find they are sleeping too much, leading to lethargy and fatigue throughout the day. […] Mood and behavior changes can be wide-ranging. It’s quite common to experience increased irritability after a concussion, and with PCS, many can also experience anxiety and depression. Personality changes or a general feeling of being “off” can also be part of PCS. […] Physical symptoms are the largest category of persistent post-concussion symptoms. The most common are headache, neck pain, dizziness, and sensitivity to light and noise. […] While not everyone who experiences a concussion will develop PCS, it’s important to monitor symptoms following a concussion and seek medical attention if they persist beyond one month.

• #21 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatments, Tests, Recovery, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is a condition that is typically associated with a head injury. […] In general terms, post-concussion syndrome, or PCS, is a medical problem that persists for a period of time after a head injury has occurred. This period of time can range from weeks to months. […] Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are often vague and non-specific. […] Commonly reported symptoms include: Headache, Dizziness, Sleep problems, Psychological symptoms such as depressed mood, irritability, and anxiety, Cognitive problems involving memory, concentration, and thinking. […] Such symptoms can affect day-to-day life, and inhibit the ability to perform in situations like work. […] Patients need to be reassured that symptoms are often worse in the first week or two after the injury, but typically improve over a few weeks and resolve within a few months.

• #22 What is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Barrow Neurological InstituteGroup 9second opinionGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome is a disorder in which some symptoms, such as headache and dizziness, persist for weeks or months following a concussion. […] The most prominent symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are headaches and dizziness. Post-concussion headaches may feel like tension headaches or migraines. […] Post-concussion syndrome symptoms may be compounded by other disorders, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. […] Approximately 15 percent of people with a concussion may go on to develop post-concussion syndrome. […] Anyone who has had a concussion can experience post-concussion syndrome.

• #23 Post Concussion Syndrome | Long-Term Concussive Symptoms, Effects, Treatment

  https://www.braininjurylawofseattle.com/post-concussion-symptoms/

  Post-concussive syndrome, also known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), occurs when symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury, like a concussion, persist longer than expected after an injury. […] PCS can cause symptoms that last for weeks, months, or, in some cases, even years after the initial injury. […] The signs and symptoms of post-concussive syndrome can be wide-ranging. […] Prolonged symptoms that occur as a result of having a concussion can have a significant impact on ones health. […] One of the most common symptoms of post-concussive syndrome is persistent or recurrent headaches. […] If youve been diagnosed with PCS or believe you may have it, you may experience dizziness, nausea, vertigo, or balance problems. […] PCS can affect cognitive function, leading to short-term memory loss, the inability to concentrate, and slowed processing speed.

• #24 Post Concussion Syndrome | Long-Term Concussive Symptoms, Effects, Treatment

  https://www.braininjurylawofseattle.com/post-concussion-symptoms/

  Many people suffering from post-concussive syndrome experience significant fatigue, even after adequate rest. […] In addition to the above symptoms, some individuals experience sensitivities to light, noise, and other stimuli. […] Changes in mood such as irritability, mood swings, anxiety, and depression. […] Individuals with PCS might experience changes in their sleep patterns, including difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or feeling rested. […] Concussions can have long-term physical, cognitive, and emotional effects. […] One may experience persistent brain fog, headaches, and depression that may last for months or even years after the incident. […] Post Concussion Syndrome (PCS) can get better with the right treatments and time. […] Setting expectations for recovery is important; the Concussion Legacy Foundation reminds us that you may need to try multiple therapies before finding one that works for you. […] The post-concussive syndrome can have a significant impact on an individuals life. […] It’s important to understand the signs and symptoms of PCS, and it is equally essential to seek treatment if you or a loved one has experienced a traumatic brain injury.

• #25 Post Concussion Syndrome – Florida Surgery Consultants

  https://floridasurgeryconsultants.com/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome (also referred to as persistent post-concussive symptoms) can be defined as the condition whereby concussion symptoms persist beyond the normal expected recovery period after a head injury. […] When a concussions symptoms last weeks or months, it may indicate the person is suffering from post-concussion syndrome. […] A person with PCS can experience concussion-like symptoms at any time whether at rest or after some type of physical or cognitive activity. Ongoing and persistent symptoms will often prevent a person from engaging in their physical, professional, and social activities. […] The most common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are: headache, nausea, dizziness, and sleeping problems. […] However, why some people develop PCS and others do not is still unknown. Further research is required to better understand how and why post-concussion symptoms persist after some injuries and not others.

• #26 Postconcussion Syndrome

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ER/Neuro/PstcncsnSyndrm.htm

  Persistent Concussion-related symptoms beyond 3 months and beyond resolution of initial Concussion […] Postconcussion Syndrome is a subjective term with symptoms that may be altered by Secondary Gain and other external factors […] Some estimates are as high as postconcussive syndrome in 38-80% of Concussions […] Common Symptoms: Headache (most common), Dizziness […] Cognitive Symptoms: Impaired attention and memory, Difficult Executive Function (e.g. organization, planning, reasoning) […] Behavioral Symptoms: Irritability, Altered mood, Insomnia, Fatigue […] Exacerbating Factors: Physical Activity (most common), Cognitive activity […] Chronic Headaches after Concussion (esp. severe or progressive Headache without prior head imaging) […] Persistent Dizziness after Concussion […] Persistent neurologic or behavioral changes […] Activity provoked symptoms […] Prolonged course risk factors […] No sports participation until initial Concussion symptoms resolve […] Consider if persistent symptoms 4 weeks after injury.

• #27 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Though there is no specific treatment for PCS, symptoms can be improved with medications and physical and behavioral therapy. Education about symptoms and details about expectation of recovery are important. The majority of PCS cases resolve after a period of time. […] Persisting symptoms after concussion are usually defined as symptoms lasting more than 4 weeks after the initial injury. […] Psychological conditions, which are present in about half of people with PCS, may include irritability, anxiety, depression, and a change in personality. […] Common symptoms associated with a diagnosis of PCS are related to cognition, attention, and memory, especially short-term memory, which can also worsen other problems such as forgetting appointments or difficulties at work. […] The majority of experts believe that PCS results from a mix of factors, including preexisting psychological factors and those directly relating to the physical injury.

• #28 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. In general, PCS symptoms tend to stay the same or get worse over time until they are properly treated. […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. Some studies even go as far to state that PCS may be permanent if recovery has not occurred by 3 years. […] On average, our patients report a 60% improvement in their symptoms in one week. […] If you are experiencing post-concussion symptoms that have not resolved on their own, you are not alone. Other patients have gone before you and found real relief from their suffering.

• #29 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  The prognosis for PCS is generally considered positive, with total resolution of symptoms in many, but not all, cases. For 50% of people, post-concussion symptoms go away within a few days to several weeks after the original injury occurs. In others, symptoms may remain for three to six months, but evidence indicates that many cases are completely resolved within six months. Persistent, often severe headaches are the longest lingering symptom in most cases and are the most likely symptom to never fully resolve.

• #30 Post Concussion Syndrome – Florida Surgery Consultants

  https://floridasurgeryconsultants.com/post-concussion-syndrome/

  No single treatment exists for PCS and every person is unique. […] Recovery time for those diagnosed with PCS will be unique to each individual. […] Sometimes patients begin to feel better right away and can resume their everyday routine without difficulty. Others may need weeks or many months to transition back to their previous lifestyle.

• #31 Post Concussion Syndrome: Ten reasons why symptoms persist — Rethink Speech Therapy

  https://www.rethinkspeechtherapy.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-ten-reasons-why-symptoms-persist

  Post concussion syndrome (PCS) is a complex disorder characterized by persistent physical, cognitive, visual, sleep, and/or emotional symptoms. […] PCS may be diagnosed when symptoms persist for weeks or more after the initial injury. […] Persistent cognitive symptoms are really frustrating. Brain fog, trouble focusing, and disorganization all take their toll. […] If you or someone you know is frustrated by persistent changes in thinking skills after a concussion, consider these reasons why symptoms persist: […] It does take time for the brain to heal. Underlying health conditions, how many skills/systems were impacted, how soon you started treatment, etc. all may impact recovery speed. […] Many people are surprised by how many factors impact thinking skills. This may seem overwhelming, but it should also give you hope. If you feel stuck moving forward with cognitive recovery, consider if one of these ten factors may be impacting your recovery.

• #32 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) happens when recovering from a concussion takes an unusually long time. You might experience symptoms for much longer than usual (four months, a year or even longer) after the original injury. […] Repeated concussions may also increase your risk of other health conditions, including: Depression or other mental health conditions. […] Concussions usually last a few weeks, up to a month. But everyone’s bodies respond to concussions differently. Some people naturally heal faster, and others take more time. This usually doesn’t mean you’re more or less likely to experience complications. […] Don’t rush your recovery the best thing for your brain is to give it all the time it naturally needs to heal itself.

• #33 APA | 5 facts about persistent post-concussion symptoms

  https://australian.physio/inmotion/5-facts-about-persistent-post-concussion-symptoms

  Persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) are symptoms that continue at least four weeks after concussion. […] Symptoms include headache, dizziness, fatigue, memory problems, poor concentration, sleep disturbance, visual disturbance and mood changes such as depression, anxiety, irritability, stress and frustration. […] If left untreated, these impairments can have a significant impact on quality of life, including academic performance at school, employment and sporting performance. […] They may also lead to increased injury risk (including further concussion) and serious mental health issues. […] It is important for clients and their families to understand that persistent symptoms doesn’t mean long-term symptoms. […] They are usually temporary and treatable. […] With assessment and management from a multidisciplinary team including physiotherapists, most patients make a good recovery and the majority of children and adolescents return to school by 10 days without academic supports. […] Early identification and management of vestibulo-oculomotor dysfunction has been shown to reduce the recovery time from concussion and to prevent the persistence of symptoms.

• #34 146| Persistent Symptoms After Concussion – A Conversation with Dr. Noah Silverberg · Navigating Neuropsychology

  https://www.navneuro.com/146/

  This episode is a conversation with Dr. Noah Silverberg about persisting symptoms following concussion. The discussion covers prevalence of persistent postconcussive symptoms, risk factors for persisting symptoms, the importance of mental health symptoms and psychological constructs, the relationship between TBI and functional cognitive disorder, assessment, and treatment. […] Dr. Silverberg is interested in psychosocial determinants of health in neurological disorders, particularly concussion and traumatic brain injury. His research program aims to better understand the psychological mechanisms (e.g., maladaptive thinking and coping styles) that perpetuate symptoms after concussion and related health conditions. […] The importance of screening for functional neurological disorders in patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] Factors perpetuating functional cognitive symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury. […] Advances in Clinical Management of Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms—the Danish National Clinical Guideline.

• #35 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts.

• #36 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://neurosymptoms.org/en/symptoms/common-associated-symptoms/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The evidence suggests that there is a post-traumatic syndrome in which people develop predominantly functional, and of course genuine, symptoms. Its further evidence that brain damage which is what people are understandably normally worried about is not the cause of the problem. […] Most of the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome can be approached as functional symptoms occurring without a knock to the head.

• #37 Your Guide to Navigating Delayed Concussion Symptoms | Aviv

  https://aviv-clinics.com/blog/brain-health/delayed-concussion-symptoms-why-they-happen-and-what-you-can-do/

  The evolution of concussion symptoms over time emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring and seeking adequate treatment. […] PCS symptoms can last anywhere from weeks to years. […] According to Aviv Clinics team of certified physicians, usually, after three months, PCS turns into persistent PCS. […] And after a year, symptoms of post-concussion syndrome can turn chronic. […] If you feel anything is off, we recommend reaching out to the experienced team of physicians at Aviv Clinics. […] Diagnosing post-concussion syndrome involves a comprehensive assessment that examines multiple factors to get a clear picture of the patient’s experience. […] Post-concussion syndrome is often a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning we must rule out other potential causes of PCS symptoms. […] The good news is various treatments are available to help mitigate your PCS symptoms.

• #38 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] Persistent symptoms can really impact well-being. They can affect multiple parts of an individuals life, says Priyanca Shah, DO, MBA, a Mass General Brigham brain injury specialist. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] Post-concussive syndrome isnt well understood, and researchers dont know why it affects some people but not others. […] People do recover. Concussions arent a permanent brain injury, and they do resolve over time. […] People do recover. Concussions arent a permanent brain injury, and they do resolve over time, Dr. Shah says.

• #39 A Complete Guide To Post Concussive Syndrome

  https://www.sierracare.com/post-concussive-syndrome/

  No two people with post-concussive syndrome will experience the same symptoms. These symptoms may also change over time but generally improve in the days following the concussion. New or worsening symptoms days after a concussion are a reason to follow up with your doctor for a repeat examination or additional testing. […] Most patients experience rapid recovery with an improvement of symptoms in days and full recovery in weeks. Some patients have a much longer course of recovery, with weeks to months of debilitating and disabling symptoms. […] Most people suffering from post-concussive syndrome have a significant improvement in their symptoms within 7–10 days. A small number of patients can experience symptoms for months to years. While chronic post-concussive syndrome is rare, it can lead to significant lifelong disability.

• #40 Recurring Concussion Symptoms: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/recurring-concussion-symptoms

  The brain has an innate ability to recover from injuries like concussions. This process is called neuroplasticity, and it refers to the brain’s ability to change, reorganize, or even grow new neural networks in response to stimuli. […] On average, our patients’ symptoms improve by 60% after just one week of treatment at our center specializing in the long-term symptoms of head injury. […] Treating patients with post-concussion syndrome is challenging. At the moment, there is no medicine clinically proven to treat PCS. […] Most patients are with us for one to two weeks of intense therapy. […] Recovery isn’t linear. All patients, even those who recover faster than usual, have good days and bad days. […] The brain never loses the ability to adapt to changes, especially if given the right stimulus.

• #41 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Aside from their duration, the symptoms experienced by individuals with prolonged recovery or PCS are the same as those experienced in the acute phase of the injury (e.g., physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep), and the same symptom scales and checklists are used to assess and monitor individuals with persistent symptoms. […] Evaluation of PCS symptoms poses a number of challenges. […] The interrelationship among PCS symptoms poses another challenge for evaluating the condition. […] There are few interventions available for addressing prolonged recovery or PCS following concussion. […] There is some evidence that noncontact aerobic exercise may play a role in the rehabilitation of individuals experiencing a prolonged recovery or PCS. […] The literature reports various interventions for the management of persistent symptoms of concussion and PCS, although the data to support the efficacy of these interventions in individuals, especially children and adolescents, with sports-related concussions are limited.

• #42 Post concussion syndrome (PCS) | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Most people recover fully from PCS, after around three months of effective treatment. However, recovery can take months or years, depending on the number and severity of a persons symptoms. Research indicates that the fewer symptoms of PCS a person presents with, the shorter their total recovery time is likely to be. […] Persistent PCS is post-concussion syndrome which does not get better fully with treatment, after one year or more. Always follow medical advice fully in order to maximise the likelihood of making a full recovery from PCS. […] Stress, overuse of certain parts of the brain and physical activities which risk further impact to the head are all considered to aggravate the risk of persistent PCS and slow down a persons recovery.

• #43 Coping with PCS | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/coping-with-pcs/

  Environmental stimulation, such as sensitivity to light and noise, often increases PCS symptoms. Using tools like earplugs, hats, sunglasses, or screen filters to reduce that stimulation can help you make it through the day without your symptoms spiking too high. […] Resting after a concussion and throughout your PCS recovery is key. It gives your brain a chance to heal and can help alleviate symptoms of concussion in the moment. […] Maintaining a positive and hopeful mindset can make all the difference throughout your recovery. It can be hard to cling to hope when the pain of your symptoms is overwhelming, but we want you to remember that help is available and you are not alone. […] PCS may not go away immediately, but it almost always will with time.

• #44

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/the-long-lasting-effects-of-concussion

  One in 10 people with concussion may experience persistent symptoms for months or even years. […] When symptoms persist beyond three months, the person may be diagnosed as having persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] Formerly known as post-concussion syndrome, persistent post-concussion symptoms occur in around 10% of those who have experienced a concussion. […] As with concussion, persistent post-concussion symptoms vary among individuals but may include headaches, balance problems, light or noise sensitivity, anxiety and depression. […] We still dont know why some peoples symptoms persist for many months, sometimes even years. […] Fatigue, both mental and physical, is common in people with persistent post-concussion symptoms, but is often overlooked, despite it significantly impacting on quality of life.

• #45 Post Concussion Syndrome Years Later | Living with PCS

  https://www.brain-injury-law-center.com/blog/life-with-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome can also lead to financial strain due to medical expenses, lost wages from missed work, and potential long-term disability. […] Although post-concussion syndrome can be challenging to manage and may significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, there is generally hope for improvement with appropriate treatment and support. […] The field of concussion management and post-concussion syndrome treatment is continually evolving. […] Many treatments focus on managing specific symptoms commonly associated with post-concussion syndrome, such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties. […] If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of post-concussion syndrome, it is important to seek treatment from healthcare professionals experienced in managing traumatic brain injuries. […] By addressing symptoms, promoting healing, restoring function, and providing support, these treatments can help individuals with post-concussion syndrome navigate the challenges of recovery and improve their quality of life.

• #46 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  It is important to note the potential effects of prolonged recovery from concussion on the injured persons family as well. […] It is important for individuals with a concussion to receive care from providers knowledgeable about concussions, and a number of state concussion laws require that high school athletes with a concussion be cleared to return to play by providers knowledgeable in concussion diagnosis and management. […] Typically youth athletes recover from a concussion within 2 weeks of the injury, but in 10 to 20 percent of cases the symptoms of concussion persist for a number of weeks, months, or even years. […] Short-term predictors of prolonged recovery and PCS vary across studies but appear to include older age (adolescent versus child), high initial symptom load, initial presenting symptoms of amnesia and loss of consciousness, and some evidence to support premorbid conditions as contributing to symptom persistence (e.g., previous concussion, learning difficulties, psychiatric difficulties). […] There currently are no data to evaluate the relationship between concussion history and risk of suicide in young athletes because existing post-concussion symptoms inventories do not assess suicidal ideation.

• #47 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  Many patients referred with persistent post-concussion symptoms report feeling alone and being unsure of how to deal with the symptoms. […] Concussion usually has a good prognosis, but 10-15% of patients have persistent symptoms consistent with post-concussion symptoms. The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system.

• #48 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] The symptoms of PCS can be physical, psychological or cognitive (affecting your ability to think). You may have more than one type of symptom at a time, but are unlikely to have them all. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury). […] Theres no specific treatment that cures PCS. But there are a lot of strategies that can help. For most patients the symptoms gradually improve over time. […] You may be prescribed antidepressants or anti-migraine medication. This doesn’t mean your healthcare professional thinks you’re depressed or experiencing migraines. These medicines work by reducing abnormal nerve activity in the brain. This means they can help with the physical symptoms of PCS.

• #49 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) […] No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] Time may be the best therapy for memory and thinking problems after mild traumatic brain injury. […] Most of these symptoms go away on their own in the weeks to months after the injury, but using a notebook or visual cues may help you manage these symptoms as your brain heals. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. […] If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include: […] Symptoms causes […] Diagnosis treatment […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

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