Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Age. Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #2 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. […] Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Treatment of PCS is individualized to each patient and the patient’s particular complaints. Simple reassurance is often the major treatment. It is important to note that most patients will improve within three months. […] In the absence of specific treatments to be provided for each patient, clinicians can adopt a symptomatic approach.

• #3 Post Concussion Syndrome Program | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/services/trihealth-orthopedic-and-sports-care/services/sports-medicine/concussion-program/post-concussion-syndrome-program

  Post-concussive syndrome is a complex disorder where symptoms of a concussion can last months to years after the original injury. There is no correlation between the severity of the concussion and the risk of developing post-concussive syndrome. To be diagnosed, a patient must have symptoms of the concussion for more than 3 months after the initial injury. Most concussion symptoms will resolve in 7-10 days to 3 months. […] It is important to see a medical expert such as a member of the TriHealth Concussion Program team to determine the diagnosis and have appropriate treatment. It is important that a concussion specialist also treats underlying medical issues such as mental health issues, chronic headache disorders, neurological issues, or musculoskeletal injuries that can cause headaches. Treatment for post-concussion syndrome typically requires a multi-disciplinary approach including physicians, physical therapists, vestibular therapist, occupational therapist, psychology, and neuropsychology.

• #4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185342/

  Most young people who sustain a concussion during active play or sports naturally progress from the injury event through a period of symptom resolution, followed by a return to full normal activities. […] In 10 to 20 percent of individuals, however, concussive symptoms persist for a number of weeks, months, or even years. These individuals may be said to be experiencing post-concussion syndrome (PCS). This chapter reviews the diagnostic definitions of PCS, potential early predictors of prolonged recovery, and the symptomatology and management of individuals with prolonged recovery or PCS. […] Post-concussion syndrome is the persistence of a constellation of physical, cognitive, emotional, and sleep symptoms beyond the usual recovery period after a concussion. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness.

• #5 Post-concussion syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326227

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which the symptoms of concussion or a head injury last long after the initial injury. […] PCS can last for months or even years, but the symptoms do not worsen. PCS improves over time, and, in most cases, people recover from it. […] Treatment for PCS focuses on providing symptom relief to help a person manage the condition. Rest is one of the most important components of PCS treatment as it allows the brain to recover and heal from a concussion. […] People can try a range of different therapies that may help their recovery from PCS. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help people who have mood-related PCS symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, or mood swings. […] Post-concussion syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and, in most cases, it goes away completely in time.

• #6 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is when recovery from a concussion takes an unusually long time. While most people will eventually recover completely, there are rare cases where the effects are permanent. However, the symptoms are often treatable and most people can minimize the impact of this condition on their lives. […] Persistent post-concussion syndrome is when symptoms continue for an extremely long time. The time limit on this varies and often falls to a healthcare provider’s judgment. Providers commonly use this diagnosis when symptoms last longer than three months, six months or even a year after an injury. […] Concussions and PCS aren’t considered curable, but there are treatment plans to allow for recovery. This means there’s usually no direct treatment or cure for PCS either. […] For most people, your brain simply needs time to recover. That means paying attention to your symptoms to pace yourself and taking breaks when symptoms get worse. There are also some treatments that may help your symptoms and improve your recovery.

• #7

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zp4105

  Post-concussion syndrome occurs after a blow to the head or body. Common symptoms are changes in the ability to concentrate, think, remember, or solve problems. Symptoms, which may include headaches, personality changes, and dizziness, may be related to stress from the events that caused the injury. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Rest is the best treatment for post-concussion syndrome. […] Talk to your doctor about counselling. It may help you deal with stress from your injury. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected. Your symptoms, such as headaches, trouble concentrating, or changes in mood, get worse.

• #8 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Historically, healthcare providers told patients with concussion symptoms due to mild traumatic brain injury to rest, rest, rest. […] The research on concussions and post-concussion syndrome is evolving at an exponential rate, and we realize that not only does prolonged mental rest not work, but it can also make your post-concussion symptoms worse. […] If you have fallen victim to this, you don’t need more rest; you need a second opinion. […] So, although you may have been told to rest at the emergency room, if it’s been more than ten days of symptoms, it’s time to switch it up and start finding better concussion-supportive therapy before your symptoms worsen. […] In this article, we are exploring the best concussion therapies to treat your mild traumatic brain injury – especially those suffering from persistent symptoms.

• #9 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  A good concussion specialist will look at all the reasons why persistent concussion symptoms occur and take into account your previous concussion history, your physical cognitive symptoms, your vestibular system, mood changes, and mental health disorders, and implement a concussion treatment plan that should include the following elements as part of their post-concussion treatment 5 step program: Exercise Therapy, Manual Therapy Neck Injury Rehab, Diet Nutritional Changes, Vision Therapy Vestibular Therapy, Education. […] The solution for this problem goes against conventional thought: exercise! […] More recent evidence suggests that exercise helps speed recovery after a concussion—as early as within the same week of the injury! […] If you are still having post-concussion symptoms, even if you don’t have neck pain, you may be suffering from symptoms that are coming from your neck, which are easily treated with physical therapy consisting of manual therapy and rehabilitative exercises.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Up to 30% of youth with concussion experience persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) impacting cognitive, social, mental, and physical health. Limited evidence-based therapies exist to treat PPCS. After 4 weeks of treatment with an auricular percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS) device, she had near-complete resolution of her symptoms, allowing a return to her previous level of academic achievement, as well as physical activity. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of neuromodulation, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can benefit patients with post-concussive symptoms. […] The management of PPCS focuses on alleviating symptoms through the use of medications, behavioral and physical interventions and therapies, and lifestyle modifications. The most recent consensus guidelines encourage an initial 24-48-h period of symptom-limited cognitive and physical rest followed by an individualized gradual return to activity, with evidence to suggest that incorporating sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise may lead to reduced symptom burden and a faster recovery. Emerging research also supports targeted therapeutic interventions based on symptoms, such as headache, cognitive and sleep difficulties, vestibulo-ocular dysfunction, and mood disturbance for some patients.

• #11 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  In post-concussion syndrome (PCS), a patient with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) experiences persistent symptoms from the injury. If left untreated, the symptoms might last months, years, or even decades after the event. […] The truth is that most patients can make significant progress under the supervision of experienced physicians and therapists. […] The key to recovery is an active approach to recovery rather than waiting it out or trying to mitigate a few symptoms with medication (which doesn’t address the underlying issue). […] Help is available. Peer-reviewed research shows that 77% of patients treated at Cognitive FX experienced significant improvement in their post-concussion symptoms. […] The four most common causes of persistent post-concussion symptoms are neurovascular coupling dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, vestibular dysfunction, and vision problems after the head injury. Knowing when and how these causes lead to symptoms is an important part of forming a good PCS treatment plan.

• #12 Postconcussion Syndrome Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828904-treatment

  No specific care is required in the emergency department (ED). Patients with the symptom constellation consistent with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) require thorough physical and neurologic examinations. Supportive care may include the use of nonnarcotic analgesics and antiemetics. At present, however, there appear to be no medications given at discharge that can prevent or hasten the resolution of PCS. Several drugs are under investigation, but none have been proved to be clinically useful. […] Providing patients with an explanation of symptoms as well as expectations may decrease the severity and duration of postconcussion symptoms. […] Outpatient care is the cornerstone of treatment of patients with PCS and involves multidisciplinary teams that provide testing and treatment, including cognitive rehabilitation, psychotherapy, stress management, vocational counseling, and symptomatic pharmacologic therapy.

• #13 Emerging Concussion Treatment Options- Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/emerging-treatment-options-for-concussion/

  However, it is becoming more common to prescribe sub-symptom exercise after 24 to 72 hours, depending on the athlete or patient. […] Prolonged strict physical inactivity can lead to further development of secondary symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and fatigue. […] Osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine (OCMM) is a non-pharmacologic method that has recently been evaluated as a potential alternative treatment. […] Approximately 71 % of the participants who completed the two treatment sessions of OCMM showed improvements in their post-concussive symptoms with no adverse effects in one small study. […] Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been researched as a treatment method for PCCS. […] Currently, there are no established guidelines for pharmaceutical therapy in the treatment of PCS and mTBI symptoms.

• #14 Post concussion syndrome – South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/resources/post-concussion-syndrome/

  It is therefore advised that you avoid sports or situations where it is possible you could sustain another head injury. Second Impact Syndrome (although rare) can be very serious. […] If needed, painkiller options include the following: Paracetamol is usually recommended for painful sprains or strains. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and may also limit inflammation and swelling. […] If this does not help, you may need an additional stronger painkiller – such as codeine – you should discuss this with your pharmacist or GP.

• #15 Emerging Concussion Treatment Options- Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/emerging-treatment-options-for-concussion/

  One recent study was performed using fluoxetine for treatment of PPCS. […] Amantadine is a medication that has been researched specifically for headaches in PCS. […] Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). […] A recent randomized trial with 72 children showed improved sleep efficacy and improved depressive symptoms with 10 mg at night without any significant side effects noted. […] Due to the resemblance of post traumatic headaches to migraines and the lack of evidence-based PTH treatment options, patients are often prescribed migraine treatments, such as triptans. […] Similarly, individuals may go on to develop a migraine disorder following a concussion. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of mTBIs and the lack of evidence-based treatments is a growing public health concern.

• #16 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] The goal of treatment after concussion is to effectively manage your symptoms. […] There is no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your doctor will treat the individual symptoms you’re experiencing. The types of symptoms and their frequency are different for everyone. […] Medications commonly used for migraines or tension-type headaches, including some antidepressants, antihypertensive agents and anti-epileptic agents, appear to be effective for post-concussion types of headaches.

• #17 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] Medicines that are often used for migraines or tension-type headaches may help. These may include medicines for treating depression, high blood pressure and seizures.

• #18 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  People with concussions or PCS often experience light and noise sensitivity. That can cause them to feel overwhelmed in bright, loud or crowded environments. […] Certain types of rehabilitation or therapy can also help restore your sensory abilities. Vestibular physical therapy, vision therapy and other approaches may also work to bring these systems back to balance and make your symptoms better. […] Talking to a behavioral specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist trained in concussion, can help. They can help you learn to manage these feelings. Your provider can also prescribe medications to help improve how you experience feelings of anxiety, stress, anger or depression. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms. Your healthcare provider can tell you what treatments they recommend and why.

• #19 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a collection of physical, emotional, cognitive (thinking-related), and behavioral symptoms that persist for several weeks to months after sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (concussion). […] Once diagnosed, treatment is focused on managing symptoms. This is done through various interventions like early education, rest, cognitive behavioral therapy, and/or taking one or more medications. […] The treatment of PCS focuses on managing a patients symptoms. […] PCS therapies that your doctor may suggest and tailor to your individual care include: Reassurance: Early education about the symptoms and providing support, comfort, and assurance that your symptoms will resolve; Cognitive rest: Limiting activities that require a high brain metabolic demand like attending crowded events or social gatherings where there is a lot of visual/hearing stimuli; Physical rest: Avoiding activities that put you at risk for a repeated concussion or that worsen your current symptoms; Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Therapy to help reduce stress and manage symptoms like anxiety, depression, and insomnia; Vestibular rehabilitation: Exercises to help manage dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance; Medications: Drugs that target a specific symptom like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression/anxiety or melatonin for sleep disturbances; Graded exercise program: Introducing aerobic exercise training in stages to help improve cerebral blood flow after a concussion; Vitamins: Research suggests that some vitamins, like Coenzyme Q10, may also be beneficial. […] Most patients with PCS recover by three months although, for others, the symptoms may persist for a year or longer (called persistent PCS). In some cases, symptoms can be permanent. […] Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms through education, psychological therapy, or medications.

• #20 Emerging Concussion Treatment Options- Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/emerging-treatment-options-for-concussion/

  One recent study was performed using fluoxetine for treatment of PPCS. […] Amantadine is a medication that has been researched specifically for headaches in PCS. […] Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). […] A recent randomized trial with 72 children showed improved sleep efficacy and improved depressive symptoms with 10 mg at night without any significant side effects noted. […] Due to the resemblance of post traumatic headaches to migraines and the lack of evidence-based PTH treatment options, patients are often prescribed migraine treatments, such as triptans. […] Similarly, individuals may go on to develop a migraine disorder following a concussion. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of mTBIs and the lack of evidence-based treatments is a growing public health concern.

• #21 Emerging Concussion Treatment Options- Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/emerging-treatment-options-for-concussion/

  One recent study was performed using fluoxetine for treatment of PPCS. […] Amantadine is a medication that has been researched specifically for headaches in PCS. […] Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in children with persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). […] A recent randomized trial with 72 children showed improved sleep efficacy and improved depressive symptoms with 10 mg at night without any significant side effects noted. […] Due to the resemblance of post traumatic headaches to migraines and the lack of evidence-based PTH treatment options, patients are often prescribed migraine treatments, such as triptans. […] Similarly, individuals may go on to develop a migraine disorder following a concussion. […] In conclusion, the prevalence of mTBIs and the lack of evidence-based treatments is a growing public health concern.

• #22 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  If you are diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome, what should you do next? The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome involves physical exercise and therapy from multiple disciplines. […] At our post-concussion treatment clinic, we use a combination of exercise and multidisciplinary therapy. […] An example of a common exercise during EPIC Treatment. […] Medications often come with side effects and/or long-term consequences, especially for brain-injured patients. […] There are a few natural remedies we have seen our patients taking that you may find helpful as well. […] Sometimes, clinicians and researchers use the phrase persistent post-concussion syndrome to describe what patients experience when their post-concussion symptoms aren’t going away. […] Most treatment programs don’t take these differences into account, in part because they often don’t have the ability to determine precisely how and where the patient experienced neurotrauma.

• #23 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Concussion | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-concussion

  Physical therapists can evaluate and treat many problems related to concussions. […] Treatment may include: Rest and recovery. Complete rest after a concussion should last for no longer than 48 to 72 hours. […] Your physical therapist will help you regain your strength and endurance when the right time comes without making your concussion symptoms worse. […] A type of physical therapy called vestibular physical therapy may help. […] Your physical therapist will assess the possible causes of your headaches. […] The number one evidence-backed treatment for concussion is early, symptom-guided, and paced progressive exercise. […] Following the recommendations above, including early symptom-guided exercise and pacing strategies, can help keep a concussion from lasting longer than necessary. […] It is imperative to prevent second-impact syndrome after an initial concussion. The injured person should be protected until all symptoms have cleared and normal activity can resume.

• #24 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  First, I make sure Im managing your most bothersome symptoms. We may do this with lifestyle strategies, physical therapy, and possibly medications, Dr. Shah says. […] Dr. Shah recommends a short period of relative rest, physical therapy, and aerobic activity. […] It’s important for your safety and well-being to see a concussion specialist to create a plan for safe return to sports or other activities.

• #25 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation is a specialized, individualized treatment regimen used in the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. It is especially beneficial for those who have visual deficits as a direct result of traumatic brain injuries. […] A Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation treatment plan is designed on an individualized basis to improve specific acquired vision symptoms based on standardized diagnostic criteria. […] Vestibular therapy can be particularly helpful for patients who are suffering from persistent dizziness, vertigo, or balance problems after a concussion. […] Physical therapy can be helpful for patients with certain types of headaches or neck pain (especially cervicogenic PT) and for patients who may have suffered orthopedic injuries or whiplash at the same time as their concussion.

• #26 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Time may be the best therapy for memory and thinking problems after mild traumatic brain injury. Most of these symptoms go away on their own in the weeks to months after the injury, but using a notebook or visual cues may help you manage these symptoms as your brain heals. […] Dizziness and vertigo symptoms can be treated by a physical therapist specifically trained to treat balance symptoms. […] Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. This includes going to bed and waking up on a regular schedule. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. Learning about persistent post-concussive symptoms can help ease fears and offer some peace of mind. If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #27 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  A good concussion specialist will look at all the reasons why persistent concussion symptoms occur and take into account your previous concussion history, your physical cognitive symptoms, your vestibular system, mood changes, and mental health disorders, and implement a concussion treatment plan that should include the following elements as part of their post-concussion treatment 5 step program: Exercise Therapy, Manual Therapy Neck Injury Rehab, Diet Nutritional Changes, Vision Therapy Vestibular Therapy, Education. […] The solution for this problem goes against conventional thought: exercise! […] More recent evidence suggests that exercise helps speed recovery after a concussion—as early as within the same week of the injury! […] If you are still having post-concussion symptoms, even if you don’t have neck pain, you may be suffering from symptoms that are coming from your neck, which are easily treated with physical therapy consisting of manual therapy and rehabilitative exercises.

• #28 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The reasoning behind better classifications for patients so that their doctors can understand their symptoms better is seen in the story given to us by someone looking for answers. […] This story, the research above, gives us a clear indication that post-concussion syndrome can be a very complex, multi-symptom, non-treatment responding problem. For some, the answers to the relief of symptoms may be found in the cervical spine. These treatments are discussed later in this article. […] Persistent post-concussion symptoms – it may not be all in your head, it may be all in your neck. […] Neck treatment can play a valuable role in people’s recovery from post-concussion syndrome that extends beyond local effects on the neck. […] The need for a comprehensive neck assessment should be considered in post-mild traumatic brain injury.

• #29 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  For patients continuing to endorse visual and balance symptoms, the vestibular-ocular motor screening tool may be completed in the outpatient setting. […] Lastly, Zurich guidelines acknowledge that patients with PCS who engage in low-level exercise recover faster. […] In the prevention and treatment of PCS in patients that have suffered mild TBI, patient education is key to a successful recovery.

• #30 Post Concussion Syndrome Program | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/services/trihealth-orthopedic-and-sports-care/services/sports-medicine/concussion-program/post-concussion-syndrome-program

  Post-concussive syndrome is a complex disorder where symptoms of a concussion can last months to years after the original injury. There is no correlation between the severity of the concussion and the risk of developing post-concussive syndrome. To be diagnosed, a patient must have symptoms of the concussion for more than 3 months after the initial injury. Most concussion symptoms will resolve in 7-10 days to 3 months. […] It is important to see a medical expert such as a member of the TriHealth Concussion Program team to determine the diagnosis and have appropriate treatment. It is important that a concussion specialist also treats underlying medical issues such as mental health issues, chronic headache disorders, neurological issues, or musculoskeletal injuries that can cause headaches. Treatment for post-concussion syndrome typically requires a multi-disciplinary approach including physicians, physical therapists, vestibular therapist, occupational therapist, psychology, and neuropsychology.

• #31 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation is a specialized, individualized treatment regimen used in the management of Post-Concussion Syndrome. It is especially beneficial for those who have visual deficits as a direct result of traumatic brain injuries. […] A Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation treatment plan is designed on an individualized basis to improve specific acquired vision symptoms based on standardized diagnostic criteria. […] Vestibular therapy can be particularly helpful for patients who are suffering from persistent dizziness, vertigo, or balance problems after a concussion. […] Physical therapy can be helpful for patients with certain types of headaches or neck pain (especially cervicogenic PT) and for patients who may have suffered orthopedic injuries or whiplash at the same time as their concussion.

• #32 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. […] Some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms may need to see a specialist who treats visual symptoms related to traumatic brain injuries, known as a neuro-optometrist. […] For some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms, light and sound are bothersome. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. […] If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #33 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Magaziner Center

  https://drmagaziner.com/post-concussion-syndrome/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-regenerative-injections/

  Researchers have demonstrated that when the neck ligaments are injured, such as in the violent force or whiplash associated with concussion, they become loose which causes excessive movement of the cervical vertebrae. […] Prolotherapy, the injection of destrose can repair and restore the ligament function and restore normal neck motion.

• #34 The Role of Concussion Physical Therapy in Recovery | Midwest Orthopedic Specialty Hospital

  https://www.mymosh.com/orthopedics/concussion-physical-therapy/

  It used to be thought the only way to treat a concussion was with rest, but the science and study of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have come a long way in recent years. […] A patient can benefit greatly from early intervention and structured exercise provided by concussion physical therapy. […] Physical therapy concussion rehabilitation is recommended if your symptoms are severe during the initial week, do not resolve in a reasonable timeframe, if your doctor detects associated symptoms that PT can improve, or if you have post-concussion syndrome. […] Concussion physical therapy is a concussion management and rehabilitation program aimed at decreasing pain, reducing symptoms, increasing recovery time, and improving the patients quality of life. […] Physical therapists are critical to concussion and post-concussive syndrome recovery. Through direct physical interventions, a physical therapist can correct balance issues, vision problems, vertigo, exertion intolerance, headaches, and more.

• #35 Post-Concussive Syndrome – Article 20527

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/post-concussive-syndrome-20527

  Ten to twenty percent of individuals who sustain a mild traumatic brain injury will experience post-concussion syndrome which is persistent concussion symptoms that last weeks or months. […] Most (85-90%) recover within seven to 10 days, post-injury, at least in the case of sports concussion. But symptoms can continue for months, years, or indefinitely. In non-sports-related concussions, they say that if any symptoms persist beyond three months, then that’s considered post-concussion syndrome. […] Treatment will include physical and cognitive rest and progressive return to activity. […] Education is critical. The person must be educated about the recovery trajectory and symptom management. […] There used to be a significant focus on rest. Rest, avoid screens, provide accommodations or adjustments to work, adjustments to school, and avoid further head trauma are all used to treat PCS, and are very important.

• #36 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury). […] There’s no specific treatment that cures PCS. But there are a lot of strategies that can help. For most patients, the symptoms gradually improve over time. […] You may be prescribed antidepressants or anti-migraine medication. This doesn’t mean your healthcare professional thinks you’re depressed or experiencing migraines. These medicines work by reducing abnormal nerve activity in the brain. This means they can help with the physical symptoms of PCS. […] If you’re experiencing psychological symptoms, antidepressants can also help with this. Your healthcare professional may also suggest talking treatments (like psychological therapy).

• #37 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy

  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychological therapy that works to change harmful thought patterns. In the context of persistent post-concussive symptoms, these thought patterns often manifest as a fear that one will not recover from their injury, which can trigger the cycle shown in the diagram below: […] The 5th International consensus statement on concussion in sport lists CBT as one of the primary treatments for persistent post-concussive symptoms*. […] It is important to note that the consensus statement recommends CBT as part of a collaborative approach to treating concussion patients. In other words, leading doctors recommend that CBT should not be provided in isolation, but as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation regimen that may also include physical therapy or an aerobic exercise program.

• #38 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy

  CBT has been shown to be effective for treating many PPCS, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, headaches, and PTSD. Not only does CBT shorten the recovery time for PPCS, but it also reduces the percentage of concussion patients that develop PPCS in the first place. […] CBT can be beneficial for patients with a history of TBI that are struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A review of PTSD studies found that CBT had positive effects, often in combination with other treatments.

• #39 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy (CRT) is a goal-oriented approach to restoring and improving functional cognitive skills. […] CRT can be helpful for patients experiencing changes or deficits with attention, memory, and executive functioning (e.g. planning, organizing, time management), and word-finding skills. […] CBT can be very effective for patients who are suffering from mood changes after a concussion, most commonly depression or anxiety. […] Pharmacological treatments psychiatrists may recommend are typically a last resort for PCS patients but, when used in combination with other treatments, can be successful at treating emotional and behavioral symptoms. […] Occupational therapy (OT) is an evidence-based practice that treats patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities.

• #40 Treatment and Prognosis after a Concussion – Elizabeth Sandel, M.D.

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/treatment-prognosis-post-concussion-syndrome/

  People who have experienced a concussion (a mild traumatic brain injury) may improve rapidly, but some will continue to have persistent and debilitating symptoms. […] Treating these persistent symptoms involves treatments to relieve their individual manifestations, even when the underlying cause of each symptom isn’t always clear. […] Medications and therapies can often successfully treat individual symptoms. […] Over-the-counter and prescription medications can address many of the common symptoms that occur following a concussion, such as headaches, dizziness, and insomnia. […] Physical therapy and therapeutic treatments such as heat and ice can address the underlying cause of certain types of headaches, backaches, and neck pain that are common after a concussion. […] Cognitive rehabilitation therapy can help.

• #41 Managing Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome: 6 Strategies for Cognitive Recovery | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/managing-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome

  The complex interaction of sensory, physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms calls for a comprehensive approach to managing PPCS, focusing on helping individuals restore their cognitive-communication abilities and fully participate in daily life. […] To achieve this, we must employ a range of therapeutic strategies. Here are key components of the therapeutic process to support mitigation of cognitive-communication symptoms and return to functional life participation: […] One of the first steps in managing cognitive-communication symptoms in PPCS is to help patients understand their experience as a clinically defined syndrome resulting from mTBI. […] Patient education that is accessible and tailored for individual health literacy and learning ability needs is a powerful strategy for demystifying the nature of PPCS.

• #42 Managing Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome: 6 Strategies for Cognitive Recovery | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/managing-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome

  For PPCS, we need to use a comprehensive educational approach that includes biopsychosocial education, addressing the interconnected biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to symptom persistence. […] Managing cognitive-communication difficulties requires a person-centered approach built upon a strong clinical understanding of PPCS and adept active listening skills. […] Motivational interviewing helps patients reflect on their experiences, identify their priorities, and set meaningful goals in collaboration with their speech-language pathologist, who brings clinical observations and knowledge of treatment options. […] Cognitive strategy training starts with foundational skills to support attention, information processing, and memory. […] Our role as speech-language pathologists is to identify strategies, promote guided practice, and fine-tune their use for effective application in real-world situations.

• #43 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy (CRT) is a goal-oriented approach to restoring and improving functional cognitive skills. […] CRT can be helpful for patients experiencing changes or deficits with attention, memory, and executive functioning (e.g. planning, organizing, time management), and word-finding skills. […] CBT can be very effective for patients who are suffering from mood changes after a concussion, most commonly depression or anxiety. […] Pharmacological treatments psychiatrists may recommend are typically a last resort for PCS patients but, when used in combination with other treatments, can be successful at treating emotional and behavioral symptoms. […] Occupational therapy (OT) is an evidence-based practice that treats patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities.

• #44 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Neuroendocrine assessment of pituitary function may be helpful for those experiencing PCS symptoms, especially brain fog, fatigue, listlessness, and depression, who are not responding to active therapies. […] There is new and emerging science pointing specifically to the benefits of meditation for brain injury patients. Anyone suffering from PCS symptoms, especially those experiencing issues with sleep or anxiety, may benefit from practicing meditation.

• #45 A Systematic Review of Treatments of Post-Concussion Symptoms

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6224

  The present review aims at summarizing the available evidence on the treatment of PCS after mTBI, including pharmacological interventions, and according to the type of symptom targeted (cognitive, physical, psychological). […] Among the five studies based on cognitive training and/or psycho-education, four reported positive results, which are quite encouraging and constitute a relatively good level of evidence to recommend such training in patients with persistent PCS, including those with associated PTSD. […] The results of this review suggest that different rehabilitation programs, particularly cognitive training, psycho-education, telephone counseling, but also graded physical activity, could be efficient in decreasing persistent PCS of adult patients after mTBI. […] In summary, it appeared that specific treatments could be useful to target different specific symptoms. In patients with predominant cognitive and global complaints, with or without associated PTSD, a combination of cognitive training and psycho-education could be useful. Anxiety and depression post-mTBI may be reduced using CBT. Sleep disorders may be improved by CBT or blue light therapy. Balance disorders could be at least temporarily improved by vestibular rehabilitation. Post-traumatic headaches could be reduced with rTMS. Fatigue can be alleviated by a graduated physical activity program. Finally, at-risk patients seen at the early stage (<3 months) could benefit from a program including psycho-education, reassurance, counseling, and/or CBT.

• #46 Post Concussion Syndrome: 10 Options To Help Recover Fast

  https://mentalhealthcenter.com/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-symptoms/

  Physical therapy is often used after an injury to rehabilitate the affected area and get it used to movement again. However, it can also benefit those who have suffered concussions and struggle with headaches or neck pain. […] Cognitive therapy, or cognitive behavioral therapy, is a form of psychotherapy focusing on thought patterns and their effect. Those who suffer from post-concussion syndrome may often deal with symptoms such as depression, anxiety, memory issues, or difficulty concentrating. […] Neurofeedback (or biofeedback) is a non-invasive therapy that works to help your brain run smoother. It does this using a computer or electronic device to interact with your brainwaves to help them function optimally. […] Unfortunately, there are no known medications for post-concussion syndrome. However, some medications, such as Ibuprofen, Tylenol, and other painkillers, can help ease pain symptoms.

• #47 Post-Concussion Treatment Syndrome in the UK | Better

  https://betterneverends.com/treatment-for-post-concussion-syndrome-in-the-uk/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) is a complex condition that can significantly impact the lives of individuals who have experienced a traumatic brain injury or concussion. […] In the UK, medical professionals are continuously exploring therapies, including Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), to address the lingering symptoms of PCS and improve patient outcomes. […] This innovative treatment aims to promote the brains healing process by exposing patients to pure oxygen in a pressurised chamber. […] HBOT has been associated with improved cognitive function, reduced post-concussion symptoms, and enhanced overall well-being for PCS patients. […] By increasing the availability of oxygen in the brain, HBOT helps to repair injured nerve cells and reduce inflammation, leading to improved brain function and symptom relief.

• #48 Post-Concussion Treatment Syndrome in the UK | Better

  https://betterneverends.com/treatment-for-post-concussion-syndrome-in-the-uk/

  By increasing oxygen levels in the body, HBOT helps to reduce inflammation and support the brains natural healing processes. […] HBOTs ability to deliver high levels of oxygen to tissues promotes cellular repair and regeneration. […] A personalized HBOT treatment plan is essential for successful recovery. […] Collaboration between healthcare providers, therapists, and specialists is vital for comprehensive PCS management with HBOT. […] Active participation and engagement in the HBOT treatment process are crucial for PCS patients. […] HBOT treatment for Post-Concussion Syndrome in the UK offers new hope for patients navigating the challenges of PCS. […] Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy has shown promising results in expediting recovery and reducing the duration of PCS symptoms for some patients. […] By facilitating tissue repair and reducing inflammation, HBOT can accelerate the brains healing process and alleviate post-concussion symptoms more effectively.

• #49 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Magaziner Center

  https://drmagaziner.com/post-concussion-syndrome/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-regenerative-injections/

  A most promising new direction is the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, which targets the basic pathological processes responsible for post-concussion symptoms. […] Researchers have provided convincing evidence that hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be the coveted neurotherapeutic method for brain repair. […] A 2015 study presented findings that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can repair chronically impaired brain functions and improved quality of life in traumatic brain injury patients with prolonged post-concussion syndrome at late chronic stage. […] In 2016 researchers took this one step farther and suggest traumatic brain injury and post-concussion syndrome patients undergoing hyperbaric therapy achieved significant improvement suggesting its utility as a standard intensive care regimen in traumatic brain injury.

• #50 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Magaziner Center

  https://drmagaziner.com/post-concussion-syndrome/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-regenerative-injections/

  In September 2018, researchers publishing in the BMJ Open journal wrote of their findings: In the largest published cohort of patients suffering from chronic deficits post-traumatic brain injury of all severities, hyperbaric oxygen therapy was associated with significant cognitive improvements. […] Here at the Magaziner Center for Wellness, we use hyperbaric oxygen to treat patients with concussions and post-concussion syndrome. […] Another key treatment is the use of prolotherapy. […] We have an extremely high success rate treating PCS with prolotherapy. […] In fact, many of the PCS patients who come to our facility have exhausted the realm of conventional medical treatment, after having been examined by neurologists, therapists, and surgeons, treated with antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, pain medication and sleeping medication.

• #51 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Magaziner Center

  https://drmagaziner.com/post-concussion-syndrome/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-regenerative-injections/

  A most promising new direction is the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, which targets the basic pathological processes responsible for post-concussion symptoms. […] Researchers have provided convincing evidence that hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be the coveted neurotherapeutic method for brain repair. […] A 2015 study presented findings that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can repair chronically impaired brain functions and improved quality of life in traumatic brain injury patients with prolonged post-concussion syndrome at late chronic stage. […] In 2016 researchers took this one step farther and suggest traumatic brain injury and post-concussion syndrome patients undergoing hyperbaric therapy achieved significant improvement suggesting its utility as a standard intensive care regimen in traumatic brain injury.

• #52

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Neuromodulation is an established therapy for several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depression. More recently, a role for neuromodulation for patients with traumatic brain injury and post-concussive symptoms seems to be emerging. While the mechanism of action is not completely understood, electrical neuromodulation and neurostimulation are thought to modify, inhibit, and/or stimulate activity in the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. […] A few forms of neuromodulation following concussion have been studied, including rTMS and tDCS. Some studies found that rTMS improved post-concussion symptoms, specifically headache-associated pain and frequency, depression ratings, and anxiety. Other studies found that rTMS was also effective for improving working memory networks and informational processing speed following concussion.

• #53 Post Concussion Syndrome Therapy In St. Louis, MO | Palmier TMS

  https://palmiertms.com/post-concussion-syndrome/

  TMS treatment for post-concussion syndrome is a promising alternative to accelerate the recovery after head trauma. A recent review evaluated data from 11 studies reporting excellent results in most of them. Since TMS does not cause any side effects, it can be applied to these patients without a problem. […] Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a suitable alternative to treat these symptoms. It can be adopted as a part of the treatment without any side effects. Studies show headaches, post-concussive depression, and cognitive function improve after TMS therapy.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Neuromodulation is an established therapy for several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depression. More recently, a role for neuromodulation for patients with traumatic brain injury and post-concussive symptoms seems to be emerging. While the mechanism of action is not completely understood, electrical neuromodulation and neurostimulation are thought to modify, inhibit, and/or stimulate activity in the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. […] A few forms of neuromodulation following concussion have been studied, including rTMS and tDCS. Some studies found that rTMS improved post-concussion symptoms, specifically headache-associated pain and frequency, depression ratings, and anxiety. Other studies found that rTMS was also effective for improving working memory networks and informational processing speed following concussion.

• #55 Post Concussion Syndrome: 10 Options To Help Recover Fast

  https://mentalhealthcenter.com/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-symptoms/

  Physical therapy is often used after an injury to rehabilitate the affected area and get it used to movement again. However, it can also benefit those who have suffered concussions and struggle with headaches or neck pain. […] Cognitive therapy, or cognitive behavioral therapy, is a form of psychotherapy focusing on thought patterns and their effect. Those who suffer from post-concussion syndrome may often deal with symptoms such as depression, anxiety, memory issues, or difficulty concentrating. […] Neurofeedback (or biofeedback) is a non-invasive therapy that works to help your brain run smoother. It does this using a computer or electronic device to interact with your brainwaves to help them function optimally. […] Unfortunately, there are no known medications for post-concussion syndrome. However, some medications, such as Ibuprofen, Tylenol, and other painkillers, can help ease pain symptoms.

• #56 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Psychological treatment, to which about 40% of PCS patients are referred for consultation, has been shown to reduce problems. Ongoing disabilities may be treated with therapy to improve function at work, or in social or other contexts. Therapy aims to aid in the gradual return to work and other preinjury activities, as symptoms permit. A protocol for PCS treatment has been designed based on the principles behind cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a psychotherapy aimed at influencing disturbed emotions by improving thoughts and behaviors. […] Neurotherapy is an operant conditioning test where patients are given conditional audio/visual rewards after producing particular types of brainwave activity. Recent neurotherapy improvements in quantitative electroencephalography can identify the specific brainwave patterns that need to be corrected. Studies have shown that neurotherapy is effective in the treatment of post-concussion syndrome and other disorders with similar symptoms.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Up to 30% of youth with concussion experience persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) impacting cognitive, social, mental, and physical health. Limited evidence-based therapies exist to treat PPCS. After 4 weeks of treatment with an auricular percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS) device, she had near-complete resolution of her symptoms, allowing a return to her previous level of academic achievement, as well as physical activity. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of neuromodulation, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can benefit patients with post-concussive symptoms. […] The management of PPCS focuses on alleviating symptoms through the use of medications, behavioral and physical interventions and therapies, and lifestyle modifications. The most recent consensus guidelines encourage an initial 24-48-h period of symptom-limited cognitive and physical rest followed by an individualized gradual return to activity, with evidence to suggest that incorporating sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise may lead to reduced symptom burden and a faster recovery. Emerging research also supports targeted therapeutic interventions based on symptoms, such as headache, cognitive and sleep difficulties, vestibulo-ocular dysfunction, and mood disturbance for some patients.

• #58

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  To date, PENFS has been reported to be efficacious in treating adolescent gastrointestinal disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and drug-refractory cyclic vomiting syndrome. Our patient presented with persistent symptoms not responsive to standard headache hygiene measures and physical therapy, and only after completing PENFS therapy did her symptoms significantly improve. While we cannot definitively know whether it was the PENFS or other factors that led to her improvement, at this point, the literature suggests there may be a role for neuromodulation in the management of PPCS. Future research should focus on gathering data to answer these questions and further defining the role and efficacy of neuromodulation in the treatment of patients with PPCS.

• #59 An innovative treatment for chronic post-traumatic headaches | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/departments/innovations/pmrnews/chronic-post-traumatic-headaches

  Whats so powerful about the technique is that it works quickly and is far better tolerated than other migraine medications, he says. We have seen that the more people use this treatment, the fewer migraines they experience over the next few months. Many patients see their migraines stop completely. […] Dr. Mysiw says his patients find the relief from chronic headaches to be extraordinary. […] If a patient has concussion symptoms three months after their concussion and their symptoms havent been successfully managed, Dr. Mysiw recommends referring them to the Chronic Concussion Clinic.

• #60 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish, and good fats. […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] A proper rehabilitation program can be set up following a thorough assessment of these areas and a thorough neurological examination. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless, and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #61 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Approaches for managing PCS involve strategies to address specific symptoms, facilitate brain recovery, and support neurological function. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] Studies have demonstrated that these targeted interventions can significantly improve concussion symptoms, functional abilities, and quality of life for individuals recovering from TBI. Early initiation of rehabilitation may result in the most significant functional recovery; however, even patients who start rehab later after injury can still benefit. […] As you can infer, managing PCS may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that integrates various medical specialties and therapeutic modalities to address the multifaceted nature of the condition.

• #62 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a collection of physical, emotional, cognitive (thinking-related), and behavioral symptoms that persist for several weeks to months after sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (concussion). […] Once diagnosed, treatment is focused on managing symptoms. This is done through various interventions like early education, rest, cognitive behavioral therapy, and/or taking one or more medications. […] The treatment of PCS focuses on managing a patients symptoms. […] PCS therapies that your doctor may suggest and tailor to your individual care include: Reassurance: Early education about the symptoms and providing support, comfort, and assurance that your symptoms will resolve; Cognitive rest: Limiting activities that require a high brain metabolic demand like attending crowded events or social gatherings where there is a lot of visual/hearing stimuli; Physical rest: Avoiding activities that put you at risk for a repeated concussion or that worsen your current symptoms; Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Therapy to help reduce stress and manage symptoms like anxiety, depression, and insomnia; Vestibular rehabilitation: Exercises to help manage dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance; Medications: Drugs that target a specific symptom like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression/anxiety or melatonin for sleep disturbances; Graded exercise program: Introducing aerobic exercise training in stages to help improve cerebral blood flow after a concussion; Vitamins: Research suggests that some vitamins, like Coenzyme Q10, may also be beneficial. […] Most patients with PCS recover by three months although, for others, the symptoms may persist for a year or longer (called persistent PCS). In some cases, symptoms can be permanent. […] Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms through education, psychological therapy, or medications.

• #63 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish, and good fats. […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] A proper rehabilitation program can be set up following a thorough assessment of these areas and a thorough neurological examination. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless, and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #64 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a collection of physical, emotional, cognitive (thinking-related), and behavioral symptoms that persist for several weeks to months after sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (concussion). […] Once diagnosed, treatment is focused on managing symptoms. This is done through various interventions like early education, rest, cognitive behavioral therapy, and/or taking one or more medications. […] The treatment of PCS focuses on managing a patients symptoms. […] PCS therapies that your doctor may suggest and tailor to your individual care include: Reassurance: Early education about the symptoms and providing support, comfort, and assurance that your symptoms will resolve; Cognitive rest: Limiting activities that require a high brain metabolic demand like attending crowded events or social gatherings where there is a lot of visual/hearing stimuli; Physical rest: Avoiding activities that put you at risk for a repeated concussion or that worsen your current symptoms; Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Therapy to help reduce stress and manage symptoms like anxiety, depression, and insomnia; Vestibular rehabilitation: Exercises to help manage dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance; Medications: Drugs that target a specific symptom like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for depression/anxiety or melatonin for sleep disturbances; Graded exercise program: Introducing aerobic exercise training in stages to help improve cerebral blood flow after a concussion; Vitamins: Research suggests that some vitamins, like Coenzyme Q10, may also be beneficial. […] Most patients with PCS recover by three months although, for others, the symptoms may persist for a year or longer (called persistent PCS). In some cases, symptoms can be permanent. […] Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms through education, psychological therapy, or medications.

• #65 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish, and good fats. […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] A proper rehabilitation program can be set up following a thorough assessment of these areas and a thorough neurological examination. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless, and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #66 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Approaches for managing PCS involve strategies to address specific symptoms, facilitate brain recovery, and support neurological function. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] Studies have demonstrated that these targeted interventions can significantly improve concussion symptoms, functional abilities, and quality of life for individuals recovering from TBI. Early initiation of rehabilitation may result in the most significant functional recovery; however, even patients who start rehab later after injury can still benefit. […] As you can infer, managing PCS may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that integrates various medical specialties and therapeutic modalities to address the multifaceted nature of the condition.

• #67 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish, and good fats. […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] A proper rehabilitation program can be set up following a thorough assessment of these areas and a thorough neurological examination. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless, and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #68 Examining the interdisciplinary approach for treatment of persistent post-concussion symptoms in adults: a systematic review | Brain Impairment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/brain-impairment/article/examining-the-interdisciplinary-approach-for-treatment-of-persistent-postconcussion-symptoms-in-adults-a-systematic-review/BC60954C57459A5D468073B995C1630C

  The objective of this review is to examine the evidence for the interdisciplinary approach in treatment of persistent post-concussion symptoms in adults. […] The studies found an interdisciplinary approach to be beneficial, however, the challenges of inherent heterogeneity, lack of clarity for definitions and diagnosis, and mixed results were apparent. The interdisciplinary interventions applied in all identified studies were found to reduce post-concussion symptoms across the symptom subtypes: headache/migraine, vestibular, cognitive, ocular motor and anxiety/mood. […] The results demonstrated evidence for a reduction in persistent post-concussion symptoms following interdisciplinary intervention. […] An interdisciplinary approach is recommended for concussion management by the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation, a world-renowned organisation whose Clinical Practice Guidelines are referenced by experts in the field.

• #69 Examining the interdisciplinary approach for treatment of persistent post-concussion symptoms in adults: a systematic review | Brain Impairment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/brain-impairment/article/examining-the-interdisciplinary-approach-for-treatment-of-persistent-postconcussion-symptoms-in-adults-a-systematic-review/BC60954C57459A5D468073B995C1630C

  The interdisciplinary interventions applied in all identified studies were found to reduce post-concussion symptoms across the symptom subtypes: headache/migraine, vestibular, cognitive, ocular motor and anxiety/mood. Improvements in physical health, illness perceptions, PTSD and depression were also reported. […] This review provides an evidence base for health services and clinicians to reconsider traditional rehabilitation service design and action the establishment of interdisciplinary teams for treatment of PPCS.

• #70 Post Concussion Syndrome Program | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/services/trihealth-orthopedic-and-sports-care/services/sports-medicine/concussion-program/post-concussion-syndrome-program

  Post-concussive syndrome is a complex disorder where symptoms of a concussion can last months to years after the original injury. There is no correlation between the severity of the concussion and the risk of developing post-concussive syndrome. To be diagnosed, a patient must have symptoms of the concussion for more than 3 months after the initial injury. Most concussion symptoms will resolve in 7-10 days to 3 months. […] It is important to see a medical expert such as a member of the TriHealth Concussion Program team to determine the diagnosis and have appropriate treatment. It is important that a concussion specialist also treats underlying medical issues such as mental health issues, chronic headache disorders, neurological issues, or musculoskeletal injuries that can cause headaches. Treatment for post-concussion syndrome typically requires a multi-disciplinary approach including physicians, physical therapists, vestibular therapist, occupational therapist, psychology, and neuropsychology.

• #71 The Role of Concussion Physical Therapy in Recovery | Midwest Orthopedic Specialty Hospital

  https://www.mymosh.com/orthopedics/concussion-physical-therapy/

  It used to be thought the only way to treat a concussion was with rest, but the science and study of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have come a long way in recent years. […] A patient can benefit greatly from early intervention and structured exercise provided by concussion physical therapy. […] Physical therapy concussion rehabilitation is recommended if your symptoms are severe during the initial week, do not resolve in a reasonable timeframe, if your doctor detects associated symptoms that PT can improve, or if you have post-concussion syndrome. […] Concussion physical therapy is a concussion management and rehabilitation program aimed at decreasing pain, reducing symptoms, increasing recovery time, and improving the patients quality of life. […] Physical therapists are critical to concussion and post-concussive syndrome recovery. Through direct physical interventions, a physical therapist can correct balance issues, vision problems, vertigo, exertion intolerance, headaches, and more.

• #72 Treatment and Prognosis after a Concussion – Elizabeth Sandel, M.D.

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/treatment-prognosis-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Neuropsychologists can evaluate and recommend treatments for people with cognitive symptoms and alterations in mood, including anxiety and depression, as well as associated conditions such as chronic pain. […] Alternative or complementary therapies may effectively treat headaches and other painful conditions common in patients with persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] The prognosis for persistent symptoms after a concussion is good, especially if patients receive medical interventions and education about self-care approaches early. […] Unfortunately, many do not receive care or comprehensive and effective care until symptoms become chronic. […] It is important for care providers to intervene early and try a variety of treatments, because different patients respond differently to interventions. […] Several studies have looked at what factors contribute to long recovery times and the incidence of persistent post-concussive symptoms.

• #73 PCS Treatments | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/treatments/

  Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy (CRT) is a goal-oriented approach to restoring and improving functional cognitive skills. […] CRT can be helpful for patients experiencing changes or deficits with attention, memory, and executive functioning (e.g. planning, organizing, time management), and word-finding skills. […] CBT can be very effective for patients who are suffering from mood changes after a concussion, most commonly depression or anxiety. […] Pharmacological treatments psychiatrists may recommend are typically a last resort for PCS patients but, when used in combination with other treatments, can be successful at treating emotional and behavioral symptoms. […] Occupational therapy (OT) is an evidence-based practice that treats patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities.

• #74 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. […] Some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms may need to see a specialist who treats visual symptoms related to traumatic brain injuries, known as a neuro-optometrist. […] For some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms, light and sound are bothersome. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. […] If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #75 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish, and good fats. […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] A proper rehabilitation program can be set up following a thorough assessment of these areas and a thorough neurological examination. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless, and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #76 A Systematic Review of Treatments of Post-Concussion Symptoms

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6224

  Approximately 10–20% of patients who have sustained a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) show persistent post-concussion symptoms (PCS). This review aims to summarize the level of evidence concerning interventions for PCS. […] Cognitive training, psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy, and graded return to physical activity demonstrated some effectiveness on persistent PCS. However, there is limited evidence of the beneficial effect of Methylphenidate. Oculomotor rehabilitation, light therapy, and headache management using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation seem effective regarding somatic complaints and sleep disorders. […] Several guidelines on the management of concussion/mTBI and PCS are available, created by expert groups, such as the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation or the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Expert recommendations include early psycho-education, telephone counseling, graded return to physical activity, psychological treatment, cognitive rehabilitation, and vestibular or oculomotor rehabilitation.

• #77 Examining the interdisciplinary approach for treatment of persistent post-concussion symptoms in adults: a systematic review | Brain Impairment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/brain-impairment/article/examining-the-interdisciplinary-approach-for-treatment-of-persistent-postconcussion-symptoms-in-adults-a-systematic-review/BC60954C57459A5D468073B995C1630C

  The interdisciplinary interventions applied in all identified studies were found to reduce post-concussion symptoms across the symptom subtypes: headache/migraine, vestibular, cognitive, ocular motor and anxiety/mood. Improvements in physical health, illness perceptions, PTSD and depression were also reported. […] This review provides an evidence base for health services and clinicians to reconsider traditional rehabilitation service design and action the establishment of interdisciplinary teams for treatment of PPCS.

• #78 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  People with concussions or PCS often experience light and noise sensitivity. That can cause them to feel overwhelmed in bright, loud or crowded environments. […] Certain types of rehabilitation or therapy can also help restore your sensory abilities. Vestibular physical therapy, vision therapy and other approaches may also work to bring these systems back to balance and make your symptoms better. […] Talking to a behavioral specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist trained in concussion, can help. They can help you learn to manage these feelings. Your provider can also prescribe medications to help improve how you experience feelings of anxiety, stress, anger or depression. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms. Your healthcare provider can tell you what treatments they recommend and why.

• #79 Post Concussion Syndrome: 10 Options To Help Recover Fast

  https://mentalhealthcenter.com/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-symptoms/

  Post-concussion syndrome results after you suffer a concussion and your symptoms last longer than expected. For most, concussion symptoms fade away around 14-21 days post-injury. However, if the brain cannot heal itself for one reason or another, it may develop into post-concussion syndrome. For this to happen, symptoms must persist for three months or longer. […] According to Mayo Clinic, no single test can prove you have post-concussion syndrome. On the same note, no specific treatment is routinely prescribed to help alleviate symptoms. Instead, it is about finding what works best for you. Your healthcare provider should be able to come up with a treatment plan based on your needs and specific circumstances. […] Following a concussion and when dealing with post-concussion syndrome, the most beneficial thing you can do to aid in recovery is rest both physically and mentally. However, by the time post-concussion syndrome develops, rest, though still necessary, may or may not help much in the long run. Still, several different therapies have been shown to help ease the symptoms.

• #80 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. Healthcare professionals can help to treat and manage ongoing symptoms. […] A range of healthcare professionals can assist with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Speaking to your GP is a good place to start. They can help identify if there are any factors that could be contributing to your PPCS or making your symptoms worse (e.g., poor sleeping patterns, stress, mental health challenges, substance abuse), and can provide referrals to other medical specialists and/or allied healthcare professional/s that can help treat or manage your symptoms. […] Regular follow-up appointments with your GP will help them monitor your recovery journey and determine if any changes need to be made to your treatment plan.

• #81 Concussion Treatment and Recovery | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-treatment-and-recovery

  The dynamic nature of concussion recovery requires follow-up with tailored management during each phase of concussion. […] Key milestones in the recovery process are return to learn, school, work, exercise, and sport. […] Factors associated with prolonged recovery include initial symptom burden, female gender, age less than 18, with ages approximately 13-17 being at highest risk for prolonged recovery, history of mental health issues, concurrent cervical involvement, and convergence insufficiency.

• #82 Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) | Portland Chiropractic Neurology

  https://portchiro.com/our-care/condition/persistent-post-concussion-syndrome-ppcs/320/

  Persistent Post Concussion Syndrome (PPCS) […] After a concussion, the brain slows down due to inflammation and damage to neurons and their connections that send signals throughout the brain and body. […] Our team of functional neurologists, occupational therapists, and nurse practitioners are expertly trained in post-concussion syndrome diagnosis and recovery. […] We use a neuroplasticity approach that repairs the broken pathways in your brain that are causing signal interruption and symptoms. […] Our Functional Neurologists are experts in healing your brain injury by locating the source of symptoms and addressing the disrupted neuropathways and their connections that occur as a result of TBI/Concussion. […] Symptoms related to persistent post-concussion syndrome are: light and sound sensitivity, brain fog, slow processing, memory issues, nausea, headaches, migraines, eye tracking issues, double vision, focus issues/vision changes, poor concentration, difficult looking at multiple objects at different depths, pupil size changes, eye pain, disorientation, visual lag, imbalance, vertigo, dizziness, dizziness/light headed upon standing (Dysautonomia, POTS), neck pain, pain at the base of the skull, disrupted sleep, emotional changes, easily overwhelmed in busy environments, digestive changes, Bowel/Bladder changes (often urinary urgency) associated with autonomic dysfunction.

• #83 Managing Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome: 6 Strategies for Cognitive Recovery | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/managing-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome

  For PPCS, we need to use a comprehensive educational approach that includes biopsychosocial education, addressing the interconnected biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to symptom persistence. […] Managing cognitive-communication difficulties requires a person-centered approach built upon a strong clinical understanding of PPCS and adept active listening skills. […] Motivational interviewing helps patients reflect on their experiences, identify their priorities, and set meaningful goals in collaboration with their speech-language pathologist, who brings clinical observations and knowledge of treatment options. […] Cognitive strategy training starts with foundational skills to support attention, information processing, and memory. […] Our role as speech-language pathologists is to identify strategies, promote guided practice, and fine-tune their use for effective application in real-world situations.

• #84 Concussion Treatment and Recovery | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-treatment-and-recovery

  Recovery from concussion is a complex and dynamic process. […] If recovery is not properly managed it can lead to unnecessarily prolonged recovery. […] Management of recovery should be individualized and directed by a health care provider with expertise in concussion care and who has ready access to treatment resources. […] During the recovery phase factors that are causing symptoms should be sought and treatment plans put in place for their resolution. […] Continued follow up at a clinic with expertise in management of concussion during the recovery phase allows for an individualized recovery plan including, a prescription for exercise and referrals to optimize recovery. […] A goal of recovery management it to avoid prolonged recovery, but 10-30% of those experiencing concussion can experience prolonged recovery.

• #85 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. Healthcare professionals can help to treat and manage ongoing symptoms. […] A range of healthcare professionals can assist with persistent post-concussion symptoms. Speaking to your GP is a good place to start. They can help identify if there are any factors that could be contributing to your PPCS or making your symptoms worse (e.g., poor sleeping patterns, stress, mental health challenges, substance abuse), and can provide referrals to other medical specialists and/or allied healthcare professional/s that can help treat or manage your symptoms. […] Regular follow-up appointments with your GP will help them monitor your recovery journey and determine if any changes need to be made to your treatment plan.

• #86 Post Concussion Syndrome Program | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/services/trihealth-orthopedic-and-sports-care/services/sports-medicine/concussion-program/post-concussion-syndrome-program

  Post-concussive syndrome is a complex disorder where symptoms of a concussion can last months to years after the original injury. There is no correlation between the severity of the concussion and the risk of developing post-concussive syndrome. To be diagnosed, a patient must have symptoms of the concussion for more than 3 months after the initial injury. Most concussion symptoms will resolve in 7-10 days to 3 months. […] It is important to see a medical expert such as a member of the TriHealth Concussion Program team to determine the diagnosis and have appropriate treatment. It is important that a concussion specialist also treats underlying medical issues such as mental health issues, chronic headache disorders, neurological issues, or musculoskeletal injuries that can cause headaches. Treatment for post-concussion syndrome typically requires a multi-disciplinary approach including physicians, physical therapists, vestibular therapist, occupational therapist, psychology, and neuropsychology.

• #87 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  We need to make sure the brain heals fully. […] The testing tools include: ImPACT neurocognitive testing, Cambridge Brain Sciences (CBS Health) neurocognitive testing, BrainScope One quantitative EEG, RightEye infrared eye tracking, Brain SPECT Scan 3-D metabolic imaging, Sway Balance System mobile-app-based vestibular screening for cell phones and tablets. […] We also use these tools to monitor how patients recovery programs are working, and allow us to customize each to address individual needs.

• #88 Concussion Treatment and Recovery | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-treatment-and-recovery

  The dynamic nature of concussion recovery requires follow-up with tailored management during each phase of concussion. […] Key milestones in the recovery process are return to learn, school, work, exercise, and sport. […] Factors associated with prolonged recovery include initial symptom burden, female gender, age less than 18, with ages approximately 13-17 being at highest risk for prolonged recovery, history of mental health issues, concurrent cervical involvement, and convergence insufficiency.

• #89 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Approaches for managing PCS involve strategies to address specific symptoms, facilitate brain recovery, and support neurological function. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] Studies have demonstrated that these targeted interventions can significantly improve concussion symptoms, functional abilities, and quality of life for individuals recovering from TBI. Early initiation of rehabilitation may result in the most significant functional recovery; however, even patients who start rehab later after injury can still benefit. […] As you can infer, managing PCS may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that integrates various medical specialties and therapeutic modalities to address the multifaceted nature of the condition.

• #90 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  If you’re experiencing symptoms that won’t resolve after one or more concussions, you’re not alone. […] On average, our patients improve by 75% after treatment at our center specializing in post-concussion therapy. […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. […] What we’ve found is that it doesn’t matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment. […] On average, we help our patients improve by 75% in brain function after completing EPIC Treatment at our clinic.

• #91 Post concussion syndrome – South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/resources/post-concussion-syndrome/

  It is therefore advised that you avoid sports or situations where it is possible you could sustain another head injury. Second Impact Syndrome (although rare) can be very serious. […] If needed, painkiller options include the following: Paracetamol is usually recommended for painful sprains or strains. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and may also limit inflammation and swelling. […] If this does not help, you may need an additional stronger painkiller – such as codeine – you should discuss this with your pharmacist or GP.

• #92 Post concussion syndrome – South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/resources/post-concussion-syndrome/

  It is therefore advised that you avoid sports or situations where it is possible you could sustain another head injury. Second Impact Syndrome (although rare) can be very serious. […] If needed, painkiller options include the following: Paracetamol is usually recommended for painful sprains or strains. […] Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and may also limit inflammation and swelling. […] If this does not help, you may need an additional stronger painkiller – such as codeine – you should discuss this with your pharmacist or GP.

• #93 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Concussion | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-concussion

  Physical therapists can evaluate and treat many problems related to concussions. […] Treatment may include: Rest and recovery. Complete rest after a concussion should last for no longer than 48 to 72 hours. […] Your physical therapist will help you regain your strength and endurance when the right time comes without making your concussion symptoms worse. […] A type of physical therapy called vestibular physical therapy may help. […] Your physical therapist will assess the possible causes of your headaches. […] The number one evidence-backed treatment for concussion is early, symptom-guided, and paced progressive exercise. […] Following the recommendations above, including early symptom-guided exercise and pacing strategies, can help keep a concussion from lasting longer than necessary. […] It is imperative to prevent second-impact syndrome after an initial concussion. The injured person should be protected until all symptoms have cleared and normal activity can resume.

• #94 Concussion Treatment and Recovery | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-treatment-and-recovery

  Recovery from concussion is a complex and dynamic process. […] If recovery is not properly managed it can lead to unnecessarily prolonged recovery. […] Management of recovery should be individualized and directed by a health care provider with expertise in concussion care and who has ready access to treatment resources. […] During the recovery phase factors that are causing symptoms should be sought and treatment plans put in place for their resolution. […] Continued follow up at a clinic with expertise in management of concussion during the recovery phase allows for an individualized recovery plan including, a prescription for exercise and referrals to optimize recovery. […] A goal of recovery management it to avoid prolonged recovery, but 10-30% of those experiencing concussion can experience prolonged recovery.

• #95 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. […] Some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms may need to see a specialist who treats visual symptoms related to traumatic brain injuries, known as a neuro-optometrist. […] For some people with persistent post-concussive symptoms, light and sound are bothersome. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. […] If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #96 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Time may be the best therapy for memory and thinking problems after mild traumatic brain injury. Most of these symptoms go away on their own in the weeks to months after the injury, but using a notebook or visual cues may help you manage these symptoms as your brain heals. […] Dizziness and vertigo symptoms can be treated by a physical therapist specifically trained to treat balance symptoms. […] Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. This includes going to bed and waking up on a regular schedule. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. Learning about persistent post-concussive symptoms can help ease fears and offer some peace of mind. If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #97 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  For patients continuing to endorse visual and balance symptoms, the vestibular-ocular motor screening tool may be completed in the outpatient setting. […] Lastly, Zurich guidelines acknowledge that patients with PCS who engage in low-level exercise recover faster. […] In the prevention and treatment of PCS in patients that have suffered mild TBI, patient education is key to a successful recovery.

• #98

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zp4105

  Post-concussion syndrome occurs after a blow to the head or body. Common symptoms are changes in the ability to concentrate, think, remember, or solve problems. Symptoms, which may include headaches, personality changes, and dizziness, may be related to stress from the events that caused the injury. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Rest is the best treatment for post-concussion syndrome. […] Talk to your doctor about counselling. It may help you deal with stress from your injury. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected. Your symptoms, such as headaches, trouble concentrating, or changes in mood, get worse.

• #99 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20313610

  Time may be the best therapy for memory and thinking problems after mild traumatic brain injury. Most of these symptoms go away on their own in the weeks to months after the injury, but using a notebook or visual cues may help you manage these symptoms as your brain heals. […] Dizziness and vertigo symptoms can be treated by a physical therapist specifically trained to treat balance symptoms. […] Learning about good sleep habits, known as sleep hygiene, can help. This includes going to bed and waking up on a regular schedule. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time. Learning about persistent post-concussive symptoms can help ease fears and offer some peace of mind. If you have new or increasing depression or anxiety after a concussion, some treatment options may include psychotherapy, medicine, and physical activity.

• #100 Effective Treatments for Post-Concussion Syndrome | Physical Therapy Jefferson City | Physical Therapist TN

  https://www.mossycreekrehab.com/blog/effective-treatment-for-post-concussion-syndrome/

  PCS requires patience, but progress is possible with proper care. […] If you suspect a concussion or PCS, seek help immediately. Early intervention increases your chances of recovery. Concussions can change the chemistry and function of your brain. Untreated PCS can lead to chronic pain, mental health problems, or dementia. Specialized treatments offer hope for restoring your quality of life. Each of our patients receives a treatment plan that is tailored to their needs.

• #101 A Systematic Review of Treatments of Post-Concussion Symptoms

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/20/6224

  Approximately 10–20% of patients who have sustained a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) show persistent post-concussion symptoms (PCS). This review aims to summarize the level of evidence concerning interventions for PCS. […] Cognitive training, psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy, and graded return to physical activity demonstrated some effectiveness on persistent PCS. However, there is limited evidence of the beneficial effect of Methylphenidate. Oculomotor rehabilitation, light therapy, and headache management using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation seem effective regarding somatic complaints and sleep disorders. […] Several guidelines on the management of concussion/mTBI and PCS are available, created by expert groups, such as the Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation or the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC). Expert recommendations include early psycho-education, telephone counseling, graded return to physical activity, psychological treatment, cognitive rehabilitation, and vestibular or oculomotor rehabilitation.

• #102 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185342/

  There are few interventions available for addressing prolonged recovery or PCS following concussion. Individuals experiencing prolonged symptoms following concussion may be prescribed pharmacologic or other interventions for the treatment of specific symptoms, but the research on such interventions as well as on more general rehabilitative interventions for prolonged recovery following concussion is limited, especially for youth, as is research on the appropriate time to begin interventions. […] There is some evidence that noncontact aerobic exercise may play a role in the rehabilitation of individuals experiencing a prolonged recovery or PCS. […] The literature reports various interventions for the management of persistent symptoms of concussion and PCS, although the data to support the efficacy of these interventions in individuals, especially children and adolescents, with sports-related concussions are limited, with virtually no data stemming from RCTs. […] There currently are no data to evaluate the relationship between concussion history and risk of suicide in young athletes because existing post-concussion symptoms inventories do not assess suicidal ideation.

• #103 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Approaches for managing PCS involve strategies to address specific symptoms, facilitate brain recovery, and support neurological function. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] Studies have demonstrated that these targeted interventions can significantly improve concussion symptoms, functional abilities, and quality of life for individuals recovering from TBI. Early initiation of rehabilitation may result in the most significant functional recovery; however, even patients who start rehab later after injury can still benefit. […] As you can infer, managing PCS may benefit from an interdisciplinary approach that integrates various medical specialties and therapeutic modalities to address the multifaceted nature of the condition.

• #104 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  Active therapy is the best post-concussion syndrome treatment available. […] The brain’s ability to recover via neuroplasticity is remarkable. Patients suffering from post-concussion syndrome can and do experience notably improved symptoms after active rehabilitation, assuming it is done correctly. […] There are two treatment options for post-concussion syndrome, generally speaking: active rehabilitation (therapy) and medication. Therapy is currently the best treatment protocol for restoring healthy cognitive function. […] While it doesn’t address the underlying problems, it can make certain symptoms more bearable while you pursue concussion recovery. […] All of these issues are treatable with vision therapy. […] Many post-concussion syndrome patients suffer for years before they discover the reason for their illness. […] No matter how long it’s been since your injury, there’s still hope for recovery.

• #105 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  People with concussions or PCS often experience light and noise sensitivity. That can cause them to feel overwhelmed in bright, loud or crowded environments. […] Certain types of rehabilitation or therapy can also help restore your sensory abilities. Vestibular physical therapy, vision therapy and other approaches may also work to bring these systems back to balance and make your symptoms better. […] Talking to a behavioral specialist, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist trained in concussion, can help. They can help you learn to manage these feelings. Your provider can also prescribe medications to help improve how you experience feelings of anxiety, stress, anger or depression. […] The best treatment for post-concussion syndrome varies. What works for one person may not be as helpful for someone else. That’s partly because there’s no way to directly treat PCS, meaning the treatments depend on your symptoms. Your healthcare provider can tell you what treatments they recommend and why.

• #106 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. The types of symptoms and how often they occur varies from person to person. […] Medicines that are often used for migraines or tension-type headaches may help. These may include medicines for treating depression, high blood pressure and seizures. […] Time may be the best therapy for memory and thinking problems after mild traumatic brain injury. […] Dizziness and vertigo symptoms can be treated by a physical therapist specifically trained to treat balance symptoms.

• #107 Postconcussion Syndrome Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Medical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828904-treatment

  No specific care is required in the emergency department (ED). Patients with the symptom constellation consistent with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) require thorough physical and neurologic examinations. Supportive care may include the use of nonnarcotic analgesics and antiemetics. At present, however, there appear to be no medications given at discharge that can prevent or hasten the resolution of PCS. Several drugs are under investigation, but none have been proved to be clinically useful. […] Providing patients with an explanation of symptoms as well as expectations may decrease the severity and duration of postconcussion symptoms. […] Outpatient care is the cornerstone of treatment of patients with PCS and involves multidisciplinary teams that provide testing and treatment, including cognitive rehabilitation, psychotherapy, stress management, vocational counseling, and symptomatic pharmacologic therapy.

• #108 Concussion Treatment and Recovery | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-treatment-and-recovery

  Recovery from concussion is a complex and dynamic process. […] If recovery is not properly managed it can lead to unnecessarily prolonged recovery. […] Management of recovery should be individualized and directed by a health care provider with expertise in concussion care and who has ready access to treatment resources. […] During the recovery phase factors that are causing symptoms should be sought and treatment plans put in place for their resolution. […] Continued follow up at a clinic with expertise in management of concussion during the recovery phase allows for an individualized recovery plan including, a prescription for exercise and referrals to optimize recovery. […] A goal of recovery management it to avoid prolonged recovery, but 10-30% of those experiencing concussion can experience prolonged recovery.

• #109

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  To date, PENFS has been reported to be efficacious in treating adolescent gastrointestinal disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and drug-refractory cyclic vomiting syndrome. Our patient presented with persistent symptoms not responsive to standard headache hygiene measures and physical therapy, and only after completing PENFS therapy did her symptoms significantly improve. While we cannot definitively know whether it was the PENFS or other factors that led to her improvement, at this point, the literature suggests there may be a role for neuromodulation in the management of PPCS. Future research should focus on gathering data to answer these questions and further defining the role and efficacy of neuromodulation in the treatment of patients with PPCS.

• #110 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Magaziner Center

  https://drmagaziner.com/post-concussion-syndrome/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-hyperbaric-oxygen-therapy-and-regenerative-injections/

  In September 2018, researchers publishing in the BMJ Open journal wrote of their findings: In the largest published cohort of patients suffering from chronic deficits post-traumatic brain injury of all severities, hyperbaric oxygen therapy was associated with significant cognitive improvements. […] Here at the Magaziner Center for Wellness, we use hyperbaric oxygen to treat patients with concussions and post-concussion syndrome. […] Another key treatment is the use of prolotherapy. […] We have an extremely high success rate treating PCS with prolotherapy. […] In fact, many of the PCS patients who come to our facility have exhausted the realm of conventional medical treatment, after having been examined by neurologists, therapists, and surgeons, treated with antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication, pain medication and sleeping medication.

• #111 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] The recovery process after an accident is multifaceted, involving physical, emotional, and cognitive healing. PCS can complicate this process, with symptoms persisting for months or even years, affecting daily functioning and quality of life. […] With that said, the treatment and rehabilitation of a post-concussion FND or PPCS should be the same in the hands of an experienced clinician or comprehensive concussion care center, so don’t get too caught up in the label. The important thing to remember is that if you’re not improving, there is hope. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery. On the other hand, CTE is a progressive degenerative brain disease. Symptoms usually appear many years after an individual was exposed to repeated head impacts. […] PCS may not go away immediately, but it almost always will with time. Check out the treatment options that may work for your symptoms.

• #112 Post-concussion syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326227

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which the symptoms of concussion or a head injury last long after the initial injury. […] PCS can last for months or even years, but the symptoms do not worsen. PCS improves over time, and, in most cases, people recover from it. […] Treatment for PCS focuses on providing symptom relief to help a person manage the condition. Rest is one of the most important components of PCS treatment as it allows the brain to recover and heal from a concussion. […] People can try a range of different therapies that may help their recovery from PCS. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help people who have mood-related PCS symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, or mood swings. […] Post-concussion syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and, in most cases, it goes away completely in time.

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