Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #2 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #3 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #4 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #5 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] Some experts believe persistent post-concussive symptoms are caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of the messaging system within the nerves, caused by the impact that caused the concussion. […] Others believe persistent post-concussive symptoms are related to psychological factors. The most common symptoms — headache, dizziness and sleep problems — are similar to those often experienced by people diagnosed with depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder.

• #6 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] The exact cause of PCS is not known. One theory is that PCS is the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain. This imbalance is triggered by the injury that caused the initial concussion. Another theory suggests PCS may be caused by damage to nerve cells in the brain. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury). […] There’s no specific treatment that cures PCS. But there are a lot of strategies that can help. For most patients, the symptoms gradually improve over time. […] You may be prescribed antidepressants or anti-migraine medication. This doesn’t mean your healthcare professional thinks you’re depressed or experiencing migraines. These medicines work by reducing abnormal nerve activity in the brain. This means they can help with the physical symptoms of PCS.

• #7 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #8 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #9 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Definition and Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), or post-concussive syndrome, refers to the lingering symptoms following a concussion or a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] It isnt known why some people develop PCS and others dont. […] The severity of the concussion or TBI plays no role in the likelihood of developing PCS. […] The causes of PCS following a concussion are still unclear.

• #10 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome, also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), occurs when concussion symptoms persist for months or years after you sustain a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or another type of brain trauma. […] Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #11 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  Symptoms of a postconcussion syndrome can be subjective or objective and are often vague and non-specific. It is common to cluster or organize complaints into the categories of sleep-related (insomnia), cognitive (memory loss, poor concentration and problem solving), emotional (depressed mood, irritability, anxiety) and physical (headache, dizziness, exercise intolerance, fatigue, noise and light sensitivity) (Harmon, 2013). […] Clinicians must also be aware of the current known risk factors for prolonged concussion symptoms and how they may affect recovery. […] In summary, there has been a shift over the past two years to change the terminology regarding prolonged symptoms following a concussion. Both the Berlin consensus statement and most recent AMSSM position paper encourage using “persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS).” The time frame has been historically variable in definition but using a time frame of greater than 14 days for adults and greater than 4 weeks for children is being encouraged. There are two main theories involving the pathophysiology of persistent post-concussion symptoms, but neither has been definitively shown or pinpointed in human subjects.

• #12 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a set of symptoms that sometimes happen after a concussion. They can last for several weeks or months. […] The exact cause of PCS is not known. One theory is that PCS is the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain. This imbalance is triggered by the injury that caused the initial concussion. Another theory suggests PCS may be caused by damage to nerve cells in the brain. […] PCS does not show on any scans or blood tests. This means that your healthcare professional will diagnose PCS using: your medical history (that you’ve experienced a recent head injury), the types of symptoms you’re experiencing, when your symptoms began (before or after a head injury). […] There’s no specific treatment that cures PCS. But there are a lot of strategies that can help. For most patients, the symptoms gradually improve over time. […] You may be prescribed antidepressants or anti-migraine medication. This doesn’t mean your healthcare professional thinks you’re depressed or experiencing migraines. These medicines work by reducing abnormal nerve activity in the brain. This means they can help with the physical symptoms of PCS.

• #13 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Some people have an increased risk of experiencing persisting symptoms after concussion, however, it is not fully understood what causes persisting symptoms to persist, or why some people who have a mild traumatic brain injury later develop PCS while others do not. The majority of experts believe that PCS results from a mix of factors, including preexisting psychological factors and those directly relating to the physical injury. […] The nature of the syndrome/symptoms and the diagnosis itself have been the subject of intense debate since the 19th century. Some experts believe post-concussion symptoms are caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of neurotransmitter systems, resulting from the impact that caused the concussion. Others believe that post-concussion symptoms are related to common psychological factors.

• #14 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #15 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Some people have an increased risk of experiencing persisting symptoms after concussion, however, it is not fully understood what causes persisting symptoms to persist, or why some people who have a mild traumatic brain injury later develop PCS while others do not. The majority of experts believe that PCS results from a mix of factors, including preexisting psychological factors and those directly relating to the physical injury. […] The nature of the syndrome/symptoms and the diagnosis itself have been the subject of intense debate since the 19th century. Some experts believe post-concussion symptoms are caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of neurotransmitter systems, resulting from the impact that caused the concussion. Others believe that post-concussion symptoms are related to common psychological factors.

• #16 Post-Concussion Syndrome – Functional Neurological Disorder (FND)

  https://neurosymptoms.org/en/symptoms/common-associated-symptoms/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome/ Post -Traumatic Syndrome is a description given to a cluster of physical and cognitive symptoms that sometimes occurs after minor head injury. These include dizziness, poor memory and concentration, headache, fatigue, sleep disturbance, light sensitivity, tinnitus, neck pain, and irritability. […] In post-concussion syndrome symptoms persist longer than would be expected from the nature of the injury. They often get WORSE over time whereas symptoms directly related to a head injury are worst at the beginning and slowly improve. […] What happens is that after experiencing an injury, volume knobs in pathways in the nervous system become turned up. These include pain pathways, as well as sensory pathways involved in symptoms like dizziness. […] In a nutshell, no. It is TRIGGERED by a blow to the head, during which there may have been some minimal damage to the brain.

• #17 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system. There is often little correlation between the acute severity of the injury and later development of symptoms, and there are generally no objective medical or neuropsychological findings. Previous somatic and mental health issues and post-traumatic stress may indicate a risk of developing post-concussion symptoms, but many patients have no obvious risk factors. A biopsychosocial explanatory model is the best basis for treatment.

• #18 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  In many cases, both physical damage of brain trauma and emotional reactions to these effects play a role in the development of symptoms. […] However, some research shows that certain factors are more common in people who develop persistent post-concussive symptoms compared with those who don’t. These factors include a history of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, significant life stressors, a poor social support system and lack of coping skills. […] More research is still needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and not others.

• #19 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system. There is often little correlation between the acute severity of the injury and later development of symptoms, and there are generally no objective medical or neuropsychological findings. Previous somatic and mental health issues and post-traumatic stress may indicate a risk of developing post-concussion symptoms, but many patients have no obvious risk factors. A biopsychosocial explanatory model is the best basis for treatment.

• #20 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/post-concussion-syndrome-5185771

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) describes a collection of physical, emotional, cognitive (thinking-related), and behavioral symptoms that persist for several weeks to months after sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (concussion). […] Its not clear why some people develop PCS after a concussion and others do not. Experts suspect the answer likely stems from a combination of physical and psychological factors. […] Some of the abnormal brain processes that result from a concussion and potentially contribute to PCS development include: Inflammation within the brain, Injury to nerve fibers, Changes in brain glucose metabolism, Decreased cerebral blood flow, Rapid release of neurotransmitters throughout the brain. […] Psychological factors before, during, and after a brain injury may also contribute to PCS manifestation, duration, and/or severity.

• #21 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Brain inflammation is suggested to play a role in post-concussive syndrome. […] A longstanding controversy surrounding PCS concerns the nature of its etiology that is, the cause behind it and the degree to which psychological factors and organic factors involving brain dysfunction are responsible. The debate has been referred to as 'psychogenesis versus physiogenesis’ (psychogenesis referring to a psychological origin for the condition, physiogenesis to a physical one).

• #22 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome, also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), occurs when concussion symptoms persist for months or years after you sustain a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or another type of brain trauma. […] Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #23 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  A concussion can disrupt the complex dynamics between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system branches. […] If a concussion disrupts healthy signaling between the brain, eyes, ears, and body, you might experience vestibular dysfunction. […] A concussion can wreak havoc on previously healthy vision. […] Structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. […] Active therapy is the best post-concussion syndrome treatment available. […] The brain’s ability to recover via neuroplasticity is remarkable. […] Most patients arrive at our clinic on a number of medications designed to control their symptoms. […] Unfortunately, most medications were never tested on patients with a brain injury. […] Certain medications truly are necessary and helpful. […] No matter how long it’s been since your injury, there’s still hope for recovery.

• #24 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  A concussion can disrupt the complex dynamics between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system branches. […] If a concussion disrupts healthy signaling between the brain, eyes, ears, and body, you might experience vestibular dysfunction. […] A concussion can wreak havoc on previously healthy vision. […] Structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. […] Active therapy is the best post-concussion syndrome treatment available. […] The brain’s ability to recover via neuroplasticity is remarkable. […] Most patients arrive at our clinic on a number of medications designed to control their symptoms. […] Unfortunately, most medications were never tested on patients with a brain injury. […] Certain medications truly are necessary and helpful. […] No matter how long it’s been since your injury, there’s still hope for recovery.

• #25 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  A concussion can disrupt the complex dynamics between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system branches. […] If a concussion disrupts healthy signaling between the brain, eyes, ears, and body, you might experience vestibular dysfunction. […] A concussion can wreak havoc on previously healthy vision. […] Structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans cannot detect post-concussion syndrome. […] Active therapy is the best post-concussion syndrome treatment available. […] The brain’s ability to recover via neuroplasticity is remarkable. […] Most patients arrive at our clinic on a number of medications designed to control their symptoms. […] Unfortunately, most medications were never tested on patients with a brain injury. […] Certain medications truly are necessary and helpful. […] No matter how long it’s been since your injury, there’s still hope for recovery.

• #26 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system. There is often little correlation between the acute severity of the injury and later development of symptoms, and there are generally no objective medical or neuropsychological findings. Previous somatic and mental health issues and post-traumatic stress may indicate a risk of developing post-concussion symptoms, but many patients have no obvious risk factors. A biopsychosocial explanatory model is the best basis for treatment.

• #27 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS) Introduction – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-ppcs-introduction-and-diagnosis-part-1/

  The most recent concussion consensus statement in Berlin tried to establish a time frame of greater than 14 days in adults and greater than 4 weeks in children, did not use the term “post-concussion syndrome,” but used the terminology “persistent post-concussive symptoms” (McCory, 2016). […] The recently published AMSSM position statement has aligned with the Berlin consensus statement and tried to define “persistent post-concussive symptoms,” or PPCS, with a time frame of >14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children (Harmon, 2019; Kamins, 2017). […] There are two main theories when describing the pathophysiology behind persistent post-concussive symptoms. One theory has been studied in animals and extrapolated to humans. This involves the force delivered to the brain that causing stretching of neuronal cell membranes in a complex cascade of ionic, metabolic and pathophysiologic events.

• #28

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  According to research conducted by Vagnozzi et al in 2010, typical metabolic recovery post-injury is usually achieved between 22 to 30 days. At this stage, our energy levels rebound to their normal state, signaling a full physiological recovery. Yet, this presents us with a perplexing question: why do symptoms persist in patients even after their physiological recovery is complete? […] The critical aspect to grasp here is that PCS is defined more by enduring symptoms than by physical, structural damage. Concussion injuries are fundamentally functional, which means they do not present visible evidence on CT scans, MRIs, X-rays, or other forms of advanced imaging. […] Once your body has transitioned past the initial healing phase and achieved metabolic recovery, the ongoing post-concussion symptoms are generally linked to functional irregularities rather than structural damage.

• #29 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  In post-concussion syndrome (PCS), a patient with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) experiences persistent symptoms from the injury. If left untreated, the symptoms might last months, years, or even decades after the event. […] The four most common causes of persistent post-concussion symptoms are neurovascular coupling dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, vestibular dysfunction, and vision problems after the head injury. Knowing when and how these causes lead to symptoms is an important part of forming a good PCS treatment plan. […] For the majority of people who suffer from a concussion, symptoms usually resolve 3-6 weeks post-head trauma. […] But for post-concussion syndrome patients, the brain keeps using less efficient pathways to complete tasks even after the inflammation has resolved. That suboptimal signaling is what results in long-lasting concussion symptoms.

• #30 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] Persistent symptoms can really impact well-being. They can affect multiple parts of an individuals life, says Priyanca Shah, DO, MBA, a Mass General Brigham brain injury specialist. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] Post-concussive syndrome isnt well understood, and researchers dont know why it affects some people but not others. […] However, persistent concussion symptoms seem more common in people who have a history of anxiety or depression, migraine headaches, and learning disability, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (known as ADD or ADHD).

• #31 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) is the persistence of concussion symptoms beyond the normal course of recovery. The majority of concussion symptoms will resolve within one month, but in cases that last longer than a month, doctors may diagnose PCS. […] While not everyone who experiences a concussion will develop PCS, it’s important to monitor symptoms following a concussion and seek medical attention if they persist beyond one month. […] PCS is a relatively common complication of concussion recovery. It’s estimated that PCS may be diagnosed in 20 percent of concussion patients. […] When assessing a patient with persistent post-concussion symptoms, a doctor will inquire about specific risk factors that may have made them more susceptible following a concussion.

• #32 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is when you have concussion symptoms that last months or even a year or more after your initial injury. […] Persistent post-concussion syndrome is when symptoms continue for an extremely long time. The time limit on this varies and often falls to a healthcare provider’s judgment. Providers commonly use this diagnosis when symptoms last longer than three months, six months or even a year after an injury. […] Experts don’t know exactly why post-concussion syndrome affects only some people who experience a concussion. They suspect it’s a combination of factors adding up. […] Several risk factors can make PCS more likely to happen. Some of these include: Past concussion(s) or head injuries. Your risk of PCS goes up with every successive concussion or head injury.

• #33 Post Concussion Syndrome: 10 Options To Help Recover Fast

  https://mentalhealthcenter.com/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-symptoms/

  Anyone who suffers a brain injury or concussion is at risk for developing post-concussion syndrome. However, the National Library of Medicine notes that those who have suffered more than one brain injury are at an increased risk for developing post-concussion syndrome. […] Due to the prolonged nature of post-concussion syndrome, some symptoms may be difficult to connect back to a brain injury. […] According to Mayo Clinic, no single test can prove you have post-concussion syndrome. On the same note, no specific treatment is routinely prescribed to help alleviate symptoms. Instead, it is about finding what works best for you. Your healthcare provider should be able to come up with a treatment plan based on your needs and specific circumstances. […] The treatment options above are listed in no particular order. You and your healthcare provider must decide what is best based on your symptoms and what you are comfortable pursuing.

• #34 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer, however, because of biased reporting, these reported numbers can be overestimated with the overall prevalence is much lower. […] Repeated head injury resulting in concussions can lead to more severe cognitive deficits, however, more studies are being conducted to strengthen this association.

• #35 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion. […] There’s no specific treatment for persistent post-concussive symptoms. Your healthcare professional treats your symptoms. […] Symptoms often improve once you understand the cause of your symptoms and that symptoms are likely to get better with time.

• #36 Postconcussion syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30482344/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a heterogeneous condition comprised of a set of signs and symptoms in somatic, cognitive, and emotional domains. PCS is a controversial concept because of differing consensus criteria, variability in presentation, and lack of specificity to concussion. […] Whereas symptoms of concussion resolve in most individuals over days to weeks, a minority of individuals experience symptoms persisting months to years. The clinical consequences of concussion may be best conceptualized as two multidimensional disorders: (1) a constellation of acute symptoms termed early-phase posttraumatic disorder (commonly headache, dizziness, imbalance, fatigue, sleep disruption, impaired cognition, photo- and phonophobia); and (2) late-phase posttraumatic disorder, consisting of somatic, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. This phase is highly influenced by various psychosocial factors and is much less specific to the brain injury itself. Risk factors for development of a late-phase disorder include a high early symptom burden (e.g., headache, fatigue), a history of multiple concussions, psychiatric conditions (anxiety, depression), longer duration of unconsciousness or amnesia, and younger age. Successful treatment requires thoughtful differential diagnosis, including consideration of comorbid and premorbid conditions and other possible contributing factors. Treatment should include a hierarchic, sequential approach to management of treatable symptoms that impact functioning, such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, headache, musculoskeletal pain, and vertigo. A guided prescription of aerobic exercise is beneficial for early- and late-phase disorders after concussion.

• #37 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatments, Tests, Recovery, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is a condition that is typically associated with a head injury. The head injury may be categorized as a concussion or a mild traumatic brain injury. In general terms, post-concussion syndrome, or PCS, is a medical problem that persists for a period of time after a head injury has occurred. This period of time can range from weeks to months. […] In general, post-concussion syndrome follows the occurrence of an injury or trauma to the head. Not all people who suffer mild traumatic head injury experience post-concussion syndrome. This syndrome may be worse in people who have had previous concussions or head trauma. It may also be more severe in those who have early symptoms of headache after injury, or who have mental changes such as amnesia, fogginess or fatigue. Other risk factors include younger age and prior history of headaches. Women and older patients appear to be more susceptible to the development of post-concussion symptoms.

• #38 What is Post Concussion Syndrome? | Janicek Law

  https://www.janiceklaw.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome/

  People over the age of 40 years old are more likely to experience post concussion syndrome symptoms. […] Women have a higher risk of developing post concussion symptoms. […] There is no designated treatment for persistent postconcussive syndrome. […] Treatment heavily depends on the persistent post concussive symptoms the patient is experiencing. […] Generally, the vast majority of people with persistent post concussive symptoms have a good chance of full recovery within 6 months to a year, with the most common lingering symptom of a mild TBI being headache. […] Only 10 to 15% of mild traumatic brain injury sufferers experience the reported symptoms for longer than a year. […] Yes, you can certainly sue for post concussion syndrome, especially if your condition was directly caused by someone elses negligence.

• #39 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why some people develop PPCS and others do not. A range of biological, psychological, and social factors are likely to play a role in the development of this condition. […] Risk factors that may contribute to a person experiencing PPCS include: […] Previous history of mental health disorder. People with a history of mental health disorders have been found to be more likely to experience PPCS. […] Individuals who experience multiple concussions/repeated head injury may be more likely to experience PPCS, though research findings on this are mixed. […] A range of healthcare professionals can assist with persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] Regular follow-up appointments with your GP will help them monitor your recovery journey and determine if any changes need to be made to your treatment plan.

• #40 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] Persistent symptoms can really impact well-being. They can affect multiple parts of an individuals life, says Priyanca Shah, DO, MBA, a Mass General Brigham brain injury specialist. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] Post-concussive syndrome isnt well understood, and researchers dont know why it affects some people but not others. […] However, persistent concussion symptoms seem more common in people who have a history of anxiety or depression, migraine headaches, and learning disability, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (known as ADD or ADHD).

• #41 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  In many cases, both physical damage of brain trauma and emotional reactions to these effects play a role in the development of symptoms. […] However, some research shows that certain factors are more common in people who develop persistent post-concussive symptoms compared with those who don’t. These factors include a history of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, significant life stressors, a poor social support system and lack of coping skills. […] More research is still needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and not others.

• #42 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Certain risk factors may seem intuitive or obvious, such as a major blow to the head. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. […] Another factor to take into account is whether someone has pre-existing conditions such as a concussion, attention deficit disorder (ADD) or ADHD, depression, anxiety, migraines, or a seizure disorder. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery.

• #43 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] Persistent symptoms can really impact well-being. They can affect multiple parts of an individuals life, says Priyanca Shah, DO, MBA, a Mass General Brigham brain injury specialist. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] Post-concussive syndrome isnt well understood, and researchers dont know why it affects some people but not others. […] However, persistent concussion symptoms seem more common in people who have a history of anxiety or depression, migraine headaches, and learning disability, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (known as ADD or ADHD).

• #44 Post-concussion syndrome: Symptoms, treatment, and outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326227

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition in which the symptoms of concussion or a head injury last long after the initial injury. […] Long term effects from a concussion are not common. After getting a concussion, the majority of people recover from the initial symptoms within 2 weeks to a month. However, approximately 20% of people will experience PCS and have symptoms that last for longer than 6 weeks. […] Research suggests that the cause of PCS is damage to the white matter in the brain. […] Certain groups are more at risk of PCS than others, including females, older adults, and people with a history of concussion, seizures, learning, mood, or anxiety disorders, and migraine headaches. […] Multiple concussions can increase the risk of long term concussion symptoms. […] PCS can cause an increased risk of depression. […] If post-concussion syndrome is causing people to feel unsteady, they may be more at risk for repeated injuries. […] Post-concussion syndrome is not a degenerative disorder and, in most cases, it goes away completely in time.

• #45 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  According to the University of Calgary and Universit Lavals Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on concussions, the causes for postconcussion syndrome can include unresolved concussion, headache syndromes, injury to the neck, vestibular dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disorder, and underlying anxiety/depression. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.” […] However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%, meaning that the majority of the symptoms go away within a year of the injury.”

• #46 Postconcussion syndrome – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30482344/

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a heterogeneous condition comprised of a set of signs and symptoms in somatic, cognitive, and emotional domains. PCS is a controversial concept because of differing consensus criteria, variability in presentation, and lack of specificity to concussion. […] Whereas symptoms of concussion resolve in most individuals over days to weeks, a minority of individuals experience symptoms persisting months to years. The clinical consequences of concussion may be best conceptualized as two multidimensional disorders: (1) a constellation of acute symptoms termed early-phase posttraumatic disorder (commonly headache, dizziness, imbalance, fatigue, sleep disruption, impaired cognition, photo- and phonophobia); and (2) late-phase posttraumatic disorder, consisting of somatic, emotional, and cognitive symptoms. This phase is highly influenced by various psychosocial factors and is much less specific to the brain injury itself. Risk factors for development of a late-phase disorder include a high early symptom burden (e.g., headache, fatigue), a history of multiple concussions, psychiatric conditions (anxiety, depression), longer duration of unconsciousness or amnesia, and younger age. Successful treatment requires thoughtful differential diagnosis, including consideration of comorbid and premorbid conditions and other possible contributing factors. Treatment should include a hierarchic, sequential approach to management of treatable symptoms that impact functioning, such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, headache, musculoskeletal pain, and vertigo. A guided prescription of aerobic exercise is beneficial for early- and late-phase disorders after concussion.

• #47 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/p/post-concussion-syndrome2/

  In many cases, both physical damage of brain trauma and emotional reactions to these effects play a role in the development of symptoms. […] However, some research shows that certain factors are more common in people who develop persistent post-concussive symptoms compared with those who don’t. These factors include a history of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, significant life stressors, a poor social support system and lack of coping skills. […] More research is still needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and not others.

• #48 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Certain risk factors may seem intuitive or obvious, such as a major blow to the head. […] Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. […] Another factor to take into account is whether someone has pre-existing conditions such as a concussion, attention deficit disorder (ADD) or ADHD, depression, anxiety, migraines, or a seizure disorder. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS improves over time and, with treatment, often leads to full recovery.

• #49 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatments, Tests, Recovery, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome is a condition that is typically associated with a head injury. The head injury may be categorized as a concussion or a mild traumatic brain injury. In general terms, post-concussion syndrome, or PCS, is a medical problem that persists for a period of time after a head injury has occurred. This period of time can range from weeks to months. […] In general, post-concussion syndrome follows the occurrence of an injury or trauma to the head. Not all people who suffer mild traumatic head injury experience post-concussion syndrome. This syndrome may be worse in people who have had previous concussions or head trauma. It may also be more severe in those who have early symptoms of headache after injury, or who have mental changes such as amnesia, fogginess or fatigue. Other risk factors include younger age and prior history of headaches. Women and older patients appear to be more susceptible to the development of post-concussion symptoms.

• #50 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  Approximately 10% to 20% of people with concussion experience prolonged post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). […] The etiology and exact clinical nature of prolonged concussion symptoms remains elusive, and potential predictive factors from the literature remain contentious. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study observed that 12.5% of adults diagnosed with a concussion would require specialized medical care related to their injury 6 months or longer post-injury. […] The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc.

• #51 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #52 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors.

• #53 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome, also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), occurs when concussion symptoms persist for months or years after you sustain a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or another type of brain trauma. […] Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs when a patient experiences persistent symptoms three months or more after a head injury. […] Post-concussion syndrome can develop after a mild, moderate, or severe TBI. It can also come from brain traumas like carbon monoxide poisoning, transient ischemic attack (TIA), chemical exposure, certain viral or bacterial illnesses, surgery, and more. […] Post-concussion symptoms stem primarily from dysfunctional neurovascular coupling (NVC), which is the dynamic relationship between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them.

• #54 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), also known as persisting symptoms after concussion, is a set of symptoms that may continue for weeks, months, or years after a concussion. PCS is medically classified as a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). About 35% of people with concussion experience persistent or prolonged symptoms 3 to 6 months after injury. Prolonged concussion is defined as having concussion symptoms for over four weeks following the first accident in youth and for weeks or months in adults. […] A diagnosis may be made when symptoms resulting from concussion last for more than three months after the injury. Loss of consciousness is not required for a diagnosis of concussion or post-concussion syndrome. However, it is important that patients find help as soon as they notice lingering symptoms within one month, and especially when they notice their mental health deteriorating, since they are at risk of post-concussion syndrome depression.

• #55 Postconcussion syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postconcussion-syndrome

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and describes a symptom complex that includes headache, dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. The term „postconcussion syndrome” was coined in 1934; some authors prefer to refer to the syndrome as „persisting symptoms after concussion.” However, it may be more accurate to use the term „post-TBI syndrome,” as PCS may also occur after moderate and severe TBI. Mild TBI can occur after the head is struck, the head striking an object, or the brain undergoing an acceleration/deceleration movement without direct external trauma to the head. Loss of consciousness does not have to occur for PCS to develop. We will use the term „PCS,” as it is most commonly used in the published literature. […] PCS is controversial, especially in its protracted form. The symptoms are vague, subjective, and common in the general population. The affected patient population is heterogeneous with varying degrees of injury to the head and brain. Individual patient characteristics may alter the expression of the injury. The underlying pathophysiology is undefined. Test results may or may not be abnormal; when present, test abnormalities do not follow a consistently defined pattern.

• #56 Postconcussion syndrome – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postconcussion-syndrome

  Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) is a common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and describes a symptom complex that includes headache, dizziness, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive impairment. The term „postconcussion syndrome” was coined in 1934; some authors prefer to refer to the syndrome as „persisting symptoms after concussion.” However, it may be more accurate to use the term „post-TBI syndrome,” as PCS may also occur after moderate and severe TBI. Mild TBI can occur after the head is struck, the head striking an object, or the brain undergoing an acceleration/deceleration movement without direct external trauma to the head. Loss of consciousness does not have to occur for PCS to develop. We will use the term „PCS,” as it is most commonly used in the published literature. […] PCS is controversial, especially in its protracted form. The symptoms are vague, subjective, and common in the general population. The affected patient population is heterogeneous with varying degrees of injury to the head and brain. Individual patient characteristics may alter the expression of the injury. The underlying pathophysiology is undefined. Test results may or may not be abnormal; when present, test abnormalities do not follow a consistently defined pattern.

• #57 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #58 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors.

• #59 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #60 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  According to the University of Calgary and Universit Lavals Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on concussions, the causes for postconcussion syndrome can include unresolved concussion, headache syndromes, injury to the neck, vestibular dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disorder, and underlying anxiety/depression. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.” […] However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%, meaning that the majority of the symptoms go away within a year of the injury.”

• #61

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Persistent symptoms are typically linked to functional processes that have been disrupted due to a suspected concussion injury. […] One of the primary factors contributing to the development of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) involves an imbalance in cerebral blood flow. […] This disruption in blood flow stems from a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, which plays a pivotal role in regulating heart rate variability, neurovascular coupling, and cerebrovascular reactivity. […] When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. It plays a crucial role in initiating the repair mechanisms within the brain. However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] Research has shed light on the fact that a concussion can lead to heightened levels of intestinal permeability, also known as „leaky gut.”

• #62

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Persistent symptoms are typically linked to functional processes that have been disrupted due to a suspected concussion injury. […] One of the primary factors contributing to the development of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) involves an imbalance in cerebral blood flow. […] This disruption in blood flow stems from a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, which plays a pivotal role in regulating heart rate variability, neurovascular coupling, and cerebrovascular reactivity. […] When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. It plays a crucial role in initiating the repair mechanisms within the brain. However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] Research has shed light on the fact that a concussion can lead to heightened levels of intestinal permeability, also known as „leaky gut.”

• #63

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Persistent symptoms are typically linked to functional processes that have been disrupted due to a suspected concussion injury. […] One of the primary factors contributing to the development of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) involves an imbalance in cerebral blood flow. […] This disruption in blood flow stems from a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, which plays a pivotal role in regulating heart rate variability, neurovascular coupling, and cerebrovascular reactivity. […] When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. It plays a crucial role in initiating the repair mechanisms within the brain. However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] Research has shed light on the fact that a concussion can lead to heightened levels of intestinal permeability, also known as „leaky gut.”

• #64 Unraveling Post-Concussion Syndrome: Understanding Causes and Empowering Recovery | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-treatment/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery/

  When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. […] However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] It’s important to recognize that every concussion injury has a component of cervical spine involvement. […] Understanding the interplay between head injuries and cervical spine injuries is crucial for the comprehensive management and effective treatment of PCS and whiplash injuries. […] Among the most frequently reported symptoms associated with PCS, a significant number are attributed to visual and vestibular dysfunctions. […] Recovery from a head injury goes beyond the physical aspects; it encompasses the influence of our emotions, thoughts, and stress levels as well.

• #65

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Persistent symptoms are typically linked to functional processes that have been disrupted due to a suspected concussion injury. […] One of the primary factors contributing to the development of Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) involves an imbalance in cerebral blood flow. […] This disruption in blood flow stems from a disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, which plays a pivotal role in regulating heart rate variability, neurovascular coupling, and cerebrovascular reactivity. […] When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. It plays a crucial role in initiating the repair mechanisms within the brain. However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] Research has shed light on the fact that a concussion can lead to heightened levels of intestinal permeability, also known as „leaky gut.”

• #66

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Interestingly, while hormonal dysregulation is rare following a concussion, it can occur in some cases. […] It’s a common misconception that any impact to the head or body automatically results in a concussion. In reality, a specific amount of force is required to produce this type of injury. […] When conducting a physical exam on the cervical spine in individuals with PCS, certain dysfunctions are commonly observed. […] Understanding the interplay between head injuries and cervical spine injuries is crucial for the comprehensive management and effective treatment of PCS and whiplash injuries. […] Among the most frequently reported symptoms associated with PCS, a significant number are attributed to visual and vestibular dysfunctions. […] Recovery from a head injury goes beyond the physical aspects; it encompasses the influence of our emotions, thoughts, and stress levels as well.

• #67 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  In September 2019, the Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Neurosurgery examined the frequency of neck pain in mild traumatic brain injury/concussion patients. The purpose? How many of these patients will develop primary neck pain? […] The researchers concluded: These findings support consensus statements identifying cervical injury as an important potential concurrent diagnosis in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. […] Prolotherapy is an injection technique utilizing simple sugar or dextrose. Our research documents our experience with our patients. […] In 2015, our research team at Caring Medical published findings in the European Journal of Preventive Medicine investigating the role of Prolotherapy in the reduction of pain and symptoms associated with increased cervical intervertebral motion, structural deformity, and irritation of nerve roots.

• #68 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome is often made after suffering a head injury where the patient loses consciousness and develops a myriad of symptoms a year after the injury. These symptoms include headache, neck pain, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, nausea, anxiety, and memory problems. Many of these symptoms overlap with those of atlanto-axial instability, cervicocranial syndrome, and whiplash-associated disorder. This is not just a coincidence. Typical causes of concussion include blows to the head or falls. If you fall and hit your head on the ground, it is easy to understand that the fall would put a large force on the skull. In addition to that, however, that same force can also be transmitted to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine. A blow to the head or a fall could also cause a hyperextension-hyperflexion type movement of the neck, insinuating that those who suffer concussions also suffer a concurrent whiplash injury.

• #69 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome is often made after suffering a head injury where the patient loses consciousness and develops a myriad of symptoms a year after the injury. These symptoms include headache, neck pain, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, nausea, anxiety, and memory problems. Many of these symptoms overlap with those of atlanto-axial instability, cervicocranial syndrome, and whiplash-associated disorder. This is not just a coincidence. Typical causes of concussion include blows to the head or falls. If you fall and hit your head on the ground, it is easy to understand that the fall would put a large force on the skull. In addition to that, however, that same force can also be transmitted to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine. A blow to the head or a fall could also cause a hyperextension-hyperflexion type movement of the neck, insinuating that those who suffer concussions also suffer a concurrent whiplash injury.

• #70 When persistent post-concussion syndrome turns into a neurologic mystery –

  https://caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/post-concussion-syndrome/

  The diagnosis of post-concussion syndrome is often made after suffering a head injury where the patient loses consciousness and develops a myriad of symptoms a year after the injury. These symptoms include headache, neck pain, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, nausea, anxiety, and memory problems. Many of these symptoms overlap with those of atlanto-axial instability, cervicocranial syndrome, and whiplash-associated disorder. This is not just a coincidence. Typical causes of concussion include blows to the head or falls. If you fall and hit your head on the ground, it is easy to understand that the fall would put a large force on the skull. In addition to that, however, that same force can also be transmitted to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine. A blow to the head or a fall could also cause a hyperextension-hyperflexion type movement of the neck, insinuating that those who suffer concussions also suffer a concurrent whiplash injury.

• #71

  https://dennerchiroperformance.com/blog/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery

  Interestingly, while hormonal dysregulation is rare following a concussion, it can occur in some cases. […] It’s a common misconception that any impact to the head or body automatically results in a concussion. In reality, a specific amount of force is required to produce this type of injury. […] When conducting a physical exam on the cervical spine in individuals with PCS, certain dysfunctions are commonly observed. […] Understanding the interplay between head injuries and cervical spine injuries is crucial for the comprehensive management and effective treatment of PCS and whiplash injuries. […] Among the most frequently reported symptoms associated with PCS, a significant number are attributed to visual and vestibular dysfunctions. […] Recovery from a head injury goes beyond the physical aspects; it encompasses the influence of our emotions, thoughts, and stress levels as well.

• #72 Unraveling Post-Concussion Syndrome: Understanding Causes and Empowering Recovery | Complete Concussions

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-treatment/unraveling-post-concussion-syndrome-understanding-causes-and-empowering-recovery/

  When it comes to concussions, inflammation is a natural and anticipated part of the healing process. […] However, complications arise when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, hindering the recovery process. […] It’s important to recognize that every concussion injury has a component of cervical spine involvement. […] Understanding the interplay between head injuries and cervical spine injuries is crucial for the comprehensive management and effective treatment of PCS and whiplash injuries. […] Among the most frequently reported symptoms associated with PCS, a significant number are attributed to visual and vestibular dysfunctions. […] Recovery from a head injury goes beyond the physical aspects; it encompasses the influence of our emotions, thoughts, and stress levels as well.

• #73 Post Concussion Syndrome | Melbourne Headache Centre

  https://melbourneheadachecentre.com.au/conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome or PCS describes the symptoms that can occur following injuries to the head, and are assumed to be associated with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). […] PCS must be viewed as a combination of traumatic brain injury and whiplash or neck injury for the following reasons: […] A history of migraine is a significant risk factor for developing persistent symptoms post concussion. […] Persistent post concussion symptoms: Influenced by factors other than head injury status, suggesting these symptoms may not be related directly to the TBI. […] The symptoms of concussion have historically been attributed to a diffuse axonal injury in the brain. In the absence of a focal injury observable on brain imaging, the interpretations are based on animal models of physiological change. […] Research demonstrates that in people suffering vertigo and eye movement disorders after whiplash have no signs of vestibular dysfunction or injury to the central nervous system. The authors attribute the dysfunction to the neck injury.

• #74 Why is

  https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/post-concussion-syndrome-controversial/

  We do not yet have a clear understanding of what happens in the brain immediately after a concussion and over the days and months that follow, especially for those patients whose symptoms persist. Post-concussion symptom rates vary greatly among research studies, likely because the populations studied are diverse and so are the diagnostic criteria and timing of assessments. The wide variation in symptom rates highlights the fact that there is a lot we still don’t know about concussions. […] Adding to the difficulties is the fact that there may not be a clear etiology for post-concussion symptoms – that is, we don’t know the exact physiological mechanisms in the brain that cause, for example, post-traumatic headaches or sleep disturbances. […] Clinicians disagree on the criteria for a diagnosis of a post-concussion disorder. In fact, the two widely referenced works used by physicians and other healthcare providers, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) vary in their criteria for diagnosis, and their definitions have changed over time.

• #75 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #76 Post Concussion Syndrome: 10 Options To Help Recover Fast

  https://mentalhealthcenter.com/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-symptoms/

  Post-concussion syndrome results after you suffer a concussion and your symptoms last longer than expected. For most, concussion symptoms fade away around 14-21 days post-injury. However, if the brain cannot heal itself for one reason or another, it may develop into post-concussion syndrome. For this to happen, symptoms must persist for three months or longer. […] As mentioned above, post-concussion syndrome develops when a concussion occurs, and the body cannot heal in the usual 14-21 days. This is estimated to happen in 10 to 20 percent of individuals who suffer a concussion. The reason for this delay in recovery is relatively unclear; however, understanding concussions and how they affect the body can help guide treatment. […] The brain is a tricky instrument. While we know a lot about how it works, there are still plenty of unknowns. However, through observing those who have suffered concussions, we know that symptoms typically appear within the first seven to ten days and generally go away within three months. For some, concussion symptoms can last much longer, even up to a year or more which is where post-concussion syndrome comes in.

• #77 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms last longer two weeks. […] Research looking at persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) points to a need for a dramatic shift in the way we view even mild traumatic brain injuries. […] According to a study published in 2022 in the Frontiers in Neurology, approximately 15-30% of concussions result in symptoms continuing for four weeks or more post-injury in children, youth, and adolescents. In adults, similar percentages of patients can find themselves with PPCS lasting three months or more. […] Also called post-concussion syndrome (PCS), patients with this condition will experience recovery period that is more like weeks to months. […] The study notes that these symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, problems with concentration and memory as well as mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

• #78 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #79 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Another 2014 study approximated that „10% to 20% of individuals” develop postconcussion syndrome. […] Researchers and clinicians agree that concussions involve „neuronal dysfunction, cell death and altered connectivity including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, axonal damage and alterations in cerebral blood flow.” In terms of what is creating postconcussion syndrome, recent research points to „alterations in neuronal circuitry and neurotransmission.”

• #80 What Is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Mass General Brigham

  https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/what-is-post-concussion-syndrome

  In people with a concussion, most symptoms go away within the first few weeks after injury. But about 15% to 20% of these individuals experience symptoms that last beyond the expected recovery period. This is called post-concussion syndrome or post-concussive syndrome. […] Persistent symptoms can really impact well-being. They can affect multiple parts of an individuals life, says Priyanca Shah, DO, MBA, a Mass General Brigham brain injury specialist. […] You may be diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome if your symptoms last longer than 3 months. […] Post-concussive syndrome isnt well understood, and researchers dont know why it affects some people but not others. […] However, persistent concussion symptoms seem more common in people who have a history of anxiety or depression, migraine headaches, and learning disability, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (known as ADD or ADHD).

• #81 Frontiers | Prevalence of post-concussion syndrome and associated factors among patients with traumatic brain injury at Debre Tabor Comprehensive Hospital, North Central Ethiopia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.1056298/full

  Introduction: The occurrence of three or more of the following signs and symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, exhaustion, irritability, sleeplessness, difficulties in concentrating, or memory problems, following a head injury is referred to as post-concussion syndrome (PCS). […] The symptoms of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) may persist for weeks, months, or even a year or more following a concussion. […] Approximately 34–35% of concussion victims have ongoing or long-standing symptoms 3–6 months after the incident. […] Age, gender, expectations of disability, and somatic illnesses or mental illnesses are a few risk factors that have been linked to PCS. […] The development of PCS is thought to be influenced by physiological and psychological occurrences before, during, and after the injury.

• #82 What is Post-Concussion Syndrome? | Barrow Neurological InstituteGroup 9second opinionGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome is a disorder in which some symptoms, such as headache and dizziness, persist for weeks or months following a concussion. A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that is usually caused by a blow to the head or by whiplash-type movement of the head. […] Approximately 15 percent of people with a concussion may go on to develop post-concussion syndrome. […] Anyone who has had a concussion can experience post-concussion syndrome. Common causes of concussion include: Auto crashes, Sports, Falls, especially in younger children and older adults, Physical abuse, Military combat. […] People with a history of any of the following may be more likely to experience post-concussion syndrome: Migraine headaches, Mood, anxiety, learning, or seizure disorder, Previous concussion, Prolonged recovery after concussion.

• #83 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  For the majority of people who suffer from a concussion, symptoms usually resolve 3-6 weeks post-head trauma. […] Post-concussion symptoms can last for weeks, months, or even years after the concussive event. In general, if your symptoms have not gone away after three months, it’s a good idea to explore treatment options. […] Post-concussion syndrome can be permanent if you do not receive treatment, but often resolves or improves with the right therapy. […] Multiple concussions will not necessarily cause post-concussion syndrome, but they are a risk factor for developing PCS. […] Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community.

• #84 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  Approximately 10% to 20% of people with concussion experience prolonged post-concussion symptoms (PPCS). […] The etiology and exact clinical nature of prolonged concussion symptoms remains elusive, and potential predictive factors from the literature remain contentious. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] This study observed that 12.5% of adults diagnosed with a concussion would require specialized medical care related to their injury 6 months or longer post-injury. […] The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc.

• #85 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. […] A recent study found that only 27% of post-concussion syndrome patients meeting diagnostic criteria at three months post-injury made a full recovery. […] What we’ve found is that it doesn’t matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment. […] Most cases of post-concussion syndrome are treatable, but not all patients respond well to one specific treatment protocol.

• #86 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  For the majority of people who suffer from a concussion, symptoms usually resolve 3-6 weeks post-head trauma. […] Post-concussion symptoms can last for weeks, months, or even years after the concussive event. In general, if your symptoms have not gone away after three months, it’s a good idea to explore treatment options. […] Post-concussion syndrome can be permanent if you do not receive treatment, but often resolves or improves with the right therapy. […] Multiple concussions will not necessarily cause post-concussion syndrome, but they are a risk factor for developing PCS. […] Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community.

• #87 Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment: Therapy & Medications

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-treatment-what-to-know

  In post-concussion syndrome (PCS), a patient with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) experiences persistent symptoms from the injury. If left untreated, the symptoms might last months, years, or even decades after the event. […] The four most common causes of persistent post-concussion symptoms are neurovascular coupling dysfunction, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, vestibular dysfunction, and vision problems after the head injury. Knowing when and how these causes lead to symptoms is an important part of forming a good PCS treatment plan. […] For the majority of people who suffer from a concussion, symptoms usually resolve 3-6 weeks post-head trauma. […] But for post-concussion syndrome patients, the brain keeps using less efficient pathways to complete tasks even after the inflammation has resolved. That suboptimal signaling is what results in long-lasting concussion symptoms.

• #88 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  According to the University of Calgary and Universit Lavals Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on concussions, the causes for postconcussion syndrome can include unresolved concussion, headache syndromes, injury to the neck, vestibular dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disorder, and underlying anxiety/depression. […] According to the Mayo Clinic, „the risk of developing persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be associated with the severity of the initial injury.” […] However, numerous studies do show a relationship between the severity of early concussion symptoms (within 24 hours) and longer recovery times. […] Dr. Elizabeth Sandel says, „The prognosis for PCS is good. Its believed that around 50% of people with a history of mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) or concussion are still experiencing symptoms three months after their injury, and at a year that number has dropped to 10-15%, meaning that the majority of the symptoms go away within a year of the injury.”

• #89 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. […] A recent study found that only 27% of post-concussion syndrome patients meeting diagnostic criteria at three months post-injury made a full recovery. […] What we’ve found is that it doesn’t matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment. […] Most cases of post-concussion syndrome are treatable, but not all patients respond well to one specific treatment protocol.

• #90 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  A minority of patients (10 to 15 percent) have symptoms that persist for more than one year or longer, however, because of biased reporting, these reported numbers can be overestimated with the overall prevalence is much lower. […] Repeated head injury resulting in concussions can lead to more severe cognitive deficits, however, more studies are being conducted to strengthen this association.

• #91 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent. […] In general, the outlook for PCS is good. Most people with PCS eventually recover and their symptoms stop. How long this takes can vary. Some people fully recover within weeks or months. For others, it may take a year or longer. […] Unfortunately, some people may have permanent effects from PCS. In these cases, managing the symptoms might be possible.

• #92 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion symptoms can persist or recur years after the original injury. […] Many studies have found that PCS recovery time varies drastically. Some patients recover after a couple of weeks without any long-term side effects; others struggle with symptoms for the rest of their lives. […] A recent study found that only 27% of post-concussion syndrome patients meeting diagnostic criteria at three months post-injury made a full recovery. […] What we’ve found is that it doesn’t matter how old your injury was: The key to recovery is getting the right treatment. […] Most cases of post-concussion syndrome are treatable, but not all patients respond well to one specific treatment protocol.

• #93 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent. […] In general, the outlook for PCS is good. Most people with PCS eventually recover and their symptoms stop. How long this takes can vary. Some people fully recover within weeks or months. For others, it may take a year or longer. […] Unfortunately, some people may have permanent effects from PCS. In these cases, managing the symptoms might be possible.

• #94 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  For the majority of people who suffer from a concussion, symptoms usually resolve 3-6 weeks post-head trauma. […] Post-concussion symptoms can last for weeks, months, or even years after the concussive event. In general, if your symptoms have not gone away after three months, it’s a good idea to explore treatment options. […] Post-concussion syndrome can be permanent if you do not receive treatment, but often resolves or improves with the right therapy. […] Multiple concussions will not necessarily cause post-concussion syndrome, but they are a risk factor for developing PCS. […] Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community.

• #95 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  There are many possible complications of post-concussion syndrome. They’re all tied to experiencing lingering concussion symptoms. It’s uncommon, but some people experience post-concussion symptoms that last for years or are even permanent. […] In general, the outlook for PCS is good. Most people with PCS eventually recover and their symptoms stop. How long this takes can vary. Some people fully recover within weeks or months. For others, it may take a year or longer. […] Unfortunately, some people may have permanent effects from PCS. In these cases, managing the symptoms might be possible.

• #96 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  The study suggests that 28 days is a more accurate projection for the process of full concussion recovery. […] Less than half (45%) showed full clinical recovery in less than two weeks. […] They believe that recovery rates may be slower than previously reported. […] Even a mild concussion can have severe symptoms and result in long-term post-concussion syndrome, because there are so many factors that come into play when the brain is injured. […] Each concussion is unique because each person and each impact on the brain is different. […] A concussion is a TBI, period. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability.

• #97 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #98 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #99 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. A concussion may be caused by a fall, car accident or contact sports injury. Other causes include violent shaking and movement of the head or body. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #100 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. […] A mild traumatic brain injury is known as a concussion. […] The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] A previous brain injury is linked to persistent post-concussive symptoms. But lasting symptoms also can happen after a single concussion.

• #101 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why some people develop PPCS and others do not. A range of biological, psychological, and social factors are likely to play a role in the development of this condition. […] Risk factors that may contribute to a person experiencing PPCS include: […] Previous history of mental health disorder. People with a history of mental health disorders have been found to be more likely to experience PPCS. […] Individuals who experience multiple concussions/repeated head injury may be more likely to experience PPCS, though research findings on this are mixed. […] A range of healthcare professionals can assist with persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] Regular follow-up appointments with your GP will help them monitor your recovery journey and determine if any changes need to be made to your treatment plan.

• #102 APA | 5 facts about persistent post-concussion symptoms

  https://australian.physio/inmotion/5-facts-about-persistent-post-concussion-symptoms

  If left untreated, these impairments can have a significant impact on quality of life, including academic performance at school, employment and sporting performance. […] They may also lead to increased injury risk (including further concussion) and serious mental health issues. […] Management of PPCS is complex. […] Physiotherapists can play a key role in education about PPCS. […] It is important for clients and their families to understand that persistent symptoms doesn’t mean long-term symptoms. […] With assessment and management from a multidisciplinary team including physiotherapists, most patients make a good recovery and the majority of children and adolescents return to school by 10 days without academic supports. […] Early identification and management of vestibulo-oculomotor dysfunction has been shown to reduce the recovery time from concussion and to prevent the persistence of symptoms. […] Future directions of concussion research include the identification of those at risk for developing persistent symptoms; the physical presentation of patients with concussion and links to symptom profiles.

• #103 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  The study suggests that 28 days is a more accurate projection for the process of full concussion recovery. […] Less than half (45%) showed full clinical recovery in less than two weeks. […] They believe that recovery rates may be slower than previously reported. […] Even a mild concussion can have severe symptoms and result in long-term post-concussion syndrome, because there are so many factors that come into play when the brain is injured. […] Each concussion is unique because each person and each impact on the brain is different. […] A concussion is a TBI, period. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability.

• #104 Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms (PPCS): Stop Calling Concussions ‘No Big Deal’ – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms-ppcs-stop-calling-concussions-no-big-deal/

  The study suggests that 28 days is a more accurate projection for the process of full concussion recovery. […] Less than half (45%) showed full clinical recovery in less than two weeks. […] They believe that recovery rates may be slower than previously reported. […] Even a mild concussion can have severe symptoms and result in long-term post-concussion syndrome, because there are so many factors that come into play when the brain is injured. […] Each concussion is unique because each person and each impact on the brain is different. […] A concussion is a TBI, period. […] The researchers found that early childhood concussions can result in significantly elevated post-concussive symptoms that can still be present three months after the injury. […] The children suffering from PPCS displayed symptoms such as inattention, slowing down, headache, nausea, imbalance, fatigue and drowsiness, poor sleep, vision problems, light and noise sensitivity, and irritability.

• #105 How Long Concussion could offer new insights into Long Covid

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240606-how-long-concussion-could-offer-new-insights-into-long-covid

  „Mitochondrial dysfunction is a fact in all of these conditions [Long Concussion, ME/CFS],” he says. […] With a dearth of effective treatments and millions of people around the world believed to be impacted by these conditions, researchers are hopeful that understanding the crossover between Long Concussion and Long Covid will yield answers which could help all those affected.

• #106 How Long Concussion could offer new insights into Long Covid

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240606-how-long-concussion-could-offer-new-insights-into-long-covid

  „Mitochondrial dysfunction is a fact in all of these conditions [Long Concussion, ME/CFS],” he says. […] With a dearth of effective treatments and millions of people around the world believed to be impacted by these conditions, researchers are hopeful that understanding the crossover between Long Concussion and Long Covid will yield answers which could help all those affected.

• #107 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  While it was previously thought that long-term symptoms following concussion were mainly due to psychosocial factors and/or hope of financial compensation, there is now increasing recognition that post-concussion symptoms can have both psychosocial and biological causes and should therefore be understood using a biopsychosocial model. […] The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system. There is often little correlation between the acute severity of the injury and later development of symptoms, and there are generally no objective medical or neuropsychological findings. Previous somatic and mental health issues and post-traumatic stress may indicate a risk of developing post-concussion symptoms, but many patients have no obvious risk factors. A biopsychosocial explanatory model is the best basis for treatment.

Zobacz więcej