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• #1 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185342/

  Most young people who sustain a concussion during active play or sports naturally progress from the injury event through a period of symptom resolution, followed by a return to full normal activities. […] In 10 to 20 percent of individuals, however, concussive symptoms persist for a number of weeks, months, or even years. These individuals may be said to be experiencing post-concussion syndrome (PCS). […] The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), defines PCS as a syndrome that occurs following head trauma (usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness) and includes a number of disparate symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty in concentration and performing mental tasks, impairment of memory, insomnia, and reduced tolerance to stress, emotional excitement, or alcohol.

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353352

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can’t always prevent a head injury. But some tips for avoiding them include: […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms may result directly from the impact of the injury itself. Or symptoms may trigger other conditions such as migraines. Symptoms also may be related to other factors. These may include trouble with sleep, dizziness, stress and mental health. Your healthcare professional works with you to understand the cause of your symptoms and which treatments may help.

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] The only known way to prevent the development of persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid the head injury in the first place. […] Although you can’t prepare for every potential situation, here are some tips for avoiding common causes of head injuries: Fasten your seat belt whenever you’re traveling in a car, and be sure children are in age-appropriate safety seats. Children under 13 are safest riding in the back seat, especially if your car has air bags. Use helmets whenever you or your children are bicycling, roller-skating, in-line skating, ice-skating, skiing, snowboarding, playing football, batting or running the bases in softball or baseball, skateboarding, or horseback riding. Wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle. Take action at home to prevent falls, such as removing small area rugs, improving lighting and installing handrails.

• #1 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] A study of high school and college athletes with concussions found that loss of consciousness, posttraumatic and retrograde amnesia, and greater symptom severity (an increase of 20 points or more on the Graded Symptom Checklist) within the first 24 hours following injury were associated with longer recoveries (7 or more days). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness.

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. […] Risk factors for developing persistent post-concussive symptoms include: Age. Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms.

• #1 What is PCS? | Concussion Legacy Foundation

  https://concussionfoundation.org/pcs-resources/what-is-pcs/

  Some individuals experience a double impact, where they sustain a blow to the head, fall, and subsequently receive another blow when their head hits the ice, boards, or field. These double impacts may result in a more severe concussion and increase the likelihood of developing PCS. […] It’s important to note that PCS differs from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive and degenerative disease resulting from repetitive head trauma. While CTE develops over time, PCS refers to symptoms that begin minutes, hours, or days after a concussion and don’t resolve within a month. […] PCS may not go away immediately, but it almost always will with time. Check out the treatment options that may work for your symptoms.

• #1 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] High frequency of primary care utilization in the year prior to injury as a predictor of prolonged symptoms is a novel finding for concussion but has been found in other conditions such as spinal pain. […] Recovery from concussion has been shown to vary based upon the individuals age; however, older adults are rarely studied in concussion research, making the increased risk of PPCS in seniors a potentially novel finding.

• #1 Post concussion syndrome (PCS) | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), also known as postconcussion syndrome, post concussive syndrome and persistent post concussive syndrome, is a common complication of concussion. Post concussive symptoms are typically similar to those of the initial concussion, but last longer than usual. […] Around 50 percent of people who have sustained a concussion will experience symptoms of PCS at one month after the initial injury. Around 15 percent of people who have sustained a concussion will continue to experience symptoms of PCS for one year after the initial injury. […] In PCS, post-concussive symptoms may persist for weeks, months or even years after the primary injury. […] Persistent PCS is post-concussion syndrome which does not get better fully with treatment, after one year or more. […] To prevent PCS, a person may be advised by their doctor to continue refraining from certain activities for a longer period of time, such as high-intensity or contact sports, and activities which are compromised by their PCS symptoms. The purpose of this is to promote the full healing of any internal bruising and bleeding related to the causal injury. […] Diagnosing and treating the possible symptoms of PCS as early as possible can prevent PCS from developing and/or lessen its extent. For this reason, it is always recommended to seek medical attention after two weeks, if any symptoms of concussion remain present.

• #1 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Though there is no specific treatment for PCS, symptoms can be improved with medications and physical and behavioral therapy. Education about symptoms and details about expectation of recovery are important. The majority of PCS cases resolve after a period of time. […] Education about symptoms and their usual time course is a part of psychological therapy, and is most effective when provided soon after the injury. Since stress exacerbates post-concussion symptoms, and vice versa, an important part of treatment is reassurance that PCS symptoms are normal, and education about how to deal with impairments. One study found that PCS patients who were coached to return to activities gradually, told what symptoms to expect, and trained how to manage them had a reduction in symptoms compared to a control group of uninjured people. Early education has been found to reduce symptoms in children as well.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Up to 30% of youth with concussion experience persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) impacting cognitive, social, mental, and physical health. Limited evidence-based therapies exist to treat PPCS. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of neuromodulation, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can benefit patients with post-concussive symptoms. The management of PPCS focuses on alleviating symptoms through the use of medications, behavioral and physical interventions and therapies, and lifestyle modifications. The most recent consensus guidelines encourage an initial 24-48-h period of symptom-limited cognitive and physical rest followed by an individualized gradual return to activity, with evidence to suggest that incorporating sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise may lead to reduced symptom burden and a faster recovery. Emerging research also supports targeted therapeutic interventions based on symptoms, such as headache, cognitive and sleep difficulties, vestibulo-ocular dysfunction, and mood disturbance for some patients. Neuromodulation is an established therapy for several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depression. More recently, a role for neuromodulation for patients with traumatic brain injury and post-concussive symptoms seems to be emerging. While the mechanism of action is not completely understood, electrical neuromodulation and neurostimulation are thought to modify, inhibit, and/or stimulate activity in the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. Through modulating these pathways, it is thought that these electrical techniques restore disruptions in the brain’s connectivity to improve overall functionality and reduce symptoms.

• #1 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  If symptoms persist for more than 2-3 months despite these interventions, it may be appropriate to refer the patient to the specialist health service, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary rehabilitation. Good provision should include guidance about activity and coping strategies, as well as assessment of the individual symptoms and whether these require specific treatment. […] Concussion usually has a good prognosis, but 10-15% of patients have persistent symptoms consistent with post-concussion symptoms. The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system.

• #1 Persistent post-concussive syndrome in children after mild traumatic brain injury is prevalent and vastly underdiagnosed | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08302-0

  Despite that, PPCS is still underdiagnosed in the pediatric population and the chronic unremitted symptoms are not being categorized as related to the mTBI. […] In this study, none of the 52 patients who had PPCS were officially categorized as such in their electronic medical records by their pediatric primary care physician or neurologist. […] These findings warrant better screening guidelines, and practices to be employed in the pediatric population after suffering mTBI.

• #1 Pediatric Post Concussion Syndrome – Dr. Green Mom

  https://drgreenmom.com/pediatric-post-concussion-syndrome-prevention-treatment/

  Minimizing risk factors, using preventative neuroprotective supplements, and early treatment of concussion are other important aspects of prevention. […] Neuroprotective supplements to prevent head injury and post concussion syndrome are a new area of research. […] Early treatment of concussion may help to prevent more serious post concussion symptoms. […] Prevention is key and involves physical protection and injury prevention, proper early treatment of concussion, anti-inflammatory nutritional support, and awareness of risk factors.

• #1 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Treatment options for both metabolic dysfunction and neuro-inflammation include simple dietary changes such as avoiding pro-inflammatory foods (refined sugars, white bread, pasta, artificial sweeteners, etc) and replacing them with healthier options such as fruits and vegetables, freshly caught fish (salmon, mackerel, herring), and good fats (coconut oil, flax seed, almonds). […] These changes may offset an ongoing inflammatory response and reduce your concussion symptoms. […] Studies examining the overlay of mental health conditions and post-concussion symptoms are endless (so much so that I won’t even begin to start referencing them), and mental health will always be a big part of concussion management. […] In many cases, patients often feel much better just learning about their condition and learning that it is 100% treatable, given the right approach.

• #1 PPCS Pharmacological Treatments – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-pharmacology/

  Amitriptyline has been used for migraine prophylaxis and it was shown to be effective during randomized trials in the 1970s, 80s and 90s. […] Because it has been shown to treat both tension-type headache and migraine type headaches and has sedating effects that can aid with sleep disturbance, it remains a popular choice today. […] Other medications commonly used are topiramate, triptans and beta-blockers. […] Cognitive symptoms commonly associated with PPCS include slowed processing speed and difficulty with memory and concentration. […] The decision to start a stimulant such as methylphenidate needs to be done on a case by case basis and the provider should be comfortable with medication interactions, side effects and provide close follow up. […] A retrospective case series involving 25 patients showed improvement in neuropsychiatric testing scores and decreased cognitive symptoms.

• #1 PPCS Pharmacological Treatments – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-pharmacology/

  A 2019 retrospective review in 33 patients with PPCS treated with amantadine showed a significant decrease in headaches for 80% of patients, but up to one-third of the patients in the study stopped amantadine due to side effects. […] Sleep-wake disorders are another common symptom that is potentially amenable to pharmacologic therapy. […] Melatonin is the most commonly used agent and has minimal side effects. […] SSRIs are commonly used in the general population to treat depressive or anxiety symptoms, but data is limited in regards to treating PPCS symptoms. […] Treating emotional or psychological symptoms can be challenging due to the natural course of mood symptoms as the brain recovers. […] In summary, there are no FDA approved medications to specifically treat persistent post-concussive symptoms, but many medications used to treat symptoms. […] Medications should be weaned as the patient recovers, collaborative care should be utilized and paired with more evidence based therapies covered previously.

• #1 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  There are few interventions available for addressing prolonged recovery or PCS following concussion. […] There is some evidence that noncontact aerobic exercise may play a role in the rehabilitation of individuals experiencing a prolonged recovery or PCS. […] The literature reports various interventions for the management of persistent symptoms of concussion and PCS, although the data to support the efficacy of these interventions in individuals, especially children and adolescents, with sports-related concussions are limited. […] It is important for individuals with a concussion to receive care from providers knowledgeable about concussions, and a number of state concussion laws require that high school athletes with a concussion be cleared to return to play by providers knowledgeable in concussion diagnosis and management.

• #1 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  Historically, healthcare providers told patients with concussion symptoms due to mild traumatic brain injury to rest, rest, rest. […] The research on concussions and post-concussion syndrome is evolving at an exponential rate, and we realize that not only does prolonged mental rest not work, but it can also make your post-concussion symptoms worse. […] If you have fallen victim to this, you don’t need more rest; you need a second opinion. […] While relative rest is still important during the early stages following injury, that timeline is getting shorter (i.e., 48 hours of relative rest), with strict, prolonged rest starting to worsen patient symptoms over time. […] So, although you may have been told to rest at the emergency room, if it’s been more than ten days of symptoms, it’s time to switch it up and start finding better concussion-supportive therapy before your symptoms worsen.

• #1 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Education is mandatory for PCS patients, as well as their family members, relatives, and caretakers. […] In the prevention and treatment of PCS in patients that have suffered mild TBI, patient education is key to a successful recovery.

• #1 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  The Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation recently demonstrated that one of the best evidence-based treatment options for preventing long-term symptoms was patient education and reassurance! […] Just by helping the patient to be better informed about their condition and the effective treatment options available for post-concussion syndrome allows concussion patients to be empowered to seek out effective post-concussion treatment. […] The Concussion Fix Program is an online concussion treatment program designed to help patients with persistent symptoms figure out what is driving their symptoms and how to fix them. […] The program teaches patients how to balance the autonomic nervous system, how to improve their diet to fix metabolic and neuro-inflammatory issues, and how to safely return to work and life. […] The Concussion Fix Program has helped thousands of patients worldwide get back to living their lives without the debilitating symptoms of post-concussion syndrome.

• #1 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Avoid anything that might cause another concussion. PCS is much more likely with repeated head impacts and concussions. A second concussion soon after the first one is also extremely dangerous and can even be deadly. Athletes should never be allowed to keep playing if there’s even a possibility that they have a concussion.

• #1 What to Do After a Mild TBI or Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/response/index.html

  Some people will have symptoms for months or longer. […] If you have one or more symptoms that last months after the injury, your healthcare provider may talk to you about post-concussive syndrome. Post-concussive syndrome is believed to occur most commonly among people with: […] A history of multiple mild TBI or concussions, or […] Prior health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. […] Avoid activities that can put you at risk for another injury to your head and brain, such as playing sports. […] Talk with your healthcare provider if symptoms don’t go away.

• #1 Prevention of post-concussion-like symptoms in patients presenting at the emergency room, early single eye movement desensitization, and reprocessing intervention versus usual care: study protocol for a two-center randomized controlled trial | Trials | Fu

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2902-2

  It is therefore possible that at least a subgroup of patients who experienced a traumatic injury may benefit from such intervention. […] Available research data, both from our studies and that available in the literature, led us to select the EMDR R-TEP procedure. […] The absence of sufficient literature related to preventive interventions for PCLS. […] The partial overlap between PCLS and PTSD. […] The results of our preliminary studies strongly suggesting that stress plays a major role in PCLS. […] The consensus for the use of EMDR in early prevention of PTSD. […] The growing evidence of a significant psychological component to persistent complaints. […] The failure of early psychological debriefing to prevent PTSD. […] The present protocol aims to replicate the latter trial in order to confirm or reject our hypothesis of a beneficial impact of early R-TEP EMDR on PCLS and PTSD in two different ERs. […] The trial is designed to test the impact of early EMDR intervention on PCLS and PTSD in patients presenting to the ER. […] We already described the feasibility of short EMDR sessions in the ED during the SOFTER 2 study, which also found a superiority of EMDR versus reassurance versus control.

• #1 Prevention of post-concussion-like symptoms in patients presenting at the emergency room, early single eye movement desensitization, and reprocessing intervention versus usual care: study protocol for a two-center randomized controlled trial | Trials | Fu

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2902-2

  Recent data suggest that 10-20% of injury patients will suffer for several months after the event from diverse symptoms, generally referred to as post-concussion-like symptoms (PCLS), which will lead to a decline in quality of life. […] A preliminary randomized control trial suggested that this condition may be induced by the stress experienced during the event or emergency room (ER) stay and can be prevented in up to 75% of patients with a single, early, short eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapeutic session delivered in the ER. […] The protocol of the SOFTER 3 study was designed to compare the impact on 3-month PCLS of early EMDR intervention and usual care in patients presenting at the ER. […] Approximately 2 million people each year in France are confronted by difficulties of varying degrees whose cause is often unidentified and unrelated to the traumatic event.

• #1 Prevention of post-concussion-like symptoms in patients presenting at the emergency room, early single eye movement desensitization, and reprocessing intervention versus usual care: study protocol for a two-center randomized controlled trial | Trials | Fu

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2902-2

  Following the recognition of the failure of psychological debriefing, the issue of difficult access to patients with high levels of stress or dissociation was raised. […] The R-TEP is an early EMDR current trauma-focused intervention that incorporates and extends the main ideas of the original Recent Event Protocol guidelines first described by Shapiro and Laub in 2008. […] The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS. […] There is relatively little systematic research on the prevention and treatment of PCS. […] A systematic review published in 2010 suggested that cognitive behavioral therapy may be effective in the treatment of PCS. […] An emerging literature points to the independent impact of expectations and coping on chronic conditions following trauma, in particular for patients with whiplash and low back pain.

• #1 Student Perspectives: Interventions for Post-Concussion Syndrome Prevention Following ‎Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations and Future Directions‎ – Emmeline N. Taylor, BS | International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

  https://istss.org/student-perspectives-interventions-for-post-concussion-syndrome-prevention-following-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-recommendations-and-future-directions-emmeline-n-taylor-bs/

  Approximately 2.5 million people present to an emergency department each year due to traumatic brain injury (TBI; Taylor et al., 2017). […] Following mTBI, it is not uncommon for people to experience some physical and sensory symptoms, such as headaches, blurred vision and nausea, and cognitive symptoms, such as difficulties with concentration, disorientation, and trouble sleeping. […] When concussion symptoms persist beyond what is expected in typical recovery (i.e., three months for mTBI), post-concussion syndrome (PCS) may be diagnosed (Permenter et al., 2022). […] PCS, as well as co-occurring PCS and PTSD, may be preventable in mTBI populations. […] A combination of psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), graduated physical activity, and cognitive rehabilitation may help to prevent PCS among those at greater risk (Al Sayegh et al., 2010; Broshek et al., 2015; Nygren-de Boussard et al., 2014).

• #1 Student Perspectives: Interventions for Post-Concussion Syndrome Prevention Following ‎Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations and Future Directions‎ – Emmeline N. Taylor, BS | International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

  https://istss.org/student-perspectives-interventions-for-post-concussion-syndrome-prevention-following-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-recommendations-and-future-directions-emmeline-n-taylor-bs/

  Evidence suggests that PCS is preventable, even among those at higher risk. […] Development and implementation of an in-hospital screen for risk of PCS. […] Universal psychoeducation. […] Stepped-care approach to prevention. […] Evaluation of PCS risk-screening tools and interventions aimed at prevention is needed to ensure that prevention approaches are being delivered effectively for different levels of risk.

• #1 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The TRICORDRR tool is currently being prospectively validated by staff physicians at the Hull-Ellis Concussion and Research Clinic at Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteUniversity Health Network. […] The results of the current study should allow the first primary care or emergency medicine providers who see an individual with concussion to quickly and easily determine a patients risk of developing PPCS while still in the acute stage of injury.

• #1 Managing Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome: 6 Strategies for Cognitive Recovery | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/managing-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome

  For PPCS, we need to use a comprehensive educational approach that includes biopsychosocial education, addressing the interconnected biological, psychological, and social factors contributing to symptom persistence. […] A biopsychosocial model offers clarity on risk factors, as well as precipitating and perpetuating elements that may require intervention. […] Managing cognitive-communication symptoms in persistent post-concussion syndrome requires a multifaceted, patient-centered approach due to the complexity of this diagnosis. By integrating principles of biopsychosocial education, motivational interviewing, cognitive strategy training, and dynamic coaching, we can provide personalized, impactful interventions that empower patients to take control of their recovery.

• #1 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is characterized by persistent symptoms that can last for weeks to years after a concussion. […] Symptoms of PCS may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] The collaboration between healthcare professionals, including physicians, neuropsychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists, can enhance health outcomes for individuals with PCS.

• #1 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] Preventing and managing PCS requires a multifaceted approach. Better diagnostic testing in the clinical setting is warranted, and more technologically advanced brain imaging equipment needs to be readily available and affordable. […] Education of medical personnel should include instruction on how to effectively communicate the potential for persistent symptoms of concussion. Patients need to know that recovery from concussion is not always quick and that lingering symptoms may be present for an unknown amount of time. […] Use of the post-concussive assessment tools and/or neuropsychological testing should be completed at follow-up appointments for all patients with concussion, whether or not they lose consciousness at the point of injury. Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms. […] Through these efforts, outcomes for patients with PCS can be improved.

• #1 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome?content_id=CON-20313610

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can’t always prevent a head injury. But some tips for avoiding them include: […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #1 Managing Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome: 6 Strategies for Cognitive Recovery | Medbridge

  https://www.medbridge.com/blog/managing-persistent-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS) is characterized by a constellation of symptoms associated with a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Common symptoms often include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, sensitivity to light and noise, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, irritability, and mood changes. These symptoms can disrupt work, relationships, and various aspects of daily life, making recovery challenging. […] While most people recover from concussions within a few weeks, some survivors experience debilitating symptoms that can last for months or even years. PPCS often manifests as an invisible disability, making it misunderstood by those around the patient and requiring a thoughtful, multidisciplinary approach to manage, combining medical interventions and cognitive rehabilitation therapies.

• #2 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/prolonged-symptoms

  Symptoms that persist for more than 4 weeks after a concussion are considered persisting symptoms. […] There are different definitions of prolonged symptoms, including post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). […] According to the most recent international consensus, symptoms persisting after 4 weeks are considered persisting symptoms, and these patients would be referred to multidisciplinary care. […] A 2018 study estimated that between 11.4% and 38.7% of people with concussions will develop postconcussion syndrome. […] „Recent literature suggests that the physiological time of recovery may outlast the time for clinical recovery, meaning that the patient appears well to the doctor overseeing her case.” […] The medical community has a good understanding of what happens with the brain with the initial concussion but does not have a clear consensus regarding the explanation for prolonged symptoms.

• #2 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome?content_id=CON-20313610

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and trouble with concentration and memory. Symptoms can last weeks to months. […] The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can’t always prevent a head injury. But some tips for avoiding them include: […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms usually are reported in people ages 20 to 30. But studies also show that older adults are at risk of more serious and prolonged persistent post-concussive symptoms. […] More research is needed to better understand how and why persistent post-concussive symptoms happen after some injuries and in some people but not in others.

• #2 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] The only known way to prevent the development of persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid the head injury in the first place. […] Although you can’t prepare for every potential situation, here are some tips for avoiding common causes of head injuries: Fasten your seat belt whenever you’re traveling in a car, and be sure children are in age-appropriate safety seats. Children under 13 are safest riding in the back seat, especially if your car has air bags. Use helmets whenever you or your children are bicycling, roller-skating, in-line skating, ice-skating, skiing, snowboarding, playing football, batting or running the bases in softball or baseball, skateboarding, or horseback riding. Wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle. Take action at home to prevent falls, such as removing small area rugs, improving lighting and installing handrails.

• #2 Prediction of risk of prolonged post-concussion symptoms: Derivation and validation of the TRICORDRR (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Concussion Outcome Determination and Rehab Recommendations) score | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003652

  The risk score may aid physicians treating adults with a concussion by allowing them to quickly assess a patients risk of prolonged recovery and in turn facilitate tailored treatment plans as appropriate, such as encouraging return to aerobic exercise, education about concussion, timely referrals for specialized psychological care, etc. […] The most predictive factors in developing PPCS were a prior diagnosis of mental health problems, especially depression, anxiety, bipolar and personality disorders, high frequency of pre-injury primary healthcare use, and age. […] High frequency of primary care utilization in the year prior to injury as a predictor of prolonged symptoms is a novel finding for concussion but has been found in other conditions such as spinal pain. […] Recovery from concussion has been shown to vary based upon the individuals age; however, older adults are rarely studied in concussion research, making the increased risk of PPCS in seniors a potentially novel finding.

• #2 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  Several studies have looked at different approaches to predicting which athletes will be most likely to have a prolonged recovery (typically more than 2 weeks post injury). […] A study of high school and college athletes with concussions found that loss of consciousness, posttraumatic and retrograde amnesia, and greater symptom severity (an increase of 20 points or more on the Graded Symptom Checklist) within the first 24 hours following injury were associated with longer recoveries (7 or more days). […] Presenting with four or more symptoms of concussion doubled the risk of prolonged symptoms. […] Youth with a history of multiple concussions also are at greater risk for prolonged recovery and PCS. […] A systematic review of 15 prospective studies of sports concussion and mTBI found that predictors of persistent post-concussive symptoms included being older (adolescent versus child) and having had initial symptoms of headache and loss of consciousness.

• #2 What to Do After a Mild TBI or Concussion | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/response/index.html

  Some people will have symptoms for months or longer. […] If you have one or more symptoms that last months after the injury, your healthcare provider may talk to you about post-concussive syndrome. Post-concussive syndrome is believed to occur most commonly among people with: […] A history of multiple mild TBI or concussions, or […] Prior health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. […] Avoid activities that can put you at risk for another injury to your head and brain, such as playing sports. […] Talk with your healthcare provider if symptoms don’t go away.

• #2 Prognostic factors for persistent symptoms in adults with mild traumatic brain injury: an overview of systematic reviews | Systematic Reviews | Full Text

  https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-023-02284-4

  Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an increasing public health problem, because of its persistent symptoms and several functional consequences. […] The prognosis of mTBI has stimulated several empirical primary research papers and many systematic reviews leading to the identification of a wide range of factors. […] We synthesized evidence into a comprehensive conceptual map to facilitate the understanding of prognostic factors that have an impact on persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] However, age, sex, and multiple concussions showed an affirmatory association with persistent post-concussion outcomes in systematic reviews. […] We highlighted the need for a comprehensive picture of prognostic factors related to persistent post-concussion symptoms. […] Patients with many factors associated with a poor prognosis should arguably be considered for more in-depth evaluation and targeted intervention in acute and subacute stages of the condition to prevent symptom persistence.

• #2 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  Concussion is common and usually resolves without complications. However, persistent symptoms occur in 10-15% of patients. These post-concussion symptoms are predominantly somatic, cognitive and emotional. […] The aim of this article is to highlight the condition of long-term post-concussion symptoms. On the basis of a discretionary literature review and our own clinical experience, we will look at the symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors and potential causal mechanisms. Treatment options will be briefly summarised. […] There is no standardised or evidence-based treatment for the prevention or treatment of post-concussion symptoms, but recent guidelines provide some recommendations for management of post-concussion symptoms in the primary care service. Provision of information and advice and regular follow-up in the early phase may be useful.

• #2 How To Treat A Concussion | Concussion Sef-Care & Supportive Therapy

  https://completeconcussions.com/concussion-management/top-5-evidence-based-treatment-concussion/

  The Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation recently demonstrated that one of the best evidence-based treatment options for preventing long-term symptoms was patient education and reassurance! […] Just by helping the patient to be better informed about their condition and the effective treatment options available for post-concussion syndrome allows concussion patients to be empowered to seek out effective post-concussion treatment. […] The Concussion Fix Program is an online concussion treatment program designed to help patients with persistent symptoms figure out what is driving their symptoms and how to fix them. […] The program teaches patients how to balance the autonomic nervous system, how to improve their diet to fix metabolic and neuro-inflammatory issues, and how to safely return to work and life. […] The Concussion Fix Program has helped thousands of patients worldwide get back to living their lives without the debilitating symptoms of post-concussion syndrome.

• #2 Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms – Connectivity

  https://www.connectivity.org.au/symptoms-and-care/persistent-post-concussion-symptoms/

  Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms (PPCS) also called post-concussion syndrome- occurs when concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) symptoms last longer than expected after an injury. […] PPCS can have significant impacts on a persons life, including their ability to participate in daily activities, school and/or work. […] The only way to lower the risk of experiencing PPCS is to avoid head injury in the first place. […] Individuals who experience multiple concussions/repeated head injury may be more likely to experience PPCS, though research findings on this are mixed. […] Regular follow-up appointments with your GP will help them monitor your recovery journey and determine if any changes need to be made to your treatment plan.

• #2 PPCS Pharmacological Treatments – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-pharmacology/

  A 2019 retrospective review in 33 patients with PPCS treated with amantadine showed a significant decrease in headaches for 80% of patients, but up to one-third of the patients in the study stopped amantadine due to side effects. […] Sleep-wake disorders are another common symptom that is potentially amenable to pharmacologic therapy. […] Melatonin is the most commonly used agent and has minimal side effects. […] SSRIs are commonly used in the general population to treat depressive or anxiety symptoms, but data is limited in regards to treating PPCS symptoms. […] Treating emotional or psychological symptoms can be challenging due to the natural course of mood symptoms as the brain recovers. […] In summary, there are no FDA approved medications to specifically treat persistent post-concussive symptoms, but many medications used to treat symptoms. […] Medications should be weaned as the patient recovers, collaborative care should be utilized and paired with more evidence based therapies covered previously.

• #2 4 Treatment and Management of Prolonged Symptoms and Post-Concussion Syndrome | Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18377/chapter/6

  There are few interventions available for addressing prolonged recovery or PCS following concussion. […] There is some evidence that noncontact aerobic exercise may play a role in the rehabilitation of individuals experiencing a prolonged recovery or PCS. […] The literature reports various interventions for the management of persistent symptoms of concussion and PCS, although the data to support the efficacy of these interventions in individuals, especially children and adolescents, with sports-related concussions are limited. […] It is important for individuals with a concussion to receive care from providers knowledgeable about concussions, and a number of state concussion laws require that high school athletes with a concussion be cleared to return to play by providers knowledgeable in concussion diagnosis and management.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40817-024-00176-6

  Up to 30% of youth with concussion experience persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) impacting cognitive, social, mental, and physical health. Limited evidence-based therapies exist to treat PPCS. Emerging evidence suggests that various forms of neuromodulation, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can benefit patients with post-concussive symptoms. The management of PPCS focuses on alleviating symptoms through the use of medications, behavioral and physical interventions and therapies, and lifestyle modifications. The most recent consensus guidelines encourage an initial 24-48-h period of symptom-limited cognitive and physical rest followed by an individualized gradual return to activity, with evidence to suggest that incorporating sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise may lead to reduced symptom burden and a faster recovery. Emerging research also supports targeted therapeutic interventions based on symptoms, such as headache, cognitive and sleep difficulties, vestibulo-ocular dysfunction, and mood disturbance for some patients. Neuromodulation is an established therapy for several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and depression. More recently, a role for neuromodulation for patients with traumatic brain injury and post-concussive symptoms seems to be emerging. While the mechanism of action is not completely understood, electrical neuromodulation and neurostimulation are thought to modify, inhibit, and/or stimulate activity in the central, peripheral, or autonomic nervous systems. Through modulating these pathways, it is thought that these electrical techniques restore disruptions in the brain’s connectivity to improve overall functionality and reduce symptoms.

• #2 Postconcussive Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534786/

  Postconcussive syndrome (PCS) describes the constellation of symptoms that commonly occur after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), and patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk. […] Persistent postconcussive syndrome occurs when symptoms persist beyond 3 months. Research has shown that mild TBI resulting in persistent post-concussive syndrome has lasting effects on cognition, memory, learning, and executive function. […] Persistent PCS occurs when symptoms persist past 3 months. […] Patients with complicated TBI or more than one TBI are more likely to suffer from PCS or persistent PCS. […] Education is mandatory for PCS patients, as well as their family members, relatives, and caretakers. […] In the prevention and treatment of PCS in patients that have suffered mild TBI, patient education is key to a successful recovery.

• #2 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Though there is no specific treatment for PCS, symptoms can be improved with medications and physical and behavioral therapy. Education about symptoms and details about expectation of recovery are important. The majority of PCS cases resolve after a period of time. […] Education about symptoms and their usual time course is a part of psychological therapy, and is most effective when provided soon after the injury. Since stress exacerbates post-concussion symptoms, and vice versa, an important part of treatment is reassurance that PCS symptoms are normal, and education about how to deal with impairments. One study found that PCS patients who were coached to return to activities gradually, told what symptoms to expect, and trained how to manage them had a reduction in symptoms compared to a control group of uninjured people. Early education has been found to reduce symptoms in children as well.

• #2 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Avoid anything that might cause another concussion. PCS is much more likely with repeated head impacts and concussions. A second concussion soon after the first one is also extremely dangerous and can even be deadly. Athletes should never be allowed to keep playing if there’s even a possibility that they have a concussion.

• #2 Student Perspectives: Interventions for Post-Concussion Syndrome Prevention Following ‎Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations and Future Directions‎ – Emmeline N. Taylor, BS | International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies

  https://istss.org/student-perspectives-interventions-for-post-concussion-syndrome-prevention-following-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-recommendations-and-future-directions-emmeline-n-taylor-bs/

  Evidence suggests that PCS is preventable, even among those at higher risk. […] Development and implementation of an in-hospital screen for risk of PCS. […] Universal psychoeducation. […] Stepped-care approach to prevention. […] Evaluation of PCS risk-screening tools and interventions aimed at prevention is needed to ensure that prevention approaches are being delivered effectively for different levels of risk.

• #2 Prevention of post-concussion-like symptoms in patients presenting at the emergency room, early single eye movement desensitization, and reprocessing intervention versus usual care: study protocol for a two-center randomized controlled trial | Trials | Fu

  https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2902-2

  Symptoms of PCLS are very similar and even sometimes exactly the same as the last two dimensions of PTSD (hyperactivation of the nervous system and cognitive and emotional numbing). […] This led various authors to hypothesize that PCLS and PTSD partly share the same causal pathway, in which stress plays a key role. […] This is supported by research conducted on animals showing that early extinction has the potential to alter the consolidation of memory of original fear. […] However, the psychotherapeutic intervention that has thus far proven superior to all other methods is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). […] Several meta-analyses and Cochrane reviews have shown that this is one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. […] More recently, a study by Tarquinio et al. showed the effectiveness of an EMDR-based intervention initiated in the first 48 h.

• #2 How to Treat Post Concussion Syndrome

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/how-to-treat-post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is characterized by persistent symptoms that can last for weeks to years after a concussion. […] Symptoms of PCS may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. […] Therapeutic nutrition, lifestyle modifications, rehabilitation, and complementary and integrative modalities may help meet the goals of PCS management: managing symptoms and promoting brain healing. […] The collaboration between healthcare professionals, including physicians, neuropsychologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists, can enhance health outcomes for individuals with PCS.

• #2 Long-term post-concussion symptoms | Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening

  https://tidsskriftet.no/en/2022/08/clinical-review/long-term-post-concussion-symptoms

  If symptoms persist for more than 2-3 months despite these interventions, it may be appropriate to refer the patient to the specialist health service, with an emphasis on interdisciplinary rehabilitation. Good provision should include guidance about activity and coping strategies, as well as assessment of the individual symptoms and whether these require specific treatment. […] Concussion usually has a good prognosis, but 10-15% of patients have persistent symptoms consistent with post-concussion symptoms. The underlying disease mechanisms are unclear, but recent research indicates that some patients have alterations in the trigeminal sensory system.

• #2 Pediatric Post Concussion Syndrome – Dr. Green Mom

  https://drgreenmom.com/pediatric-post-concussion-syndrome-prevention-treatment/

  Minimizing risk factors, using preventative neuroprotective supplements, and early treatment of concussion are other important aspects of prevention. […] Neuroprotective supplements to prevent head injury and post concussion syndrome are a new area of research. […] Early treatment of concussion may help to prevent more serious post concussion symptoms. […] Prevention is key and involves physical protection and injury prevention, proper early treatment of concussion, anti-inflammatory nutritional support, and awareness of risk factors.

• #2 Post-concussive syndrome: What patients and providers need to know

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/post-concussive-syndrome-what-patients-and-providers-need-to-know/

  In a small number of cases, PCS is more persistent or even permanent. […] Preventing and managing PCS requires a multifaceted approach. Better diagnostic testing in the clinical setting is warranted, and more technologically advanced brain imaging equipment needs to be readily available and affordable. […] Education of medical personnel should include instruction on how to effectively communicate the potential for persistent symptoms of concussion. Patients need to know that recovery from concussion is not always quick and that lingering symptoms may be present for an unknown amount of time. […] Use of the post-concussive assessment tools and/or neuropsychological testing should be completed at follow-up appointments for all patients with concussion, whether or not they lose consciousness at the point of injury. Medication management, referral to specialists, and ongoing follow-up should be considered until patients are symptom free or at a level of effective management of the PCS symptoms. […] Through these efforts, outcomes for patients with PCS can be improved.

• #3 Post Concussion Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment | Cognitive FX

  https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/post-concussion-syndrome-and-post-concussion-symptoms-pcs

  Post-concussion syndrome, also known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), occurs when concussion symptoms persist for months or years after you sustain a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or another type of brain trauma. […] Post-concussion syndrome can be permanent if you do not receive treatment, but often resolves or improves with the right therapy. […] Post-concussion symptoms can last for weeks, months, or even years after the concussive event. In general, if your symptoms have not gone away after three months, it’s a good idea to explore treatment options. […] Up to 30% of all concussion patients develop lasting post-concussion symptoms and sequelae to some degree a much higher incidence than you might expect given the current lack of awareness in the medical community.

• #3 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms are symptoms of a mild traumatic brain injury that typically last longer than three months. Persistent post-concussive symptoms also are called post-concussion syndrome. The risk of having persistent post-concussive symptoms doesn’t appear to be linked to how severe the injury was. […] Persistent post-concussive symptoms in most people appear within the first 7 to 10 days after an injury and typically last longer than three months. But sometimes they can last for a year or more. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and to improve functioning and quality of life. […] The only known way to prevent persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid a head injury in the first place. You can’t always prevent a head injury.

• #3 Post-Concussion Syndrome: Definition and Patient Education

  https://www.healthline.com/health/post-concussion-syndrome

  Post-concussion syndrome (PCS), or post-concussive syndrome, refers to the lingering symptoms following a concussion or a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] The only way to prevent PCS is by preventing the head injury itself. […] Here are some ways to help prevent head injuries: Wear your seatbelt while in a vehicle. Ensure that children in your care are in the proper car seats and properly secured. Always wear a helmet when riding a bike, playing impact sports, or riding a horse.

• #3 Postconcussion syndrome: demographics and predictors in 221 patients in: Journal of Neurosurgery Volume 125 Issue 5 (2016) Journals

  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/125/5/article-p1206.xml

  The purposes of the present study were to examine the demographic and etiological features of PCS in a large retrospective cohort and to identify any predictors. […] Our long-term aims are to develop strategies to prevent and treat PCS and to determine whether PCS is an antecedent to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). […] The average number of persistent symptoms was 8.1, with a range of 3 to 23 persistent symptoms; the most common were headaches, memory deficits, concentration difficulties, imbalance, and dizziness. […] The average patient age was 27 years (range 10-74 years). […] A prior history of psychiatric conditions or migraines, cause of injury, number of previous concussions, and age did not significantly predict symptom number. […] Only the number of symptoms reported predicted the duration of PCS.

• #3 Post-concussion syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome

  Though there is no specific treatment for PCS, symptoms can be improved with medications and physical and behavioral therapy. Education about symptoms and details about expectation of recovery are important. The majority of PCS cases resolve after a period of time. […] Education about symptoms and their usual time course is a part of psychological therapy, and is most effective when provided soon after the injury. Since stress exacerbates post-concussion symptoms, and vice versa, an important part of treatment is reassurance that PCS symptoms are normal, and education about how to deal with impairments. One study found that PCS patients who were coached to return to activities gradually, told what symptoms to expect, and trained how to manage them had a reduction in symptoms compared to a control group of uninjured people. Early education has been found to reduce symptoms in children as well.

• #3 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome

  Avoid anything that might cause another concussion. PCS is much more likely with repeated head impacts and concussions. A second concussion soon after the first one is also extremely dangerous and can even be deadly. Athletes should never be allowed to keep playing if there’s even a possibility that they have a concussion.

• #4 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/persistent-post-concussive-symptoms-post-concussion-syndrome/

  Persistent post-concussive symptoms, also called post-concussion syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last beyond the expected recovery period after the initial injury. The usual recovery period is weeks to months. These symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, and problems with concentration and memory. […] The only known way to prevent the development of persistent post-concussive symptoms is to avoid the head injury in the first place. […] Although you can’t prepare for every potential situation, here are some tips for avoiding common causes of head injuries: Fasten your seat belt whenever you’re traveling in a car, and be sure children are in age-appropriate safety seats. Children under 13 are safest riding in the back seat, especially if your car has air bags. Use helmets whenever you or your children are bicycling, roller-skating, in-line skating, ice-skating, skiing, snowboarding, playing football, batting or running the bases in softball or baseball, skateboarding, or horseback riding. Wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle. Take action at home to prevent falls, such as removing small area rugs, improving lighting and installing handrails.

• #5 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Post-concussive syndrome is when issues from a concussion linger after you should have recovered. These symptoms can include trouble concentrating, problems with memory, headaches, changes in personality, mood swings, dizziness, fatigue, and insomnia for weeks to months. […] If this happens to you, it’s extra important to avoid activities that put you at risk of another concussion. […] A concussion is unexpected, so it is tough to prevent. But there are several commonsense precautions you can take to lessen the possibility of traumatic brain injury. […] Wearing headgear, padding, and mouth and eye guards can help safeguard against traumatic head injuries. […] There’s also a new collar-like device called Q-Collar that can be worn by athletes. It applies compression to the neck and increases blood volume to help reduce brain movement due to hits to the head.

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