Wirus zika
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wirus Zika (ZIKV) to jednoniciowy wirus RNA z rodziny Flaviviridae, przenoszony głównie przez komary Aedes aegypti i Aedes albopictus. Wyróżnia się dwie linie filogenetyczne: afrykańską i azjatycką, z których linia azjatycka jest powiązana z epidemiami i wadami wrodzonymi, a linia afrykańska z ostrym zakażeniem i niekorzystnymi wynikami ciąży. Transmisja wirusa odbywa się przez ukąszenia komarów, drogą płciową (z wykrywalnością RNA w nasieniu do 281 dni), pionowo z matki na płód (20-30% zakażonych ciężarnych), a także potencjalnie przez transfuzję krwi i transplantację narządów. Wirus wykazuje neurotropizm, atakując komórki progenitorowe neuronów, co prowadzi do zaburzeń neurogenezy, apoptozy indukowanej przez białko TP53 oraz mikrocefalii. Uszkodzenie łożyska i indukcja piroptozy komórek łożyskowych przyczyniają się do niekorzystnych wyników ciąży, takich jak poronienia, martwe urodzenia i wrodzony zespół Zika (CZS), charakteryzujący się m.in. mikrocefalią, kalcyfikacjami mózgu, deformacjami stawów i wzmożonym napięciem mięśniowym.

Etiologia wirusa zika

Wirus zika (ZIKV) to jednoniciowy wirus RNA należący do rodziny Flaviviridae i rodzaju Flavivirus. Jest blisko spokrewniony z innymi flawiwirusami, takimi jak wirus dengi, żółtej gorączki, japońskiego zapalenia mózgu i wirus Zachodniego Nilu12. Nazwa wirusa pochodzi od lasu Zika w Ugandzie, gdzie został po raz pierwszy wyizolowany w 1947 roku34.

Wirus zika ma budowę ikosaedralną, jest otoczkowy, o średnicy nieprzekraczającej 40 nm, z genomem RNA o dodatniej polarności, zawierającym około 11 000 zasad zamkniętych w kapsydzie ikosaedralnym5. Na podstawie analizy filogenetycznej wyróżnia się dwie główne linie wirusa zika: afrykańską i azjatycką oraz trzy genotypy: zachodnioafrykański, wschodnioafrykański i azjatycki67.

Uważa się, że linia azjatycka wirusa zika jest związana z poważnymi epidemiami i wadami wrodzonymi, podczas gdy linia afrykańska jest z natury bardziej zjadliwa i wiąże się z ostrym zakażeniem i niekorzystnymi wynikami ciąży8. Linia azjatycka wirusa pojawiła się w Mikronezji w 2007 roku, a następnie rozprzestrzeniła się na inne części Oceanii i do Ameryki, gdzie w 2015 roku doprowadziła do znaczącej epidemii w Brazylii9.

Główne drogi transmisji wirusa zika

Transmisja przez komary

Wirus zika jest przede wszystkim przenoszony przez ukąszenia zarażonych komarów z rodzaju Aedes, głównie Aedes aegypti i Aedes albopictus1011. Komary te zarażają się wirusem podczas żerowania na krwi osoby już zainfekowanej, a następnie przenoszą go na inne osoby poprzez ukąszenia12. Komary Aedes są najbardziej aktywne w ciągu dnia13.

Inne gatunki komarów Aedes (w szczególności Ae. africanus, Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. unilineatus, Ae. vittatus i Ae. hensilli) są również uważane za potencjalne wektory wirusa zika14. Choroby wywoływane przez wirus zika są głównie arbowirusowe, czyli przenoszone przez stawonogi15.

Transmisja z matki na płód

Wirus zika może być przekazywany z ciężarnej kobiety na płód16. Transmisja może odbywać się przez łożysko (transmisja przezłożyskowa) lub podczas porodu17. Wirus namnaża się specyficznie w podgrupach trofoblastów, w płodowych komórkach śródbłonka oraz indukuje namnażanie makrofagów części płodowej łożyska (komórki Hofbauera zrębu kosmków)18.

Pionowa transmisja wirusa zika od matki do płodu szacowana jest na 20-30% zakażonych ciężarnych osób podczas wszystkich trymestrów19. Zakażenie w pierwszym trymestrze jest uważane za najgroźniejsze i wiąże się z wrodzonym zespołem zika20. Zakażenie podczas ciąży może prowadzić do poronienia, martwego urodzenia lub poważnych wad wrodzonych u noworodka21.

Transmisja drogą płciową

Wirus zika może być również przenoszony przez kontakt seksualny22. Udokumentowano przypadki przeniesienia wirusa z mężczyzny na kobietę nawet 56 tygodni po wystąpieniu objawów u mężczyzny23. Wirus zika został zidentyfikowany w nasieniu 50-60% zakażonych mężczyzn w pierwszym miesiącu zakażenia, utrzymując się do 281 dni w jednym przypadku24.

Przypadki przeniesienia wirusa zika drogą płciową od mężczyzny do kobiety były zgłaszane w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Polinezji Francuskiej25. Wirus może być przenoszony podczas stosunku waginalnego, analnego i oralnego26.

Inne drogi transmisji

Istnieje potencjalne ryzyko przeniesienia wirusa zika przez transfuzję krwi i transplantację narządów27. Wirus zika został również wyizolowany w ludzkim mleku, jednak nie ma jasnych dowodów na przeniesienie go na niemowlęta podczas karmienia piersią2829.

Mechanizmy patogenetyczne wirusa zika

Neurotropizm wirusa

Wirus zika wykazuje neurotropizm, co oznacza, że atakuje tkankę układu nerwowego3031. Wirus ten jest potencjalnie neurotropowym wirusem, który może przedostawać się do układu nerwowego i atakuje komórki progenitorowe neuronów32.

Neurotropizm wirusa zika został wykazany zarówno in vivo, jak i in vitro33. Wirus może wpływać na rozwój mózgu poprzez zakłócanie prawidłowego wzrostu nowych neuronów34. Białko wirusa oznaczone jako NS4A może prowadzić do małogłowia (mikrocefalia), ponieważ zakłóca wzrost mózgu poprzez przejęcie ścieżki regulującej wzrost nowych neuronów35.

Wpływ na komórki macierzyste mózgu

Wirus zika bezpośrednio atakuje komórki progenitorowe neuronów (NPC) w rozwijającym się mózgu i aktywuje odpowiedź immunologiczną wrodzoną, co może prowadzić do dysregulacji genów zaangażowanych w cykl komórkowy, neurogenezę i apoptozę, powodując zwiększoną śmierć komórek, zakłócenie progresji cyklu komórkowego, zmniejszenie proliferacji i przedwczesne różnicowanie36.

Apoptoza indukowana przez wirus może być mediowana przez aktywację białka supresorowego guza p53 (TP53), ponieważ zakażenie wirusem zika znacząco podwyższa ekspresję genu i białka TP53 oraz fosforylację Ser15, które są skorelowane ze stresem genotoksycznym i indukcją apoptozy37.

Badania na modelach organoidów mózgowych, neurosfer i komórek mózgowych pochodzących z ludzkich pluripotencjalnych komórek macierzystych wykazały, że macierzyste i progenitorowe komórki nerwowe mogą ulegać nieprawidłowościom wzrostu i rozwoju po zakażeniu wirusem zika, co prowadzi do mikrocefalii38.

Wpływ na łożysko

Wirus zika może powodować uszkodzenie łożyska, co przyczynia się do niekorzystnych wyników płodowych3940. Badania sugerują, że łożysko jest kluczowym mediatorem dla pionowej transmisji wirusa zika od zakażonych matek do mózgów płodów41.

Zakażenie wirusem zika podczas ciąży u myszy powoduje uszkodzenie łożyska i obumarcie płodu42. Wirus replikuje się i utrzymuje przez kilka miesięcy w łożysku i tkance mózgowej płodu, co prowadzi do zwiększenia utraty płodu, zahamowania wzrostu i wad wrodzonych u niemowląt urodzonych przez matki zakażone wirusem zika podczas ciąży43.

Kilka badań wykazało, że wirus zika zakaża makrofagi łożyskowe i trofoblasty, co prowadzi do niewydolności i uszkodzenia łożyska44. Wirus zika może powodować piroptozę (formę śmierci komórkowej) komórek łożyskowych poprzez aktywację wykonawcy gasdermin E (GSDME) in vitro i in vivo45.

Konsekwencje zakażenia wirusem zika

Wrodzony zespół zika

Zakażenie wirusem zika podczas ciąży może prowadzić do wystąpienia u niemowląt poważnych wad wrodzonych, znanych jako wrodzony zespół zika (Congenital Zika Syndrome, CZS)46. CDC opisuje pięć rodzajów wad wrodzonych, w tym ciężką mikrocefalię, które są unikalne dla zika lub rzadko występują przy innych infekcjach u kobiet w ciąży47.

Wrodzony zespół zika charakteryzuje się mniejszą niż przeciętna głową (mikrocefalia), co może oznaczać, że mózg dziecka nie rozwinął się prawidłowo48. Inne objawy to cienkość kory mózgowej z kalcyfikacjami, zmiany w siatkówce oka, wrodzone deformacje stawów (powodujące ograniczenie ruchomości) oraz zwiększone napięcie mięśniowe wpływające na ruch49.

Wady wrodzone występują zarówno po objawowym, jak i bezobjawowym zakażeniu50. Około 5% (1 na 20) niemowląt urodzonych przez osobę zakażoną wirusem zika ma stany wrodzone51. Badania wykazały, że 6% takich dzieci miało wrodzone wady rozwojowe, takie jak mikrocefalia52.

Zespół Guillaina-Barrégo

Wirus zika może również wywoływać zespół Guillaina-Barrégo (GBS), neuropatię i zapalenie rdzenia kręgowego, szczególnie u dorosłych i starszych dzieci5354. GBS to stan, w którym układ odpornościowy organizmu atakuje własne nerwy, prowadząc do osłabienia mięśni lub paraliżu5556.

Związek między zakażeniem wirusem zika a zespołem Guillaina-Barrégo został po raz pierwszy zauważony podczas epidemii w Polinezji Francuskiej w latach 2013-201457. Badania wykazały, że około 1 na 4000 osób zakażonych wirusem zika rozwinęło GBS jako powikłanie58.

Według WHO istnieje naukowy konsensus, że wirus zika jest przyczyną mikrocefalii, wrodzonych wad układu nerwowego i zespołu Guillaina-Barrégo59. Obecnie CDC stwierdza, że badania wykazują silny związek między zespołem Guillaina-Barrégo a wirusem zika, jednak tylko niewielka część zakażonych faktycznie go rozwija60.

Inne powikłania neurologiczne

Zakażenie wirusem zika może również prowadzić do innych powikłań neurologicznych, takich jak zapalenie i obrzęk mózgu (zapalenie mózgu), tkanek wokół mózgu (zapalenie opon mózgowych) lub rdzenia kręgowego (zapalenie rdzenia)61.

Istnieją dowody na związek między wirusem zika a autoimmunologicznym zaburzeniem zwanym ostrym rozsianym zapaleniem mózgu i rdzenia (ADEM)62. Wirus może również powodować zapalenie mózgu i rdzenia kręgowego (meningoencephalitis)63.

U dzieci, które zostały zakażone podczas ciąży, rokowanie jest zwykle złe, z deficytami poznawczymi i opóźnieniem rozwoju psychomotorycznego64.

Badania potwierdzające związek przyczynowy między wirusem zika a wadami wrodzonymi

Dowody epidemiologiczne

W 2016 roku Centrum Kontroli i Zapobiegania Chorobom (CDC) potwierdziło związek przyczynowy między zakażeniem wirusem zika a mikrocefalią i innymi wadami neurologicznymi65. Dyrektor CDC, Tom Frieden, stwierdził wówczas: „Teraz jest jasne, że wirus powoduje mikrocefalię”66.

Badania nad wirusem zika spełniły pięć z siedmiu kryteriów przyczynowości67. Według raportu, przyczynowość jest ustalona, gdy spełnione są kryteria jeden, trzy i cztery lub kryteria jeden, dwa i trzy68.

W kwietniu 2016 roku WHO stwierdziła, że istnieje naukowy konsensus, oparty na wstępnych dowodach, że zika jest przyczyną mikrocefalii u niemowląt i zespołu Guillaina-Barrégo u dorosłych69.

Dowody laboratoryjne

Dane potwierdzające pionowe zakażenie i przyczynową rolę wirusa zika w rozwoju wad wrodzonych obejmują znalezienie RNA wirusa zika lub antygenów wirusowych w płynie owodniowym, łożysku lub tkance mózgowej płodów lub noworodków z mikrocefalią zdiagnozowaną po śmierci wewnątrzmacicznej lub natychmiast po urodzeniu70.

W styczniu 2016 roku zgłoszono pierwsze diagnozy wewnątrzmacicznej transmisji wirusa zika u dwóch ciężarnych kobiet w Brazylii, których płody zdiagnozowano z mikrocefalią (w tym ciężkimi nieprawidłowościami mózgu potwierdzonymi badaniem ultrasonograficznym). Dodatkowo wirus zika został wykryty w płynie owodniowym71.

RNA wirusa zika został wykryty w tkankach niektórych niemowląt z mikrocefalią, których matki miały potwierdzone zakażenie wirusem zika podczas ciąży. Ponadto, przeciwciała IgM specyficzne dla wirusa zika zostały zidentyfikowane we krwi noworodków z mikrocefalią, wskazując na zakażenie płodu72.

Modele eksperymentalne

W celu oceny związku przyczynowego między wirusem zika a wadami wrodzonymi, w tym malformacjami mózgu podczas rozwoju, wykorzystano modele eksperymentalne, w których ciężarne myszy SJL i C57BL/6 zostały zakażone wirusem zika, a noworodki oceniano bezpośrednio po urodzeniu73.

Podobnie do ludzkich noworodków zakażonych wirusem zika, młode urodzone przez ciężarne samice SJL zakażone wirusem zika wykazywały wyraźne oznaki opóźnienia wzrostu całego ciała lub wewnątrzmacicznego ograniczenia wzrostu w porównaniu do młodych urodzonych przez niezakażone kontrole74.

Przy bliższej inspekcji mózgów myszy zakażonych wirusem zika zaobserwowano malformacje korowe u przeżywających zwierząt, ze zmniejszoną liczbą komórek i grubością warstwy korowej, co są objawami związanymi z mikrocefalią u ludzi75.

Te odkrycia potwierdzają hipotezę, że mikrocefalia jest charakterystyczną cechą niedawnego wirusa zika linii azjatyckiej, który pochodził z Pacyfiku i obecnie rozprzestrzenia się w Ameryce Południowej i Środkowej76.

Czynniki sprzyjające rozprzestrzenianiu się wirusa zika

Rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa zika, a także innych pojawiających się chorób przenoszonych przez komary Aedes, takich jak denga i chikungunya, jest częściowo spowodowane czynnikami antropogenicznymi77. Możliwe czynniki sprzyjające rozprzestrzenianiu się wirusa zika obejmują:

  • Przeludnienie obszarów prowadzące do nieodpowiednich warunków mieszkaniowych i systemów zdrowia publicznego (woda, kanalizacja i gospodarka odpadami)78
  • Słaba kontrola wektorów, np. stojące zbiorniki wody do rozmnażania komarów79
  • Zmiany klimatyczne (zwiększona transmisja wirusa została powiązana z warunkami El Niño)80
  • Zwiększone międzynarodowe podróże (rekreacyjne, biznesowe lub wojskowe) do obszarów endemicznych81

Szacuje się, że wzrost temperatur w wyniku kryzysu klimatycznego może stworzyć bardziej odpowiednie środowisko dla komarów, narażając 1,3 miliarda ludzi na ryzyko zachorowania na chorobę zika do 2050 roku82.

Podsumowanie etiologii wirusa zika

Wirus zika jest flawiwirusem przenoszonym głównie przez komary z rodzaju Aedes, ale może być również przekazywany z matki na płód, drogą płciową i przez transfuzje krwi. Wirus wykazuje neurotropizm, czyli zdolność do atakowania układu nerwowego, co może prowadzić do poważnych wad wrodzonych, takich jak mikrocefalia, gdy zakażenie występuje podczas ciąży.

Istnieją mocne dowody epidemiologiczne, laboratoryjne i eksperymentalne potwierdzające związek przyczynowy między zakażeniem wirusem zika a mikrocefalią oraz innymi wadami neurologicznymi. CDC i WHO oficjalnie uznały, że wirus zika jest przyczyną mikrocefalii i zespołu Guillaina-Barrégo.

Rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa zika jest związane z czynnikami środowiskowymi, zmianami klimatycznymi i podróżami międzynarodowymi. Nie ma obecnie dostępnej szczepionki ani specyficznego leczenia antywirusowego przeciwko zakażeniu wirusem zika.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Zika Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430981/
    Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family and the genus Flavivirus. […] Diseases caused by Zika virus are predominately arboviral and transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Person-to-person contact (e.g., sexual contact), blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and perinatally (maternal-fetal vertical transmission) may also transmit infection. Zika virus is related to multiple other arboviral causes of human diseases, including Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the yellow fever virus. […] The Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and several other Aedes species. Besides a mosquito bite, the virus can also be transmitted sexually. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is the cause of a variety of congenital disabilities, including microcephaly and other brain abnormalities. […] Most cases of Zika virus infection are mild and resolve on their own. However, serious neurological disease has been reported including Guillain barre syndrome. In addition, there is great concern that the virus can induce congenital brain and eye malformations if acquired during pregnancy.
  • #2 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. […] Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Zika virus. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector but other Aedes species can also transmit the virus. […] According to WHO, there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly, congenital nervous system malformations and Guillain-Barr syndrome. […] Zika virus disease is caused by a virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, from the Spondweni group. […] There are two Zika virus lineages: the African lineage and the Asian lineage, which has spread recently in the Pacific and the Americas. […] Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. […] Other Aedes mosquito species (notably Ae. africanus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. unilineatus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. hensilli) are considered potential vectors of Zika virus.
  • #3 Zika Virus | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/z/zika-virus.html
    Zika is a virus spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947. […] The Zika virus is mostly passed on by the bite of the mosquito species Aedes. Pregnant people who have it can also pass it on to their unborn child. […] A pregnant person can pass the virus on to the unborn child, even without symptoms. The virus can cause a birth defect called microcephaly. […] The Zika virus may also very rarely cause Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) in adults. GBS causes muscle weakness or paralysis.
  • #4 Zika virus
    https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Zika-virus/627582
    Zika virus is an infectious agent that causes an illness in humans known as Zika fever. […] Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a monkey captured in the Zika Forest in Uganda. […] Antibodies against Zika virus were first identified in humans in the early 1950s. […] However, nonhuman and human primates are thought to be the major hosts and reservoirs of the virus. […] Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. […] There are two major lineages of Zika virus: an African lineage and an Asian lineage. […] The mosquitoes become infected with Zika when they feed on the blood of an infected individual. […] Zika also can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. […] There also is evidence for transmission of Zika through sexual contact with an infected individual.
  • #5 Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: Microcephaly and Orofacial Anomalies
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/1/55
    In this study, beside a succinct overview of the etiological, microbiological, and epidemiological aspects and modes of transmission of Zika virus infections, we have focused our attention on the pathogenetic and histopathological aspects in pregnancy and the pathogenetic and molecular mechanisms that can determine microcephaly, and consequently the clinical alterations, typical of the fetus and newborns, in a subject affected by CZS. […] The Zika virus is a Flavivirus, recently (April 2023) classified as belonging to the Orthoflavivirus genus Zikaense. ZIKV has a spherical shape, with a diameter of no more than 40 nm, with a positive-polarity single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 11,000 bases enclosed in an icosahedral capsid. […] The virus replicates specifically in subgroups of trophoblasts, in fetal endothelial cells, and induces the multiplication of macrophages of the fetal component of the placenta (Hofbauer cells of the villous stroma).
  • #6 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus; like other flaviviruses, Zika virus is an icosahedral, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. […] Unlike other arboviral infections, Zika virus has potential for sexual transmission and has been associated with congenital brain abnormalities in pregnant women infected during the first trimester. […] Zika virus has 2 Zika virus lineages (Asian and African) and 3 genotypes (West African, East African, and Asian) based on phylogenetic analysis. […] It is speculated that Zika virus Asian lineage is associated with serious outbreaks and congenital malformations and that African lineage is intrinsically more virulent and is associated with acute infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] Zika virus affecting neuronal progenitor cells affects neuronal growth, causing fetal brain abnormalities and placental insufficiency resulting in fetal loss.
  • #7 Zika virus
    https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Zika-virus/627582
    Zika virus is an infectious agent that causes an illness in humans known as Zika fever. […] Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a monkey captured in the Zika Forest in Uganda. […] Antibodies against Zika virus were first identified in humans in the early 1950s. […] However, nonhuman and human primates are thought to be the major hosts and reservoirs of the virus. […] Zika virus is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. […] There are two major lineages of Zika virus: an African lineage and an Asian lineage. […] The mosquitoes become infected with Zika when they feed on the blood of an infected individual. […] Zika also can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. […] There also is evidence for transmission of Zika through sexual contact with an infected individual.
  • #8 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus; like other flaviviruses, Zika virus is an icosahedral, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. […] Unlike other arboviral infections, Zika virus has potential for sexual transmission and has been associated with congenital brain abnormalities in pregnant women infected during the first trimester. […] Zika virus has 2 Zika virus lineages (Asian and African) and 3 genotypes (West African, East African, and Asian) based on phylogenetic analysis. […] It is speculated that Zika virus Asian lineage is associated with serious outbreaks and congenital malformations and that African lineage is intrinsically more virulent and is associated with acute infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. […] Zika virus affecting neuronal progenitor cells affects neuronal growth, causing fetal brain abnormalities and placental insufficiency resulting in fetal loss.
  • #9 Zika virus
    https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Zika-virus/627582
    Although generally mild in nature, Zika fever was associated in the early 21st century with severe neurological complications. […] The spread of Zika virus from Asia is thought to have been aided by human travel and the spread of Aedes mosquitoes that transmit the virus. […] The Asian lineage of the virus emerged in Micronesia in 2007 and later expanded to other parts of Oceania and to the Americas. […] In 2015 it gave rise to a significant Zika outbreak in Brazil that produced an unusually high number of cases of microcephaly in newborns. […] The extensive and rapid spread of the virus in the Americas, along with its associated neurological complications, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare Zika virus a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on February 1, 2016.
  • #10 Zika Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus
    Zika virus (or Zika fever) is an illness you get from certain types of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). Its caused by a virus, an organism that uses your cells to make more copies of itself. […] A type of flavivirus (an RNA virus usually spread by mosquitoes) causes Zika infections. The viruses that cause dengue fever and West Nile infections are also types of flavivirus. […] If youre pregnant and have a Zika infection, it can pass through the placenta to the fetus. Zika can cause your child to be born with congenital (present at birth) conditions like microcephaly. […] If you’re pregnant and have Zika, it can cause congenital (present at birth) conditions in your baby, such as vision loss or improper brain development. These conditions are permanent. […] If youre pregnant and infected with Zika, the virus can also infect the fetus and interfere with its development. About 5% (1 in 20) of babies born to someone infected with Zika have congenital conditions, including: A smaller-than-average head (microcephaly). Microcephaly can mean your childs brain didnt develop properly. […] Theres no cure for Zika or the complications it can cause. Most people have mild symptoms and recover on their own.
  • #11 Zika Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430981/
    Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family and the genus Flavivirus. […] Diseases caused by Zika virus are predominately arboviral and transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Person-to-person contact (e.g., sexual contact), blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and perinatally (maternal-fetal vertical transmission) may also transmit infection. Zika virus is related to multiple other arboviral causes of human diseases, including Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the yellow fever virus. […] The Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and several other Aedes species. Besides a mosquito bite, the virus can also be transmitted sexually. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is the cause of a variety of congenital disabilities, including microcephaly and other brain abnormalities. […] Most cases of Zika virus infection are mild and resolve on their own. However, serious neurological disease has been reported including Guillain barre syndrome. In addition, there is great concern that the virus can induce congenital brain and eye malformations if acquired during pregnancy.
  • #12 What Is Zika Virus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/zika-virus/guide/
    Zika is a virus that is mainly spread by the bite of an infected mosquito, though other routes of infection are possible. […] The Zika virus is spread primarily through the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes (including the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species). […] The mosquitoes become infected when they feed on someone who already has the virus, and they spread it to other people through their bites. […] Zika can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] Health officials have confirmed that the Zika virus can be sexually transmitted through unprotected vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] There have been reports in Brazil of possible transmission of the Zika virus by blood transfusion, but there have been no confirmed transfusion-related cases.
  • #13
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus infection is an arboviral illness (viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks). […] Zika virus is a small, spherical, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. […] Possible factors for zika virus spread include: Overpopulation of areas leading to inadequate housing and public health systems (water, sewerage and waste management). […] Poor vector control, e.g., stagnant pools of water for mosquito breeding. […] Climate change (increased virus transmission has been linked to El Nino conditions). […] Increased international travel (recreational, business or military) to endemic areas. […] The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main Aedes species involved in transmitting the zika virus from infected individuals to healthy contacts.
  • #14 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. […] Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Zika virus. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector but other Aedes species can also transmit the virus. […] According to WHO, there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly, congenital nervous system malformations and Guillain-Barr syndrome. […] Zika virus disease is caused by a virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, from the Spondweni group. […] There are two Zika virus lineages: the African lineage and the Asian lineage, which has spread recently in the Pacific and the Americas. […] Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. […] Other Aedes mosquito species (notably Ae. africanus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. unilineatus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. hensilli) are considered potential vectors of Zika virus.
  • #15 Zika Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430981/
    Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family and the genus Flavivirus. […] Diseases caused by Zika virus are predominately arboviral and transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Person-to-person contact (e.g., sexual contact), blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and perinatally (maternal-fetal vertical transmission) may also transmit infection. Zika virus is related to multiple other arboviral causes of human diseases, including Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the yellow fever virus. […] The Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and several other Aedes species. Besides a mosquito bite, the virus can also be transmitted sexually. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is the cause of a variety of congenital disabilities, including microcephaly and other brain abnormalities. […] Most cases of Zika virus infection are mild and resolve on their own. However, serious neurological disease has been reported including Guillain barre syndrome. In addition, there is great concern that the virus can induce congenital brain and eye malformations if acquired during pregnancy.
  • #16 About Zika | Zika Virus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/index.html
    Zika virus is spread mostly by the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. […] Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects. […] Zika virus is primarily spread by mosquitoes and can cause serious birth defects.
  • #17 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Materno-foetal transmission can occur most probably by trans-placental transmission and during delivery when the mother is infected. […] Sexual transmission has been documented in several instances, in one case from a symptomatic male to a woman as late as 56 weeks after onset of the mans symptoms. […] There is a potential risk of Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion and organ transplantation.
  • #18 Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: Microcephaly and Orofacial Anomalies
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/1/55
    In this study, beside a succinct overview of the etiological, microbiological, and epidemiological aspects and modes of transmission of Zika virus infections, we have focused our attention on the pathogenetic and histopathological aspects in pregnancy and the pathogenetic and molecular mechanisms that can determine microcephaly, and consequently the clinical alterations, typical of the fetus and newborns, in a subject affected by CZS. […] The Zika virus is a Flavivirus, recently (April 2023) classified as belonging to the Orthoflavivirus genus Zikaense. ZIKV has a spherical shape, with a diameter of no more than 40 nm, with a positive-polarity single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 11,000 bases enclosed in an icosahedral capsid. […] The virus replicates specifically in subgroups of trophoblasts, in fetal endothelial cells, and induces the multiplication of macrophages of the fetal component of the placenta (Hofbauer cells of the villous stroma).
  • #19 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Vertical transmission of Zika virus from the childbearing parent to the fetus is estimated to occur in 20-30% of infected pregnant individuals during all trimesters. Infection during the first trimester is considered most serious and is associated with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Zika virus has also been isolated in human milk; however, there is no clear evidence of transmission to babies during breastfeeding. […] Zika virus has been identified in semen of 50-60% during the first month of infection, lasting up to 281 days in one case. Cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus from male-to-female partners has been reported in the United States and French Polynesia.
  • #20 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Vertical transmission of Zika virus from the childbearing parent to the fetus is estimated to occur in 20-30% of infected pregnant individuals during all trimesters. Infection during the first trimester is considered most serious and is associated with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Zika virus has also been isolated in human milk; however, there is no clear evidence of transmission to babies during breastfeeding. […] Zika virus has been identified in semen of 50-60% during the first month of infection, lasting up to 281 days in one case. Cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus from male-to-female partners has been reported in the United States and French Polynesia.
  • #21
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
    Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. […] Zika infection in pregnancy can also cause complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth and preterm birth. […] Zika virus infection can also cause Guillain-Barr syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.
  • #22 Zika Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430981/
    Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family and the genus Flavivirus. […] Diseases caused by Zika virus are predominately arboviral and transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Person-to-person contact (e.g., sexual contact), blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and perinatally (maternal-fetal vertical transmission) may also transmit infection. Zika virus is related to multiple other arboviral causes of human diseases, including Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and the yellow fever virus. […] The Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and several other Aedes species. Besides a mosquito bite, the virus can also be transmitted sexually. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is the cause of a variety of congenital disabilities, including microcephaly and other brain abnormalities. […] Most cases of Zika virus infection are mild and resolve on their own. However, serious neurological disease has been reported including Guillain barre syndrome. In addition, there is great concern that the virus can induce congenital brain and eye malformations if acquired during pregnancy.
  • #23 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Materno-foetal transmission can occur most probably by trans-placental transmission and during delivery when the mother is infected. […] Sexual transmission has been documented in several instances, in one case from a symptomatic male to a woman as late as 56 weeks after onset of the mans symptoms. […] There is a potential risk of Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion and organ transplantation.
  • #24 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Vertical transmission of Zika virus from the childbearing parent to the fetus is estimated to occur in 20-30% of infected pregnant individuals during all trimesters. Infection during the first trimester is considered most serious and is associated with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Zika virus has also been isolated in human milk; however, there is no clear evidence of transmission to babies during breastfeeding. […] Zika virus has been identified in semen of 50-60% during the first month of infection, lasting up to 281 days in one case. Cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus from male-to-female partners has been reported in the United States and French Polynesia.
  • #25 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Vertical transmission of Zika virus from the childbearing parent to the fetus is estimated to occur in 20-30% of infected pregnant individuals during all trimesters. Infection during the first trimester is considered most serious and is associated with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Zika virus has also been isolated in human milk; however, there is no clear evidence of transmission to babies during breastfeeding. […] Zika virus has been identified in semen of 50-60% during the first month of infection, lasting up to 281 days in one case. Cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus from male-to-female partners has been reported in the United States and French Polynesia.
  • #26 Zika virus: Advice for travellers – Travel.gc.ca
    https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/health-safety/travel-health-notices/510
    Zika virus usually causes mild illness that lasts a few days. Many people dont have any symptoms and might not know they are infected. Only 1 in 4 people who get Zika virus show symptoms. […] For a pregnant woman or pregnant person, getting a Zika virus infection can be very risky for the baby, even if they dont have symptoms. Zika virus infection can lead to problems for the baby, such as: a smaller than normal head (microcephaly), issues with the brains development, problems with vision or hearing, other serious birth defects. […] There have also been cases of a serious nervous system problem in adults called Guillain-Barr syndrome after getting a Zika virus infection. […] Zika virus mainly spreads through bites from infected mosquitos. It can also spread in these ways: A pregnant woman or pregnant person with Zika virus passing the virus to their baby. Sexual contact with someone who has Zika virus. This includes contact with fluids like semen, vaginal fluid, blood, or other body fluids during sex without a condom. Sharing sex toys might also spread the virus. A person with Zika virus donating cells, blood, tissue, semen, or organs. […] There is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection, or medication to treat it. If symptoms do appear, they usually go away on their own in a few days. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.
  • #27 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Materno-foetal transmission can occur most probably by trans-placental transmission and during delivery when the mother is infected. […] Sexual transmission has been documented in several instances, in one case from a symptomatic male to a woman as late as 56 weeks after onset of the mans symptoms. […] There is a potential risk of Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion and organ transplantation.
  • #28 Zika Virus: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-overview
    Vertical transmission of Zika virus from the childbearing parent to the fetus is estimated to occur in 20-30% of infected pregnant individuals during all trimesters. Infection during the first trimester is considered most serious and is associated with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Zika virus has also been isolated in human milk; however, there is no clear evidence of transmission to babies during breastfeeding. […] Zika virus has been identified in semen of 50-60% during the first month of infection, lasting up to 281 days in one case. Cases of sexual transmission of Zika virus from male-to-female partners has been reported in the United States and French Polynesia.
  • #29 What Is Zika Virus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/zika-virus/guide/
    The virus has been found in breast milk, and there have been reports of infection in breastfed babies. […] A recent study found that maternal Zika virus infection in nonhuman primates is associated with miscarriages and stillbirths. […] Zika infection during pregnancy has been linked to microcephaly. […] Studies have suggested a strong association between microcephaly and Zika virus infection.
  • #30 Zika virus infection: An overview – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/zika-virus-infection-an-overview
    Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. The virus is related to other flaviviruses including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. Clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection occur in approximately 20 percent of patients and include acute onset of low-grade fever with maculopapular pruritic rash, arthralgia (notably small joints of hands and feet), or conjunctivitis (nonpurulent). […] Neurotropism of Zika virus has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Zika virus infection has been associated with neurologic complications; these include congenital microcephaly (in addition to other developmental problems among babies born to individuals infected during pregnancy), Guillain-Barré syndrome, myelitis, and meningoencephalitis.
  • #31 Zika Virus Symptoms, Treatment, Transmission & Pregnancy Precautions
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/zika_virus/article_em.htm
    An infected mother is a risk factor for transmission of Zika virus to an unborn child („vertical transmission”). […] Zika virus is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. […] Documented cases of transmission by sexual contact before, during, and after symptoms of Zika fever have shown Zika virus to be a sexually transmitted disease (STD), as well as mosquito-borne. […] The duration of infectious Zika virus in semen is an important topic of study. […] Zika virus has been found in the blood of infected people, and infection has been documented via blood transfusion. […] A mother infected in pregnancy may transmit Zika virus infection to the developing fetus or newborn. […] Zika virus infection may cause meningoencephalitis. […] Zika seems to be a „neurotropic” virus, meaning it targets nervous system tissue.
  • #32 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html
    Zika virus is a potentially neurotropic virus that is capable of entering the nervous system and targets neural progenitor cells. Zika virus is transmitted primarily as a mosquito-borne infection; it can also be transmitted sexually and through blood and tissue products. […] Zika virus is a single stranded RNA flavivirus and a member of the Flaviviridae family. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of Zika virus. […] Zika virus is related to same taxonomic group of viruses (ie. flaviviruses) that cause dengue, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis. […] Infection may go unrecognized or be misdiagnosed as dengue, chikungunya, or other viral infections causing fever and rash. […] Zika virus infection can lead to neurological syndromes and complications. Neurological conditions associated with Zika virus infection include congenital Zika syndrome, Guillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS), and less commonly: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Acute transient polyneuritis, (Meningo) encephalitis, Myelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Encephalopathy.
  • #33 Zika virus infection: An overview – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/zika-virus-infection-an-overview
    Zika virus is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. The virus is related to other flaviviruses including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus. Clinical manifestations of Zika virus infection occur in approximately 20 percent of patients and include acute onset of low-grade fever with maculopapular pruritic rash, arthralgia (notably small joints of hands and feet), or conjunctivitis (nonpurulent). […] Neurotropism of Zika virus has been demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Zika virus infection has been associated with neurologic complications; these include congenital microcephaly (in addition to other developmental problems among babies born to individuals infected during pregnancy), Guillain-Barré syndrome, myelitis, and meningoencephalitis.
  • #34 Zika virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus
    Zika virus (ZIKV; pronounced /zik/ or /zk/) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015-2016 Zika virus epidemic. […] Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her baby. This can result in microcephaly, severe brain malformations, and other birth defects. […] The viral protein numbered NS4A may lead to small head size (microcephaly) because it disrupts brain growth by hijacking a pathway which regulates growth of new neurons.
  • #35 Zika virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus
    Zika virus (ZIKV; pronounced /zik/ or /zk/) is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. It is spread by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Its name comes from the Ziika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947. Zika virus shares a genus with the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. From 2007 to 2016, the virus spread eastward, across the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, leading to the 2015-2016 Zika virus epidemic. […] Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her baby. This can result in microcephaly, severe brain malformations, and other birth defects. […] The viral protein numbered NS4A may lead to small head size (microcephaly) because it disrupts brain growth by hijacking a pathway which regulates growth of new neurons.
  • #36 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    ZIKV infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise. […] The increase of microcephaly cases and the coincidental ZIKV outbreak led the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in early 2016. […] ZIKV directly targets NPCs in the developing brain and activates innate immune response, which could lead to dysregulation of genes involved in cell cycle, neurogenesis, and apoptosis, resulting in increased cell death, disrupted cell cycle progression, reduced proliferation, and premature differentiation. […] The apoptosis-induced cell death could be mediated by activation of tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), as the ZIKV infection significantly up-regulated TP53 gene and protein expression levels and Ser15 phosphorylation, which are correlated with genotoxic stress and apoptosis induction. […] Overall, collaborative efforts from the scientific community across many disciplines, including virology, neuroscience, stem cell biology, and developmental biology, may contribute knowledge and technology in a rapid response to this global health emergency.
  • #37 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    ZIKV infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise. […] The increase of microcephaly cases and the coincidental ZIKV outbreak led the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in early 2016. […] ZIKV directly targets NPCs in the developing brain and activates innate immune response, which could lead to dysregulation of genes involved in cell cycle, neurogenesis, and apoptosis, resulting in increased cell death, disrupted cell cycle progression, reduced proliferation, and premature differentiation. […] The apoptosis-induced cell death could be mediated by activation of tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), as the ZIKV infection significantly up-regulated TP53 gene and protein expression levels and Ser15 phosphorylation, which are correlated with genotoxic stress and apoptosis induction. […] Overall, collaborative efforts from the scientific community across many disciplines, including virology, neuroscience, stem cell biology, and developmental biology, may contribute knowledge and technology in a rapid response to this global health emergency.
  • #38 Zika virus causes placental pyroptosis and associated adverse fetal outcomes by activating GSDME | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/73792
    On one hand, ZIKV can infect the fetus through the transplacental route, which can lead to CZS in all trimesters of pregnancy. […] Studies using the brain organoids, neurospheres, and human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain cells have identified that neural stem and progenitor cells can undergo growth and developmental aberrations upon ZIKV infection, thereby resulting in microcephaly. […] On the other hand, the ZIKV infection-caused placental injury also likely contributes to adverse fetal outcomes. […] Several studies have demonstrated that ZIKV infects placental macrophages and trophoblasts, which leads to placental insufficiency and injury. […] Using the mouse pregnancy models, it has been shown that ZIKV infection disrupts the architecture and function of the placenta by triggering trophoblast apoptosis and vascular endothelial cell damage.
  • #39 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted flavivirus circulating in 70 countries and territories, poses a significant global threat to public health due to its ability to cause severe developmental defects in the human brain, such as microcephaly. […] Findings from these model systems have helped scientists from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conclude that ZIKV causes microcephaly. […] ZIKV could be transmitted to a pregnant woman via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, which could be further vertically transmitted from the infected mother to the fetus by infecting placental trophoblasts and macrophages (Hofbauer cells) and crossing the placental barrier. […] Recent studies suggest that the placenta is the key mediator for vertical transmission of ZIKV from infected mothers to fetal brains.
  • #40 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    ZIKV infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise. […] The increase of microcephaly cases and the coincidental ZIKV outbreak led the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in early 2016. […] ZIKV directly targets NPCs in the developing brain and activates innate immune response, which could lead to dysregulation of genes involved in cell cycle, neurogenesis, and apoptosis, resulting in increased cell death, disrupted cell cycle progression, reduced proliferation, and premature differentiation. […] The apoptosis-induced cell death could be mediated by activation of tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), as the ZIKV infection significantly up-regulated TP53 gene and protein expression levels and Ser15 phosphorylation, which are correlated with genotoxic stress and apoptosis induction. […] Overall, collaborative efforts from the scientific community across many disciplines, including virology, neuroscience, stem cell biology, and developmental biology, may contribute knowledge and technology in a rapid response to this global health emergency.
  • #41 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted flavivirus circulating in 70 countries and territories, poses a significant global threat to public health due to its ability to cause severe developmental defects in the human brain, such as microcephaly. […] Findings from these model systems have helped scientists from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conclude that ZIKV causes microcephaly. […] ZIKV could be transmitted to a pregnant woman via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, which could be further vertically transmitted from the infected mother to the fetus by infecting placental trophoblasts and macrophages (Hofbauer cells) and crossing the placental barrier. […] Recent studies suggest that the placenta is the key mediator for vertical transmission of ZIKV from infected mothers to fetal brains.
  • #42 How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5458753/
    ZIKV infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise. […] The increase of microcephaly cases and the coincidental ZIKV outbreak led the WHO to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in early 2016. […] ZIKV directly targets NPCs in the developing brain and activates innate immune response, which could lead to dysregulation of genes involved in cell cycle, neurogenesis, and apoptosis, resulting in increased cell death, disrupted cell cycle progression, reduced proliferation, and premature differentiation. […] The apoptosis-induced cell death could be mediated by activation of tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53), as the ZIKV infection significantly up-regulated TP53 gene and protein expression levels and Ser15 phosphorylation, which are correlated with genotoxic stress and apoptosis induction. […] Overall, collaborative efforts from the scientific community across many disciplines, including virology, neuroscience, stem cell biology, and developmental biology, may contribute knowledge and technology in a rapid response to this global health emergency.
  • #43
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus can be transmitted from an infected mother to a baby at the time of birth, or transmitted by sexual intercourse if the partner is infected. […] The zika virus replicates and persists for several months in the placenta and in the brain tissue of a fetus. […] This results in an increase in fetal loss, growth retardation, and in birth defects in babies born to mothers infected with zika virus during pregnancy.
  • #44 Zika virus causes placental pyroptosis and associated adverse fetal outcomes by activating GSDME | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/73792
    On one hand, ZIKV can infect the fetus through the transplacental route, which can lead to CZS in all trimesters of pregnancy. […] Studies using the brain organoids, neurospheres, and human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain cells have identified that neural stem and progenitor cells can undergo growth and developmental aberrations upon ZIKV infection, thereby resulting in microcephaly. […] On the other hand, the ZIKV infection-caused placental injury also likely contributes to adverse fetal outcomes. […] Several studies have demonstrated that ZIKV infects placental macrophages and trophoblasts, which leads to placental insufficiency and injury. […] Using the mouse pregnancy models, it has been shown that ZIKV infection disrupts the architecture and function of the placenta by triggering trophoblast apoptosis and vascular endothelial cell damage.
  • #45 Zika virus causes placental pyroptosis and associated adverse fetal outcomes by activating GSDME | eLife
    https://elifesciences.org/articles/73792
    Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, causing adverse fetal outcomes. […] Several studies have indicated that ZIKV can damage the fetal brain directly; however, whether the ZIKV-induced maternal placental injury contributes to adverse fetal outcomes is sparsely defined. […] Here, we demonstrated that ZIKV causes the pyroptosis of placental cells by activating the executor gasdermin E (GSDME) in vitro and in vivo. […] In conclusion, our study unveils a novel mechanism of ZIKV-induced adverse fetal outcomes via causing placental cell pyroptosis, which provides new clues for developing therapies for ZIKV-associated diseases. […] Although several studies have explicitly indicated a causal relationship between ZIKV infection and CZS, the underlying mechanism is not completely elucidated.
  • #46 Zika Virus Symptoms, Countries, Risk, and Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/zika-virus-symptoms-prevention
    Research has suggested that infection during the earliest stages of pregnancy, when a babys organs are still forming, seems to be linked to the worst outcomes. […] However, some studies are showing that fetuses can be harmed by infection later in pregnancy, and evidence is emerging that microcephaly isnt the only birth defect linked to Zika. […] In another report, the CDC describes five types of birth defects, including severe microcephaly, that are unique to Zika or rarely occur with other infections in pregnant women. […] Those effects in babies are called congenital Zika syndrome. […] In rare cases, Zika has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] Current CDC research shows that Guillain-Barre is strongly associated with Zika, however only a small portion of those infected actually get it. […] There may be a link between Zika and an autoimmune disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), according to research presented at the American Academy of Neurology conference.
  • #47 Zika Virus Symptoms, Countries, Risk, and Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/zika-virus-symptoms-prevention
    Research has suggested that infection during the earliest stages of pregnancy, when a babys organs are still forming, seems to be linked to the worst outcomes. […] However, some studies are showing that fetuses can be harmed by infection later in pregnancy, and evidence is emerging that microcephaly isnt the only birth defect linked to Zika. […] In another report, the CDC describes five types of birth defects, including severe microcephaly, that are unique to Zika or rarely occur with other infections in pregnant women. […] Those effects in babies are called congenital Zika syndrome. […] In rare cases, Zika has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] Current CDC research shows that Guillain-Barre is strongly associated with Zika, however only a small portion of those infected actually get it. […] There may be a link between Zika and an autoimmune disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), according to research presented at the American Academy of Neurology conference.
  • #48 Zika Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus
    Zika virus (or Zika fever) is an illness you get from certain types of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). Its caused by a virus, an organism that uses your cells to make more copies of itself. […] A type of flavivirus (an RNA virus usually spread by mosquitoes) causes Zika infections. The viruses that cause dengue fever and West Nile infections are also types of flavivirus. […] If youre pregnant and have a Zika infection, it can pass through the placenta to the fetus. Zika can cause your child to be born with congenital (present at birth) conditions like microcephaly. […] If you’re pregnant and have Zika, it can cause congenital (present at birth) conditions in your baby, such as vision loss or improper brain development. These conditions are permanent. […] If youre pregnant and infected with Zika, the virus can also infect the fetus and interfere with its development. About 5% (1 in 20) of babies born to someone infected with Zika have congenital conditions, including: A smaller-than-average head (microcephaly). Microcephaly can mean your childs brain didnt develop properly. […] Theres no cure for Zika or the complications it can cause. Most people have mild symptoms and recover on their own.
  • #49 Zika virus infection: causes, prevention | gesund.bund.de
    https://gesund.bund.de/en/zika-virus-infection
    A Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause neurological defects in newborn babies for example: an abnormally small head (microcephaly), a thin cerebral cortex with calcifications, changes in the retina in the eye, congenital joint deformities (causing limited mobility), increased muscle tone affecting movement.
  • #50
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
    Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. […] Zika infection in pregnancy can also cause complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth and preterm birth. […] Zika virus infection can also cause Guillain-Barr syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.
  • #51 Zika Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus
    Zika virus (or Zika fever) is an illness you get from certain types of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). Its caused by a virus, an organism that uses your cells to make more copies of itself. […] A type of flavivirus (an RNA virus usually spread by mosquitoes) causes Zika infections. The viruses that cause dengue fever and West Nile infections are also types of flavivirus. […] If youre pregnant and have a Zika infection, it can pass through the placenta to the fetus. Zika can cause your child to be born with congenital (present at birth) conditions like microcephaly. […] If you’re pregnant and have Zika, it can cause congenital (present at birth) conditions in your baby, such as vision loss or improper brain development. These conditions are permanent. […] If youre pregnant and infected with Zika, the virus can also infect the fetus and interfere with its development. About 5% (1 in 20) of babies born to someone infected with Zika have congenital conditions, including: A smaller-than-average head (microcephaly). Microcephaly can mean your childs brain didnt develop properly. […] Theres no cure for Zika or the complications it can cause. Most people have mild symptoms and recover on their own.
  • #52 Zika Virus | RIVM
    https://www.rivm.nl/en/zika-virus
    The Zika virus is spread in tropical and subtropical regions by yellow fever mosquitoes, also known as dengue mosquitoes. […] However, it has been scientifically proven that infections contracted during pregnancy can be harmful to unborn children. […] Scientists agree that infection with the Zika virus can be harmful to unborn children. Six per cent of such children are born with neurological birth defects such as microcephaly. […] Studies have shown that 6% of such babies had congenital birth defects, such as microcephaly. […] By now, it has been scientifically proven that the Zika virus causes adverse effects on unborn children.
  • #53
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus
    Congenital malformations occur following both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. […] Zika infection in pregnancy can also cause complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth and preterm birth. […] Zika virus infection can also cause Guillain-Barr syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.
  • #54 Infographics
    https://www.who.int/health-topics/zika-virus-disease
    Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti, in tropical and subtropical regions. […] Zika virus is also transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, through sexual contact, transfusion of blood and blood products, and organ transplantation. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. […] Zika infection in pregnancy also results in pregnancy complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth, and preterm birth. […] Zika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barr syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in adults and older children.
  • #55 Zika Virus | Cedars-Sinai
    https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/z/zika-virus.html
    Zika is a virus spread by mosquitoes. It was first discovered in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947. […] The Zika virus is mostly passed on by the bite of the mosquito species Aedes. Pregnant people who have it can also pass it on to their unborn child. […] A pregnant person can pass the virus on to the unborn child, even without symptoms. The virus can cause a birth defect called microcephaly. […] The Zika virus may also very rarely cause Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) in adults. GBS causes muscle weakness or paralysis.
  • #56 Zika Virus | University Hospitals
    https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions/zika-virus
    Zika is a virus spread by mosquitoes. […] The Zika virus is mostly passed on by the bite of the mosquito species Aedes. Pregnant people who have it can also pass it on to their unborn child. […] A pregnant person can pass the virus on to the unborn child, even without symptoms. The virus can cause a birth defect called microcephaly. […] The Zika virus may also very rarely cause Guillain-Barr syndrome (GBS) in adults. GBS causes muscle weakness or paralysis.
  • #57 Zika Virus: Common Questions and Answers | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0415/p507.html
    Other complications associated with Zika virus infection include Guillain-Barr syndrome, an autoimmune form of flaccid paralysis, and thrombocytopenia. […] An association between Zika virus infection and Guillain-Barr syndrome was first noted during an outbreak in French Polynesia in 2013-2014. […] The primary mode of Zika virus transmission is through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti (more common) or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. […] In addition to mother-to-fetus transmission of Zika virus during pregnancy, transmission at delivery has been documented in two infants; one was asymptomatic, and the other had mild illness. […] Zika virus has been identified in saliva, urine, and breast milk, but transmission through these sources has not been reported. […] There is no approved vaccine for Zika virus. The primary methods of prevention are avoiding the bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes and reducing the risk of sexual transmission.
  • #58 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html
    The association between Guillain-Barr Syndrome (GBS) and Zika virus infection was first established in a case-control study in French Polynesia. Studies of the 2013-14 outbreak in French Polynesia estimated that around 1 in 4000 people with Zika virus infection developed GBS as a complication. […] The full spectrum of poor outcomes caused by Zika virus infection during pregnancy remains unknown.
  • #59 Factsheet about Zika virus disease
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/zika-virus-infection/facts/factsheet
    Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. […] Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Zika virus. […] The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector but other Aedes species can also transmit the virus. […] According to WHO, there is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly, congenital nervous system malformations and Guillain-Barr syndrome. […] Zika virus disease is caused by a virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, from the Spondweni group. […] There are two Zika virus lineages: the African lineage and the Asian lineage, which has spread recently in the Pacific and the Americas. […] Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. […] Other Aedes mosquito species (notably Ae. africanus, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, Ae. unilineatus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. hensilli) are considered potential vectors of Zika virus.
  • #60 Zika Virus Symptoms, Countries, Risk, and Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/zika-virus-symptoms-prevention
    Research has suggested that infection during the earliest stages of pregnancy, when a babys organs are still forming, seems to be linked to the worst outcomes. […] However, some studies are showing that fetuses can be harmed by infection later in pregnancy, and evidence is emerging that microcephaly isnt the only birth defect linked to Zika. […] In another report, the CDC describes five types of birth defects, including severe microcephaly, that are unique to Zika or rarely occur with other infections in pregnant women. […] Those effects in babies are called congenital Zika syndrome. […] In rare cases, Zika has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] Current CDC research shows that Guillain-Barre is strongly associated with Zika, however only a small portion of those infected actually get it. […] There may be a link between Zika and an autoimmune disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), according to research presented at the American Academy of Neurology conference.
  • #61 Zika virus | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/zika-virus
    Zika virus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes. […] Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a mosquito-borne disease, transmitted by bites from some species of Aedes mosquito, particularly Aedes aegypti. […] Infection with Zika virus in pregnancy can result in miscarriage, stillbirth or serious birth defects in the newborn, including microcephaly (abnormally small head and brain). […] Zika virus can also rarely cause inflammation and swelling of the brain (encephalitis), tissues around the brain (meningitis), or spinal cord (myelitis). […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects, including microcephaly (abnormally small head and brain) in newborns. […] Zika virus is usually transmitted to people through the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus, mainly Aedes aegypti. […] Currently, there is no cure or specific treatment for Zika virus.
  • #62 Zika Virus Symptoms, Countries, Risk, and Prevention
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/zika-virus-symptoms-prevention
    Research has suggested that infection during the earliest stages of pregnancy, when a babys organs are still forming, seems to be linked to the worst outcomes. […] However, some studies are showing that fetuses can be harmed by infection later in pregnancy, and evidence is emerging that microcephaly isnt the only birth defect linked to Zika. […] In another report, the CDC describes five types of birth defects, including severe microcephaly, that are unique to Zika or rarely occur with other infections in pregnant women. […] Those effects in babies are called congenital Zika syndrome. […] In rare cases, Zika has been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] Current CDC research shows that Guillain-Barre is strongly associated with Zika, however only a small portion of those infected actually get it. […] There may be a link between Zika and an autoimmune disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), according to research presented at the American Academy of Neurology conference.
  • #63 Zika Virus Symptoms, Treatment, Transmission & Pregnancy Precautions
    https://www.emedicinehealth.com/zika_virus/article_em.htm
    An infected mother is a risk factor for transmission of Zika virus to an unborn child („vertical transmission”). […] Zika virus is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. […] Documented cases of transmission by sexual contact before, during, and after symptoms of Zika fever have shown Zika virus to be a sexually transmitted disease (STD), as well as mosquito-borne. […] The duration of infectious Zika virus in semen is an important topic of study. […] Zika virus has been found in the blood of infected people, and infection has been documented via blood transfusion. […] A mother infected in pregnancy may transmit Zika virus infection to the developing fetus or newborn. […] Zika virus infection may cause meningoencephalitis. […] Zika seems to be a „neurotropic” virus, meaning it targets nervous system tissue.
  • #64 Zika Virus Infection | Encephalitis International
    https://www.encephalitis.info/types-of-encephalitis/infectious-encephalitis/zika-virus-infection/
    The outcome is extremely variable: people can recover completely or remain with deficits. The outcome of ZIKV encephalitis is difficult to assess as only a few cases have been reported. In children who had been infected during pregnancy, the prognosis is usually poor, with cognitive deficits and a psychomotor development delay. […] There is currently no vaccine against ZIKV. Although several vaccine candidates have been studied, there is concern that immunization of individuals against ZIKV may exacerbate subsequent Dengue Virus (DENV) infection symptoms.
  • #65 It’s confirmed. Zika virus causes microcephaly and other birth defects, CDC says | PBS News
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/its-confirmed-zika-virus-causes-microcephaly-and-other-birth-defects-cdc-says
    Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitively confirmed what may have seemed a forgone conclusion: Zika virus causes microcephaly and other neurological birth defects. […] It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly, CDC director Tom Frieden said in a statement. […] Research into Zika virus has satisfied five of the seven criteria. […] Causality is established when either criteria one, three, and four or criteria one, two, and three are fulfilled, according to the report.
  • #66 It’s confirmed. Zika virus causes microcephaly and other birth defects, CDC says | PBS News
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/its-confirmed-zika-virus-causes-microcephaly-and-other-birth-defects-cdc-says
    Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitively confirmed what may have seemed a forgone conclusion: Zika virus causes microcephaly and other neurological birth defects. […] It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly, CDC director Tom Frieden said in a statement. […] Research into Zika virus has satisfied five of the seven criteria. […] Causality is established when either criteria one, three, and four or criteria one, two, and three are fulfilled, according to the report.
  • #67 It’s confirmed. Zika virus causes microcephaly and other birth defects, CDC says | PBS News
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/its-confirmed-zika-virus-causes-microcephaly-and-other-birth-defects-cdc-says
    Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitively confirmed what may have seemed a forgone conclusion: Zika virus causes microcephaly and other neurological birth defects. […] It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly, CDC director Tom Frieden said in a statement. […] Research into Zika virus has satisfied five of the seven criteria. […] Causality is established when either criteria one, three, and four or criteria one, two, and three are fulfilled, according to the report.
  • #68 It’s confirmed. Zika virus causes microcephaly and other birth defects, CDC says | PBS News
    https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/its-confirmed-zika-virus-causes-microcephaly-and-other-birth-defects-cdc-says
    Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitively confirmed what may have seemed a forgone conclusion: Zika virus causes microcephaly and other neurological birth defects. […] It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly, CDC director Tom Frieden said in a statement. […] Research into Zika virus has satisfied five of the seven criteria. […] Causality is established when either criteria one, three, and four or criteria one, two, and three are fulfilled, according to the report.
  • #69 Zika fever – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_fever
    The declaration allowed the WHO to coordinate international response to the virus as well as gave its guidance the force of international law under the International Health Regulations. […] In April 2016, WHO stated there is a scientific consensus, based on preliminary evidence, that Zika is a cause of microcephaly in infants and GuillainBarr syndrome in adults.
  • #70 Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome: Microcephaly and Orofacial Anomalies
    https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/1/55
    Data supporting vertical infection and the causal role of ZIKV in the development of congenital malformations include the finding of ZIKV-RNA or viral antigen in amniotic fluid, the placenta, or the brain tissue of fetuses or newborns with microcephaly diagnosed after death in utero or immediately after birth. […] The most severe clinical form caused by the Zika virus is linked to infection during pregnancy, which can cause miscarriage or CZS, with the set of symptoms previously described.
  • #71 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Zika-Virus-History.aspx
    Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family that is related to other mosquito-borne viruses such as yellow fever, dengue and West Nile. […] It is considered an emerging pathogen transmitted by mosquitos of the Aedes genus, though other non-vector modes of transmission have also been suggested. […] Still, the first proof that the Zika virus actually causes human disease (by virus isolation and reisolation) came in 1964, when a researcher in Uganda fell ill during his experiment with Zika strains from mosquitoes. […] In January 2016 first diagnoses of intrauterine Zika virus transmission were reported in two pregnant women in Brazil that had fetuses diagnosed with microcephaly (including severe brain abnormalities confirmed by ultrasound). […] In addition, the Zika virus was also detected in amniotic fluid.
  • #72 Frequently Asked Questions About Zika – Global Virus Network
    https://gvn.org/programs/zika-virus-task-force/faq-zika/
    Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus that is a member of the flavivirus group. […] Zika virus has been known for decades to circulate in Africa, and Asia and more recently in the Pacific Islands, but very few cases of human disease were documented before 2007. […] In May of 2015, the first infections were confirmed in Brazil. […] Zika is now confirmed to be circulating in 31 countries and territories in the Americas, including Mexico, and is likely present in even more. […] The Zika virus has been found in the amniotic fluid, and placenta of babies born with microcephaly, which has prompted Brazilian doctors to warn women not to become pregnant if possible, for the time being. […] The viruss genetic material (RNA) has been detected in the tissues of some of the babies with microcephaly whose mothers were confirmed to have Zika during pregnancy. […] Zika virus-specific IgM has been identified in the blood of newborn babies with microcephaly, indicating fetal infection. […] However, the overall evidence that Zika is responsible for the vast majority of these cases is strengthening.
  • #73 The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models | Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18296
    The recent increase in microcephaly cases in Brazil has been associated with the outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), originating from an Asian-lineage strain that can be spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The Brazilian ZIKV (ZIKVBR) has been detected in the placenta and amniotic fluid of two women with microcephalic fetuses and in the blood of microcephalic newborns, suggesting that the virus can cross the placental membrane. The virus has also been identified in the brains and retinas of microcephalic fetuses. However, there is no direct evidence of the mechanism by which ZIKVBR causes brain malformations. […] To evaluate the causal relationship between ZIKVBR and birth defects, including brain malformation during development, we first used a murine experimental model in which SJL and C57BL/6 pregnant mice were infected with ZIKVBR, evaluating newborns immediately after birth. Notably, similar to ZIKVBR-infected human newborns, pups born from the SJL ZIKVBR-infected pregnant females displayed clear evidence of whole-body growth delay or intra-uterine growth restriction compared to pups born from the mock-infected controls.
  • #74 The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models | Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18296
    The recent increase in microcephaly cases in Brazil has been associated with the outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV), originating from an Asian-lineage strain that can be spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The Brazilian ZIKV (ZIKVBR) has been detected in the placenta and amniotic fluid of two women with microcephalic fetuses and in the blood of microcephalic newborns, suggesting that the virus can cross the placental membrane. The virus has also been identified in the brains and retinas of microcephalic fetuses. However, there is no direct evidence of the mechanism by which ZIKVBR causes brain malformations. […] To evaluate the causal relationship between ZIKVBR and birth defects, including brain malformation during development, we first used a murine experimental model in which SJL and C57BL/6 pregnant mice were infected with ZIKVBR, evaluating newborns immediately after birth. Notably, similar to ZIKVBR-infected human newborns, pups born from the SJL ZIKVBR-infected pregnant females displayed clear evidence of whole-body growth delay or intra-uterine growth restriction compared to pups born from the mock-infected controls.
  • #75 The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models | Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18296
    Microcephaly is perhaps the most dramatic of the birth defects reported in ZIKVBR-infected newborns. Mouse models often fail to reproduce the severely reduced brain size and pathological alterations found in human patients, probably owing to significant differences in gestation time and brain development between the two species. Nevertheless, upon close inspection of the ZIKVBR-infected mice brains, we noticed cortical malformations in the surviving animals, with reduced cell number and cortical layer thickness, signs associated with microcephaly in humans. […] Thus, SJL infected pups presented congenital malformations compatible with ZIKVBR-infected human newborns. […] To evaluate the causal relationship between ZIKV congenital infection and birth defects, we used a murine experimental model, in which pregnant SJL and C57BL/6 mice were infected with ZIKVBR. Notably, the SJL strain was susceptible to viral infection of fetal tissues, causing severe IUGR that resembled the affected Brazilian newborns, including signs of microcephaly, such as cortical malformations. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that microcephaly is a distinctive feature of recent ZIKV Asian-lineage virus, which originated in the Pacific and is now spreading in South and Central America.
  • #76 The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models | Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18296
    Microcephaly is perhaps the most dramatic of the birth defects reported in ZIKVBR-infected newborns. Mouse models often fail to reproduce the severely reduced brain size and pathological alterations found in human patients, probably owing to significant differences in gestation time and brain development between the two species. Nevertheless, upon close inspection of the ZIKVBR-infected mice brains, we noticed cortical malformations in the surviving animals, with reduced cell number and cortical layer thickness, signs associated with microcephaly in humans. […] Thus, SJL infected pups presented congenital malformations compatible with ZIKVBR-infected human newborns. […] To evaluate the causal relationship between ZIKV congenital infection and birth defects, we used a murine experimental model, in which pregnant SJL and C57BL/6 mice were infected with ZIKVBR. Notably, the SJL strain was susceptible to viral infection of fetal tissues, causing severe IUGR that resembled the affected Brazilian newborns, including signs of microcephaly, such as cortical malformations. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that microcephaly is a distinctive feature of recent ZIKV Asian-lineage virus, which originated in the Pacific and is now spreading in South and Central America.
  • #77 Zika Virus | BCM
    https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/zika
    The epidemic has since waned and as of May 2019 no countries were reporting active outbreaks of Zika virus. However, Zika virus – and the mosquitoes that transmit it – have not been eliminated and a low risk of currently undetected transmission remains. […] There is currently no cure for Zika virus disease and no drugs to treat it. […] Zika virus emerged in the Americas, without warning, and spread rapidly. […] The spread of Zika virus, as well as other emerging Aedes mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as dengue and chikungunya, is due in part to man-made factors. […] Although Zika virus was discovered in 1947, there has been little research conducted on the virus because until recently it was considered an obscure virus that caused only sporadic and relatively mild illness in Africa and Southern Asia. […] The long-term goals of research on Zika virus include learning more about the transmission pathways of the virus, understanding how the virus causes disease, and discovering its effects on the human immune system.
  • #78
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus infection is an arboviral illness (viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks). […] Zika virus is a small, spherical, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. […] Possible factors for zika virus spread include: Overpopulation of areas leading to inadequate housing and public health systems (water, sewerage and waste management). […] Poor vector control, e.g., stagnant pools of water for mosquito breeding. […] Climate change (increased virus transmission has been linked to El Nino conditions). […] Increased international travel (recreational, business or military) to endemic areas. […] The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main Aedes species involved in transmitting the zika virus from infected individuals to healthy contacts.
  • #79
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus infection is an arboviral illness (viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks). […] Zika virus is a small, spherical, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. […] Possible factors for zika virus spread include: Overpopulation of areas leading to inadequate housing and public health systems (water, sewerage and waste management). […] Poor vector control, e.g., stagnant pools of water for mosquito breeding. […] Climate change (increased virus transmission has been linked to El Nino conditions). […] Increased international travel (recreational, business or military) to endemic areas. […] The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main Aedes species involved in transmitting the zika virus from infected individuals to healthy contacts.
  • #80
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus infection is an arboviral illness (viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks). […] Zika virus is a small, spherical, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. […] Possible factors for zika virus spread include: Overpopulation of areas leading to inadequate housing and public health systems (water, sewerage and waste management). […] Poor vector control, e.g., stagnant pools of water for mosquito breeding. […] Climate change (increased virus transmission has been linked to El Nino conditions). […] Increased international travel (recreational, business or military) to endemic areas. […] The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main Aedes species involved in transmitting the zika virus from infected individuals to healthy contacts.
  • #81
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/zika-virus
    Zika virus infection is an arboviral illness (viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks). […] Zika virus is a small, spherical, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belonging to family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. […] Possible factors for zika virus spread include: Overpopulation of areas leading to inadequate housing and public health systems (water, sewerage and waste management). […] Poor vector control, e.g., stagnant pools of water for mosquito breeding. […] Climate change (increased virus transmission has been linked to El Nino conditions). […] Increased international travel (recreational, business or military) to endemic areas. […] The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the main Aedes species involved in transmitting the zika virus from infected individuals to healthy contacts.
  • #82 What is Zika virus? Spread, prevention, and the threat to babies | News | Wellcome
    https://wellcome.org/news/world-prepared-future-zika-virus-outbreaks
    Zika is an infectious disease transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. […] Zika is a mosquito-borne disease first discovered in 1947 in Uganda’s Zika forest. […] Zika outbreaks have now been recorded across Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. […] During the 2015 to 2016 epidemic, it was discovered that Zika can spread from a mother to their foetus during pregnancy. […] It’s estimated to cause adverse outcomes for babies in 5 to 42 percent of infected pregnant women. […] Zika can also cause premature birth, stillbirth and foetal loss. […] Zika can be transmitted in other ways too. It primarily spreads through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, the same mosquitoes that spread dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya. […] Several factors increase the risk of the disease moving to new places. […] It’s estimated that warming temperatures as a result of the climate crisis could create more suitable environments for mosquitoes, putting 1.3 billion people at risk of Zika by 2050. […] More research is needed to better understand Zika, how it spreads and how to prevent and treat the disease.