Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What Nurses Need to Know About ZIKA | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/zika/

  Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (A. aegypti and A. albopictus). These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses. […] A pregnant woman can pass Zika virus to her fetus during pregnancy. Zika is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. Infection during pregnancy has also been linked to adverse outcomes including pregnancy loss and eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth in infants. The full range of other potential health problems that Zika virus infection during pregnancy may cause is still under investigation. […] To understand more about Zika virus infection, CDC established the US Zika Pregnancy Registry and is collaborating with state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to collect information about pregnancy and infant outcomes following Zika virus infection during pregnancy.

• #2 Zika | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/vectorborne-diseases/mosquito-diseases/zika.html

  Zika virus is a generally mild illness that is spread primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with large mosquito populations, and is known to circulate in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. To see a map of currently affected areas, visit the CDC’s website. […] Zika virus is spread primarily to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species of mosquito. Zika virus cannot be transmitted through casual contact. […] The current Zika virus outbreak began in May 2015 in Brazil, leading to reports of a neurological disease called Guillain-Barr syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects such as microcephaly. […] Symptoms of Zika virus are similar to several other diseases, so diagnosing Zika virus requires a blood and/or urine test.

• #3 Zika | Society for the Advancement of Disaster Nursing

  https://disasternursing.org/zika/

  Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the Zika Forest in Uganda. In 1952, the first human cases of Zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations. Before 2007, at least 14 cases of Zika had been documented, although other cases were likely to have occurred and were not reported. Because the symptoms of Zika are similar to those of many other diseases, many cases may not have been recognized (CDC, 2016). […] The Zika disease is caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of the falavivirus genus. It is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. After the mosquito bite, the disease symptoms usually appear after an incubation period of three to 12 days. The infected individual may present with fever and non-purulent conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, asthenia, maculopapular rash, edema in lower limbs, and less frequently, retro-orbital pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain OR may be asymptomatic. Symptoms may last from 4-7 days and are self-limiting. Neurological and autoimmune complications are rare. There is no specific antiviral treatment or an effective vaccine for this disease. Symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase is recommended and early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms is warranted.

• #4 Zika Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus

  Zika is very serious for pregnant women because it can interfere with the fetus’s development. […] If you’re pregnant and test positive for Zika, your pregnancy care provider will help you manage your symptoms safely. […] If you’re pregnant and infected with Zika, the virus can also infect the fetus and interfere with its development. […] A note from Cleveland Clinic: Zika virus usually isn’t serious for adults and children. But if you’re pregnant and get infected, it can keep the fetus’s brain from developing properly and cause other health issues at birth. If you’re pregnant and have been diagnosed with Zika, your pregnancy care provider can guide you through what to expect in your specific situation.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus

  Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations as well as preterm birth and miscarriage. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. […] Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing, information, counselling and other clinical care. […] For regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus.

• #6 What Nurses Need to Know About ZIKA | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/zika/

  Zika virus is transmitted to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (A. aegypti and A. albopictus). These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses. […] A pregnant woman can pass Zika virus to her fetus during pregnancy. Zika is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. Infection during pregnancy has also been linked to adverse outcomes including pregnancy loss and eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth in infants. The full range of other potential health problems that Zika virus infection during pregnancy may cause is still under investigation. […] To understand more about Zika virus infection, CDC established the US Zika Pregnancy Registry and is collaborating with state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to collect information about pregnancy and infant outcomes following Zika virus infection during pregnancy.

• #7 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  Zika virus is a potentially neurotropic virus that is capable of entering the nervous system and targets neural progenitor cells. Zika virus is transmitted primarily as a mosquito-borne infection; it can also be transmitted sexually and through blood and tissue products. […] Exposure to Zika virus during fetal development increases the risk of severe health outcomes, such as congenital Zika syndrome. For this reason, travellers to Zika-affected countries or areas should wait before trying to conceive: Individuals who may become pregnant should wait 2 months after travel or after onset of illness due to Zika virus (whichever is longer) to allow sufficient time for a possible Zika virus infection to be cleared from all body fluids. […] The 3-month recommendation takes into consideration the currently available data regarding how long infectious Zika virus can be found in semen. Returning travellers who have a pregnant partner should: always use a condom correctly, or avoid having sex for the duration of the pregnancy.

• #8

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/diseasesaz/zika/pages/zika-providers.aspx

  Many countries and parts of the continental U.S. have been identified as areas of possible Zika virus transmission. […] Zika can be spread through mosquito bites, from mother to child, via unprotected sexual contact, or through blood transfusion or laboratory exposure. […] Regardless of symptoms, people with Zika virus infection can transmit the virus to others. […] Advise patients to avoid mosquito bites and use condoms or abstain from sex following return from a Zika-affected area. […] Zika infection is reportable in Oregon. Healthcare providers are required to report suspect, presumptive, and confirmed Zika virus infections to local health department in the patient’s county of residence within one day. […] Zika testing is recommended for individuals, including pregnant women, who have at least one symptom of Zika and possible Zika virus exposure.

• #9 Zika | Society for the Advancement of Disaster Nursing

  https://disasternursing.org/zika/

  Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the Zika Forest in Uganda. In 1952, the first human cases of Zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations. Before 2007, at least 14 cases of Zika had been documented, although other cases were likely to have occurred and were not reported. Because the symptoms of Zika are similar to those of many other diseases, many cases may not have been recognized (CDC, 2016). […] The Zika disease is caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of the falavivirus genus. It is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. After the mosquito bite, the disease symptoms usually appear after an incubation period of three to 12 days. The infected individual may present with fever and non-purulent conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, asthenia, maculopapular rash, edema in lower limbs, and less frequently, retro-orbital pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain OR may be asymptomatic. Symptoms may last from 4-7 days and are self-limiting. Neurological and autoimmune complications are rare. There is no specific antiviral treatment or an effective vaccine for this disease. Symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase is recommended and early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms is warranted.

• #10 Zika virus – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus.html

  PHAC no longer recommends that pregnant women or women who are trying to conceive avoid travelling to countries or areas with risk of Zika virus. Instead, they are advised to discuss potential travel with a health care professional, and may choose to avoid or postpone travel to these areas. PHAC continues to recommend that pregnant women avoid travelling to areas with a current Zika virus outbreak. […] Symptoms are often mild and most people recover fully with no complications. […] See a health care professional if you had or currently have symptoms of Zika virus infection. […] Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent or medication to treat infection with Zika virus. Symptoms, when present, will typically resolve on their own within a few days. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms. You can relieve Zika virus symptoms by drinking fluids, getting rest, and taking acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol) for fever and pain.

• #11

  https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/HHS-Program/PHS/ZikaVirus/ZikaVirus.html

  Zika virus is spread to people through bites of Aedes mosquitoes. The symptoms of Zika virus infection are fever, rash, muscle and joint pain and conjunctivitis (red eyes) Symptoms are usually mild and can last from several days to a week. […] If you are traveling to a Zika affected area, you could be at risk for infection. You should take steps to avoid mosquito bites when traveling and pregnant women planning to travel to affected areas should consult with their health care provider before traveling. […] Take steps to avoid mosquito bites and if you think you may have Zika, contact your health care provider. […] The best way to prevent the Zika virus infection is to avoid mosquito bites. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent Zika virus infection. […] There is no vaccine or medicine to treat Zika virus disease.

• #12 Zika virus: clinical manifestations and treatment at a primary care institution in Colombia

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-00112020000200188

  The most frequent clinical manifestations included rash, pruritus and arthralgias. The main symptoms, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory results are presented in Table 2. […] Five different pharmacological groups were prescribed, namely, antipyretics, antihistamines, rehydration salts, corticosteroids and NSAIDs, being acetaminophen the most commonly used (90.1%), followed by corticosteroids and NSAIDs (3.5% and 0.7%, respectively). […] Regarding the use of drugs for treating symptoms prior to consultation at the hospital (self-medication), the medical records of the patients described that 84 (31.9%) reported the use of antihistamines; 21 (8.3%), opioids; 17 (6.7%), antibiotics; 16 (6.3%), antiemetics; 14 (5.5%), vitamins; and 13, anti-ulcers (5.1%). […] In this study, 11 patients received NSAIDs and corticosteroids for treating symptoms, yet no association between using these drugs and clinical alterations was observed.

• #13 Zika | Society for the Advancement of Disaster Nursing

  https://disasternursing.org/zika/

  Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 and is named after the Zika Forest in Uganda. In 1952, the first human cases of Zika were detected and since then, outbreaks of Zika have been reported in tropical Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Zika outbreaks have probably occurred in many locations. Before 2007, at least 14 cases of Zika had been documented, although other cases were likely to have occurred and were not reported. Because the symptoms of Zika are similar to those of many other diseases, many cases may not have been recognized (CDC, 2016). […] The Zika disease is caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus of the falavivirus genus. It is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. After the mosquito bite, the disease symptoms usually appear after an incubation period of three to 12 days. The infected individual may present with fever and non-purulent conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, asthenia, maculopapular rash, edema in lower limbs, and less frequently, retro-orbital pain, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain OR may be asymptomatic. Symptoms may last from 4-7 days and are self-limiting. Neurological and autoimmune complications are rare. There is no specific antiviral treatment or an effective vaccine for this disease. Symptomatic and supportive treatment for the acute phase is recommended and early diagnosis of atypical and severe forms is warranted.

• #14

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=3586984&Journal_ID=606913&Issue_ID=3586845

  Zika virus is linked to a significant rise in neurologic disorders such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. […] Nurses must stay abreast of the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal care to their patients. […] No antiviral medication or other specific treatment is available to treat Zika virus infection. Supportive care includes symptom management with rest, fluids, antipyretics, and analgesics. […] Nurses should discuss disease transmission with patients who are diagnosed with Zika virus infection. […] The CDC has published a series of detailed guidelines for screening and management of patients who may have or have been exposed to Zika virus. […] Nurses are powerful patient advocates; they need to stay up-to-date with the rapidly changing information on Zika virus to provide the best care and teaching possible.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus

  Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations as well as preterm birth and miscarriage. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. […] Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing, information, counselling and other clinical care. […] For regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus.

• #16 Zika Virus: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16077-zika-virus

  Zika is very serious for pregnant women because it can interfere with the fetus’s development. […] If you’re pregnant and test positive for Zika, your pregnancy care provider will help you manage your symptoms safely. […] If you’re pregnant and infected with Zika, the virus can also infect the fetus and interfere with its development. […] A note from Cleveland Clinic: Zika virus usually isn’t serious for adults and children. But if you’re pregnant and get infected, it can keep the fetus’s brain from developing properly and cause other health issues at birth. If you’re pregnant and have been diagnosed with Zika, your pregnancy care provider can guide you through what to expect in your specific situation.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus

  Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations as well as preterm birth and miscarriage. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. […] Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing, information, counselling and other clinical care. […] For regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus.

• #18

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus

  Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause infants to be born with microcephaly and other congenital malformations as well as preterm birth and miscarriage. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital malformations in the infant, including limb contractures, high muscle tone, eye abnormalities and hearing loss. These clinical features are collectively referred to as congenital Zika syndrome. […] Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical attention for laboratory testing, information, counselling and other clinical care. […] For regions with active transmission of Zika virus, all people with Zika virus infection and their sexual partners (particularly pregnant women) should receive information about the risks of sexual transmission of Zika virus.

• #19 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  The absence of symptoms does not predict risk of congenital Zika syndrome. Due to the complexity of interpretation and timelines of pregnancy, you should consult early with an infectious diseases specialist before testing is considered. […] Babies with congenital Zika syndrome often experience significant developmental challenges, including difficulty sleeping, feeding, communicating and controlling muscular movement. They also often experience seizures and hearing and vision problems. It is important to note that babies affected by Zika virus may require specialized care during their lives.

• #20 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  The absence of symptoms does not predict risk of congenital Zika syndrome. Due to the complexity of interpretation and timelines of pregnancy, you should consult early with an infectious diseases specialist before testing is considered. […] Babies with congenital Zika syndrome often experience significant developmental challenges, including difficulty sleeping, feeding, communicating and controlling muscular movement. They also often experience seizures and hearing and vision problems. It is important to note that babies affected by Zika virus may require specialized care during their lives.

• #21 What Nurses Need to Know About ZIKA | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/zika/

  No vaccine is currently available nor are there specific medicines to treat Zika infections. […] CDC recommends that pregnant women not travel to an area with active Zika virus transmission. […] Healthcare providers should ensure that women who want to delay or avoid pregnancy have access to safe and effective contraceptive methods that best meet their needs. Women and their partners who do not want to get pregnant now should use the most effective birth control correctly and consistently. […] Healthcare providers for women and men residing in areas with active Zika virus transmission who have Zika virus disease should recommend they wait to attempt conception until the risk of viremia or viral shedding in semen is believed to be minimal.

• #22 Zika Virus | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/you-and-your-family/illness-and-disease-z/zika-virus

  Zika can be passed from a pregnant person to their unborn baby (fetus). Infection during pregnancy can cause certain birth defects. […] CDC advises pregnant people not to travel to an area currently experiencing an outbreak of Zika virus. Pregnant people who plan on traveling to areas with possible Zika virus transmission should talk to their health care providers about potential risks. If they decide to travel, they should take steps to prevent mosquito bites and sexual exposure to Zika. […] If you are pregnant and you think you may have been exposed to Zika virus, contact your healthcare provider and let them know about your exposure.

• #23

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/diseasesaz/zika/pages/zika-providers.aspx

  Pregnant women should also avoid unprotected sex for the duration of the pregnancy with partners who have recently visited a Zika-affected area. […] Zika virus can cause serious birth defects in infants whose mothers had Zika infection during pregnancy. […] If you suspect an infant or fetus might have clinical findings compatible with congenital Zika infection, determine whether the mother has possible exposure to Zika.

• #24 Zika | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/vectorborne-diseases/mosquito-diseases/zika.html

  Zika virus is a generally mild illness that is spread primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with large mosquito populations, and is known to circulate in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. To see a map of currently affected areas, visit the CDC’s website. […] Zika virus is spread primarily to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species of mosquito. Zika virus cannot be transmitted through casual contact. […] The current Zika virus outbreak began in May 2015 in Brazil, leading to reports of a neurological disease called Guillain-Barr syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects such as microcephaly. […] Symptoms of Zika virus are similar to several other diseases, so diagnosing Zika virus requires a blood and/or urine test.

• #25 Zika Testing For Health Care Providers and LHDs

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/zika/hcp-lhds.html

  IDPH will test individuals who may have been exposed to Zika virus. […] Pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus do not need to have symptoms in order to be tested at the IDPH laboratory. […] Non-pregnant women and men who may have been exposed to Zika virus may be tested at the IDPH laboratory if they have had at least 1 or more of the below symptoms: Fever, Rash, Joint pain, Conjunctivitis (red eyes), Guillain-Barre Syndrome. […] Symptomatic pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus, Asymptomatic pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus, Non-pregnant women and men who may have been exposed to Zika virus and have at least one or more symptoms. […] All tests must be authorized by the local health department prior to submitting to the IDPH laboratory. […] To optimize evaluation of possible Zika virus, send fixed tissues. […] Positive Zika IgM test performed by commercial labs should be forwarded to IDPH for confirmatory testing.

• #26 Zika | South Dakota Department of Health

  https://doh.sd.gov/diseases/zika/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that pregnant women postpone travel to Zika-affected areas. […] Healthcare providers should contact the South Dakota Department of Health at 605-773-3737 for consultation on Zika testing. […] If youve been to an area with risk of Zika and have symptoms of Zika after travel, see your healthcare provider. […] This is especially important if you are pregnant. Infection while pregnant can cause microcephaly and other serious birth defects in babies. […] Be sure to tell your doctor or other healthcare provider where you traveled. […] Pregnant women should not travel to areas with a risk of Zika. […] Pregnant women who travel to or live in areas with a risk of Zika should take steps to prevent mosquito bites and use condoms or not have sex during their pregnancy to avoid getting Zika from their partner.

• #27 Zika | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/vectorborne-diseases/mosquito-diseases/zika.html

  Zika virus is a generally mild illness that is spread primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. Zika virus occurs in tropical areas with large mosquito populations, and is known to circulate in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. To see a map of currently affected areas, visit the CDC’s website. […] Zika virus is spread primarily to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species of mosquito. Zika virus cannot be transmitted through casual contact. […] The current Zika virus outbreak began in May 2015 in Brazil, leading to reports of a neurological disease called Guillain-Barr syndrome and pregnant women giving birth to babies with birth defects such as microcephaly. […] Symptoms of Zika virus are similar to several other diseases, so diagnosing Zika virus requires a blood and/or urine test.

• #28 Zika Testing For Health Care Providers and LHDs

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/zika/hcp-lhds.html

  IDPH will test individuals who may have been exposed to Zika virus. […] Pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus do not need to have symptoms in order to be tested at the IDPH laboratory. […] Non-pregnant women and men who may have been exposed to Zika virus may be tested at the IDPH laboratory if they have had at least 1 or more of the below symptoms: Fever, Rash, Joint pain, Conjunctivitis (red eyes), Guillain-Barre Syndrome. […] Symptomatic pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus, Asymptomatic pregnant women who may have been exposed to Zika virus, Non-pregnant women and men who may have been exposed to Zika virus and have at least one or more symptoms. […] All tests must be authorized by the local health department prior to submitting to the IDPH laboratory. […] To optimize evaluation of possible Zika virus, send fixed tissues. […] Positive Zika IgM test performed by commercial labs should be forwarded to IDPH for confirmatory testing.

• #29 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  To prevent potential sexual transmission in general it is recommended that all travellers returning from Zika-affected countries or areas always use condoms correctly, or avoid having sex: Partners of individuals who may become pregnant should take these precautions for 3 months after travel or after onset of illness due to Zika (whichever is longer), Individuals who may become pregnant should take these precautions for 2 months after travel or after onset of illness due to Zika (whichever is longer). […] Currently, there is no prophylaxis, vaccine or treatment for Zika virus infection. Treatment may be directed toward symptom relief, such as: rest, fluids, analgesics, avoid acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs until dengue infection has been eliminated as a possibility, antipyretics.

• #30 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Zika virus (ZIKV) infection usually is mild and self-limited. There are no specific FDA-approved treatment options or vaccines for treatment and prevention of Zika virus infection. […] Supportive care with rest and adequate fluid hydration is advised. Symptoms such as fever and pain can be controlled with acetaminophen and pruritic rash with antihistamines. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with unconfirmed Zika virus infection should be avoided since the use of such drugs in dengue fever is associated with hemorrhagic risk and risk for Reye syndrome in the pediatric population. […] The WHO recommends optimal supportive care in patients with Guillain-Barr syndrome, including frequent neurologic examinations, testing of vital signs, and respiratory function monitoring to decrease the likelihood of complications (eg, blood clots, respiratory failure). Patients whose symptoms are escalating rapidly or who are unable to walk should receive intravenous immunoglobulin therapy or therapeutic plasma exchange.

• #31 Zika virus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/zika-virus

  Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant person to their baby, which can have serious consequences. Talk to a health care provider about your individual risk if you are planning to fall pregnant. […] There is no cure, specific treatment, or vaccine for Zika virus. […] Currently, there is no cure or specific treatment for Zika virus. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and reduce the risk of complications while the person recovers. […] People diagnosed with Zika virus infection should: get plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, treat pain and fever with common medicines such as paracetamol. […] If you have visited a country with active Zika virus transmission and have symptoms that could be caused by Zika infection, you should seek medical care and advice, especially as there could be other causes of your symptoms. […] Pregnant people and people trying to get pregnant, as well as their sexual partners, should consider deferring non-essential travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Always discuss your individual risk with your doctor.

• #32 Treatment of Zika | Zika Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/zika/treatment/index.html

  Contact your healthcare provider if you are experiencing symptoms of Zika virus disease (Zika). […] There are no medicines to treat Zika. […] Rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medicines may relieve some symptoms. […] However, the symptoms of Zika can be treated. […] Treating symptoms can include: Getting plenty of rest. […] Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration. […] Taking an over-the-counter medicine such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) to reduce fever and pain. […] Do not take aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of bleeding. […] If you are taking medicine for another medical condition, talk to your healthcare provider before taking additional medicines.

• #33 Zika virus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/zika-virus

  Zika virus can be passed from a pregnant person to their baby, which can have serious consequences. Talk to a health care provider about your individual risk if you are planning to fall pregnant. […] There is no cure, specific treatment, or vaccine for Zika virus. […] Currently, there is no cure or specific treatment for Zika virus. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and reduce the risk of complications while the person recovers. […] People diagnosed with Zika virus infection should: get plenty of rest, drink enough fluids, treat pain and fever with common medicines such as paracetamol. […] If you have visited a country with active Zika virus transmission and have symptoms that could be caused by Zika infection, you should seek medical care and advice, especially as there could be other causes of your symptoms. […] Pregnant people and people trying to get pregnant, as well as their sexual partners, should consider deferring non-essential travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Always discuss your individual risk with your doctor.

• #34 Zika Virus: 10 Things Nurses Need to Know – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/zika-virus-10-things-nurses-need-know/

  Treatment is generally supportive and can include rest, fluids, and use of analgesics and antipyretics. Because of similar geographic distribution and symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue can be ruled out to reduce the risk of hemorrhage. People infected with Zika, chikungunya, or dengue virus should be protected from further mosquito exposure during the first few days of illness to prevent other mosquitoes from becoming infected and reduce the risk of local transmission.

• #35 Zika virus: clinical manifestations and treatment at a primary care institution in Colombia

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-00112020000200188

  Zika virus: clinical manifestations and treatment at a primary care institution in Colombia […] Although Zika virus cases have been reported in Colombia since 2015, its clinical and pharmacological characteristics have not yet been described. […] To describe the main clinical manifestations and sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with Zika and the treatment provided to them at a primary care hospital in a municipality of Colombia. […] 254 individuals infected with Zika virus during the study period were identified, and Zika diagnosis was more frequent in women (68.5%). Regarding treatment, 90.9% of the cases were treated using acetaminophen. The most commonly reported symptoms were rash (81.1%) and pruritus (55.9%). In addition, antihistamines were the most frequent comedication (31.9%). Factors such as being a woman, being pregnant and inpatient treatment were associated with adverse clinical outcomes.

• #36 Zika virus: clinical manifestations and treatment at a primary care institution in Colombia

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-00112020000200188

  The most frequent clinical manifestations included rash, pruritus and arthralgias. The main symptoms, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory results are presented in Table 2. […] Five different pharmacological groups were prescribed, namely, antipyretics, antihistamines, rehydration salts, corticosteroids and NSAIDs, being acetaminophen the most commonly used (90.1%), followed by corticosteroids and NSAIDs (3.5% and 0.7%, respectively). […] Regarding the use of drugs for treating symptoms prior to consultation at the hospital (self-medication), the medical records of the patients described that 84 (31.9%) reported the use of antihistamines; 21 (8.3%), opioids; 17 (6.7%), antibiotics; 16 (6.3%), antiemetics; 14 (5.5%), vitamins; and 13, anti-ulcers (5.1%). […] In this study, 11 patients received NSAIDs and corticosteroids for treating symptoms, yet no association between using these drugs and clinical alterations was observed.

• #37 Zika Virus – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/zika-virus/

  Nursing care in a patient with Zika virus includes the following: […] Assessment of a patient with Zika virus includes: […] Based on the assessment data, the following are the nursing diagnosis for a patient with Zika virus: […] The major nursing care planning goals for a patient with Zika virus include: […] Below are the nursing interventions for a patient with Zika virus: […] Nursing goals are met for a patient with Zika virus as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a patient with Zika virus includes:

• #38

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=3454029&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=3453997

  Zika virus is typically transmitted by a mosquito bite. […] Nurses must stay abreast of the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal care to their patients. […] No antiviral medication or other specific treatment is available to treat Zika virus infection. […] Supportive care includes symptom management with rest, fluids, antipyretics, and analgesics. […] Nurses should discuss disease transmission with patients who are diagnosed with Zika virus infection. […] The CDC has published a series of detailed guidelines for screening and management of patients who may have or have been exposed to Zika virus. […] Nurses are powerful patient advocates; they need to stay up-to-date with the rapidly changing care requirements surrounding Zika virus to provide the best care and teaching possible.

• #39 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Zika virus has emerged as a health issue of public importance in several countries. […] Many nurses hold lead positions in health education, health promotion, and health surveillance in the identification, prevention, and management of Zika virus disease. […] Given the increase in congenital anomalies and other neurological and autoimmune syndromes, the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has made recommendations for healthcare facilities related to strengthening capacity and specialized care. […] Effective strategies to prevent and control the virus, such as mosquito vector control and education of the public, are encouraged. […] This review examined public health issues emerging in areas affected by Zika virus to identify potential strategies that nurses could employ in the effort to diminish its impact.

• #40 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Nurses must use their skills as critical thinkers and knowledge brokers who the public may trust to approach for accurate information. […] For women of reproductive age and their sex partners, all nurses, and especially midwives, may provide counselling and suggest delaying pregnancy, as recommended by the World Health Organisation. […] Nurses can significantly influence Zika health policy, planning, and management. […] Nurses have opportunity for involvement at the forefront of Zika virus research. […] Knowledge of the Zika virus is continually evolving and it is nurses responsibility to keep currency with the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal patient care. […] Addressing this tragic situation by understanding the means of infection is of the utmost urgency to inform efforts for early detection, therapeutic responses, and preparedness for epidemics.

• #41 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Zika virus (ZIKV) infection usually is mild and self-limited. There are no specific FDA-approved treatment options or vaccines for treatment and prevention of Zika virus infection. […] Supportive care with rest and adequate fluid hydration is advised. Symptoms such as fever and pain can be controlled with acetaminophen and pruritic rash with antihistamines. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with unconfirmed Zika virus infection should be avoided since the use of such drugs in dengue fever is associated with hemorrhagic risk and risk for Reye syndrome in the pediatric population. […] The WHO recommends optimal supportive care in patients with Guillain-Barr syndrome, including frequent neurologic examinations, testing of vital signs, and respiratory function monitoring to decrease the likelihood of complications (eg, blood clots, respiratory failure). Patients whose symptoms are escalating rapidly or who are unable to walk should receive intravenous immunoglobulin therapy or therapeutic plasma exchange.

• #42 Treatment and Prevention of Zika Virus Disease | Zika Virus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  There are no vaccines to prevent or medicines to treat Zika virus infection. […] Patients with suspected Zika virus disease should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya. […] Pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection should be closely monitored during pregnancy. […] Carefully monitor pregnant women with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection. Closely manage these patients during pregnancy and carefully evaluate live-born infants for clinical features associated with intrauterine infection. […] Patients with possible exposure to Zika virus should be advised to reduce the risk of sexual transmission through abstinence or using condoms.

• #43 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Expert consultation with a maternal-fetal medicine and an infectious diseases specialist is advised for management of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. […] A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended while caring for infants with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Patients infected with arboviruses such as Zika virus should be advised to limit activity during symptomatic illness in order to avoid exposure to mosquitoes and potential risk for human-to-arthropod transmission and subsequent local spread of disease. […] The best method for preventing Zika virus infection is to avoid travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Residents who live in endemic areas or travelers to endemic areas are advised to avoid mosquito bites. […] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered mosquito-repelling agents such as DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), 2-undecanone, and para-menthane-diol (PMD) products can be used by all age groups including pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.

• #44 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  The CDC recommends the following prenatal services for pregnant women with laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus infection: Serial fetal ultrasounds (every 3-4 weeks) should be considered to assess fetal anatomy, particularly fetal neuroanatomy, and to monitor growth. […] Prenatal ultrasounds should carefully evaluate the fetal anatomy, particularly the neuroanatomy, to identify brain or structural abnormalities that might occur before microcephaly. […] Decisions about performing amniocentesis should be individualized because there is a paucity of data regarding the usefulness of amniocentesis in diagnosing congenital Zika virus infection. […] The CDC indicates that if adequate laboratory testing is performed, there is no laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection, and the clinical evaluation is normal, then congenital Zika virus infection is unlikely.

• #45 Frequently Asked Questions About Zika Virus | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/frequently-asked-questions-about-zika-virus

  Zika virus may cause birth defects if a fetus becomes infected. The virus can prevent normal brain development and may cause microcephaly, which is an abnormally small head size. Zika infection of a fetus may also lead to hearing, vision, cognitive and developmental disorders. […] If you wish to become pregnant and have traveled to an area with active Zika transmission, it is recommended that you wait eight weeks before trying to conceive, regardless of whether you had symptoms of Zika or not. If your partner traveled to a Zika area, the recommendation is to wait six months before trying to conceive. This is because the virus is known to live longer in semen, and there is a risk that men who were exposed to Zika could sexually transmit the virus for a longer period of time. […] To assess your risk for Zika virus, you will be asked at every UCSF prenatal visit if you or your partner have traveled. If you qualify for testing, we will schedule a telehealth (video) visit with a nurse practitioner specializing in Zika management to arrange testing and answer all of your questions. A negative antibody test result means you can continue with routine prenatal care, and no further follow-up related to Zika is necessary.

• #46 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  The CDC recommends the following prenatal services for pregnant women with laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus infection: Serial fetal ultrasounds (every 3-4 weeks) should be considered to assess fetal anatomy, particularly fetal neuroanatomy, and to monitor growth. […] Prenatal ultrasounds should carefully evaluate the fetal anatomy, particularly the neuroanatomy, to identify brain or structural abnormalities that might occur before microcephaly. […] Decisions about performing amniocentesis should be individualized because there is a paucity of data regarding the usefulness of amniocentesis in diagnosing congenital Zika virus infection. […] The CDC indicates that if adequate laboratory testing is performed, there is no laboratory evidence of congenital Zika virus infection, and the clinical evaluation is normal, then congenital Zika virus infection is unlikely.

• #47 Zika Virus & Pregnancy | San Antonio, TX | University Health

  https://www.universityhealth.com/services/pregnancy-childbirth/zika-virus

  If youre pregnant and have become infected with the Zika virus, youll find excellent care from experts at the Women’s Children’s Hospital. […] If you are pregnant and get the virus, you can pass it to your unborn baby. Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other disabilities. Microcephaly prevents your babys brain and head from growing correctly. […] Turn to us for care if you and your unborn child are exposed to Zika. Your care may include: Testing and diagnosis, Relieving symptoms of the virus, Monitoring your pregnancy. […] Feel confident you and your baby will receive the most focused Zika care in our region at the Women’s Children’s Hospital. During care, you may work with one or more of our Zika Center care team members: Pediatric infectious disease specialists, Maternal-fetal medicine specialists, Neonatologists, Pediatric neurologists, Audiologists, Behavioral health professionals.

• #48 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Expert consultation with a maternal-fetal medicine and an infectious diseases specialist is advised for management of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. […] A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended while caring for infants with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Patients infected with arboviruses such as Zika virus should be advised to limit activity during symptomatic illness in order to avoid exposure to mosquitoes and potential risk for human-to-arthropod transmission and subsequent local spread of disease. […] The best method for preventing Zika virus infection is to avoid travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Residents who live in endemic areas or travelers to endemic areas are advised to avoid mosquito bites. […] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered mosquito-repelling agents such as DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), 2-undecanone, and para-menthane-diol (PMD) products can be used by all age groups including pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.

• #49 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Expert consultation with a maternal-fetal medicine and an infectious diseases specialist is advised for management of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. […] A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended while caring for infants with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Patients infected with arboviruses such as Zika virus should be advised to limit activity during symptomatic illness in order to avoid exposure to mosquitoes and potential risk for human-to-arthropod transmission and subsequent local spread of disease. […] The best method for preventing Zika virus infection is to avoid travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Residents who live in endemic areas or travelers to endemic areas are advised to avoid mosquito bites. […] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered mosquito-repelling agents such as DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), 2-undecanone, and para-menthane-diol (PMD) products can be used by all age groups including pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.

• #50 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  Infants should continue to receive routine pediatric care, and healthcare providers should remain alert for any new findings of congenital Zika virus infection. […] Although Zika virus has been detected in breast milk, there are no reports of health problems in babies tied to breastmilk from an infected mother. Current evidence suggests the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the theoretical risks of Zika virus transmission. All women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants, regardless of infant Zika virus testing results. […] Employers and workers in healthcare settings and laboratories should follow good infection control and biosafety practices (including universal precautions) as appropriate, to prevent or minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as Zika virus. […] Additionally, employers should ensure that workers follow workplace standard operating procedures and use the engineering controls and work practices available in the workplace to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.

• #51 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  The absence of symptoms does not predict risk of congenital Zika syndrome. Due to the complexity of interpretation and timelines of pregnancy, you should consult early with an infectious diseases specialist before testing is considered. […] Babies with congenital Zika syndrome often experience significant developmental challenges, including difficulty sleeping, feeding, communicating and controlling muscular movement. They also often experience seizures and hearing and vision problems. It is important to note that babies affected by Zika virus may require specialized care during their lives.

• #52 Zika Virus Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/zika-virus-infection

  Zika virus infection is a mosquito-borne viral infection that typically causes no symptoms but can cause fever, rash, joint pain, or infection of the membrane that covers the white of the eye (conjunctivitis, or pinkeye). […] Zika virus infection in a pregnant woman can cause microcephaly (a serious birth defect) and eye and other abnormalities in the baby. […] There is no specific treatment for Zika virus infection, but rest, plenty of fluids, and acetaminophen to relieve fever and pain can help. […] If the Zika virus is detected in pregnant women, doctors may recommend that ultrasonography be done every 3 to 4 weeks to monitor how the fetus is developing. […] Doctors may monitor brain development for 2 years after birth in all infants born to mothers infected with Zika virus, whether or not the infants have symptoms.

• #53 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  The absence of symptoms does not predict risk of congenital Zika syndrome. Due to the complexity of interpretation and timelines of pregnancy, you should consult early with an infectious diseases specialist before testing is considered. […] Babies with congenital Zika syndrome often experience significant developmental challenges, including difficulty sleeping, feeding, communicating and controlling muscular movement. They also often experience seizures and hearing and vision problems. It is important to note that babies affected by Zika virus may require specialized care during their lives.

• #54 Zika Virus Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/zika-virus-infection

  Zika virus infection is a mosquito-borne viral infection that typically causes no symptoms but can cause fever, rash, joint pain, or infection of the membrane that covers the white of the eye (conjunctivitis, or pinkeye). […] Zika virus infection in a pregnant woman can cause microcephaly (a serious birth defect) and eye and other abnormalities in the baby. […] There is no specific treatment for Zika virus infection, but rest, plenty of fluids, and acetaminophen to relieve fever and pain can help. […] If the Zika virus is detected in pregnant women, doctors may recommend that ultrasonography be done every 3 to 4 weeks to monitor how the fetus is developing. […] Doctors may monitor brain development for 2 years after birth in all infants born to mothers infected with Zika virus, whether or not the infants have symptoms.

• #55 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  Infants should continue to receive routine pediatric care, and healthcare providers should remain alert for any new findings of congenital Zika virus infection. […] Although Zika virus has been detected in breast milk, there are no reports of health problems in babies tied to breastmilk from an infected mother. Current evidence suggests the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the theoretical risks of Zika virus transmission. All women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants, regardless of infant Zika virus testing results. […] Employers and workers in healthcare settings and laboratories should follow good infection control and biosafety practices (including universal precautions) as appropriate, to prevent or minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as Zika virus. […] Additionally, employers should ensure that workers follow workplace standard operating procedures and use the engineering controls and work practices available in the workplace to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.

• #56 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  Infants should continue to receive routine pediatric care, and healthcare providers should remain alert for any new findings of congenital Zika virus infection. […] Although Zika virus has been detected in breast milk, there are no reports of health problems in babies tied to breastmilk from an infected mother. Current evidence suggests the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the theoretical risks of Zika virus transmission. All women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants, regardless of infant Zika virus testing results. […] Employers and workers in healthcare settings and laboratories should follow good infection control and biosafety practices (including universal precautions) as appropriate, to prevent or minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as Zika virus. […] Additionally, employers should ensure that workers follow workplace standard operating procedures and use the engineering controls and work practices available in the workplace to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.

• #57 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  Infants should continue to receive routine pediatric care, and healthcare providers should remain alert for any new findings of congenital Zika virus infection. […] Although Zika virus has been detected in breast milk, there are no reports of health problems in babies tied to breastmilk from an infected mother. Current evidence suggests the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the theoretical risks of Zika virus transmission. All women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants, regardless of infant Zika virus testing results. […] Employers and workers in healthcare settings and laboratories should follow good infection control and biosafety practices (including universal precautions) as appropriate, to prevent or minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as Zika virus. […] Additionally, employers should ensure that workers follow workplace standard operating procedures and use the engineering controls and work practices available in the workplace to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.

• #58 Health Professionals | Zika in Texas

  https://www.texaszika.org/healthcareprof.htm

  Infants should continue to receive routine pediatric care, and healthcare providers should remain alert for any new findings of congenital Zika virus infection. […] Although Zika virus has been detected in breast milk, there are no reports of health problems in babies tied to breastmilk from an infected mother. Current evidence suggests the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the theoretical risks of Zika virus transmission. All women with Zika virus infection during pregnancy should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants, regardless of infant Zika virus testing results. […] Employers and workers in healthcare settings and laboratories should follow good infection control and biosafety practices (including universal precautions) as appropriate, to prevent or minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents, such as Zika virus. […] Additionally, employers should ensure that workers follow workplace standard operating procedures and use the engineering controls and work practices available in the workplace to prevent exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials.

• #59 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Caution should be exercised to prevent local transmission of Zika virus from infected patients to uninfected mosquitoes. […] The CDC advises that individuals with childbearing potential who have Zika (symptomatic or asymptomatic) or travel to an area with Zika outbreak should wait at least 2 months from symptom onset or a positive test date or return before attempting to conceive and should use condoms or abstain from sex. […] A travel alert has been issued for pregnant individuals in any trimester to avoid or postpone travel to areas with ongoing Zika outbreak. […] No vaccine is approved and available for the prevention of Zika virus infection. […] Evidence suggests that Zika infection prior to pregnancy would not pose a risk for birth defects to a future pregnancy.

• #60

• #61 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Expert consultation with a maternal-fetal medicine and an infectious diseases specialist is advised for management of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. […] A multidisciplinary team approach is recommended while caring for infants with congenital Zika syndrome. […] Patients infected with arboviruses such as Zika virus should be advised to limit activity during symptomatic illness in order to avoid exposure to mosquitoes and potential risk for human-to-arthropod transmission and subsequent local spread of disease. […] The best method for preventing Zika virus infection is to avoid travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission. […] Residents who live in endemic areas or travelers to endemic areas are advised to avoid mosquito bites. […] Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered mosquito-repelling agents such as DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), 2-undecanone, and para-menthane-diol (PMD) products can be used by all age groups including pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.

• #62 Zika Virus | Vermont Department of Health

  https://www.healthvermont.gov/disease-control/mosquito-borne-diseases/zika-virus

  Zika virus is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus). […] The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis (red eyes). […] While Zika is generally a mild illness in most adults, Zika virus has caused microcephaly, a birth defect of the brain, and other serious complication in babies of mothers who had the virus while pregnant. […] For this reason, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that women who are pregnant, or who may become pregnant, talk to a health care provider about potential risks before travelling to areas where Zika transmission has occurred. […] Travelers who go to areas with outbreaks of Zika can be infected with Zika virus and should protect themselves by preventing mosquito bites:

• #63 Zika | MaineHealth

  https://www.mainehealth.org/care-services/infectious-disease-care-travel-medicine/zika

  If you are pregnant and have traveled, plan to travel, or your partner has traveled to an area with Zika, talk to your doctor about how to protect yourself. In pregnant women, the Zika virus can cause birth defects. […] Lab tests can determine whether a person has the Zika virus. If you believe you could have Zika, talk to your doctor about testing and the possibility of pregnancy. Zika symptoms will usually pass within a week. Medications such as acetaminophen or paracetamol can reduce fever and pain. Do not take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) without talking to your doctor first. […] You can take some proactive steps to avoid mosquitos and the risk of getting the Zika virus: Avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent. Choose EPA-registered repellents that have DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or para-menthane-diol as the main ingredient. Wear protective clothing and use bug screens while sleeping. Be aware that the type of mosquitos that become infected with the Zika virus mostly bite during the day.

• #64 Zika Virus

  https://health.westchestergov.com/zika-virus-facts

  What should I do if I have Zika? Treat the symptoms: […] To help prevent others from getting sick, avoid mosquito bites during the first week of illness. During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in a person’s blood. The virus can be passed from an infected person to a mosquito through mosquito bites. An infected mosquito can then spread the virus to other people. […] Is it safe to use an insect repellent if I am pregnant or nursing? Yes. Using an insect repellent is safe and effective. Pregnant women and women who are breastfeeding can and should choose an EPA-registered insect repellent and use it according to the product label. […] I am pregnant. How will Zika virus affect me or my unborn baby? Zika can cause microcephaly and result in other poor outcomes in babies of mothers who were infected with the virus while pregnant. For this reason, CDC recommends special precautions for pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant:

• #65

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus

  Women who have had unprotected sex and do not wish to become pregnant due to concerns about Zika virus infection should have ready access to emergency contraceptive services and counselling. Pregnant women should practice safer sex (including correct and consistent use of condoms) or abstain from sexual activity for at least the entire duration of pregnancy.

• #66 Zika virus: For health professionals – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/zika-virus/health-professionals.html

  To prevent potential sexual transmission in general it is recommended that all travellers returning from Zika-affected countries or areas always use condoms correctly, or avoid having sex: Partners of individuals who may become pregnant should take these precautions for 3 months after travel or after onset of illness due to Zika (whichever is longer), Individuals who may become pregnant should take these precautions for 2 months after travel or after onset of illness due to Zika (whichever is longer). […] Currently, there is no prophylaxis, vaccine or treatment for Zika virus infection. Treatment may be directed toward symptom relief, such as: rest, fluids, analgesics, avoid acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs until dengue infection has been eliminated as a possibility, antipyretics.

• #67 Zika Virus

  https://health.westchestergov.com/zika-virus-facts

  Pregnant women in any trimester should avoid travel to the areas where Zika virus transmission is ongoing. Pregnant women who do travel to one of these areas should talk to their doctor or other healthcare provider first and strictly follow steps to avoid mosquito bites during the trip and to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus. […] What are the recommendations for pregnant couples who live in or have traveled to Zika-affected areas? Pregnant women with sex partners (male or female) who live in or who have traveled to an area with active Zika virus transmission should consistently and correctly use barrier methods against infection during sex (vaginal, anal, or oral) or abstain from sexual activity for the duration of the pregnancy. […] What are the recommendations for couples who are not pregnant and are not planning to become pregnant who live in or have traveled to Zika-affected areas? Men and women who want to reduce the risk for sexual transmission of Zika virus should use barrier methods against infection consistently and correctly during sex or abstain from sex when one partner has traveled to or lives in an area with active Zika virus transmission.

• #68 What Nurses Need to Know About ZIKA | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/zika/

  No vaccine is currently available nor are there specific medicines to treat Zika infections. […] CDC recommends that pregnant women not travel to an area with active Zika virus transmission. […] Healthcare providers should ensure that women who want to delay or avoid pregnancy have access to safe and effective contraceptive methods that best meet their needs. Women and their partners who do not want to get pregnant now should use the most effective birth control correctly and consistently. […] Healthcare providers for women and men residing in areas with active Zika virus transmission who have Zika virus disease should recommend they wait to attempt conception until the risk of viremia or viral shedding in semen is believed to be minimal.

• #69 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Zika virus has emerged as a health issue of public importance in several countries. […] Many nurses hold lead positions in health education, health promotion, and health surveillance in the identification, prevention, and management of Zika virus disease. […] Given the increase in congenital anomalies and other neurological and autoimmune syndromes, the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has made recommendations for healthcare facilities related to strengthening capacity and specialized care. […] Effective strategies to prevent and control the virus, such as mosquito vector control and education of the public, are encouraged. […] This review examined public health issues emerging in areas affected by Zika virus to identify potential strategies that nurses could employ in the effort to diminish its impact.

• #70 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Nurses must use their skills as critical thinkers and knowledge brokers who the public may trust to approach for accurate information. […] For women of reproductive age and their sex partners, all nurses, and especially midwives, may provide counselling and suggest delaying pregnancy, as recommended by the World Health Organisation. […] Nurses can significantly influence Zika health policy, planning, and management. […] Nurses have opportunity for involvement at the forefront of Zika virus research. […] Knowledge of the Zika virus is continually evolving and it is nurses responsibility to keep currency with the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal patient care. […] Addressing this tragic situation by understanding the means of infection is of the utmost urgency to inform efforts for early detection, therapeutic responses, and preparedness for epidemics.

• #71 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Nurses must use their skills as critical thinkers and knowledge brokers who the public may trust to approach for accurate information. […] For women of reproductive age and their sex partners, all nurses, and especially midwives, may provide counselling and suggest delaying pregnancy, as recommended by the World Health Organisation. […] Nurses can significantly influence Zika health policy, planning, and management. […] Nurses have opportunity for involvement at the forefront of Zika virus research. […] Knowledge of the Zika virus is continually evolving and it is nurses responsibility to keep currency with the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal patient care. […] Addressing this tragic situation by understanding the means of infection is of the utmost urgency to inform efforts for early detection, therapeutic responses, and preparedness for epidemics.

• #72 Nursing Care Actions to Prevent and Control the Zika Virus: A Review | Open Access Journals

  https://www.rroij.com/open-access/nursing-care-actions-to-prevent-and-control-the-zika-virus-a-review.php?aid=87622

  The authors present and discuss six categories: 1) How to manage nursing consultations during prenatal care in regard to suspicion of infections by the Zika virus: Follow the Womens Health Protocol provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health; Report suspicions of infection caused by the Zika virus to the epidemiological surveillance; Perform detailed anamnesis and physical examination; Differential diagnosis; Instruct pregnant women to seek the health unit; Perform active search through home visits, intensifying instructions and reinforcing the need for women to attend prenatal consultations; Refer women to the PNAR (High Risk Prenatal Care) if infection is confirmed. […] Nursing consultation during prenatal care ensures quality care, contributes to decrease maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality, preventing and identifying potential congenital malformation such as microcephaly.

• #73 Zika Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430981/

  The nurse, primary care provider, and the pharmacist are key players in patient education. Pregnant patients should be educated about travel to the Zika endemic areas, most of which are in South and Central America. […] Since the virus has located itself in many parts of the Southern USA, the public should be educated. […] Currently, there is no treatment for Zika virus complicating pregnancy. Prevention is key. Pregnant women should avoid mosquito exposure, and avoid travel to known Zika virus areas, if possible. […] The majority of Zika virus infections are mild and self-limited. In fact, most are not even noticed by the patients. […] However, in some patients, the virus may cause neurological symptoms like the Guillain Barre syndrome. In addition, there is great concern that the Zika virus can cause microcephaly and various ocular abnormalities.

• #74

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=3454029&Journal_ID=54016&Issue_ID=3453997

  Zika virus is typically transmitted by a mosquito bite. […] Nurses must stay abreast of the evolving body of knowledge surrounding Zika virus infection in order to provide optimal care to their patients. […] No antiviral medication or other specific treatment is available to treat Zika virus infection. […] Supportive care includes symptom management with rest, fluids, antipyretics, and analgesics. […] Nurses should discuss disease transmission with patients who are diagnosed with Zika virus infection. […] The CDC has published a series of detailed guidelines for screening and management of patients who may have or have been exposed to Zika virus. […] Nurses are powerful patient advocates; they need to stay up-to-date with the rapidly changing care requirements surrounding Zika virus to provide the best care and teaching possible.

• #75 The Zika Virus Epidemic: Public Health Roles for Nurses | OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

  https://ojin.nursingworld.org/link/0192ae5b6061417b9c903dd73bb08bf8.aspx

  Zika virus has emerged as a health issue of public importance in several countries. […] Many nurses hold lead positions in health education, health promotion, and health surveillance in the identification, prevention, and management of Zika virus disease. […] Given the increase in congenital anomalies and other neurological and autoimmune syndromes, the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has made recommendations for healthcare facilities related to strengthening capacity and specialized care. […] Effective strategies to prevent and control the virus, such as mosquito vector control and education of the public, are encouraged. […] This review examined public health issues emerging in areas affected by Zika virus to identify potential strategies that nurses could employ in the effort to diminish its impact.

• #76 Nursing Care Actions to Prevent and Control the Zika Virus: A Review | Open Access Journals

  https://www.rroij.com/open-access/nursing-care-actions-to-prevent-and-control-the-zika-virus-a-review.php?aid=87622

  Actions to prevent and control the spread of the Zika virus are implemented by a multidisciplinary team in order to develop protocols. Health workers play an essential role during prenatal care by screening pregnant women suspected of being infected with Zika virus, or confirmed to be infected. […] The study carried out in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and assesses the competencies of CHAs in the development of their responsibilities as established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. […] The papers that compose the corpus of analysis in this review do not report the specific actions of nurses. The reports included: care in regard to the environment; individual protection of pregnant women; guidance provided to travelers; differential diagnosis in relation to other viral diseases; education provided to the nursing staff, families and pregnant women; health care and social support provided to families with children with permanent special needs arising from infection caused by Zika virus; and mandatory reporting of suspected and confirmed cases of the disease.

• #77

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7102775/

  The present study revealed a significant difference in attitudes, practices, and risk perceptions of Zika virus based on degree of intention to be vaccinated against Zika virus. […] These findings suggest the need to develop effective and systematic promotional and educational programs in nursing colleges and hospitals, considering the low scores on knowledge items. Education to improve knowledge of prevention of Zika virus infection may contribute to the improvement of attitudes toward the prevention of Zika virus infection and the promotion of infection-control practice for disease prevention.

• #78 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Management of pregnant individuals with Zika and infants with congenital Zika syndrome requires specialist consultation and care. […] There are no FDA-approved treatment options for Zika. Multiple antiviral drugs are under investigation for treatment of ZIKV infection. […] The anti-Zika drugs under investigation target various stages of viral life cycle with direct antiviral activity (nucleoside analogs, polymerase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors such as sofosbuvir, galidesivir) or activity against host cell mechanisms (purine or pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors, entry inhibitors). […] Some of the anti-Zika drugs have shown promising efficacy in in-vivo and in-vitro studies. […] Overall, there have been multiple challenges associated with development of anti-Zika drugs as these drugs should be able to cross blood-brain barrier and placental barrier in pregnant people and should be safe for consumption during pregnancy.

• #79 Zika Virus | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/zika-virus

  Zika virus can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her fetus. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded, after careful review of existing evidence, that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly, a condition in which a baby’s brain and head is smaller than expected, and other severe fetal brain defects. […] The finding that Zika virus infection can cause microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects means that a woman who is infected with Zika during pregnancy has an increased risk of having a baby with these health problems. […] There are no FDA-approved vaccines for Zika virus. Several investigational vaccines are under development, including early human clinical trials. […] There are no FDA-approved treatments for Zika virus, nor is the FDA aware of treatments in advanced development for Zika at this time.

• #80 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Management of pregnant individuals with Zika and infants with congenital Zika syndrome requires specialist consultation and care. […] There are no FDA-approved treatment options for Zika. Multiple antiviral drugs are under investigation for treatment of ZIKV infection. […] The anti-Zika drugs under investigation target various stages of viral life cycle with direct antiviral activity (nucleoside analogs, polymerase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors such as sofosbuvir, galidesivir) or activity against host cell mechanisms (purine or pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors, entry inhibitors). […] Some of the anti-Zika drugs have shown promising efficacy in in-vivo and in-vitro studies. […] Overall, there have been multiple challenges associated with development of anti-Zika drugs as these drugs should be able to cross blood-brain barrier and placental barrier in pregnant people and should be safe for consumption during pregnancy.

• #81 Zika Virus Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500035-treatment

  Management of pregnant individuals with Zika and infants with congenital Zika syndrome requires specialist consultation and care. […] There are no FDA-approved treatment options for Zika. Multiple antiviral drugs are under investigation for treatment of ZIKV infection. […] The anti-Zika drugs under investigation target various stages of viral life cycle with direct antiviral activity (nucleoside analogs, polymerase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors such as sofosbuvir, galidesivir) or activity against host cell mechanisms (purine or pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors, entry inhibitors). […] Some of the anti-Zika drugs have shown promising efficacy in in-vivo and in-vitro studies. […] Overall, there have been multiple challenges associated with development of anti-Zika drugs as these drugs should be able to cross blood-brain barrier and placental barrier in pregnant people and should be safe for consumption during pregnancy.

• #82 Zika Virus | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/zika-virus

  Zika virus can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her fetus. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded, after careful review of existing evidence, that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly, a condition in which a baby’s brain and head is smaller than expected, and other severe fetal brain defects. […] The finding that Zika virus infection can cause microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects means that a woman who is infected with Zika during pregnancy has an increased risk of having a baby with these health problems. […] There are no FDA-approved vaccines for Zika virus. Several investigational vaccines are under development, including early human clinical trials. […] There are no FDA-approved treatments for Zika virus, nor is the FDA aware of treatments in advanced development for Zika at this time.

• #83 Zika Virus | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/zika-virus

  The best way to prevent Zika and other diseases spread by mosquitoes is to avoid being bitten. […] The FDA is committed to working with the global community as it responds to the Zika virus outbreak. The FDA has a critical role in facilitating the development, and availability of investigational products for use against emerging infectious diseases, such as the Zika virus. […] The FDA is actively working with our federal colleagues at the CDC, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and is prepared to evaluate the safety and efficacy of any investigational vaccines and therapeutics that might be developed to help mitigate this outbreak.

• #84 Zika Virus | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/zika-virus

  The best way to prevent Zika and other diseases spread by mosquitoes is to avoid being bitten. […] The FDA is committed to working with the global community as it responds to the Zika virus outbreak. The FDA has a critical role in facilitating the development, and availability of investigational products for use against emerging infectious diseases, such as the Zika virus. […] The FDA is actively working with our federal colleagues at the CDC, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and is prepared to evaluate the safety and efficacy of any investigational vaccines and therapeutics that might be developed to help mitigate this outbreak.

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