Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/neur/fulltext/2019/67060/peripheral_nerve_injuries__electrophysiology_for.5.aspx

  Peripheral nerve injuries are a heterogeneous and distinct group of disorders that are secondary to various causes commonly including motor vehicle accidents, falls, industrial accidents, household accidents, and penetrating trauma. […] The common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, industrial accidents, household accidents, and penetrating trauma. […] Motor vehicle accidents are the predominant cause of peripheral nerve injuries amounting to 46% of total cases and commonly seen in men. […] These injures are commonly associated with head injury (60%), spinal injuries, fractures, and dislocation of nearby bones. […] In cases of head injury or polytrauma, peripheral nerve injuries are often missed that may subsequently lead to delay in recovery, morbidity, and poor functional outcome. […] An early diagnosis with management is important to improve the functional outcome in these patients, and hence, it is important to identify the associated nerve injury.

• #1 Treating, repairing nervous system – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/treating-repairing-nervous-system

  Injuries to the peripheral nervous system can happen slowly over time or in an instant. Accidents, falls and sports can cause injuries. Repetitive microtrauma, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, also can cause nerve damage. Other causes of nerve injury include diabetes, radiation, alcoholism, viral illnesses, birth trauma, surgery, autoimmune reactions and certain hereditary conditions. […] Stretch injuries are the most encountered pattern of nerve damage. These may result from a fall, a birth injury, a motor vehicle accident, a surgical procedure or workplace injury. […] The chance of nerve regeneration is greater within the peripheral nervous system. This is because these neurons have a different lining, or sheath, made up of Schwann cells. The central nervous system does not have these cells. Schwann cells can help damaged nerves regenerate and restore function.

• #1 Peripheral nerve injuries | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/peripheral-nerve-injuries?content_id=CON-20251929

  Peripheral nerves can be damaged in several ways: […] Injury from an accident, a fall or sports can stretch, compress, crush or cut nerves. […] Medical conditions, such as diabetes, Guillain-Barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome, can damage nerves. […] Autoimmune diseases including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome also can damage nerves. […] Other causes include narrowing of the arteries, changes in hormone balance and tumors.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Trauma: Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408553/

  Crush injuries typically occur from an acute traumatic compression of the nerve from a blunt object, such as a bat, surgical clamp or other crushing object that does not result in a complete transection of the nerve. […] In contrast, transection injuries, also known as neurotmesis or grade V nerve injuries, have a complete discontinuation of the nerve, commonly due to a laceration from a knife, gunshot, glass shard, etc. […] The presence of an intact endoneurial tube more often leads to a better outcome in nerve regeneration. […] Thus Grade II lesions, which confer damage to the axons alone without any damage to the surrounding connective tissue, have optimal conditions for axonal regrowth. […] The more distal the injury to the neuron, the more likely it is to recover with the very proximal lesions, close to the neuronal cell bodies, often triggering programmed neuronal cell death. […] The time for growth supportive phenotypes of Schwann cells associated with target tissues are also limited. […] Even if the regenerated axon is able to reach the target, maturation is only possible if the end-organ is maintained.

• #1 Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: a classification proposal | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10195-023-00695-6

  The most favorable recovery can be achieved through early diagnosis, correct timing, and type of surgery, but can be affected by several factors such as age, gender, comorbidities, type and level of injury, and the presence of concomitant injuries. […] With regard to time, in our experience, a delay in identification and treatment of PNIs is often seen, especially in road accident victims. […] Identifying precise clinical and surgical data through the application of a univocal language could produce more accurate exchanges between hospitals and surgeons and allow surgeons to better plan revision surgeries. […] Other elements that have been investigated as influencing factors to the nerve repairing process include the mechanisms of injury, with evidence of better sensory and motor recovery for clean-cut injuries compared with crush and avulsion injuries.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6066/peripheral-nerve-injury-and-repair

  Peripheral nerve injury is a relatively common condition that encompasses a range of reversible and irreversible impairments determined by injury level, axonal disruption, and time to treatment. […] Risk factors include penetrating and/or high energy trauma, crush injuries, and significantly displaced fractures. […] The mechanism of injury can involve stretching injury, where 8% elongation will diminish nerve’s microcirculation by 50% in rat sciatic nerve model, and 15% elongation will disrupt bloodflow by 80% in the same model. […] Compression or crush injuries lead to local ischemia and increased vascular permeability, resulting in endoneurial edema that leads to poor axonal transport and nerve dysfunction. […] Chronic compression can lead to Schwann cell proliferation and apoptosis.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6066/peripheral-nerve-injury-and-repair

  Sharp transections have a better prognosis than crush injuries, as continuity of the nerve is disrupted, leading to retraction of ends and cessation of neurotransmitter production. […] Axonal disruption leads to distal degeneration, requiring regeneration or repair to regain function. […] Factors affecting regeneration include contact guidance with attraction to the basal lamina of the Schwann cell, neurotropism, and neurotrophic factors. […] Peripheral nerve injuries include those affecting the Brachial Plexus. […] Sharp transections and stretch injuries have better prognosis than crush or blast injuries.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  Peripheral nerves in the upper extremities are at risk of injury and entrapment because of their superficial nature and length. Injury can result from trauma, anatomic abnormalities, systemic disease, and entrapment. […] Mechanisms of nerve injury can include direct pressure, stretch, overuse of a joint, or microtrauma. Prolongation of these injurious mechanisms causes fibrosis, resulting in a larger degree of injury. […] Brachial plexus injury is commonly associated with contact sports. Known as a stinger, this injury causes transient paresthesia and weakness radiating from the neck in the distribution of the injured nerve root. Proposed mechanisms are traction, compression, or direct trauma to the brachial plexus or cervical nerve root (e.g., leading with the shoulder during a tackle in football).

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  The axillary nerve is vulnerable as it passes around the humerus and through the quadrilateral space of the posterior shoulder. Shoulder dislocations, repetitive use injuries, humeral neck fractures, and local pressure (e.g., from crutches) are mechanisms of injury. […] The long thoracic nerve is vulnerable to traction injury at its nerve roots located at the middle scalene. Other mechanisms of injury include direct blows to the nerve as it exits the pectoralis muscle at the fourth or fifth rib, repetitive stretching (e.g., throwing a baseball, serving a volleyball), or iatrogenic damage (e.g., during a radical mastectomy). […] The spinal accessory nerve is vulnerable to injury in the posterior triangle of the neck from direct trauma or iatrogenic damage. […] The suprascapular nerve is vulnerable at several locations. The first is posterior to the clavicle, occurring with clavicular fractures. It is susceptible to stretching injuries related to overhead activities at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  The radial nerve is vulnerable to injury and entrapment at several locations. Proximally, middle to distal third humeral shaft fractures are the most common cause of traumatic injury. […] Proximal median nerve entrapment is rare. The primary clinical finding is pain in the proximal volar forearm. […] At the elbow, the ulnar nerve passes posteriorly and superficially to the medial epicondyle within the cubital tunnel, leaving it susceptible to compression from external and internal sources. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve dermatome, especially in the fourth and fifth digits of the hand. […] The primary diagnostic tests for evaluation of nerve injury and entrapment include electrodiagnostic tests, subdivided into nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG), and imaging, which includes magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. […] In the absence of traumatic injury, initial treatment of nerve injuries should be conservative and includes patient education, relative rest, and activity modification.

• #1

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/causes/

  Diabetes is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the UK. […] Neuropathy can also be caused by other health conditions and certain medicines. […] In some cases, no cause can be identified and this is termed idiopathic neuropathy. […] Peripheral neuropathy caused by either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes is called diabetic polyneuropathy. […] It’s probably caused by high levels of sugar in your blood damaging the tiny blood vessels that supply your nerves. […] As well as diabetes, there are many other possible causes of peripheral neuropathy. […] Some of the health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include: excessive alcohol drinking for years, low levels of vitamin B12 or other vitamins, physical damage to the nerves, such as from an injury or during surgery, an underactive thyroid gland, certain infections, such as shingles, Lyme disease, diphtheria, botulism and HIV, inflammation of the blood vessels, chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease, the presence of an abnormal protein in the blood (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or MGUS), certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, and multiple myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and other types of hereditary motor sensory neuropathy, genetic conditions that cause nerve damage, particularly in the feet, having high levels of toxins in your body, such as arsenic, lead or mercury, Guillain-Barr syndrome, a rare condition that causes rapid onset of paralysis within days, amyloidosis, a group of rare but serious health conditions caused by deposits of abnormal protein called amyloid in tissues and organs throughout the body, health conditions caused by overactivity of the immune system, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjgren’s syndrome or coeliac disease. […] A few medicines may sometimes cause peripheral neuropathy as a side effect in some people.

• #1 Peripheral neuropathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061

  Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes. […] Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by several different conditions. Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include: […] Diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is the most common cause. Among people with diabetes, more than half will develop some type of neuropathy. […] Other causes of neuropathies include: […] Injury or pressure on the nerve. Injuries, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls or sports injuries, can sever or damage peripheral nerves. Nerve pressure can result from having a cast or using crutches or repeating a motion such as typing many times. […] In some cases, no cause can be identified. This is called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.

• #1 Nerve Pain and Nerve Damage: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/nerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes

  There are more than 100 types of nerve damage. The various types may have different symptoms and may require different types of treatment. […] While not an exhaustive list, the following are some of the possible causes of nerve pain and nerve damage: […] A variety of autoimmune diseases can produce symptoms of nerve pain and nerve damage. These include: multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barr syndrome (a rare condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves), lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease. […] Cancer can cause nerve pain and nerve damage in multiple ways. In some instances, cancerous masses may push against or crush nerves. In other cases, certain types of cancer may result in a lack of nutrients that affects nerve function. And some types of chemotherapy and radiation may produce nerve pain and nerve damage in some people.

• #1 Peripheral Neuropathy: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-peripheral-neuropathy

  Malignant tumors (cancer) and benign (noncancerous) tumors can both disrupt your peripheral nervous system. […] Genetic conditions are ones you inherit from one or both parents. Examples of these causing peripheral neuropathy include amyloidosis, Fabry disease and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. […] Nerve damage from infections can happen because of viruses, such as HIV, or bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease. […] Injuries and damage directly to nerves can happen from trauma or from medical procedures. […] Lack of blood flow can cause peripheral neuropathy. […] It’s common for peripheral neuropathy to happen for unknown reasons. This type of neuropathy is known as idiopathic or cryptogenic (hidden or obscure cause).

• #1 Peripheral Neuropathy | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/peripheralnervedisorders.html

  Infections, such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Problems with blood or blood vessels. […] Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] Kidney or liver disease. […] Certain medicines. […] Contact with certain toxic substances, such as lead or mercury. […] Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and smoking. […] Vitamin imbalances, especially a lack of vitamin B12. […] Your genes, including changes in your genes or conditions that you inherit from your parents, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. […] In certain cases, the cause of peripheral nerve disorder is not known.

• #1 Peripheral nerve disorders | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/peripheral-nerve-diseases

  Peripheral nerve disorders are caused by a number of different medical conditions. […] Examples include: diseases of the endocrine (hormone) system, such as diabetes and hypothyroidism (low thyroid function) […] diseases that are caused by a virus, like Guillain-Barre syndrome […] conditions that compress nerves, like carpal tunnel syndrome […] autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus […] infections including viruses such as shingles, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and HIV […] kidney dysfunction where large amounts of toxins (harmful substances) build up in the body and damage the peripheral nerves […] cancers that put pressure on surrounding nerves, or tumours that arise directly from nerve tissue. […] Different medicines and substances can also cause peripheral nerve disorders. Examples include: chemotherapy for cancer

• #1 Nerve Pain and Nerve Damage: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/nerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes

  Diseases that affect these nerves, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also called ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease, can result in nerve damage that worsens over time. […] A lack of certain nutrients, including vitamins B6 and B12, may produce symptoms of nerve pain and nerve damage, including weakness or burning sensations. Nutritional deficiencies that cause nerve damage may also result from drinking too much alcohol, or they may develop after gastric surgery. […] Certain infectious diseases can affect the nerves in your body. These conditions include Lyme disease, the herpes viruses, HIV, and hepatitis C.

• #1 Peripheral Neuropathy: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-peripheral-neuropathy

  Peripheral neuropathy can happen for many reasons. These include: […] The most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is unmanaged type 2 diabetes. When your blood sugar is too high for too long, it damages your peripheral nerves. […] Excessive intake of alcohol, especially over long periods of time, can damage nerves. Alcohol use disorder is a common cause of peripheral neuropathy, and it can also contribute to vitamin deficiencies that lead to peripheral neuropathy. […] People can develop nerve damage because they have deficiencies in certain vitamins. The deficiencies that are most likely to cause this are copper and vitamins B1, B6, B9, B12, folic acid (B9) and E. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) can cause severe weakness. […] Chemotherapy and certain other medications (antibiotics, and medications that treat arrhythmia and gout) can cause peripheral neuropathy.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/peripheral-nerve-injury

  During a difficult birth, the network of nerves located between the neck and shoulder can get damaged, a condition called brachial plexus birth injury. This can impair function, and sometimes cause paralysis, in the arm. […] In older kids, stretching or compressing the brachial plexus nerves — during high-impact sports, for instance — can cause burners and stingers. The name describes the burning or stinging sensations that radiate from the shoulder down the arm from this injury. Burners and stingers are almost always temporary. […] Nerve injuries can happen during surgery, for instance, if a child is positioned in a way that stretches or puts too much pressure on a nerve or if a nerve is cut during the operation. […] Some medical conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, diabetes, and lupus can cause nerve damage. […] Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare condition that affects the nervous system, usually in young children. The condition can progress rapidly, causing sudden weakness that can lead to paralysis in the arms and legs.

• #1 Peripheral nerve injuries – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/peripheral-nerve-injuries/

  Compression of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus can occur due to Pancoast tumor or cervical rib. […] Phrenic nerve paralysis can result from trauma, iatrogenic causes (e.g., cardiac surgery), or compression (e.g., malignancy). […] Bilateral phrenic nerve paralysis can be caused by motor neuron diseases (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), neuropathies (e.g., Guillain-Barr syndrome, post-polio syndrome), cervical spine surgery, trauma, or tumor.

• #1 Peripheral neuropathy: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000593.htm

  Peripheral neuropathy may occur because of damage to a single nerve or a group of nerves. […] Neuropathy is very common. There are many types and causes. Often, no cause can be found. Some nerve diseases run in families. […] Diabetes is the most common cause of this type of nerve problem. High blood sugar levels over a long time can damage your nerves. […] Other health conditions that may cause neuropathy are: Autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, Chronic kidney disease, Infections such as HIV/AIDS, shingles, and hepatitis C, Low levels of vitamin B1, B6, B12, or other vitamins, Metabolic disease, Poisoning due to heavy metals, such as lead, Poor blood flow to the legs, Underactive thyroid gland, Bone marrow disorders, Tumors, Certain inherited disorders. […] Other things that can lead to nerve damage are: Trauma or pressure on a nerve, Long-term, heavy alcohol use, Glue, lead, mercury, and solvent poisoning, Medicines that treat infections, cancer, seizures, and high blood pressure, Pressure on a nerve, such as from carpal tunnel syndrome, Being exposed to cold temperatures for a long period of time, Pressure from bad-fitting casts, splints, a brace, or crutches.

• #1 Disorders of the Peripheral Nerves in Cats – Cat Owners – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/cat-owners/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders-of-cats/disorders-of-the-peripheral-nerves-in-cats

  Intermediate organophosphate poisoning is especially common in cats, due to exposure to pesticides that contain chlorpyrifos. […] Peripheral nerve injuries are common in traumatic injuries. […] The leg may be partially paralyzed, or the animal may not be able to bend the knee. […] Recovery is unlikely if the severed ends of the nerve are widely separated or if scar tissue interferes with healing. […] Ischemic neuromyopathy is a nerve and muscle disease that occurs due to lack of blood flow to these tissues, usually because of blood clots.

• #1 Nerve Pain and Nerve Damage: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/nerve-pain-and-nerve-damage-symptoms-and-causes

  Anything that results in trauma or compression of nerves can result in nerve pain and nerve damage. This includes pinched nerves in the neck, crush injuries, and carpal tunnel syndrome. […] Up to 70% of people with diabetes have nerve damage, which becomes more likely as the disease worsens. Diabetic neuropathy is a serious complication and may affect all three types of neurons. Sensory nerves are most often affected, causing burning or numbness. If you have diabetes and have symptoms of nerve pain or nerve damage, you should consult a medical professional as soon as possible. […] Various substances that are taken into the body intentionally or unintentionally can cause nerve pain and nerve damage. These include medications, such as some chemotherapies for cancer and certain drugs used to treat HIV. Chronic alcohol use is a common cause of nerve pain and nerve damage. Toxic substances that may be ingested accidentally, including lead, arsenic, and mercury, may also damage your nerves.

• #1 Peripheral neuropathy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/peripheral-neuropathy/

  Peripheral neuropathy develops when the peripheral nerves are damaged. […] Diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy. This is called diabetic polyneuropathy. […] The high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nerves, causing diabetes. […] Peripheral neuropathy becomes more likely the longer you’ve had diabetes. […] There are many other possible causes of peripheral neuropathy. These can include: monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (the presence of abnormal protein in the blood), cancers like lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) and multiple myeloma (bone marrow cancer), low levels of vitamins like vitamin B12, drinking too much alcohol for a long period of time, malnutrition (poor diet), some types of chemotherapy for cancer, particularly those used for bowel cancer, breast cancer, lymphoma or myeloma, genetic conditions that cause nerve damage, like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, some medications when taken for a long time, like metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, amiodarone and thalidomide, physical injury to the nerves, infections like shingles, lyme disease, diphtheria, botulism and HIV, hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid gland), chronic kidney disease or liver disease, conditions caused by an overactive immune system, like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjögren’s syndrome or vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels), rare conditions like Guillain-Barr syndrome and amyloidosis, exposure to high levels of toxins, like arsenic, lead or mercury.

• #1 Peripheral neuropathy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy

  Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves. Damage to nerves may impair sensation, movement, gland function, and/or organ function depending on which nerve fibers are affected. Common causes include systemic diseases (such as diabetes or leprosy), hyperglycemia-induced glycation, vitamin deficiency, medication (e.g., chemotherapy, or commonly prescribed antibiotics including metronidazole and the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics), traumatic injury, ischemia, radiation therapy, excessive alcohol consumption, immune system disease, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or viral infection. It can also be genetic (present from birth) or idiopathic (no known cause). […] The most common cause of mononeuropathy is physical compression of the nerve, known as compression neuropathy. Direct injury to a nerve, interruption of its blood supply resulting in ischemia, or inflammation also may cause mononeuropathy.

• #1 Polyneuropathy – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/peripheral-nerve-and-related-disorders/polyneuropathy

  Infections, toxins, medications, cancers, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and other disorders can cause many peripheral nerves to malfunction. […] The cause of chronic polyneuropathy is often unknown. Known causes include the following: Diabetes mellitus (the most common), excessive use of alcohol, infections (such as hepatitis C, HIV infection, Lyme disease, shingles), hereditary neuropathies (such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease), autoimmune disorders (such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus), vitamin B12 deficiency, which also causes subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and often pernicious anemia, other nutritional deficiencies (such as thiamin deficiency), an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), toxic substances, including heavy metals such as arsenic, lead and mercury, kidney failure, cancer (such as multiple myeloma), which damages nerves by directly invading or putting pressure on them, medications, including the antiseizure medication phenytoin, some antibiotics (such as chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and sulfonamides), and some chemotherapy medications (such as vinblastine and vincristine).

• #1 Neuropraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22608-neuropraxia

  Neuropraxia is an injury to your peripheral nerves. These nerves carry electrical signals (impulses) from your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body. […] Anyone can get neuropraxia. The condition may happen after an injury, like a fall or car accident, or from sports injuries. […] Neuropraxia can happen for many reasons. Nerves may become crushed or compressed. When this happens, they cant send electrical impulses. Traumatic neuropraxia can result from: Bone fractures, Dislocation, Tears and injuries to ligaments and tendons. […] You can also develop neuropraxia after: Surgery (including after anesthesia), Giving birth, Dental work, if nerve damage occurs during anesthetic injections, tooth extraction or endodontic procedures. […] Most people with neuropraxia recover fully. But some people develop complications such as: Inflammation, Long-term nerve pain, numbness or weakness, Scars in the tissue near the injury site. […] Neuropraxia is a mild peripheral nerve injury that usually heals on its own with time and rest.

• #1 Treating Pregnancy and Birth Nerve Injuries | Baltimore Peripheral Nerve Surgeon | Dr. Eric H. Williams

  https://www.baltimoreperipheralnervepain.com/library/treating-pregnancy-and-birth-nerve-injuries.cfm

  Nerve damage can result from pregnancy and childbirth for a variety of reasons, but many women are unaware of the risks. […] There are numerous causes of nerve injuries that result from pregnancy or childbirth. Pregnant women with diabetes are at a higher risk for nerve injuries. Nerve damage can occur when there is compression of the peripheral nerves during childbirth. Women who are in labor and have to push for long periods of time are more likely to suffer from nerve damage. […] Some common causes of nerve injuries from childbirth are: C-section delivery, Vaginal delivery using forceps or vacuum extraction, Positioning on the delivery table, Having your feet in stirrups during delivery. […] In rare cases, nerve damage can result from a spinal or epidural injection.

• #1 Peripheral Neuropathy Treatment

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/peripheral-nerve-injuries/

  Toxins are poisonous substances that can cause peripheral neuropathy. […] Malnutrition or vitamin deficiency, especially a vitamin B12 deficiency, is established as a cause of peripheral neuropathy. […] As a primary treatment for many forms of cancer, chemotherapy is also a poison that doesnt discriminate between cancerous and healthy cells, which can result in nerve damage. […] Charcot-Marie Tooth disease, a rare disorder that affects approximately 150,000 people nationwide, is the most common inherited disorder associated with peripheral neuropathy.

• #1 Causes | The Foundation for Peripheral Neuropathy

  https://www.foundationforpn.org/causes/

  For patients with HIV/AIDS, peripheral neuropathy can by caused by the virus itself, by certain drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS or other complications, or as a result of opportunistic infections. […] Peripheral nerve injuries can cause disabilities and thereby a decline in the patient’s quality of life. We typically divide them into compression injury or crush and transection injury. […] Peripheral neuropathy may occur as a result of malnutrition, for which there are many causes including poor nutrition caused by an unbalanced diet and/or alcoholism. Additionally, a clear link has been established between a lack of vitamin B12 and peripheral neuropathy. […] Inflammatory neuropathies are typically caused by infections or autoimmune diseases such as Covid-19, Hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS, Lyme disease and more. […] Industrial chemicals and drug and chemical abuse can lead to toxic neuropathy. Alcohol, lead, ethanol and certain herbs used in Eastern medicine can lead to peripheral neuropathy.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Trauma: Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408553/

  Chronic compression injury was once thought of as a milder form of Wallerian degeneration. […] This has long been disproven due to the lack of axonal damage in this injury. […] There are various proposed mechanisms that are thought to lead to compression injuries. […] From an anatomical standpoint, the narrowing of openings leads to increased pressure at that site, compressing blood vessels and leading to nerve ischemia, as occurs with vasculitis and artherosclorotic diseases. […] Another proposed mechanism is the result of lower pressure, which decreases venous return and can lead to venous stasis. […] Crush injuries can cause many different degrees of neural damage that can represent any of the class of the schemes described by Seddon or Sunderland. […] Moreover, most of these injuries probably often represent mixed injuries of the sort suggested by Dellon and MacKinnon.

• #1 When nerves get damaged – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/when-nerves-get-damaged

  Peripheral neuropathy causes strange feelings of numbness and sometimes pain. […] The causes of peripheral neuropathy are many and various. In the United States, diabetes leads a list that includes excessive alcohol consumption, nutritional deficiencies, a medication side effect, exposure to toxic chemicals, and autoimmune disorders that launch errant attacks on the nervous system. […] Fairly often, though, the origin can’t be identified, which can be frustrating (to put it mildly) for doctors and patients alike. Those cases are called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy idiopathic being the medical term for a disease from an unknown cause. […] Most peripheral neuropathies are the result of damage to either the message-carrying axons or to the insulating sheath of myelin, although sometimes both occur.

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Peripheral nerve injuries | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20251929

  Peripheral nerves can be damaged in several ways: […] Injury from an accident, a fall or sports can stretch, compress, crush or cut nerves. […] Medical conditions, such as diabetes, Guillain-Barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome, can damage nerves. […] Autoimmune diseases including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome also can damage nerves. […] Other causes include narrowing of the arteries, changes in hormone balance and tumors. […] People who experience physical trauma or play sports may be at higher risk of an injury that can stretch or crush peripheral nerves. […] People with certain medical conditions also may be at higher risk of peripheral nerve injuries. These conditions, especially diabetes, may put nerves at greater risk of compression.

• #1 Neurosurgical position causes peripheral nerve injuries? | Cirugía y Cirujanos (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-cirugia-cirujanos-english-edition–237-articulo-neurosurgical-position-causes-peripheral-nerve-S2444050718300111

  Therefore, patients with microvasculature disorders, such as those with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smokers, are particularly vulnerable to the abovementioned mechanisms of injury. […] Although the frequency of peripheral nerve injury is low and the condition is transitory, it is important to understand the mechanisms that lead to it to prevent its postoperative onset.

• #1 Peripheral nerve injuries in children—prevalence, mechanisms and concomitant injuries: a major trauma center’s experience | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01082-x

  Knowledge on mechanisms and concomitant injuries facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment, thereby potentially preventing lifelong impairment. […] This indicates a proportion of 5.7% children among all patients suffering from peripheral nerve lesions and an overall prevalence of 0.26% of children suffering from a peripheral nerve lesion among all trauma patients. […] The most common injury causes in pediatric patients were lacerations and cutting injuries (196; 68.1%) followed by falls (42; 14.6%) and motor vehicle accidents (16; 5.6%). […] Nerve continuity was found to be preserved in 30.2% (crush injury). […] Overall, 22.6% of lesions were accompanied with a fracture. […] We identified a prevalence of children of 0.26% among all trauma patients. For patients with nerve lesions, we found a prevalence of 5.7% of children among our patients.

• #1 Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: a classification proposal | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10195-023-00695-6

  Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) include several conditions in which one or more peripheral nerves are damaged. Trauma is one of the most common causes of PNIs and young people are particularly affected. […] Among the forces responsible for injuries, traction, transection, radiation, compression, thermal, and electrical forces must be mentioned, as they produce the same pathophysiological effects, including demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. […] PNIs, indeed, affect mostly young and economically active people, who suffer from various degrees of disability and from neuropathic pain, which is a chronic and especially challenging condition for patients with PNI, leading to a reduction in autonomy during activities of daily living (ADLs) and precluding job opportunities and forcing people to adopt chronic use of painkillers and other drugs.

• #1 Peripheral nerve injuries – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/peripheral-nerve-injuries/

  Peripheral nerve injuries result from systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, autoimmune disease) or localized damage (e.g., trauma, compression, tumors) and manifest with neurological deficits distal to the level of the lesion. […] They occur as isolated neurological conditions or, more commonly, in association with soft tissue, vascular, and/or skeletal damage. […] Peripheral nerve injury can cause sensory deficits, loss of motor function, or a combination of both. […] Etiology includes excessive lateral flexion of the neck, trauma (e.g., falling on the head and shoulder in a motorcycle accident), and birth injury: excessive lateral traction on the neck during delivery and shoulder dystocia. […] Klumpke palsy is caused by hyperabduction of the arm, trauma (e.g., breaking a fall by grabbing a branch), and birth injury: excessive upward traction on the arm during delivery.

• #1 Peripheral Nerve Trauma: Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408553/

  Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions with broad ranging groups of symptoms depending on the severity and nerves involved. […] Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are scarce. […] Compression injuries are not always captured by the commonly used classification schemes. […] Nonetheless, there is little doubt that the majority of peripheral nerve compressions fall under the general class of neurapraxia, or Grade I nerve injuries, and commonly occur in locations where nerves pass through narrow anatomical openings. […] The most common sites in the upper extremity are the carpal tunnel and the cubital tunnel. […] As expected with a Grade I nerve injury, these are defined by focal demyelination at the site of compression with the absence of axonal and connective tissue damage.

• #1 SciELO Brazil – Peripheral nerve entrapments—rare causes of a common condition: case series Peripheral nerve entrapments—rare causes of a common condition: case series

  https://www.scielo.br/j/acrep/a/QjFc9YLDcPFqkwTWCCss9YP/?lang=en

  Compressive syndromes of peripheral nerves both in the upper and lower limbs are part of daily clinical practice; however, the etiological diagnosis can be challenging and impact on the outcome of the patient. […] Secondary causes include fractures, tumors, synovial cysts, or vascular lesions. […] The decision for a surgical approach depends on the identification or not of the cause of the compression. […] Compression syndromes of the lower limbs are less frequent than in the upper limbs. […] Vascular lesions and lipomas are rarer causes of peripheral nerve entrapment, and there are very few case reports in the literature worldwide. […] We reviewed the main databases and did not find any previous reports of compression of the sciatic nerve by lipoma in the popliteal fossa. […] Other authors have already reported lipomas as a cause of compression of nerves and vascular structures.

• #1 Peripheral nerve injuries in children—prevalence, mechanisms and concomitant injuries: a major trauma center’s experience | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01082-x

  This low number is in accordance with findings from Missios et al. who found 0.56% in a large national health registry. […] This might also explain the significantly longer inpatient stay and a higher number of necessary operations of lower extremity peripheral nerve lesions compared to lesions in the upper extremity. […] Nerve continuity was intact in only 30.2% of the cases. This leaves more than two-thirds of the children with a potential nerve lesion with at least an incomplete or, even worse, with a complete transection of the nerve (56.4%). […] Without early surgical treatment this may lead to lifelong impairment. […] We observed only 3.8% of all included pediatric nerve lesions to be iatrogenic. […] An interesting finding was the high prevalence of lesions due to burns and electricity injuries in the peroneal and tibial nerve.

• #2 Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: a classification proposal | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10195-023-00695-6

  Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) include several conditions in which one or more peripheral nerves are damaged. Trauma is one of the most common causes of PNIs and young people are particularly affected. […] Among the forces responsible for injuries, traction, transection, radiation, compression, thermal, and electrical forces must be mentioned, as they produce the same pathophysiological effects, including demyelination and Wallerian degeneration. […] PNIs, indeed, affect mostly young and economically active people, who suffer from various degrees of disability and from neuropathic pain, which is a chronic and especially challenging condition for patients with PNI, leading to a reduction in autonomy during activities of daily living (ADLs) and precluding job opportunities and forcing people to adopt chronic use of painkillers and other drugs.

• #2 Peripheral nerve disorders | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/peripheral-nerve-diseases

  exposure to toxins including some medicines, industrial toxins (lead, mercury, arsenic), and heavy alcohol consumption. […] Peripheral nerves can also be damaged by physical injury including: trauma (such as an accident) […] damage during surgery […] repetitive stress. […] Some people are born with peripheral nerve disorders.

• #2 Neuropraxia: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22608-neuropraxia

  Neuropraxia is an injury to your peripheral nerves. These nerves carry electrical signals (impulses) from your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body. […] Anyone can get neuropraxia. The condition may happen after an injury, like a fall or car accident, or from sports injuries. […] Neuropraxia can happen for many reasons. Nerves may become crushed or compressed. When this happens, they cant send electrical impulses. Traumatic neuropraxia can result from: Bone fractures, Dislocation, Tears and injuries to ligaments and tendons. […] You can also develop neuropraxia after: Surgery (including after anesthesia), Giving birth, Dental work, if nerve damage occurs during anesthetic injections, tooth extraction or endodontic procedures. […] Most people with neuropraxia recover fully. But some people develop complications such as: Inflammation, Long-term nerve pain, numbness or weakness, Scars in the tissue near the injury site. […] Neuropraxia is a mild peripheral nerve injury that usually heals on its own with time and rest.

• #2 Peripheral Nerve Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/peripheral-nerve-injury

  Some nerve injuries are temporary — if the injury is mild to moderate, a nerve may repair itself. But if the nerve damage is severe, and nerve signals aren’t restored in 12 to 18 months, the muscle will never regain function. […] Nerves are made up of bundles of fibers surrounded by a protective sheath. These fibers can get damaged during accidents, falls, or sports injuries that stretch, compress, or rupture the nerve. […] Many nerve injuries happen at the same time as bone or muscle injuries. If an athlete dislocates their shoulder, for instance, they may also damage the nerve that runs through the shoulder (the axillary nerve) and not be able to move their arm in certain directions. Dislocating the knee can also damage a nerve called the peroneal nerve, which can lead to foot drop and a loss of sensation in part of the foot.

• #2 Peripheral Nerve Trauma: Mechanisms of Injury and Recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4408553/

  Chronic compression injury was once thought of as a milder form of Wallerian degeneration. […] This has long been disproven due to the lack of axonal damage in this injury. […] There are various proposed mechanisms that are thought to lead to compression injuries. […] From an anatomical standpoint, the narrowing of openings leads to increased pressure at that site, compressing blood vessels and leading to nerve ischemia, as occurs with vasculitis and artherosclorotic diseases. […] Another proposed mechanism is the result of lower pressure, which decreases venous return and can lead to venous stasis. […] Crush injuries can cause many different degrees of neural damage that can represent any of the class of the schemes described by Seddon or Sunderland. […] Moreover, most of these injuries probably often represent mixed injuries of the sort suggested by Dellon and MacKinnon.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/hand/6066/peripheral-nerve-injury-and-repair

  Sharp transections have a better prognosis than crush injuries, as continuity of the nerve is disrupted, leading to retraction of ends and cessation of neurotransmitter production. […] Axonal disruption leads to distal degeneration, requiring regeneration or repair to regain function. […] Factors affecting regeneration include contact guidance with attraction to the basal lamina of the Schwann cell, neurotropism, and neurotrophic factors. […] Peripheral nerve injuries include those affecting the Brachial Plexus. […] Sharp transections and stretch injuries have better prognosis than crush or blast injuries.

• #2 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  The axillary nerve is vulnerable as it passes around the humerus and through the quadrilateral space of the posterior shoulder. Shoulder dislocations, repetitive use injuries, humeral neck fractures, and local pressure (e.g., from crutches) are mechanisms of injury. […] The long thoracic nerve is vulnerable to traction injury at its nerve roots located at the middle scalene. Other mechanisms of injury include direct blows to the nerve as it exits the pectoralis muscle at the fourth or fifth rib, repetitive stretching (e.g., throwing a baseball, serving a volleyball), or iatrogenic damage (e.g., during a radical mastectomy). […] The spinal accessory nerve is vulnerable to injury in the posterior triangle of the neck from direct trauma or iatrogenic damage. […] The suprascapular nerve is vulnerable at several locations. The first is posterior to the clavicle, occurring with clavicular fractures. It is susceptible to stretching injuries related to overhead activities at the suprascapular and spinoglenoid notches.

• #2 Peripheral Neuropathy: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14737-peripheral-neuropathy

  Peripheral neuropathy can happen for many reasons. These include: […] The most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is unmanaged type 2 diabetes. When your blood sugar is too high for too long, it damages your peripheral nerves. […] Excessive intake of alcohol, especially over long periods of time, can damage nerves. Alcohol use disorder is a common cause of peripheral neuropathy, and it can also contribute to vitamin deficiencies that lead to peripheral neuropathy. […] People can develop nerve damage because they have deficiencies in certain vitamins. The deficiencies that are most likely to cause this are copper and vitamins B1, B6, B9, B12, folic acid (B9) and E. […] Guillain-Barr syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) can cause severe weakness. […] Chemotherapy and certain other medications (antibiotics, and medications that treat arrhythmia and gout) can cause peripheral neuropathy.

• #2 Peripheral neuropathy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20352061

  Peripheral neuropathy can result from traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems, inherited causes and exposure to toxins. One of the most common causes of neuropathy is diabetes. […] Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by several different conditions. Health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include: […] Diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is the most common cause. Among people with diabetes, more than half will develop some type of neuropathy. […] Other causes of neuropathies include: […] Injury or pressure on the nerve. Injuries, such as from motor vehicle accidents, falls or sports injuries, can sever or damage peripheral nerves. Nerve pressure can result from having a cast or using crutches or repeating a motion such as typing many times. […] In some cases, no cause can be identified. This is called idiopathic peripheral neuropathy.

• #2 Peripheral Neuropathy | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/peripheralnervedisorders.html

  Infections, such as HIV and Lyme disease. […] Problems with blood or blood vessels. […] Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] Kidney or liver disease. […] Certain medicines. […] Contact with certain toxic substances, such as lead or mercury. […] Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and smoking. […] Vitamin imbalances, especially a lack of vitamin B12. […] Your genes, including changes in your genes or conditions that you inherit from your parents, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. […] In certain cases, the cause of peripheral nerve disorder is not known.

• #2 Peripheral Neuropathy | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/peripheralnervedisorders.html

  Peripheral nerve disorders happen when one or more peripheral nerves are damaged. Damaged nerves may not carry messages correctly, or they may not work at all. As a result, you may have pain, trouble walking, or a variety of other problems, depending on which nerves are involved. […] Many things can damage nerves and lead to peripheral nerve disorders: […] Diabetes is the most common cause of peripheral nerve disorders. Most people with diabetes will develop diabetic nerve problems. […] Physical injury (trauma) that stretches, crushes, squeezes, cuts, or puts pressure on one or more nerves. Some examples of peripheral nerve disorders from physical injury include complex regional pain syndrome and brachial plexus injuries. […] Health conditions, including: Certain cancers and their treatment (chemotherapy and radiation therapy).

• #2 Peripheral Neuropathy Treatment

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/peripheral-nerve-injuries/

  Toxins are poisonous substances that can cause peripheral neuropathy. […] Malnutrition or vitamin deficiency, especially a vitamin B12 deficiency, is established as a cause of peripheral neuropathy. […] As a primary treatment for many forms of cancer, chemotherapy is also a poison that doesnt discriminate between cancerous and healthy cells, which can result in nerve damage. […] Charcot-Marie Tooth disease, a rare disorder that affects approximately 150,000 people nationwide, is the most common inherited disorder associated with peripheral neuropathy.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peripheral-neuropathy/causes/

  Diabetes is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in the UK. […] Neuropathy can also be caused by other health conditions and certain medicines. […] In some cases, no cause can be identified and this is termed idiopathic neuropathy. […] Peripheral neuropathy caused by either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes is called diabetic polyneuropathy. […] It’s probably caused by high levels of sugar in your blood damaging the tiny blood vessels that supply your nerves. […] As well as diabetes, there are many other possible causes of peripheral neuropathy. […] Some of the health conditions that can cause peripheral neuropathy include: excessive alcohol drinking for years, low levels of vitamin B12 or other vitamins, physical damage to the nerves, such as from an injury or during surgery, an underactive thyroid gland, certain infections, such as shingles, Lyme disease, diphtheria, botulism and HIV, inflammation of the blood vessels, chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease, the presence of an abnormal protein in the blood (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or MGUS), certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, and multiple myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer, Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease and other types of hereditary motor sensory neuropathy, genetic conditions that cause nerve damage, particularly in the feet, having high levels of toxins in your body, such as arsenic, lead or mercury, Guillain-Barr syndrome, a rare condition that causes rapid onset of paralysis within days, amyloidosis, a group of rare but serious health conditions caused by deposits of abnormal protein called amyloid in tissues and organs throughout the body, health conditions caused by overactivity of the immune system, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjgren’s syndrome or coeliac disease. […] A few medicines may sometimes cause peripheral neuropathy as a side effect in some people.

• #2 Peripheral Neuropathy | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/peripheral-neuropathy

  Millions of Americans have a peripheral neuropathy, a form of nerve damage that can cause pain, numbness and other symptoms. […] Nerves can become injured by disease, infection, accidents and other causes. […] Many conditions and circumstances can damage peripheral nerves. They include: […] In many cases, though, the cause is unknown or cant be pinned down. This is called idiopathic neuropathy. […] Risk factors include: […] Peripheral neuropathy is often linked to other conditions, such as diabetes, HIV/AIDS, kidney failure or cancer. […] Some chemotherapy medications can damage nerves, making neuropathy one of the most common side effects of cancer treatment. […] Exposure to toxins such as lead, arsenic and other heavy metals can cause nerve damage that leads to peripheral neuropathy. […] Cancerous and noncancerous (benign) growths can invade or press on nerves. […] A condition called vasculitis causes blood vessels to become inflamed, robbing nerves of the blood flow they need to work properly.

• #2 Peripheral nerve injuries in children—prevalence, mechanisms and concomitant injuries: a major trauma center’s experience | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01082-x

  Peripheral nerve injuries are severe conditions with potential lifelong impairment, which is especially meaningful for the pediatric population. Knowledge on prevalence, injury mechanisms and concomitant injuries is, therefore, of utmost importance to increase clinician awareness and enable early diagnosis and treatment. […] We found 5026 patients of all ages with peripheral nerve lesions, whereof 288 were pediatric, resulting in a prevalence of 5.7% of pediatric patients with nerve injuries. […] Of all pediatric nerve injuries, 3.8% were iatrogenic, only 30.2% had preserved continuity and 47.3% a concomitant vessel injury. Fractures were accompanied in 22.6%. […] We observed that a large proportion of injuries had complete transections, often accompanied by concomitant vessel injuries especially in distally located injuries, highlighting the importance of early surgical exploration.

• #2 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  The radial nerve is vulnerable to injury and entrapment at several locations. Proximally, middle to distal third humeral shaft fractures are the most common cause of traumatic injury. […] Proximal median nerve entrapment is rare. The primary clinical finding is pain in the proximal volar forearm. […] At the elbow, the ulnar nerve passes posteriorly and superficially to the medial epicondyle within the cubital tunnel, leaving it susceptible to compression from external and internal sources. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve dermatome, especially in the fourth and fifth digits of the hand. […] The primary diagnostic tests for evaluation of nerve injury and entrapment include electrodiagnostic tests, subdivided into nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG), and imaging, which includes magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. […] In the absence of traumatic injury, initial treatment of nerve injuries should be conservative and includes patient education, relative rest, and activity modification.

• #2 Peripheral nerve injuries in children—prevalence, mechanisms and concomitant injuries: a major trauma center’s experience | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01082-x

  Knowledge on mechanisms and concomitant injuries facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment, thereby potentially preventing lifelong impairment. […] This indicates a proportion of 5.7% children among all patients suffering from peripheral nerve lesions and an overall prevalence of 0.26% of children suffering from a peripheral nerve lesion among all trauma patients. […] The most common injury causes in pediatric patients were lacerations and cutting injuries (196; 68.1%) followed by falls (42; 14.6%) and motor vehicle accidents (16; 5.6%). […] Nerve continuity was found to be preserved in 30.2% (crush injury). […] Overall, 22.6% of lesions were accompanied with a fracture. […] We identified a prevalence of children of 0.26% among all trauma patients. For patients with nerve lesions, we found a prevalence of 5.7% of children among our patients.

• #2 Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: a classification proposal | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s10195-023-00695-6

  Given all these limits, a first attempt proposing a more complete classification was made by Goubier et al.: they considered several preoperative factors, such as type of injury, delay of motor nerve repair, level of motor nerve injury, age of patient, perioperative smoking, and management in microsurgical unit, which have been demonstrated to have some impact on the outcome, to predict the final prognosis of peripheral nerve lesions. […] Our classification can improve the lack of information of the previously published attempts, as it can describe the type of lesion in a complete and exhaustive way, particularly concerning the localization and the extension of injuries and the surrounding tissues.

• #3 Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1270360-overview

  Peripheral nerve injuries may result in loss of motor function, sensory function, or both. Such injuries may occur as a result of trauma (blunt or penetrating) or acute compression. […] Peripheral nerve injury may result in demyelination, axonal degeneration, or both. Clinically, both demyelination and axonal degeneration result in disruption of sensory function, motor function, or both in the injured nerve. Depending on the severity and degree of nerve injury, recovery of function occurs with remyelination and with axonal regeneration and reinnervation of the sensory receptors, motor end plates, or both. […] Limited reported data are available to determine the incidence of peripheral nerve injuries. In North America, data taken from a trauma population in Canada revealed that approximately 2-3% of patients had a major nerve injury. In New South Wales, Australia, 2% of patients were reported to have a major nerve injury. […] With closed traumatic injuries or restoration of nerve continuity, axons may regenerate and thus reinnervate the motor end plates and sensory receptors. Depending on the severity of nerve injury, recovery of motor and sensory function is variable.

• #3 Peripheral Nerve Entrapment and Injury in the Upper Extremity | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0301/p275.html

  The radial nerve is vulnerable to injury and entrapment at several locations. Proximally, middle to distal third humeral shaft fractures are the most common cause of traumatic injury. […] Proximal median nerve entrapment is rare. The primary clinical finding is pain in the proximal volar forearm. […] At the elbow, the ulnar nerve passes posteriorly and superficially to the medial epicondyle within the cubital tunnel, leaving it susceptible to compression from external and internal sources. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve dermatome, especially in the fourth and fifth digits of the hand. […] The primary diagnostic tests for evaluation of nerve injury and entrapment include electrodiagnostic tests, subdivided into nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG), and imaging, which includes magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. […] In the absence of traumatic injury, initial treatment of nerve injuries should be conservative and includes patient education, relative rest, and activity modification.

• #3 Peripheral nerve injuries in children—prevalence, mechanisms and concomitant injuries: a major trauma center’s experience | European Journal of Medical Research | Full Text

  https://eurjmedres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40001-023-01082-x

  Peripheral nerve injuries are severe conditions with potential lifelong impairment, which is especially meaningful for the pediatric population. Knowledge on prevalence, injury mechanisms and concomitant injuries is, therefore, of utmost importance to increase clinician awareness and enable early diagnosis and treatment. […] We found 5026 patients of all ages with peripheral nerve lesions, whereof 288 were pediatric, resulting in a prevalence of 5.7% of pediatric patients with nerve injuries. […] Of all pediatric nerve injuries, 3.8% were iatrogenic, only 30.2% had preserved continuity and 47.3% a concomitant vessel injury. Fractures were accompanied in 22.6%. […] We observed that a large proportion of injuries had complete transections, often accompanied by concomitant vessel injuries especially in distally located injuries, highlighting the importance of early surgical exploration.

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