Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Transverse Myelitis (TM) | Epidemiology | SRNA

  https://wearesrna.org/living-with-myelitis/disease-information/transverse-myelitis/epidemiology/

  TM has a conservatively estimated incidence of between 1 and 8 new cases per million per year, or approximately 1,400 new cases each year in the US. […] Although this disease affects people of all ages, there are peaks between the ages of 10 to 19 years and 30 to 39 years. […] In addition, approximately 25% of cases are in children. […] There is no gender or familial association with TM. […] In 75-90% of cases TM is monophasic, yet a small percentage experience recurrent disease, especially if there is a predisposing underlying illness.

• #2 Transverse myelitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transverse-myelitis?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2527%255B0%255Dfavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us

  The incidence of acute transverse myelitis is 1-4 cases per million people per year. It affects individuals of all ages with peaks at ages 10-19 years and 30-39 years. There is no sex or familial predisposition and usually no prior history of neurologic abnormality. […] A set of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by the Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group.

• #3 Transverse Myelitis | Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14171/all/Transverse_Myelitis?q=Meningitis

  Incidence: estimated 1 to 8 per million cases per year, or 1,400 new cases, in the United States. […] 20% are children (approximately 300 children affected per year). […] Bimodal age distribution is observed with peaks between ages 0 and 5 years and 10 and 17 years in children. […] Prevalence: estimated 34,000 people with chronic morbidity from TM in the United States. […] No difference in ethnicity prevalence. […] Female-to-male ratio is approximately 1:1 for children with idiopathic TM; female predominance can be observed if TM is a part of a relapsing syndrome such as MS or NMOSD.

• #4 Infectious Acute Transverse Myelitis Secondary to COVID-19 – REBEL EM – Emergency Medicine Blog

  https://rebelem.com/infectious-acute-transverse-myelitis-secondary-to-covid-19/

  Incidence: Overall incidence rate of 1-8 new cases per million annually but recent data shows that it may be as high as 31 cases per million (Borchers 2012, Frohman 2010) […] 20-30% of cases of ATM occur in the pediatric population […] Retrospective multi-center study estimated rate of infectious or para-infectious ATM to be 17.3% overall (de Seze 2005) […] Age: Bimodal peak at 10 to 20 years of age and at 30 to 40 years of age with mean age of onset between 35 and 40 years of age (Borchers 2012) […] Gender: Most studies show that men and women are equally affected with some studies showing a female patient predominance (Borchers 2012, Frohman 2010) […] Morbidity and Mortality: Highly variable with one third of patients exhibiting a severe and rapidly progressive disease course […] One third of patients experience a good outcome with complete recovery […] The remaining one third of patients experience mild to moderate functional and ambulatory deficits (Borchers 2012) […] Poor Prognostic Factors: Back pain […] Time to maximal deficit within 24 hours […] Longitudinal spinal cord involvement (Borchers 2012)

• #5 Transverse Myelitis | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/transverse-myelitis/

  Transverse myelitis occurs in adults and children, slightly more in women, and in all races. No familial predisposition is apparent. […] Although TM can develop at any age, there are two peak times when the number of new cases per year appears to occur. These times occur between ages ten and 19 years and between 30 and 39 years of age. […] About 1,400 new cases of transverse myelitis are diagnosed annually in the United States, and approximately 33,000 Americans have some type of disability resulting from TM. […] No known onset trigger occurs in 16-60% of cases. This is called idiopathic onset. The wide percentage is due to difficulty in diagnosis which takes time. Much like other neurological diseases, the diagnosis of TM is made by ruling out other diagnoses first. […] Individuals who present with acute partial transverse myelitis (APTM) might have a higher risk of converting to a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

• #6 Comprehensive Evaluation of Acute Transverse Myelitis Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Analysis of 52 Patients | 2023, Volume 29 – Issue 4 | Turkish Journal of Neurology

  https://tjn.org.tr/full-text/8/eng

  Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is defined as focal inflammation of the spinal cord, which may be idiopathic or secondary to an infection or systemic disease without cord compression. […] Although the general prevalence of idiopathic ATM (iATM) is not exactly known, it has been reported as 7.9 per 100,000 in a recent epidemiological study. […] In our study, similar to the literature, an etiological cause was detected in 71.1% of the patients, and 28.9% were evaluated as iATM. […] The relationship between ATM and age is not yet clear. Some studies have reported that it has two peaks, at ages of 10-20 years and 30-40 years. […] A CSF examination is extremely important to determine the etiology of ATM. […] Infectious pathogens are an important etiological cause and can cause acute myelitis through direct pathogenic effects or parainfectious pathways.

• #7 Transverse Myelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559302/

  TM can affect men and women equally. Women tend to predominate those associated with multiple sclerosis. TM can affect patients of all ages, but it has spiked occurrences around the ages of 10, 20, and over 40. There is a bimodal peak between ages 10 to 19 and 30 to 39. TM is approximately 1 to 8 new cases per 1 million people annually. There did not appear to be differences in occurrence between Euro/American-born and Afro/Asian-born populations. According to 1 case series, 64% of cases were idiopathic (primary TM), and 36% were associated with a disease (secondary TM). Other reports include idiopathic TM accounting for 15 to 30% of cases.

• #8 Transverse myelitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_myelitis

  The incidence of TM is 4.6 per 1 million per year, affecting men and women equally. TM can occur at any age, but there are peaks around age 10, age 20, and after age 40. […] TM is a heterogeneous condition, that is, there are several identified causes. Sometimes the term Transverse myelitis spectrum disorder is used. In 60% of patients the cause is idiopathic.

• #9 Myelitis Transverse in Sjögren’s Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Presentation of 3 Cases | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-myelitis-transverse-in-sjgren39s-syndrome-articulo-S2173574314001142

  Transverse myelitis is a rare focal inflammation of the spinal cord. Multiple etiologies have been identified including autoimmune diseases, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjgren syndrome. It can occur in an acute or subacute clinical onset, with the acute presentation having a worse prognosis. An early diagnosis and intensive treatment are important features recommended in these patients. […] Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disease that causes a focal lesion of the spinal cord. It can affect anyone regardless of familial predisposition, ethnicity, gender or age, and has an incidence of 1.344.36 million persons affected per year, with 2 peaks of incidence: between 10 and 19 and between 30 and 39 years of age. Its etiology is multiple and among it are autoimmune diseases, showing a greater association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjgren’s syndrome (SS) in 12 and 1%, respectively.

• #10 Transverse Myelitis | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/transverse-myelitis-2/

  Although the disease affects individuals of any age, there is a bimodal distribution with peaks at 15 to 19 years and between 30 and 39 years, and about 20% of patients are under 18 years old. There also appears to be a peak within the pediatric patient group before the age of 3. Through the same survey mentioned earlier, the Transverse Myelitis Association gathered information on the age at onset of TM patients based on the United States. […] There are some reports of a slight predominance of the female sex, from 1.9:1 to 2.6:1 female/male ratio although not as pronounced as other autoimmune diseases, whereas other sources affirm there is no sex predominance in this disease. In the published literature, there is no difference in incidence among ethnic groups.

• #11 Clinical Approach to Pediatric Transverse Myelitis, Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Acute Flaccid Myelitis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/6/5/70

  Pediatric transverse myelitis (TM) accounts for about 20% of the total number of cases of transverse myelitis. […] The incidence of acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in children under the age of 16 years is estimated to be 2 per million children per year based on studies in the UK and Canada. […] Within the pediatric population, idiopathic myelitis has been more frequently reported in children under 5 and over 10 years of age. […] There is a slight male predominance (1.1–1.6:1) in prepubertal individuals, while female predominance is observed following puberty, particularly in cases in which TM represents a manifestation of MS or NMOSD. […] A preceding illness is noted in two-thirds of cases.

• #12 Transverse Myelitis | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/transverse-myelitis-2/

  Incidence of acute transverse myelitis (TM) is reported at 1.34 to 4.6 new cases per million annually. It is estimated that there are about 1,400 new cases in the United States every year. […] Incidence of acute TM is reported at 1.34 to 4.6 new cases per million annually. This incidence increases to 24.6 per million per year within populations with acquired demyelinating diseases such as MS. It is estimated that there are about 1,400 new cases in the United States every year and 300 new cases per year in the United Kingdom. In children, the incidence is lower, at 0.4 per million per year. Out of all cases of TM, about 21% are of idiopathic etiology. […] Although there are no records of incidence of TM by state, the Transverse Myelitis Association conducted an informal survey among its members from 1997 to 2001. They included 454 U.S. residents in their sample, distributed through the states as shown in Figure 40.1, where each state is colored according to the number of patients per 1,000,000 inhabitants. They did not find any difference among the states through statistical testing. Currently, there is no evidence of hereditary or ethnic predisposition for acute TM.

• #13 Transverse Myelitis — a Review of the Presentation, Diagnosis, and Initial Management – Timothy W West – Discovery Medicine

  https://www.discoverymedicine.com/Timothy-W-West/2013/09/29/transverse-myelitis-a-review-of-the-presentation-diagnosis-and-initial-management/

  Acute transverse myelitis has an estimated incidence of 1.34 to 4.6 per million (Berman et al., 1981; Jeffery et al., 1993), but has been reported to be as high as 3.1 per 100,000 patient years (Klein et al., 2010). […] There does not seem to be a familial or ethnic predisposition for acute transverse myelitis and there is no evidence of geographic variation in its incidence (Bhat et al., 2010). […] Myelitis can strike at any age and the predilection depends on the underlying etiology of the lesion.

• #14 Transverse myelitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transverse-myelitis

  The age at onset is typically in the mid-teens to the mid-40s. There is no seasonal variation. The annual incidence of transverse myelitis is 0.46 in 100,000 in the United States, at least 2.46 in New Zealand, and 0.13 in 100,000 in Israel. Ashkenazi (European-American born) and Sephardic (Afro-Asian) Jews born outside of Israel have an identical risk of developing transverse myelitis, but birth in Israel halves the eventual risk. Black African and Eastern Asian ancestry predispose to a Devic-like picture, with more frequent myelitis and more disability than with the Western form of multiple sclerosis. […] If upper respiratory tract infections could be avoided, perhaps one third of all cases of transverse myelitis would be prevented. For this reason, influenza vaccinations are reasonable prophylactic measures for transverse myelitis and multiple sclerosis. Sunlight and vitamin D prevent multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D enhances type I interferon function and perhaps prevents virus infections. Smoking and obesity provoke multiple sclerosis. Idiopathic transverse myelitis may be similarly affected by these modifiable risk factors.

• #15 Prevalence and characteristics of transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in the United Arab Emirates: A multicenter, retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6078000/

  To determine the epidemiology and characteristics of transverse myelitis (TM) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. […] A total of 46 individuals were identified. Of these, 23 (50%) were Emirati citizens. Within the overall group including pediatrics, the crude prevalence rate for monophasic TM was 1.0 per 100 000, and for NMOSD was 0.34 per 100 000. Incidence rates within the overall group for TM and NMOSD were 0.18 per 100 000 and 0.05 per 100 000, respectively. For Emirati citizens aged 20 years, the prevalence rate for monophasic TM was 2.46 per 100 000 and 1.76 per 100 000 for NMOSD, and the incidence was 0.57 per 100 000 and 0.17 per 100 000, respectively. […] The present study describes the epidemiology and characteristics of TM and NMOSD among populations in Abu Dhabi. The adult prevalence rate for Emirati citizens was 2.46 per 100 000 for monophasic TM, and 1.76 per 100 000 for NMOSD. The overall incidence was 0.18 per 100 000 and 0.05 per 100 000, respectively.

• #16 Prevalence and characteristics of transverse myelitis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in the United Arab Emirates: A multicenter, retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6078000/

  The total mid-year population of Abu Dhabi in 2016 was 2 908 173, of which 551 535 were Emirati citizens, giving a crude total population prevalence rate for monophasic TM of 1.00 per 100 000 and NMOSD of 0.34 per 100 000. However, because approximately 50% of Emirati citizens in Abu Dhabi are aged 19 years, and the vast majority of participants in the present study were adults, the adjusted prevalence rate for Emirati adults aged 20 was 2.46 per 100 000 for monophasic TM, and 1.76 per 100 000 for NMOSD. […] The incidence of monophasic and relapsing TM (excluding NMOSD) between 2010 and 2016 within the overall group was 0.18 per 100 000, and for NMOSD specifically was 0.05 per 100 000. Within the Emirati nationals pediatric (aged 19 years) population, the incidence of monophasic TM was 1.76 per 1 000 000, and NMOSD was 0.59 per 1 000 000. […] The present study examines the prevalence and incidence of monophasic TM and NMOSD in adult and pediatric populations in the UAE, and describes the TM/NMOSD epidemiology in Abu Dhabi, UAE.

• #17 Myelitis Transverse in Sjögren’s Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Presentation of 3 Cases | Reumatología Clínica

  https://www.reumatologiaclinica.org/en-myelitis-transverse-in-sjgren39s-syndrome-articulo-S2173574314001142

  TM is a rare neurological impairment that can occur in autoimmune diseases, particularly in SLE and SS. In SLE it is more common in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies, or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. This raises suspicion of its involvement in the pathophysiologic mechanism of spinal cord necrosis due to arterial thrombosis, in addition to the direct interaction between antibodies and spinal phospholipids. […] It may be the initial manifestation of SLE, presenting in the first 5 years from the diagnosis of the disease in 42%. Central nervous system affection in SS occurs in about 5%8% of patients, constituting the first manifestation of the disease in half of the cases. Approximately one third of this involvement refers to myelopathy and this is the first manifestation of SS in 61% of these patients.

• #18 Do Vaccines Cause Transverse Myelitis? – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/do-vaccines-cause-transverse-myelitis/

  Natural viral infections with influenza, hepatitis A, measles, mumps and rubella and varicella have all been associated with transverse myelitis, albeit rarely. Thus, these viral vaccines may prevent transverse myelitis by protecting against natural infection. Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause transverse myelitis. […] The 2012 report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), now called the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), found no relevant studies of quality in the literature assessing an association between transverse myelitis and MMR, varicella, influenza, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HPV, meningococcal conjugate, diphtheria, tetanus or pertussis vaccines, since the only applicable studies available either had serious methodological limitations or used passive surveillance systems and therefore lacked an unvaccinated comparison group.

• #19 Transverse Myelitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with Cat-Scratch Disease, Texas, USA, 2011 – Volume 24, Number 9—September 2018 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/9/18-0008_article

  We describe a case of coexisting transverse myelitis and Guillain-Barr syndrome related to infection with Bartonella henselae proteobacterium and review similar serology-proven cases. B. henselae infection might be emerging as a cause of myelitis and Guillain-Barr syndrome and should be considered as an etiologic factor in patients with such clinical presentations. […] Neurologic complications, usually self-limited, develop in 0.2%3.0% of CSD patients. […] Studies of the efficacy of treatments for CSD-associated neurologic manifestations are lacking, and thus, the optimal regimen and duration of therapy are unknown. However, we suggest that clinicians consider CSD early in disease courses involving neurologic complications; the possibility of GBS, myelitis, or both in the setting of possible CSD should prompt clinicians to initiate antimicrobial treatment early and consider steroid or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy to prevent progression of disease. […] Although few cases of CSD-associated transverse myelitis and GBS have been described, clinicians should be aware of the existence of this clinical scenario and include it as a differential diagnosis for these 2 syndromes in the pediatric age group.

• #20 Do Vaccines Cause Transverse Myelitis? – Institute for Vaccine Safety

  https://www.vaccinesafety.edu/do-vaccines-cause-transverse-myelitis/

  Two Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) studies published since the 2012 IOM report found no cases of transverse myelitis in over 200,000 pregnant individuals within 42 days after receiving trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and in over 9,000 pregnant individuals within 42 days after receiving 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine. […] Another VSD study covering nearly 64 million vaccine doses, with 67 relevant cases of transverse myelitis, found no statistically significant association between transverse myelitis and prior immunization. […] A cohort study of 3,983,824 females 10-44 years of age in Denmark and Sweden found no association between quadrivalent HPV vaccine and demyelinating diseases, including transverse myelitis. […] Analyses of safety surveillance data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink found no significant associations between mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and 23 serious health outcomes (including transverse myelitis).

• #21

  https://fpnotebook.com/Neuro/ID/Mylts.htm

  No gender or familial predisposition. […] Incidence (rare): 1.3 to 4.6 per million people. […] U.S. 1400 new cases per year. […] Most common in children and young adults (peak age 10 to 19 years old). […] Further bimodal distribution in children (age 3 years and age 5 to 17 years). […] Affects 0.2 per 100,000 children per year. […] Accounts for 20% of acute demyelinating syndrome in children. […] Associated with Viral Infection or Vaccination in 60% of cases. […] Second peak at age 30 to 39 years old.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2024/01000/longitudinally_extensive_transverse_myelitis,_a.45.aspx

  Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is a rare spinal cord disorder with variable etiologies and presentations. […] Despite of increasing prevalence of LETM in East Asian countries compared to Western countries, there have been very limited studies from Nepal. […] The incidence of transverse myelitis is one to eight cases per million people per year and LETM is a rare but disabling condition subtype. […] There are few studies from Nepal on LETM. Here, we have presented the first case series, including four hospital-admitted cases. […] The prognosis of LETM depends on its etiology. NMOSD is the most common etiology in Asia, when associated with AQP4-IgG positivity, it is associated with brainstem lesions as well as a high chance of relapse and therefore it needs early immunosuppressant treatment.

• #23 Orphanet: Acute transverse myelitis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/139417

  Annual incidence of IATM is estimated between 1/1,000,000 and 1/250,000. Incidence of SATM is variable and depends of the underlying disease. […] Diagnosis requires MRI of the spinal cord to confirm the presence of Acute transverse myelitis and cause, if any. Laboratory tests are also essential for identifying the cause of SATM: analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid may reveal the presence of oligoclonal bands (commonly seen in MS) or bacterial/viral/parasitic infections; serology may reveal the presence of autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (NMO), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (SLE) or anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies (Sjgren’s syndrome). […] The prognosis is variable, unpredictable and depends on the response to treatment. SATM is often relapsing and prognosis depends on prevention of further episodes.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2024/01000/longitudinally_extensive_transverse_myelitis,_a.45.aspx

  Patients with LETM require proper evaluation to identify the NMOSD group of patients because of its high risk of relapse and require early and aggressive immunosuppression. […] The high degree of clinical suspicion, thorough evaluation with MRI of the brain and spinal cord, CSF, and blood analysis can reveal the etiologies that can guide the management.

• #25 Neuroepidemiology of transverse myelitis and its etiologies in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis | IRVA

  https://htlv.net/neuroepidemiology-of-transverse-myelitis-and-its-etiologies-in-latin-america-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neuro-inflammatory condition of the spinal cord that can cause chronic and debilitating symptoms reducing quality of life. TM is understudied in developing regions worldwide, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), where the prevalence of TM is unknown. […] Given the paucity of data available on TM in LAC, we conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of TM and its etiologies in LAC. […] No studies were found that reported the prevalence of TM in LAC or in an individual country. […] This review highlights important gaps in identifying the community prevalence of TM in LAC with no articles examining the disease’s specific frequency. By understanding the epidemiology of TM, its associated etiologies, and barriers to its diagnosis in LAC, there is potential to improve treatment access and disability outcomes for those in the region affected by the disease.

• #26 Transverse Myelitis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525682/transverse-myelitis-epidemiology-forecast-to?srsltid=AfmBOormoeKnc2NChoGri2hfGkji2KoFqQkBVh7I8o8DiLwXEzLYdZ8A

  This „Transverse Myelitis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032” report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical and forecasted Transverse Myelitis epidemiology in the 7MM, i.e., the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan. […] The Transverse Myelitis epidemiology report gives a thorough understanding of the Transverse Myelitis by including details such as disease definition, symptoms, causes, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. […] The Transverse Myelitis epidemiology division provides insights about historical and current patient pool and forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The Transverse Myelitis epidemiology segment covers the epidemiology data in the US, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the UK), and Japan from 2019 to 2032.

• #27 Transverse Myelitis – Epidemiology Forecast to 2032

  https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5525682/transverse-myelitis-epidemiology-forecast-to?srsltid=AfmBOormoeKnc2NChoGri2hfGkji2KoFqQkBVh7I8o8DiLwXEzLYdZ8A

  The Transverse Myelitis epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Transverse Myelitis epidemiology scenario in the 7MM covering the United States, EU5 countries (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom), and Japan from 2019 to 2032. […] The report provides insight into the historical and forecasted patient pool of Transverse Myelitis in seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan. […] The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Transverse Myelitis. […] The report provides the segmentation of the Transverse Myelitis epidemiology. […] 11-year Forecast of Transverse Myelitis epidemiology. […] What are the key findings pertaining to the Transverse Myelitis epidemiology across 7MM and which country will have the highest number of patients during the forecast period (2019-2032)? […] What is the disease risk, burden and unmet needs of Transverse Myelitis? […] The Transverse Myelitis Epidemiology Model developed by the publisher is easy to navigate, interactive with dashboards, and epidemiology based with transparent and consistent methodologies.

• #28 Transverse Myelitis | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/transverse-myelitis/

  Annual incidence of TM in the United States is between 1 and 8 new cases per one million people per year.21 Incidence in children is lower than in adults with up to 28% of the reported cases. There are three peaks of distribution occurring between 0 and 2 years of age and 5 to 17 years of age in the pediatric population and between 30-39 years old in adults.2 Idiopathic ATM has no racial, sex, familial, or geographical predilection, and there are no particular risk factors or method of primary prevention. […] It is crucial to determine the etiology, whether disease-associated or idiopathic, as this helps identify recurrence risk, appropriate treatment and surveillance that may be required to improve outcomes.9

Zobacz więcej