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• #1 Transverse myelitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transverse-myelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354726

  Transverse myelitis is an inflammation of both sides of one section of the spinal cord. […] There are many different causes of transverse myelitis, including infections and immune system disorders that attack the body’s tissues. It could also be caused by other myelin disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. […] The exact reason for transverse myelitis is not known. Sometimes there is no known cause. […] Viral, bacterial and fungal infections affecting the spinal cord may cause transverse myelitis. In most cases, the inflammatory disorder appears after recovery from the infection. […] Other viruses may trigger an autoimmune reaction without directly infecting the spinal cord. […] Bacterial infections that are associated with transverse myelitis include Lyme disease, syphilis, tuberculosis, actinomyces, pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria.

• #1 Transverse myelitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_myelitis

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological condition wherein the spinal cord is inflamed. […] The underlying cause of TM is unknown. The spinal cord inflammation seen in TM has been associated with various infections, immune system disorders, or damage to nerve fibers, by loss of myelin. […] TM is a heterogeneous condition, that is, there are several identified causes. Sometimes the term Transverse myelitis spectrum disorder is used. In 60% of patients the cause is idiopathic. […] Other causes of TM include infections, immune system disorders, and demyelinating diseases. […] Viral infections known to be associated with TM include HIV, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr. […] Bacterial causes associated with TM include Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bartonella henselae, and the types of Borrelia that cause Lyme disease. […] Other associated causes include the helminth infection schistosomiasis, spinal cord injuries, vascular disorders that impede the blood flow through vessels of the spinal cord, and paraneoplastic syndrome. […] Another exceptionally rare cause is heroin associated transverse myelitis.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis (TM): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8980-transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological condition caused by inflammation of your spinal cord. It has several possible causes. […] In general, transverse myelitis (TM) is caused by inflammation of your spinal cord. […] There are several possible causes of inflammation that lead to transverse myelitis (TM). The causes can be grouped into the following categories: Idiopathic (no known cause), Inflammation from an infection, Systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, Central nervous system diseases. […] Idiopathic TM means there’s no known cause of the condition. This represents the majority of TM cases. […] Scientists think idiopathic TM results from an abnormal and excessive immune response against your spinal cord that results in inflammation and tissue damage. But they can’t figure out the exact cause or trigger.

• #1 Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis […] Acute transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare, acquired neuroimmune spinal cord disorder that can present with the rapid onset of weakness, sensory alterations, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. TM can occur as an independent entity, usually as a postinfectious complication, but TM also exists on a continuum of neuroinflammatory disorders that includes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). […] This topic will review the etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TM. Treatment and prognosis are reviewed separately. […] Associated and causative conditions include CNS demyelinating disorders, systemic autoimmune disorders, infections, paraneoplastic syndromes, vaccinations, and idiopathic causes. […] Determining the cause of TM involves additional studies for the cause of myelopathy, including lumbar puncture, brain MRI, serologic tests and autoantibodies, and other studies in select patients. […] Clues to specific inflammatory causes are also considered.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis (TM): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8980-transverse-myelitis

  Bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections that can cause TM include, but aren’t limited to: Enteroviruses, West Nile virus, Herpes viruses, such as genital herpes, HIV, Varicella-zoster, Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Zika virus, Neuroborreliosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Bacterial skin infections, Mycoplasma bacterial pneumonia. […] Systemic inflammatory autoimmune conditions that have an association with TM include: Ankylosing spondylitis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behçet’s disease, Mixed connective tissue disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). […] Central nervous system autoimmune conditions that can cause TM include: Multiple sclerosis (MS), Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD), Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. […] In some people, transverse myelitis represents the first symptom of a central nervous system autoimmune or immune-mediated condition, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).

• #1 Transverse Myelitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation of the spinal cord. […] Transverse myelitis is usually caused by other conditions. The following conditions appear to cause the disorder: […] Immune system disorders can cause damage to the spinal cord. In some people, transverse myelitis is the first symptom of an autoimmune or immune-mediated disease such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] Viral infections including herpes viruses such as varicella zoster (the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles), herpes simplex, enterovirus, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr; flaviviruses such as West Nile and Zika; influenza, echovirus, hepatitis B, mumps, measles, and rubella. […] Bacterial infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, actinomyces, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, and Lyme disease.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transverse-myelitis

  Fungal infections in the spinal cord, including aspergillus, blastomyces, coccidioides, and cryptococcus. […] Parasites including toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, shistosomiasis, and angtiostrongyloides. […] Other inflammatory disorders that can affect the spinal cord, such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, scleroderma, and Bechet’s syndrome. […] Vascular disorders such as arteriovenous malformation, dural arterial-venous fistula, intra-spinal cavernous malformations, spinal cord infarct, or disk embolism. […] In many cases, the exact cause of transverse myelitis and the accompanying nerve damage in the spinal cord is unknown. When doctors cannot identify a cause for the disorder, they refer to it as idiopathic, which means the cause is unknown.

• #1 Transverse myelitis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transverse-myelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354726

  There are a number of inflammatory conditions that appear to cause the disorder: Multiple sclerosis is a disorder in which the immune system destroys myelin surrounding nerves in your spinal cord and brain. […] Neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease) is a condition that causes inflammation and myelin loss around the spinal cord and the nerve in your eye that transmits information to your brain. […] Autoimmune disorders probably contribute to transverse myelitis in some people. […] Vaccinations for infectious diseases have occasionally been associated as a possible trigger. […] Sarcoidosis is a condition that leads to inflammation in many areas of the body, including the spinal cord and optic nerve.

• #1 Acute Transverse Myelitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/spinal-cord-disorders/acute-transverse-myelitis

  Acute transverse myelitis is acute inflammation of gray and white matter in one or more adjacent spinal cord segments, usually thoracic. Causes include multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infections, autoimmune or postinfectious inflammation, vasculitis, and certain medications or illicit drugs. […] Acute transverse myelitis is most commonly due to multiple sclerosis; however, it can occur in patients with vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome, other autoimmune disorders, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease, syphilis, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19, viral meningoencephalitis, or in patients taking amphetamines, IV heroin, or antiparasitic or antifungal medications.

• #1 Transverse myelitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transverse-myelitis?lang=us

  Transverse myelitis, also known as acute transverse myelitis, is an inflammatory condition affecting both halves (ventral and dorsal) of the spinal cord and associated with rapidly progressive motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. […] In many cases, it is idiopathic, i.e. no underlying cause is identified. In some patients, however, an etiology is identified: acute infection (most commonly viral), post-infection, parainfectious, or post-vaccination (e.g. ADEM), multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), connective tissue disease (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjgren disease, antiphospholipid syndrome), neurosarcoidosis, systemic malignancy (e.g. paraneoplastic), vasculitis, atopy and allergy (atopic myelitis), CTLA4 haploinsufficiency with autoimmune infiltration, immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS).

• #1 Transverse Myelitis | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis can occur on its own or as part of another disorder, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). It can also signal a risk of developing multiple sclerosis. […] About half the time, transverse myelitis follows an infection. In some other cases, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). Causes include: […] Viral infections such as the flu, tuberculosis, HIV, herpes simplex and varicella zoster (the virus that causes chicken pox). […] Bacterial infections, including middle-ear infections and bacterial pneumonia. […] Some cancers most often lung, ovarian, lymphatic or breast cancer. In rare cases, cancer can trigger an autoimmune response, when the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues. […] Underlying immune system disorders, including multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). […] Other inflammatory disorders that affect the spinal cord.

• #1 Transverse myelitis

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/transverse-myelitis/

  There are a number of inflammatory conditions that appear to cause the disorder: Multiple sclerosis is a disorder in which the immune system destroys myelin surrounding nerves in your spinal cord and brain. Transverse myelitis can be the first sign of multiple sclerosis or represent a relapse. […] Autoimmune disorders probably contribute to transverse myelitis in some people. These disorders include lupus, which can affect multiple body systems, and Sjogren’s syndrome, which causes severe dryness of the mouth and eyes. […] Vaccinations for infectious diseases have occasionally been associated as a possible trigger. However, at this time the association is not strong enough to warrant limiting any vaccine. […] Sarcoidosis is a condition that leads to inflammation in many areas of the body, including the spinal cord and optic nerve. It may mimic neuromyelitis optica, but typically sarcoidosis symptoms develop more slowly. The cause of sarcoidosis isn’t understood.

• #1 What is Transverse Myelitis? | UC Health | Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis is a neurological condition that happens when the spinal cord becomes inflamed. […] In some cases, the exact cause of transverse myelitis is unknown. In other cases, the inflammation that leads to transverse myelitis can result as a side effect of a number of other health problems, such as: Lyme disease, Syphilis, Measles, Viral infections, Bacterial infections, Fungal infections, Parasites, Immune system disorders, Vascular disorders. […] Some people may also get transverse myelitis as a result of spinal injuries, spinal defects, or vascular diseases like atherosclerosis. […] Transverse myelitis can also be a warning sign of multiple sclerosis. […] Since some people with transverse myelitis have autoimmune diseases such as lupus, some healthcare providers believe that transverse myelitis may also be an autoimmune disease. […] Finally, some cancers can trigger an immune response that leads to transverse myelitis.

• #1 Acute Transverse Myelitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/spinal-cord-disorders/acute-transverse-myelitis

  The mechanism of transverse myelitis is often unknown, but some cases follow viral infection or vaccination, suggesting an immune-mediated reaction. […] Autoimmune and demyelinating disorders, infections, a medication, or an illicit drug can inflame tissues in spinal cord segments, causing transverse myelitis, which may progress to complete transverse sensorimotor myelopathy.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis | Living With Paralysis | Reeve Foundation

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/transverse-myelitis/

  Causes of transverse myelitis include infections, immune system disorders, and other disorders that may damage or destroy myelin, the fatty white insulating substance that covers nerve cell fibers. […] Some experts believe that infection causes a derangement of the immune system, which leads to an indirect autoimmune attack on the spinal cord. […] There are various causes to trigger the condition. It might be started by an immune disease or reaction that particularly affects the nervous system from: […] No known onset trigger occurs in 16-60% of cases. This is called idiopathic onset. […] Individuals who present with acute partial transverse myelitis (APTM) might have a higher risk of converting to a diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

• #1 Transverse myelitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transverse-myelitis

  A virus could cause transverse myelitis through: (1) direct damage to parenchymal cells (eg, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and possibly AIDS myelopathy); (2) a „bystander effect” damaging the cord during an immune response against the virus, or from release of virus-induced cytokines or superantigens that activate immune cells; and (3) sensitization of the host to brain antigens during an inflammatory response, eg, release of damaged myelin or cross-reactivity between virus and myelin antigens. […] Mycoplasma pneumoniae and, occasionally, pulmonary tuberculosis or Borrelia trigger acute transverse myelitis. […] In acute transverse myelitis, myelin loss exceeds axonal loss, but axons are usually destroyed along with the demyelination, and secondary demyelination may also result. […] The pathological hallmark of transverse myelitis is the presence of lymphocytes and monocytes, plus astroglial and microglial activation in the spinal cord, with varying degrees of both axonal injury and demyelination.

• #1 What are the causes of Transverse Myelitis? | OnlyMyHealth

  https://www.onlymyhealth.com/what-causes-transverse-myelitis-12977602453

  In post-infectious cases of transverse myelitis, immune system mechanisms, rather than active viral or bacterial infections, appear to play an important role in causing damage to spinal nerves. […] Because some affected individuals also have autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogrens syndrome, and sarcoidosis, some scientists suggest that transverse myelitis may also be an autoimmune disorder. In addition, some cancers may trigger an abnormal immune response that may lead to transverse myelitis. […] Some cases of transverse myelitis result from spinal arteriovenous malformations (abnormalities that alter normal patterns of blood flow) or vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis that cause ischemia, a reduction in normal levels of oxygen in spinal cord tissues. Ischemia can result from bleeding (hemorrhage) within the spinal cord, blood vessel blockage or narrowing, or other less common factors. Blood vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to spinal cord tissues and remove metabolic waste products. When these vessels become narrowed or blocked, they cannot deliver sufficient amounts of oxygen-laden blood to spinal cord tissues. When a specific region of the spinal cord becomes starved of oxygen, or ischemic, nerve cells and fibers may begin to deteriorate relatively quickly. This damage may cause widespread inflammation, sometimes leading to transverse myelitis. Most people who develop the condition as a result of vascular disease are past the age of 50, have cardiac disease, or have recently undergone a chest or abdominal operation.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse Myelitis can be associated with a variety of underlying conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders, among others. […] The exact cause of Transverse Myelitis is unknown, but it is thought to be the result of an autoimmune reaction, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the spinal cord. Other potential causes include viral or bacterial infections, neuroinflammation, or a direct injury to the spinal cord. […] Although the precise cause of transverse myelitis is not yet established, there are a number of known risk factors that may make someone more likely to get the disease. […] The following are some of the most commonly recognized risk factors for Transverse Myelitis; Age: Transverse Myelitis can occur at any age, but is most commonly diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 15 and 50.

• #1 TM and its causes

  https://www.myelitis.org.uk/tm-and-its-causes.html

  TM may occur in isolation or with another illness. […] When TM occurs without apparent underlying cause, it is referred to as idiopathic. […] Idiopathic TM is assumed to be a result of abnormal activation of the immune system against the spinal cord. […] TM often develops alongside viral and bacterial infections. […] Approximately one third of patients with TM report a flu-like illness with fever, around the time of the onset of neurological symptoms. […] Vaccinations may also be linked with TM and especially ADEM, but causation cannot be proven.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/transverse-myelitis

  Infections: Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Lyme disease are among the viral and bacterial infections that have been related to the emergence of Transverse Myelitis. […] Individuals with autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis, may be at an increased risk of developing Transverse Myelitis. […] A family history of Transverse Myelitis or other autoimmune disorders may increase an individual’s risk of developing the condition.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/transverse-myelitis/

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord. It almost always begins after a child is sick with a viral infection. Damage to the spinal cord causes weakness, paralysis, numbness, problems with urination, and pain. […] In many cases, TM occurs after an illness. The illness may be a cold with runny nose and cough. It may be a stomach bug with vomiting and diarrhea. We think that a viral infection may trigger the attack. The infection seems to cause the body’s immune system to damage the myelin sheath around nerves in the spinal cord. […] TM has been seen in very rare cases after a diagnosis of COVID-19 in both adults and children. TM can also happen after a vaccination, but this is extremely rare. […] Sometimes TM can be a part of a disease that might affect the rest of the body, like neuromyelitis optica (NMO), multiple sclerosis (MS), or a rheumatologic disorder, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sjögren’s syndrome. […] When no cause for a case of TM is found, it is called idiopathic transverse myelitis. Most cases will be considered idiopathic. […] Transverse myelitis does not seem to be genetic or run in families.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis: What It Is and How It’s Connected to MS

  https://www.healthline.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/transverse-myelitis

  Infections including syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, and middle ear infections may also cause transverse myelitis. […] Fungal infections in the spinal cord may cause this condition. […] Parasites like toxoplasmosis, which is found in contaminated water and uncooked meat, may cause transverse myelitis. […] Transverse myelitis is associated with systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Conditions including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) may cause transverse myelitis. […] When it occurs due to another disease or condition, it may be called secondary transverse myelitis. MS may eventually develop in 10 to 33 percent of cases of acute partial transverse myelitis.

• #1 Transverse myelitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transverse-myelitis

  The following features increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis: (1) partial, rather than complete, transverse myelopathy and more than one cord lesion; (2) cranial MRI suggestive of multiple sclerosis after a transverse myelopathy; (3) CSF IgG or IgM oligoclonal bands; (4) abnormal visual or sensory evoked potentials; (5) HLA-DR2 positive; and (6) family history of multiple sclerosis.

• #1 Transverse myelitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis is a condition caused by inflammation of the spinal cord. As a result, the covering (myelin sheath) around the nerve cells is damaged. This disturbs the signals between spinal nerves and rest of the body. […] Transverse myelitis is a rare nervous system disorder. In many cases, the cause is unknown. However, certain conditions may lead to transverse myelitis: Bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infection, such as HIV, syphilis, varicella zoster (shingles), West Nile virus, Zika virus, enteroviruses, and Lyme disease. Immune system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Sjögren syndrome, and lupus. Other inflammatory disorders, such as sarcoidosis, or a connective tissue disease called scleroderma. Blood vessel disorders that affect the spine. […] Transverse myelitis usually only occurs once in most people. It may recur in some people with an underlying cause, such as MS. People who have involvement of only on one side of the spinal cord may be more likely to develop MS in the future.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559302/

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare, acquired focal inflammatory disorder often presenting with rapid onset weakness, sensory deficits, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. […] There are multiple causes of TM, but can they be broadly divided into idiopathic, postinfectious, systemic inflammation, or multifocal central nervous system disease. […] The most common cause of TM is idiopathic, and no causative factor is found. Infections leading to TM include but are not limited to, enteroviruses, West Nile virus, herpes viruses, HIV, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Zika virus, neuroborreliosis (Lyme), Mycoplasma, and Treponema pallidum. […] Some of the acquired central nervous system autoimmune disorders include multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. […] Systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders that have an association with TM include ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Behet disease, mixed connective tissue disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #1 Transverse Myelitis: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/transverse-myelitis/

  Transverse myelitis can be caused by several factors, including: […] Infections: Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections can trigger inflammation in the spinal cord. […] Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica, and lupus can provoke the immune system to attack the spinal cord. […] Vaccinations: Rarely, certain vaccinations can cause an inflammatory response. […] Idiopathic: In some cases, the cause remains unknown. […] Understanding the underlying cause is pivotal in tailoring the treatment and managing the prognosis effectively. […] It is caused by inflammation of the spinal cord, often triggered by infections, autoimmune disorders, or multiple sclerosis.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis (TM): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8980-transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological condition caused by inflammation of your spinal cord. It has several possible causes. […] In general, transverse myelitis (TM) is caused by inflammation of your spinal cord. […] There are several possible causes of inflammation that lead to transverse myelitis (TM). The causes can be grouped into the following categories: Idiopathic (no known cause), Inflammation from an infection, Systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, Central nervous system diseases. […] Idiopathic TM means there’s no known cause of the condition. This represents the majority of TM cases. […] Scientists think idiopathic TM results from an abnormal and excessive immune response against your spinal cord that results in inflammation and tissue damage. But they can’t figure out the exact cause or trigger.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/transverse-myelitis-facts

  For the majority of people with TM, there’s no known cause, and that’s called idiopathic transverse myelitis. There may be an abnormal immune response against your spinal cord that causes the inflammation and damage associated with TM. But so far researchers haven’t been able to find what triggers it. […] It’s not clear what exactly causes TM. But scientists know it can happen when your immune system attacks healthy cells for some reason or when your body tries to fight off a disease, such as a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. Mostly, it starts after you’ve recovered from an illness. […] TM is often linked to: […] Autoimmune conditions occur when the immune system works abnormally and attacks healthy cells, tissues, and organs. They include lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Behets disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome, all tied to TM.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559302/

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare, acquired focal inflammatory disorder often presenting with rapid onset weakness, sensory deficits, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. […] There are multiple causes of TM, but can they be broadly divided into idiopathic, postinfectious, systemic inflammation, or multifocal central nervous system disease. […] The most common cause of TM is idiopathic, and no causative factor is found. Infections leading to TM include but are not limited to, enteroviruses, West Nile virus, herpes viruses, HIV, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Zika virus, neuroborreliosis (Lyme), Mycoplasma, and Treponema pallidum. […] Some of the acquired central nervous system autoimmune disorders include multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. […] Systemic inflammatory autoimmune disorders that have an association with TM include ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Behet disease, mixed connective tissue disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Sjgren syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis is a neurological disorder caused by inflammation of the spinal cord. […] Transverse myelitis is usually caused by other conditions. The following conditions appear to cause the disorder: […] Immune system disorders can cause damage to the spinal cord. In some people, transverse myelitis is the first symptom of an autoimmune or immune-mediated disease such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. […] Viral infections including herpes viruses such as varicella zoster (the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles), herpes simplex, enterovirus, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr; flaviviruses such as West Nile and Zika; influenza, echovirus, hepatitis B, mumps, measles, and rubella. […] Bacterial infections such as syphilis, tuberculosis, actinomyces, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, and Lyme disease.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis (TM): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8980-transverse-myelitis

  Bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections that can cause TM include, but aren’t limited to: Enteroviruses, West Nile virus, Herpes viruses, such as genital herpes, HIV, Varicella-zoster, Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Zika virus, Neuroborreliosis, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, Bacterial skin infections, Mycoplasma bacterial pneumonia. […] Systemic inflammatory autoimmune conditions that have an association with TM include: Ankylosing spondylitis, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Behçet’s disease, Mixed connective tissue disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Scleroderma, Sjögren’s syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). […] Central nervous system autoimmune conditions that can cause TM include: Multiple sclerosis (MS), Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disorders (MOGAD), Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. […] In some people, transverse myelitis represents the first symptom of a central nervous system autoimmune or immune-mediated condition, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).

• #2 Acute Transverse Myelitis – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/spinal-cord-disorders/acute-transverse-myelitis

  Acute transverse myelitis is acute inflammation of gray and white matter in one or more adjacent spinal cord segments, usually thoracic. Causes include multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), infections, autoimmune or postinfectious inflammation, vasculitis, and certain medications or illicit drugs. […] Acute transverse myelitis is most commonly due to multiple sclerosis; however, it can occur in patients with vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome, other autoimmune disorders, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease, syphilis, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19, viral meningoencephalitis, or in patients taking amphetamines, IV heroin, or antiparasitic or antifungal medications.

• #2 Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis […] Acute transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare, acquired neuroimmune spinal cord disorder that can present with the rapid onset of weakness, sensory alterations, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. TM can occur as an independent entity, usually as a postinfectious complication, but TM also exists on a continuum of neuroinflammatory disorders that includes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). […] This topic will review the etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TM. Treatment and prognosis are reviewed separately. […] Associated and causative conditions include CNS demyelinating disorders, systemic autoimmune disorders, infections, paraneoplastic syndromes, vaccinations, and idiopathic causes. […] Determining the cause of TM involves additional studies for the cause of myelopathy, including lumbar puncture, brain MRI, serologic tests and autoantibodies, and other studies in select patients. […] Clues to specific inflammatory causes are also considered.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/transverse-myelitis

  Fungal infections in the spinal cord, including aspergillus, blastomyces, coccidioides, and cryptococcus. […] Parasites including toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, shistosomiasis, and angtiostrongyloides. […] Other inflammatory disorders that can affect the spinal cord, such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, scleroderma, and Bechet’s syndrome. […] Vascular disorders such as arteriovenous malformation, dural arterial-venous fistula, intra-spinal cavernous malformations, spinal cord infarct, or disk embolism. […] In many cases, the exact cause of transverse myelitis and the accompanying nerve damage in the spinal cord is unknown. When doctors cannot identify a cause for the disorder, they refer to it as idiopathic, which means the cause is unknown.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/transverse-myelitis-facts

  In rare cases, multiple sclerosis can cause transverse myelitis. When it does, the TM symptoms that show up are usually the first signs of MS. It can also signal an MS relapse. […] TM may be caused by sarcoidosis, a condition that causes inflammation in your body. Spinal cord sarcoidosis is rare, and less than 1% of sarcoidosis cases involve the spinal cord.

• #2 What are the causes of Transverse Myelitis? | OnlyMyHealth

  https://www.onlymyhealth.com/what-causes-transverse-myelitis-12977602453

  The inflammation that causes transverse myelitis such extensive damage to nerve fibers of the spinal cord may result from viral infections, or insufficient blood flow through the blood vessels located in the spinal cord. […] Researchers are uncertain of the exact causes of transverse myelitis. The inflammation that causes such extensive damage to nerve fibers of the spinal cord may result from viral infections, abnormal immune reactions, or insufficient blood flow through the blood vessels located in the spinal cord. Transverse myelitis also may occur as a complication of syphilis, measles, Lyme disease, and some vaccinations, including those for chickenpox and rabies. Cases in which a cause cannot be identified are called idiopathic. […] Transverse myelitis often develops following viral infections. Infectious agents suspected of causing transverse myelitis include varicella zoster (the virus that causes chickenpox and shingles), herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, influenza, echovirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis A, and rubella. Bacterial skin infections, middle-ear infections (otitis media), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (bacterial pneumonia) have also been associated with the condition.

• #2 What are the causes of Transverse Myelitis? | OnlyMyHealth

  https://www.onlymyhealth.com/what-causes-transverse-myelitis-12977602453

  In post-infectious cases of transverse myelitis, immune system mechanisms, rather than active viral or bacterial infections, appear to play an important role in causing damage to spinal nerves. […] Because some affected individuals also have autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogrens syndrome, and sarcoidosis, some scientists suggest that transverse myelitis may also be an autoimmune disorder. In addition, some cancers may trigger an abnormal immune response that may lead to transverse myelitis. […] Some cases of transverse myelitis result from spinal arteriovenous malformations (abnormalities that alter normal patterns of blood flow) or vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis that cause ischemia, a reduction in normal levels of oxygen in spinal cord tissues. Ischemia can result from bleeding (hemorrhage) within the spinal cord, blood vessel blockage or narrowing, or other less common factors. Blood vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to spinal cord tissues and remove metabolic waste products. When these vessels become narrowed or blocked, they cannot deliver sufficient amounts of oxygen-laden blood to spinal cord tissues. When a specific region of the spinal cord becomes starved of oxygen, or ischemic, nerve cells and fibers may begin to deteriorate relatively quickly. This damage may cause widespread inflammation, sometimes leading to transverse myelitis. Most people who develop the condition as a result of vascular disease are past the age of 50, have cardiac disease, or have recently undergone a chest or abdominal operation.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=134&contentid=24

  Transverse myelitis is a neurological condition. […] In some cases, the exact cause of transverse myelitis is unknown. […] In other cases, the inflammation that leads to transverse myelitis can result as a side effect of a number of other health problems, such as: Lyme disease, Syphilis, Measles, Viral infections, Bacterial infections, Fungal infections, Parasites, Immune system disorders, Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, After a vaccine (very rare). […] Transverse myelitis can also be a warning sign of multiple sclerosis. […] Since some people with transverse myelitis have autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, some healthcare providers believe that transverse myelitis may also be an autoimmune disease. […] Finally, some cancers can trigger an immune response that leads to transverse myelitis. […] The exact cause is often not known. But it sometimes happens after infections or in people with autoimmune diseases.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis: A Serious and Dangerous Neurological Condition

  https://www.praram9.com/en/transverse-myelitis/

  Transverse myelitis can result from various causes, including: […] Viral infections such as herpes, influenza, or COVID-19, as well as bacterial infections like tuberculosis and syphilis, can contribute to transverse myelitis. […] Conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) […] Rare cases have been linked to complications following certain vaccines. […] Trauma from accidents or other physical injuries. […] Risk factors include autoimmune diseases and a history of severe viral or bacterial infections.

• #2 Transverse myelitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transverse-myelitis

  A virus could cause transverse myelitis through: (1) direct damage to parenchymal cells (eg, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and possibly AIDS myelopathy); (2) a „bystander effect” damaging the cord during an immune response against the virus, or from release of virus-induced cytokines or superantigens that activate immune cells; and (3) sensitization of the host to brain antigens during an inflammatory response, eg, release of damaged myelin or cross-reactivity between virus and myelin antigens. […] Mycoplasma pneumoniae and, occasionally, pulmonary tuberculosis or Borrelia trigger acute transverse myelitis. […] In acute transverse myelitis, myelin loss exceeds axonal loss, but axons are usually destroyed along with the demyelination, and secondary demyelination may also result. […] The pathological hallmark of transverse myelitis is the presence of lymphocytes and monocytes, plus astroglial and microglial activation in the spinal cord, with varying degrees of both axonal injury and demyelination.

• #2 Transverse myelitis: When inflammation damages the spinal cord ‘wiring’ | Back and Spine | Brain | Rehabilitation | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/transverse-myelitis-treatment/

  Multiple sclerosis (MS), is the most common cause of TM. About 25% of MS patients experience spinal inflammation as their first symptom. […] The most likely cause of idiopathic TM is an immune response to a virus the body has cleared and is no longer detectable. The immune system sometimes stays activated after an illness and can mistakenly attack the wiring in the spinal cord, causing TM. […] Idiopathic TM may also be caused by underlying neuroimmune conditions that have not yet been defined.

• #2 Transverse Myelitis: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/transverse-myelitis

  Infections: Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Lyme disease are among the viral and bacterial infections that have been related to the emergence of Transverse Myelitis. […] Individuals with autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis, may be at an increased risk of developing Transverse Myelitis. […] A family history of Transverse Myelitis or other autoimmune disorders may increase an individual’s risk of developing the condition.

• #2 Transverse myelitis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/transverse-myelitis

  The following features increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis: (1) partial, rather than complete, transverse myelopathy and more than one cord lesion; (2) cranial MRI suggestive of multiple sclerosis after a transverse myelopathy; (3) CSF IgG or IgM oligoclonal bands; (4) abnormal visual or sensory evoked potentials; (5) HLA-DR2 positive; and (6) family history of multiple sclerosis.

• #2 Transverse myelitis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1061

  Transverse myelitis (TM) is a heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. […] The causes of TM are heterogeneous, but partial TM (asymmetric, short cord lesions) is typically associated with multiple sclerosis, whereas longitudinally extensive lesions suggest neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

• #3 Transverse myelitis

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/medical-tests/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis is a rare nervous system disorder. In many cases, the cause is unknown. However, certain conditions may lead to transverse myelitis: […] Bacterial, viral, parasitic, or fungal infection, such as HIV, syphilis, varicella zoster (shingles), West Nile virus, Zika virus, enteroviruses, and Lyme disease […] Immune system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Sjgren syndrome, and lupus […] Other inflammatory disorders, such as sarcoidosis, or a connective tissue disease called scleroderma […] Blood vessel disorders that affect the spine.

• #3 What is Transverse Myelitis | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis causes include bacterial, viral, and inflammatory conditions. However, there is no known precise cause. […] Bacterial causes: Diphtheria, Actinomyces, Pertussis, Lyme disease, Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Tetanus. […] Viral causes: Herpes, Influenza, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, HIV, Enteroviruses, Hepatitis B, Mumps, West Nile, Zika, Measles, Echovirus. […] Inflammatory condition causes: Neuromyelitis optica known as Devic’s disease, this condition leads to inflammation and reduction of myelin. […] There is some correlation between infectious disease vaccinations and transverse myelitis. […] In this disorder, the immune system eliminates myelin in your spinal cord and brain. […] This condition results in inflammation throughout your body. […] Doctors believe autoimmune disorders might contribute to the development of transverse myelitis.

• #3 Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/transverse-myelitis

  Transverse myelitis: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis […] Acute transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare, acquired neuroimmune spinal cord disorder that can present with the rapid onset of weakness, sensory alterations, and bowel or bladder dysfunction. TM can occur as an independent entity, usually as a postinfectious complication, but TM also exists on a continuum of neuroinflammatory disorders that includes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), multiple sclerosis, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). […] This topic will review the etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TM. Treatment and prognosis are reviewed separately. […] Associated and causative conditions include CNS demyelinating disorders, systemic autoimmune disorders, infections, paraneoplastic syndromes, vaccinations, and idiopathic causes. […] Determining the cause of TM involves additional studies for the cause of myelopathy, including lumbar puncture, brain MRI, serologic tests and autoantibodies, and other studies in select patients. […] Clues to specific inflammatory causes are also considered.

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