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• #1 Transposition of the great arteries – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/symptoms-causes/syc-20350589

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the baby’s heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] In a complete transposition of the great arteries (also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries), the two arteries leaving the heart have switched positions. The pulmonary artery connects to the left lower heart chamber. The aorta connects to the right lower heart chamber. […] The switched arteries cause changes in blood flow. Oxygen-poor blood now flows through the right side of the heart. It goes back to the body without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood now flows through the left side of the heart. It goes directly back into the lungs without being pumped to the rest of the body. […] Several things may increase a baby’s risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol or taking certain medicines during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries – Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect. […] Due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, the large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs, and to the body are improperly connected. […] The problem occurs in the middle of this time, allowing the aorta and pulmonary artery to become attached to the incorrect chamber. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. […] Most of the time this heart defect occurs by chance, with no clear reason for its development. […] Transposition of the great arteries is the second most common congenital heart defect that causes problems in early infancy. TGA occurs in about 3% of all congenital heart defects.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK538434/

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital cardiac defect characterized by an embryological discordance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. […] The exact cause of d-TGA remains unclear, but it is believed to result from multiple complex factors. Understanding the pathogenesis is challenging, particularly due to difficulties replicating the condition in animal models. Traditionally, 2 main theories have been proposed to explain the embryological development of d-TGA. The „extracardiac theory” suggests that d-TGA arises from abnormal spiralization of the aortopulmonary septum during heart development, where the conotruncal septum follows a straight path instead of its normal spiral trajectory. […] Several potential risk factors have been identified, including gestational diabetes, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, and the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. […] The uncommon occurrence of ccTGA has made research on this condition equally challenging, with the underlying cause remaining unidentified.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/904528-overview

  The etiology for transposition of the great arteries is unknown and is presumed to be multifactorial. […] The embryology likely involves abnormal persistence of the subaortic conus with resorption or underdevelopment of the subpulmonary conus (infundibulum). This abnormality aligns the aorta anterior and superior with the right ventricle during development. […] Despite its overall low prevalence, transposition of the great arteries is the most common etiology for cyanotic congenital heart disease in the newborn. […] The overall annual incidence is 20-30 per 100,000 live births, and inheritance is multifactorial.

• #1

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120001/transposition-of-great-vessels

  Failure of neural crest cells to migrate […] failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral results in complete separation of the systemic and pulmonary circulations.

• #1 Transposition of the great arteries | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-3-27

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also referred to as complete transposition, is a congenital cardiac malformation characterised by atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance. […] The exact aetiology remains unknown. Some associated risk factors (gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, maternal use of antiepileptic drugs) have been postulated. […] Significant advances in the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms have been achieved over the last decade. Several mutations have been implicated as the cause of discordant ventriculoarterial connections. The genes involved so far are the growth differentiation factor-1 gene, the thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein-2 gene, and the gene encoding the cryptic protein. They are localised in different chromosomes and their mutations only explain a small minority of the clinical cases.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  The aetiology is unknown but familial patterns of recurrence suggest a polygenic cause and research has identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 3p14.3 near WNT5A. Data support a causal role for WMT5A.1 The recurrence risk in first-degree relatives of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is low compared to other conotruncal defects.2 […] Maternal factors associated with an increased risk include rubella or other viral illness during pregnancy, alcoholism, maternal age over 40 and diabetes.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries: Symptoms & Causes | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the Great Arteries occurs when the aorta and pulmonary artery are swapped, causing poorly oxygenated blood to circulate throughout the body. Improper development of the heart during pregnancy can cause this condition, as the heart fails to form correctly, leading to abnormal connections among the blood vessels. […] Mutations in genes involved in heart development, such as GATA6, NKX2-5 and TBX1, have been associated with a higher risk of developing Transposition of the Great Arteries. Additionally, certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, can also increase the risk of this condition. […] Some infections during pregnancy, such as rubella and cytomegalovirus, have been linked to an increased risk of developing Transposition of the Great Arteries in the developing fetus. However, these infections are not the sole cause of the condition and other factors are often involved.

• #1 Pediatric Transposition of the Great Arteries | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/pediatric-transposition-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also called transposition of the great vessels, is a birth defect involving the two main arteries in the heart being switched. It is a common birth defect, occurring in 5.1 per 10,000 live births, as indicated by the latest Texas Birth Defects Registry research. […] TGA is a congenital heart defect that occurs as the heart develops during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. In most children, the problem occurs spontaneously, without a known cause. Genes may rarely contribute: If you have a child with a congenital cardiac defect, the chance of having another child with a heart defect is about 2% to 3%. Mothers with Type 1 diabetes also have a slightly higher risk of having babies with TGA. Three of five infants with TGA are boys.

• #1 Transposition of Great Vessels – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/transposition-of-great-vessels.htm

  Transposition of great arteries is a congenital heart disease in which, the great vessels arise from inappropriate ventricles. That is: […] Conditions that increase the risk of a baby developing transposition of great vessels include the following: […] Insulin dependent maternal diabetes during pregnancy […] Maternal age over 40 yrs […] Poor nutrition during pregnancy […] Ingestion of certain drugs such as benzodiazepines during pregnancy […] Infection with rubella (German measles) or other virus during pregnancy.

• #1 D-Transposition of the Great Arteries > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/d-transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  D-transposition of the great arteries is a congenital (present at birth) heart condition that interferes with blood flow through the heart in the expected fashion because the hearts two great arteries—the main pulmonary artery and the aorta—are transposed, or switched. This prohibits oxygen-poor blood from getting to the lung and oxygen-rich blood from getting to the body. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes d-transposition of the great arteries. There are some rare genes associated with this condition, which are still being investigated by researchers. But as far as scientists know, the condition doesn’t run in families. If a baby’s mother has uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy, it may increase the risk of d-transposition of the great arteries or other forms of congenital heart disease.

• #1

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the baby’s heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] Several things may increase a baby’s risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol or taking certain medicines during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/transposition-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries or TGA is a potentially fatal congenital heart malformation where the pulmonary artery and the aorta are switched. […] Studies on the causes of TGA […] The study clarified the role of harmful chemicals that cause birth defects, called teratogens. The study resulted in a link between maternal exposure to herbicides or rodenticides and development of TGA. […] Exposure to retinoic acid is one of the most well understood risk factors in the development of TGA. […] Another possibility for increased risk of TGA is maternal influence such as diabetes. […] Advanced maternal age is another maternal risk factor that puts the fetus at risk for developmental issues such as TGA.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Condition Overview | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a rare and complex congenital heart defect in which the two main arteries that carry blood from the heart are switched (transposed). This prevents oxygen-rich blood from being pumped to the rest of the body. Infants born with this condition must receive corrective surgery immediately after birth. […] TGA is a congenital condition, meaning that it is present at birth. While the exact reasons TGA forms is still unknown, it is most likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including: Smoking while pregnant, Drinking alcohol while pregnant, Contracting a viral illness while pregnant, Gestational diabetes, Family history of congenital heart disease. […] The long-term outlook for TGA is generally excellent. With proper treatment, most patients are able to gain normal heart function and lead healthy, active lives. In one study of long-term outcomes for patients who have undergone arterial switch operations, the most common treatment for TGA, the 25-year survival rate was 95%.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries (in this case, dextro-transposition) occurs when the aorta arises directly from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, resulting in independent, parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations; oxygenated blood cannot reach the body except through openings connecting the right and left sides of the heart (eg, patent foramen ovale, ventricular septal defect [VSD]). […] Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a broad term that includes both dextro-TGA (d-TGA) and a rarer defect called levo-TGA (l-TGA). […] Dextro-transposition of the great arteries accounts for 5 to 7% of congenital heart anomalies. […] Systemic and pulmonary circulations are completely separated in transposition of the great arteries. After returning to the right heart, desaturated systemic venous blood is pumped into the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs; oxygenated blood entering the left heart goes back to the lungs rather than to the rest of the body. This anomaly is not compatible with life unless desaturated and oxygenated blood can mix through openings at one or more levels (eg, atrial, ventricular, or great artery level).

• #1 Transposition of the great arteries | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155126/

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the babys heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] In a complete transposition of the great arteries (also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries), the two arteries leaving the heart have switched positions. […] The switched arteries cause changes in blood flow. Oxygen-poor blood now flows through the right side of the heart. It goes back to the body without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood now flows through the left side of the heart. It goes directly back into the lungs without being pumped to the rest of the body. […] In this less common type, also called levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA), the two lower heart chambers are reversed. […] Several things may increase a babys risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30506

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital cardiac defect caused by an embryological discordance between the aorta and pulmonary trunk or by both atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance—a condition often termed „double discordance.” […] The exact cause of d-TGA remains unclear, but it is believed to result from multiple complex factors. Understanding the pathogenesis is challenging, particularly due to difficulties replicating the condition in animal models. Traditionally, 2 main theories have been proposed to explain the embryological development of d-TGA. The „extracardiac theory” suggests that d-TGA arises from abnormal spiralization of the aortopulmonary septum during heart development, where the conotruncal septum follows a straight path instead of its normal spiral trajectory.

• #1 Transposition of the great arteries | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155126/

  Complications depend on the type of transposition of the great arteries (TGA). […] Possible complications of complete transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) may include: Not enough oxygen to body tissues. […] Possible complications of congenitally corrected transposition (L-TGA) may include: Reduced heart pumping. […] All infants with complete transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) need surgery to correct the heart problem. […] Treatment for congenitally corrected transposition (L-TGA) depends on when the condition is diagnosed and what other heart conditions exist.

• #1 Transposition of the great arteries: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001568.htm

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a heart defect that occurs from birth (congenital). The two major arteries that carry blood away from the heart — the aorta and the pulmonary artery — are switched (transposed). […] The cause of TGA is unknown. It is not associated with any one common genetic abnormality. It rarely occurs in other family members. […] TGA is a cyanotic heart defect. This means there is decreased oxygen in the blood that is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body. […] Symptoms appear at birth or very soon afterward. How bad the symptoms are depends on the type and size of additional heart defects (such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or patent ductus arteriosus) and how much the blood can mix between the two abnormal circulations.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/transposition

  Unless there is some place in the circulation where the oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood can mix, the organs of the body will not get the oxygen they need. […] If present, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) will mixing. This does not allow enough mixing. Other places that mixing may occur are through an atrial septal defect (ASD) or a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – RCEMLearning

  https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/modules/congenital-heart-disease-in-the-emergency-department/lessons/righttoleft-shunts/topic/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga/

  Second most common cause of cyanotic CHD diagnosed by 1 year of age […] The aorta lies anteriorly and arises from the right ventricle; the pulmonary artery is relatively posterior and connected to the left ventricle (ventriculoarterial discordance). Deoxygenated blood is therefore returned to the body and oxygenated blood is returned to the lungs. The pulmonary and systemic circuits are arranged in parallel. Unless there is mixing of blood between them, this condition is incompatible with life. […] Initial survival depends on the presence of a shunt, allowing mixing between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. […] The outcome depends on the degree of blood mixing, the magnitude of tissue hypoxia, and the ability of the right ventricle to maintain the systemic circulation. Without surgery, most patients die within months.

• #1 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga-90-P01823

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a type of heart defect that your baby is born with (congenital). In this condition, the two arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and body aren’t connected as they should be. They are reversed (transposed). […] Most of the time, the cause of TGA isn’t known. […] TGA may occur on its own. Or your child may also have other heart problems in addition to TGA. These might include blockage of blood flow from the right ventricle to the aorta, or variations in the course of the coronary arteries. Other heart problems such as holes in the walls between the upper and lower chambers of the heart (atrial or ventricular septal defects) may allow some oxygen-rich blood to be sent to your baby’s body. […] Common heart defects that can happen with TGA include an opening in the ventricular septum, called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). This is a hole between the 2 lower chambers of the heart. This allows oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood to mix.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538434/

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital cardiac defect characterized by an embryological discordance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. […] The exact cause of d-TGA remains unclear, but it is believed to result from multiple complex factors. Understanding the pathogenesis is challenging, particularly due to difficulties replicating the condition in animal models. Traditionally, 2 main theories have been proposed to explain the embryological development of d-TGA. The „extracardiac theory” suggests that d-TGA arises from abnormal spiralization of the aortopulmonary septum during heart development, where the conotruncal septum follows a straight path instead of its normal spiral trajectory. […] Several potential risk factors have been identified, including gestational diabetes, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, and the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. […] The uncommon occurrence of ccTGA has made research on this condition equally challenging, with the underlying cause remaining unidentified. The variability in age at diagnosis, along with a wide range of associated cardiac defects and comorbidities, further complicates studies.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK538434/

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital cardiac defect characterized by an embryological discordance of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. […] The exact cause of d-TGA remains unclear, but it is believed to result from multiple complex factors. Understanding the pathogenesis is challenging, particularly due to difficulties replicating the condition in animal models. Traditionally, 2 main theories have been proposed to explain the embryological development of d-TGA. The „extracardiac theory” suggests that d-TGA arises from abnormal spiralization of the aortopulmonary septum during heart development, where the conotruncal septum follows a straight path instead of its normal spiral trajectory. […] Several potential risk factors have been identified, including gestational diabetes, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, and the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. […] The uncommon occurrence of ccTGA has made research on this condition equally challenging, with the underlying cause remaining unidentified.

• #2 Pathogenesis and Surgical Treatment of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (D-TGA): Part II

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/16/4823

  Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) is the second most common cyanotic heart disease, accounting for 5–7% of all congenital heart defects (CHDs). […] The precise etiology of D-TGA has not been fully determined and its pathogenesis is multifactorial and controversial, especially because D-TGA is difficult to reproduce with animal models. […] Many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence the formation of D-TGA. […] The etiology for the transposition of the great arteries is unknown; however, it is presumed to be multifactorial. […] The embryogenesis of TGA is complex and associated with conotruncal defects, the aortopulmonary septum, and disturbances of the bulb rotation that take place in that period. […] The first classic theory, proposed by Maria Victoria de la Cruz, focuses on the abnormal spiralization of the aortopulmonary septum.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30506

  In contrast, the „infundibular theory” proposes that d-TGA results from improper resorption or underdevelopment of the subpulmonary conus, along with the persistence of the subaortic conus. This anomaly leads to the aorta being positioned over the anterior right ventricle. […] Several potential risk factors have been identified, including gestational diabetes, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, and the use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. […] The uncommon occurrence of ccTGA has made research on this condition equally challenging, with the underlying cause remaining unidentified. The variability in age at diagnosis, along with a wide range of associated cardiac defects and comorbidities, further complicates studies.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  The aetiology is unknown but familial patterns of recurrence suggest a polygenic cause and research has identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 3p14.3 near WNT5A. Data support a causal role for WMT5A.1 The recurrence risk in first-degree relatives of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is low compared to other conotruncal defects.2 […] Maternal factors associated with an increased risk include rubella or other viral illness during pregnancy, alcoholism, maternal age over 40 and diabetes.

• #2 Pathogenesis and Surgical Treatment of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (D-TGA): Part II

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/16/4823

  The other theory, originally proposed by Goor and Edwards and corroborated by Anderson and Van Praagh, involves differential conal development. […] Several genes have been identified to be associated with the pathogenesis of D-TGA. […] The chromosomal region 22q11 has also been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of D-TGA. […] D-TGA is usually considered to have a low risk of familial recurrence, suggesting a polygenic inheritance for the disorder. […] The controversy between environmental factors and genetic causes has been discussed for years.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/symptoms-causes/syc-20350589

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the baby’s heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] In a complete transposition of the great arteries (also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries), the two arteries leaving the heart have switched positions. The pulmonary artery connects to the left lower heart chamber. The aorta connects to the right lower heart chamber. […] The switched arteries cause changes in blood flow. Oxygen-poor blood now flows through the right side of the heart. It goes back to the body without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood now flows through the left side of the heart. It goes directly back into the lungs without being pumped to the rest of the body. […] Several things may increase a baby’s risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol or taking certain medicines during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/heart/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect where the aorta and the right ventricle are in the transposed (reversed) position compared to a normal heart. The causes of transposition of the great arteries are unknown. TGA is a congenital heart condition that develops in your baby’s heart during pregnancy. The heart forms during the first eight weeks. At some point in the middle of that timeframe, the aorta and the pulmonary arteries attach to the incorrect heart chamber. […] Though the causes of TGA are unknown, certain factors could increase the risk of a baby developing the condition. A combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral issues in a pregnant woman could come into play, including: German measles (rubella) or other viral illnesses in the mother during pregnancy, smoking while pregnant, drinking alcohol during pregnancy, taking certain medications while pregnant, mothers with poorly monitored type 1 diabetes.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the baby’s heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] The switched arteries cause changes in blood flow. Oxygen-poor blood now flows through the right side of the heart. It goes back to the body without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood now flows through the left side of the heart. It goes directly back into the lungs without being pumped to the rest of the body. […] Several things may increase a baby’s risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol or taking certain medicines during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy. Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/transposition-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect, which means children are born with it. […] The problems associated with TGA occur in the middle of these weeks, when the aorta and the pulmonary artery each attach to the incorrect heart chamber. It isn’t clear what causes congenital heart malformations, including TGA, although in most cases it appears that some combination of genetics and environment is involved. […] Very few risk factors have been identified, but it appears that the risk of TGA is increased in mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (formerly known as „insulin-dependent” or „juvenile”) and possibly with the ingestion of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-3-27

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also referred to as complete transposition, is a congenital cardiac malformation characterised by atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance. […] The exact aetiology remains unknown. Some associated risk factors (gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, maternal use of antiepileptic drugs) have been postulated. […] Significant advances in the understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms have been achieved over the last decade. Several mutations have been implicated as the cause of discordant ventriculoarterial connections. The genes involved so far are the growth differentiation factor-1 gene, the thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein-2 gene, and the gene encoding the cryptic protein. They are localised in different chromosomes and their mutations only explain a small minority of the clinical cases.

• #2

  https://www.wkhs.com/health-resources/wk-health-library/disease-condition-information/a-z/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-(tga)

  TGA is present at birth, and it is more common in males. […] In most cases, doctors don’t know why the arteries become reversed. […] Some factors increase the risk for TGA. A mother who is older than 40, who has diabetes, or who contracts a viral infection during pregnancy is at an increased risk of giving birth to a baby who has this condition.

• #2 D-Transposition of the Great Vessels | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/d-transposition-of-the-great-vessels

  D-Transposition of the Great Vessels is a congenital heart defect associated with reduced oxygen levels and impaired body function. […] While the cause of TGA remains unknown, it is linked to mothers who contract rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy and mothers over the age of 40. Other conditions that increase the risk of TGA are diabetes, poor nutrition and drinking alcohol during pregnancy. […] The cause of TGA remains unknown, but it is linked to mothers who contract rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy and mothers over the age of 40. Other conditions that increase the risk of TGA are diabetes, poor nutrition and drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the Great Arteries is a heart condition where arteries switch places and oxygenated blood goes back to lungs, not body. […] In most cases, parents have no control over their baby’s condition. They have not done anything to cause the problem. Many times, the cause of the defect is not known. […] If you have questions or concerns, talk with your doctor, nurse practitioner, or health care provider.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20155126/

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the babys heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] In a complete transposition of the great arteries (also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries), the two arteries leaving the heart have switched positions. […] The switched arteries cause changes in blood flow. Oxygen-poor blood now flows through the right side of the heart. It goes back to the body without passing through the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood now flows through the left side of the heart. It goes directly back into the lungs without being pumped to the rest of the body. […] In this less common type, also called levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA), the two lower heart chambers are reversed. […] Several things may increase a babys risk of transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another infection by a virus during pregnancy.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/transposition

  The „great arteries” in this defect refer to the aorta and the pulmonary artery. These are the two major arteries carrying blood away from the heart. […] In cases of transposition of the great arteries, these vessels begin from the wrong ventricle. They are „transposed” from their normal position. The aorta starts from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle. […] Other heart defects may occur along with transposition of the great arteries. About 25 percent of children with transposition will also have a ventricular septal defect (VSD). […] Transposition creates a situation where the systemic (to the body) and pulmonary (to the lungs) circulations are working side by side and not together. This means the oxygen-poor („blue”) blood returning from the body and coursing through the right atrium and right ventricle is pumped out to the aorta and to the body. The oxygen-rich („red”) blood returning from the lungs and going through the left atrium and ventricle is sent back to the lungs by the pulmonary artery.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga

  In dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, resulting in independent pulmonary and systemic circulations. […] d-TGA is incompatible with life unless mixing of the circulations occurs through an atrial and/or ventricular septal opening, or a patent ductus.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/

  Transposition of the great arteries occurs during pregnancy when the baby’s heart is developing. The cause is most often unknown. […] In a complete transposition of the great arteries (also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries), the pulmonary artery and the aorta have switched positions. […] In this less common type, also called levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA), the two lower heart chambers (ventricles) are switched. […] Several things may increase the risk of a baby being born with transposition of the great arteries, including: A history of German measles (rubella) or another viral illness in the mother during pregnancy, Drinking alcohol or taking certain medications during pregnancy, Smoking during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes in the mother during pregnancy. […] Transposition of the great arteries can contribute to other health concerns later in life. Complications depend on the type of transposition of the great arteries (TGA).

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Your healthcare professional may give you a medicine called prostaglandin. This helps to keep your duct (ductus arteriosus) open and let blood move around your body. […] There are a few options to treat your TGA, all of which involve major surgery. […] Your surgeon switches your aorta and pulmonary artery back to their normal positions. […] Your surgeon makes a tunnel (called a baffle) between the two sides of your heart, letting blood move around your heart. […] Your surgeon makes a man-made tunnel between the bottom two chambers of your heart. […] CCTGA is a similar and less common congenital heart disease to TGA. […] Most people living with repaired TGA can live a normal life. However, as you get older, problems can start to happen that may need to be treated. […] As you get older, its common to have problems with your heart. […] The complications can include: […] You may need more surgeries in the future to fix these problems, like a leaking valve or narrowed pulmonary artery.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transposition-of-the-great-arteries?lang=us

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also known as transposition of the great vessels (TGV), is the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac anomaly presenting during the newborn period, with cyanosis in the first 24 hours of life. […] It occurs as a result of ventriculoarterial discordance, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle. […] Transposition of the great arteries occurs as a result of ventriculoarterial discordance, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle. […] An isolated TGA is incompatible with life at birth without one of the following additional anomalies (which are a common occurrence): atrial septal defect (ASD): uncommon, ventricular septal defect (VSD): ~35%, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): unstable due to closure following birth, patent foramen ovale (PFO): unstable. […] Unstable associations account for 60-65% of occurrences.

• #2 Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a type of congenital heart disease, which means its something youre born with. In most cases, it’s not known why you’re born with a condition. Some people with TGA are also born with other congenital heart diseases like ventricular septal defect (VSD) and coarctation of the aorta (COA). […] The swapping of the pulmonary artery and aorta causes a few problems, like: […] Because of these issues, only a small amount of blood high in oxygen is moving around your body. […] Cyanosis is when your skin and lips turn blue or grey due to low levels of oxygen. It can be a side effect or symptom of some congenital heart diseases. […] It happens with TGA because a small amount of blood high in oxygen is moving around your body. […] TGA is treated using surgery within the first few weeks of your life.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – RCEMLearning

  https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/modules/congenital-heart-disease-in-the-emergency-department/lessons/righttoleft-shunts/topic/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga/

  Second most common cause of cyanotic CHD diagnosed by 1 year of age […] The aorta lies anteriorly and arises from the right ventricle; the pulmonary artery is relatively posterior and connected to the left ventricle (ventriculoarterial discordance). Deoxygenated blood is therefore returned to the body and oxygenated blood is returned to the lungs. The pulmonary and systemic circuits are arranged in parallel. Unless there is mixing of blood between them, this condition is incompatible with life. […] Initial survival depends on the presence of a shunt, allowing mixing between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. […] The outcome depends on the degree of blood mixing, the magnitude of tissue hypoxia, and the ability of the right ventricle to maintain the systemic circulation. Without surgery, most patients die within months.

• #2 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/transposition-of-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a type of heart defect that your baby is born with (congenital). In this condition, the two arteries that carry blood out of the heart arent connected as they should be. They are reversed (transposed). […] TGA may occur on its own. Or your child may also have other heart problems in addition to TGA. These might include blockage of blood flow from the right ventricle to the aorta, or variations in the course of the coronary arteries. Other heart problems, such as a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) or a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect), may allow some oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood that is sent to your babys body. […] Most of the time, the cause of TGA isnt known.

• #2 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P01823

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a type of heart defect that your baby is born with (congenital). In this condition, the two arteries that carry blood out of the heart arent connected as they should be. They are reversed (transposed). […] Most of the time, the cause of TGA isnt known. […] TGA may occur on its own. Or your child may also have other heart problems in addition to TGA. These might include blockage of blood flow from the right ventricle to the aorta, or variations in the course of the coronary arteries. Other heart problems, such as a hole in the wall between the upper chambers of the heart (atrial septal defect) or a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricular septal defect), may allow some oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood that is sent to your babys body. Also, some parts of your baby’s heart may stay intact to allow oxygen-rich blood to reach your child’s body. Normally, these connections would close shortly after birth.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/transposition-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect, which means children are born with it. […] The problems associated with TGA occur in the middle of these weeks, when the aorta and the pulmonary artery each attach to the incorrect heart chamber. It isn’t clear what causes congenital heart malformations, including TGA, although in most cases it appears that some combination of genetics and environment is involved. […] Very few risk factors have been identified, but it appears that the risk of TGA is increased in mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus (formerly known as „insulin-dependent” or „juvenile”) and possibly with the ingestion of certain drugs, such as benzodiazepines.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/transposition-of-the-great-arteries/

  Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) is a heart defect in children, present at birth, where the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed. […] We’re not really sure what causes Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA), but we think it’s likely due to a combination of factors. Two theories have been put forward to try and explain how TGA occurs during the early stages of a baby’s development in the womb: […] The first theory, suggested by De la Cruz, is that TGA may occur because a certain part of the baby’s heart, called the aortopulmonary septum, doesn’t twist like it should during development. This could lead to the septum growing in a straight line instead, which could cause TGA. […] The second theory, proposed by Goor and Edwards, suggests that TGA might be due to improper absorption or lack of development of a part of the heart called the subpulmonary conus. In this case, another part of the heart, known as the subaortic conus, continues to persist. This could also lead to TGA. It’s important to remember these are just theories and we still need to learn more to truly understand the causes of TGA.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries – Presentation – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/cardiology/congenital-heart-defects/transposition-great-arteries/

  The exact embryological mechanisms that result in TGA is unknown; however, there are currently two theories that try to explain the phenomenon. […] Goor and Edwards suggest that the aorta does not rotate normally towards the left ventricle embryologically and imply that TGA is an extreme form of dextroposition of the aorta. […] De la Cruz theorises that there is no rotation of the aorto-pulmonary septum at the infundibular level. This causes the fourth aortic arch, which will later become the aorta, to interact with the anterior conus on the right ventricle.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  The aetiology is unknown but familial patterns of recurrence suggest a polygenic cause and research has identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 3p14.3 near WNT5A. Data support a causal role for WMT5A.1 The recurrence risk in first-degree relatives of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is low compared to other conotruncal defects.2 […] Maternal factors associated with an increased risk include rubella or other viral illness during pregnancy, alcoholism, maternal age over 40 and diabetes.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23387-transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries (or vessels) is a rare issue where the main arteries that move blood out of your heart are in the wrong places. They also connect to your heart in the wrong places. Its a congenital (present at birth) condition. […] Researchers dont know what causes transposition of the great vessels. Like other congenital heart conditions, it might result from a genetic variation (change) or exposure to toxins during pregnancy. […] A baby may be more likely to be born with TGA if, during pregnancy, you: Had gestational diabetes. Had rubella (German measles). Were exposed to certain pesticides or herbicides. Took certain antiseizure medications.

• #3 Transposition of Great Vessels – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/transposition-of-great-vessels.htm

  Transposition of great arteries is a congenital heart disease in which, the great vessels arise from inappropriate ventricles. That is: […] Conditions that increase the risk of a baby developing transposition of great vessels include the following: […] Insulin dependent maternal diabetes during pregnancy […] Maternal age over 40 yrs […] Poor nutrition during pregnancy […] Ingestion of certain drugs such as benzodiazepines during pregnancy […] Infection with rubella (German measles) or other virus during pregnancy.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/transposition-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries or TGA is a potentially fatal congenital heart malformation where the pulmonary artery and the aorta are switched. […] Studies on the causes of TGA […] The study clarified the role of harmful chemicals that cause birth defects, called teratogens. The study resulted in a link between maternal exposure to herbicides or rodenticides and development of TGA. […] Exposure to retinoic acid is one of the most well understood risk factors in the development of TGA. […] Another possibility for increased risk of TGA is maternal influence such as diabetes. […] Advanced maternal age is another maternal risk factor that puts the fetus at risk for developmental issues such as TGA.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) – RCEMLearning

  https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/modules/congenital-heart-disease-in-the-emergency-department/lessons/righttoleft-shunts/topic/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga/

  Second most common cause of cyanotic CHD diagnosed by 1 year of age […] The aorta lies anteriorly and arises from the right ventricle; the pulmonary artery is relatively posterior and connected to the left ventricle (ventriculoarterial discordance). Deoxygenated blood is therefore returned to the body and oxygenated blood is returned to the lungs. The pulmonary and systemic circuits are arranged in parallel. Unless there is mixing of blood between them, this condition is incompatible with life. […] Initial survival depends on the presence of a shunt, allowing mixing between the systemic and pulmonary circulations. […] The outcome depends on the degree of blood mixing, the magnitude of tissue hypoxia, and the ability of the right ventricle to maintain the systemic circulation. Without surgery, most patients die within months.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries | Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/transposition

  Unless there is some place in the circulation where the oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood can mix, the organs of the body will not get the oxygen they need. […] If present, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) will mixing. This does not allow enough mixing. Other places that mixing may occur are through an atrial septal defect (ASD) or a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

• #3 Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/l-tga.html

  Levo-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA) is when the positions of the hearts ventricles are reversed. […] L-TGA happens when a baby is growing in the womb. No one knows exactly what causes it, and theres no way to prevent it.

• #3 d-Transposition of the Great Arteries | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/d-transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposición de las grandes arterias […] The cause is unknown, but genetic factors may contribute to it. Pregnant mothers with uncontrolled diabetes are at higher risk of having children with transposition. […] In this condition, the oxygen rich blood goes to the lungs and the oxygen poor blood goes to the body. All the parts are there, but the blood with the most oxygen (red blood) goes to the wrong place. The lack of oxygen can cause severe damage to the heart muscle in a short time.

• #3 Transposition of the Great Arteries – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/transposition-of-the-great-arteries

  Transposition of the great arteries is a reversal of the normal connections of the aorta and the pulmonary artery with the heart. […] The aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed, which causes oxygen-poor blood to be circulated to the body and oxygen-rich blood to be circulated between the lungs and the heart and not to the body. […] Transposition of the great arteries can also be accompanied by another heart defect, ventricular septal defect (a hole in the wall separating the two lower heart chambers), which may actually be helpful by allowing more mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. […] The body cannot survive without oxygen. However, infants with this heart defect may survive briefly after birth because the foramen ovale (a hole between the right and left atria) and the ductus arteriosus (a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the aorta) are still open at birth. […] Once the ductus closes, as it normally does after birth, if the atrial opening is very small, very little oxygen-rich blood is able to get to the body. The infant will die if the atrial defect is not enlarged immediately.

• #3 Transposition of the great arteries | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transposition-of-the-great-arteries?lang=us

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also known as transposition of the great vessels (TGV), is the most common cyanotic congenital cardiac anomaly presenting during the newborn period, with cyanosis in the first 24 hours of life. […] It occurs as a result of ventriculoarterial discordance, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle. […] Transposition of the great arteries occurs as a result of ventriculoarterial discordance, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk from the left ventricle. […] An isolated TGA is incompatible with life at birth without one of the following additional anomalies (which are a common occurrence): atrial septal defect (ASD): uncommon, ventricular septal defect (VSD): ~35%, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): unstable due to closure following birth, patent foramen ovale (PFO): unstable. […] Unstable associations account for 60-65% of occurrences.

• #4 Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

  https://teens.aboutkidshealth.ca/transposition-of-the-great-arteries-tga

  Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a condition where the arteries connected to the heart are in the wrong spot. […] Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a rare congenital heart defect. Congenital means a person is born with the condition. […] In people born with TGA, the two main arteries (the great arteries) that are connected to the heart are switched (transposed). […] The main arteries that carry blood to the body and lungs are reversed in babies born with transposition of the great arteries. […] This switch of the great arteries means that blood that is low in oxygen gets pumped around the body instead of blood that is high in oxygen. […] Some patients with TGA may also have other heart problems, such as a ventricular septal defect (VSD), abnormal coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen into the heart muscle) or pulmonary stenosis. […] The risk for any person having a baby with congenital heart disease is about 1%. Babies born to a parent who has congenital heart disease, such as an TGA, the chance that the baby will have any type of congenital heart disease is about 3%.

• #4 Transposition of the great vessels – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels

  Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) is a group of congenital heart defects involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the great vessels: superior and/or inferior venae cavae, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, and aorta. Congenital heart diseases involving only the primary arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) belong to a sub-group called transposition of the great arteries (TGA), which is considered the most common congenital heart lesion that presents in neonates. […] Preexisting diabetes mellitus of a pregnant mother is a risk factor that has been described for the fetus having TGV.

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