Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519527/

  Skin cancer prevention comes in many forms, including mindfulness, proper clothing, and the use of sunscreen. The primary form of prevention is avoiding excessive exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. Additionally, patients should discontinue the use of tanning beds. Patients should be instructed to monitor the UV Index, which is an international measurement of the strength of UV rays at a specific time and location. This can be accessed through the weather channel, radio, local newspaper, or the internet. The sun’s UV rays are usually the strongest between 10:00 am and 3:00 pm. A great trick recommended by the American Cancer Society is to instruct a patient to measure their shadow in the sun. If their shadow is shorter than their actual height, the sun’s UV rays are at their strongest. Patients should be instructed to either avoid being outside during that time or to increase their use of protective methods against the sun. Wearing UV protective clothing when possible such as a wide-brimmed hat, full-length clothing, and UV-protective sunglasses should always be encouraged. Be mindful of using clothing made of fabric that does not permit the passage of sunlight when held up to the sun. Some clothing is now made with additional sun protection called ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). UPF provides greater protection from UV exposure from the sun. A UPF rating of 30 means that the fabric will only allow one 1/30 of UV radiation to pass through the material. Anything with a UPF rating over 25 is considered very good, and anything over 40 is considered excellent.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519527/

  Other than avoiding the sun at peak hours and wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen is the single-best habit patients can develop to reduce their risk of skin cancer. Sunscreens come in various types and contain different ingredients that protect against the sun in different ways. Chemical ingredients, such as the frequently used para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and cinnamates, absorb solar rays and change UV rays into heat energy. Ingredients like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide work as a physical barrier that deflects UV rays off of the skin. Selecting sunscreens that are labeled as broad-spectrum is important because that indicates that the patient will be protected from both UVA and UVB rays. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, aside from creating great barrier protection, are excellent ingredients to look for in sunscreens due to their broad-spectrum UV coverage. An important topic when counseling patients about skin cancer prevention is the sun protection factor (SPF). The SPF number represents the amount of protection from sunburn that sunscreen offers compared to using no sunscreen at all. For example, if a patient’s skin would normally take 10 minutes to burn and the patient appropriately applies SPF 30 sunscreen, it would take him or her 30 times longer (300 minutes) to burn. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends using a sunscreen with SPF 30, which filters out about 97% of UV rays from the sun.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/

  Skin cancer prevention requires a comprehensive approach to protecting yourself against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends that you: Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM. Don’t get sunburned. Avoid tanning, and never use UV tanning beds. Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses. Use a broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every day. For extended outdoor activity, use a water-resistant, broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 50 or higher. Apply 1 ounce (2 tablespoons) of sunscreen to your entire body 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every two hours or after swimming or excessive sweating. Keep newborns out of the sun. Use sunscreen on babies over the age of six months. Examine your skin head-to-toe every month. See a dermatologist at least once a year for a professional skin exam.

• #1 Take Steps to Prevent Skin Cancer – MyHealthfinder | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/myhealthfinder/health-conditions/cancer/take-steps-prevent-skin-cancer

  Most skin cancers are caused by contact with ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun and other sources of UV radiation, like tanning beds. […] Limiting your contact with UV radiation lowers your risk of skin cancer. To protect your skin from damage caused by UV radiation: Stay out of the sun as much as possible between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the suns rays are strongest. Cover up with long sleeves, long pants or a long skirt, a hat, and sunglasses. Put on broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher. Dont use indoor tanning machines. […] Protecting your skin from the sun and other UV radiation today may help prevent skin cancer later in life. […] Taking steps to protect your skin may also help prevent: Wrinkles, Blotches or spots on your skin, Other damage to your skin and eyes. […] Skin cancer can almost always be cured when its found and treated early.

• #1 Reducing your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer by doing the following. […] The best way to lower your risk of developing skin cancer is to protect yourself from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Try to lower the amount of time you spend in the sun between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., when the suns rays are at their strongest, or any time of the day when the UV Index is 3 or more. […] Protecting children from the sun may greatly reduce their lifetime risk of developing skin cancer. […] Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds or sun lamps, gives off UV radiation that is up to 5 times stronger than the midday sun on a summer day. […] To lower your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer, try to avoid any exposure to arsenic and the following products: coal and shale, industrial tar and pitch, creosote, chimney soot, paraffin.

• #1 Learn How to Prevent Melanoma, Skin Cancer Prevention – MRA

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/prevention

  Many people still get too much exposure to the sun even though nine out of every ten skin cancers, including melanoma, are caused by overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. […] Never Intentionally Expose Your Skin to the Sun. There is no such thing as a 'healthy’ tan. […] Wear Sunscreen. Make sunscreen a daily habit. UV radiation can still damage skin even in the winter and on cloudy days. Use broad-spectrum sunscreen (protects against UVA and UVB rays) with SPF of at least 30. […] Wear Sun Protective Clothing. Protect your body with sun-protective clothing, hat, and sunglasses. […] Avoid Peak Rays. Seek shade during the mid-day sun, when the suns rays are most intense. […] Dont Use Tanning Beds. Indoor tanning has been shown to increase the risk of melanoma by up to 75%. […] Protect Children. Children are particularly vulnerable to damage from UV rays. Just one bad sunburn in childhood or adolescence doubles your childs chances of developing melanoma later in life.

• #1 Take Steps to Prevent Skin Cancer – MyHealthfinder | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/myhealthfinder/health-conditions/cancer/take-steps-prevent-skin-cancer

  To learn more about skin cancer, check out: Skin Cancer, Skin Cancer and Aging. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the main cause of skin cancer. […] Anyone can get skin cancer. […] Take these simple steps to help prevent damage to your skin. […] Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. The suns rays are the strongest from mid-morning to late afternoon. […] Wear a long-sleeved shirt and long pants or a long skirt when you spend time outdoors. […] Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher. […] Use sunscreen with both UVA and UVB protection, also called broad spectrum sunscreen. […] Tanning beds, tanning booths, and sunlamps are not any safer than tanning in the sun. […] Just like tanning in the sun, indoor tanning can cause skin cancer, wrinkles, age spots, and other damage to your skin and eyes. […] See a doctor or nurse right away if you notice: A new growth (like a mole or lump) on your skin, An existing growth that has changed in size, shape, color, or feel, A mole that bleeds or a sore that doesnt heal. […] Most skin changes are harmless, but only a doctor or nurse can tell you for sure.

• #1 Non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma

  Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer include sun and ultraviolet radiation and having a fair complexion. […] When non-melanoma is found early the chances of successful treatment are better. […] Common signs and symptoms of non-melanoma skin cancer include a sore that doesn’t heal, a sore that bleeds and scaly red patches on the skin. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer can be diagnosed or ruled out by such tests as health history and skin biopsy. […] Low-grade non-melanoma skin cancer tends to grow more slowly and is less likely to spread than high-grade non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Most non-melanoma skin cancers don’t spread to other parts of the body. […] Prognosis estimates the outcome for non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, drug therapy and photodynamic therapy. […] Supportive care for non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma skin cancer helps people meet physical, practical, emotional and spiritual challenges. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/skin-cancer-prevention

  Skin cancer is largely preventable, and if caught early, it’s usually curable. […] Apply sunscreen if you’re planning to be in the sun for more than 20 minutes. […] Avoid direct sunlight as much as possible during the peak sun hours, generally 10 a.m. to 3 p.m., or seek shade during this part of day. […] Wear broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 containing both UVA and UVB protection. […] Reapply sunscreen frequently, at least every two hours when outdoors, especially if you perspire or you’ve been swimming. […] Wear lip balm with an SPF 15 or higher. […] Wear a hat and other protective clothing while in the sun. […] If you’re taking an antibiotic or other medications, ask your doctor or nurse if it may increase your skin’s sensitivity to the sun. […] An important part of skin cancer prevention and detection is learning to recognize skin changes that may become cancerous and alerting your doctor to any suspicious moles.

• #1 Living with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Secondary Prevention – Skin Cancer Consortium for Advocacy, Research, & Education

  https://skincancerinfo.org/bcc-living-with-secondary-prevention/

  After the initial surgical procedure or other treatment for your basal cell carcinoma (BCC), you can take proactive measures to prevent additional tumors from forming (secondary prevention). These preventive steps include keeping an appropriate follow-up medical appointment schedule, conducting skin self-examinations, and practicing sun safety. […] After you have completed your treatment for BCC, it is important to keep all follow-up medical appointments, because you are at risk of your BCC returning (recurring) as well as for developing a new BCC. Of all patients with BCC, thirty to fifty percent will develop another BCC within five years. […] Its important that you conduct skin self-examinations on a regular basis. These exams are an important aspect of early detection for BCC and other skin cancers.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-prevention-pdq

  Individuals who have light-hair and -eye color, freckles, and who sunburn easily are particularly susceptible to developing skin cancer. […] Observational and analytic epidemiological studies have consistently shown that increased cumulative sun exposure is a risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma. […] Organ transplant recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs are at an elevated risk of developing skin cancer, particularly SCC. […] Arsenic exposure also increases the risk of keratinocytic cancers and melanoma. […] Based on solid evidence, individuals with fair skin types (light or pale skin, light-hair and -eye color, freckles, or those who burn easily) are associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). […] Based on solid evidence, sun and UV radiation exposure are associated with an increased risk of SCC and BCC.

• #1 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] People infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, often have weakened immune systems and also are at increased risk for basal and squamous cell cancers. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-prevention-pdq

  Based on solid evidence, immunosuppression after organ transplant is associated with an increased risk of SCC and BCC. […] Based on fair evidence, arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of keratinocyte carcinoma. […] There is one well designed randomized controlled trial (RCT) that demonstrated the use of topical fluorouracil on sun-damaged skin prevents additional actinic keratoses and SCC requiring surgery. […] Evidence from 21 RCTs demonstrated that behavior counseling for children and families and for adults improves sun protective behaviors. […] Sunscreen has been shown to prevent sunburns and actinic keratoses. […] A randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 240 people at high risk of skin cancer (each with 10-40 actinic keratoses and a history of previous skin cancer) who were given celecoxib 200 mg twice daily or a placebo for 9 months.

• #1 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Its important to know about the risk factors for skin cancer because there may be things you can do that could lower your risk of getting it. […] If you are at higher risk because of certain factors, there are also things you can do that might help find it early, when its likely to be easier to treat. […] Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin.

• #1 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most frequent types of cancer in the United States and represent 75 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of all nonmelanoma skin cancers. Since ultraviolet radiation is implicated in their development, photoprotection is fundamental in their prevention. […] Additional preventive measures include identifying high-risk individuals for early detection along with using agents, such as retinoids, that are effective in decreasing the risk of premalignant cells further developing into carcinomas. […] The approach to NMSC prevention begins with the identification of high-risk individuals. Individuals with UVR-related skin cancers (i.e., BCC and SCC) usually have the following qualities: Fitzpatrick III skin phototype; male gender; older age (40-79 years old); history of chronic UVR exposure; living in lower latitudes (closer to the equator); predisposal to genetic disorders, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), epidermodysplasia verruciformis, and albinism; immuno-suppression; status post-organ transplantation; exposure to ionizing radiation, coal tars, soot, petroleum oils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic; burn scars; and infection with human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 30, and 33 (SCC).

• #1 High-Risk Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Clinic | Dermatology | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/dermatology/high-risk-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-clinic

  High-Risk Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Clinic provides comprehensive and coordinated care for patients at high risk for skin cancer. This includes organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, patients on long-term or drug-induced immunosuppression, and other patients with an increased risk of skin cancer, such as those with a genetic predisposition. […] Our team of a medical dermatologist and surgical dermatologist provide care that focuses on patient education, skin cancer prevention, and timely recognition and treatment of skin cancers. […] Methods of reducing risk of developing skin cancers. […] Ideally, patients should be seen prior to, or soon after, their transplant. This allows us to determine your risk of skin cancer post-transplant and develop an appropriate skin cancer prevention plan. […] Minimize risk of skin cancer through education and preventative care.

• #1 Secondary Prevention Strategies for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/secondary-prevention-strategies-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  Implementation of secondary prevention strategies are important for patients at high risk for development of nonmelanoma skin cancers. […] Use of chemopreventive agents such as nicotinamide may be an effective secondary prevention strategy for select patients. […] Additional research is required to evaluate the efficacy of novel chemopreventive agents for the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers. […] In addition to skin cancer screening, chemoprevention may be an appropriate secondary prevention strategy in some patients. The use of chemopreventive agents should be considered in patients who develop multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers per year and/or aggressive tumors, or those who have rapid development of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers. We generally favor consideration of nicotinamide in high-risk immunocompetent patients due to the favorable toxicity profile and efficacy.

• #1 4 ways to protect against skin cancer (other than sunscreen) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/4-ways-to-protect-against-skin-cancer-other-than-sunscreen-2018042713722

  Nicotinamide is a form of vitamin B3 that has been shown to reduce the number of skin cancers. In a randomized controlled trial performed in Australia (published in the New England Journal of Medicine), the risks of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were significantly reduced by 23%. […] NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, may have a modest effect on skin cancer prevention. A systematic review showed that the risk of squamous cell carcinoma was reduced by 15% with non-aspirin NSAIDs, and by 18% with any NSAID. […] Polypodium leukotomos is a tropical fern found in Central and South America that has antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, and is being marketed as an oral „sunscreen.” […] Two meta-analyses suggested an association between skin cancer and alcohol intake. One study found that the risk of basal cell carcinoma increased by 7% and squamous cell carcinoma by 11% for every standard beer or small glass of wine each day.

• #1 Vitamin B3 and non-melanoma skin cancer – Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/news/the-role-of-vitamin-b3-in-reducing-non-melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Cancer Council NSW helped fund one of the biggest discoveries in skin cancer research – that vitamin B3 can help reduce non-melanoma skin cancers. […] Professor Damian emphasised that using nicotinamide to prevent skin cancer is a high-dose treatment rather than a supplement. “This treatment is only for people with a defined medical condition – multiple skin cancers.” […] “It’s not suitable for the general population, as we do not have any evidence that it would be beneficial in a lower risk setting.” […] Before taking nicotinamide, people should consult with their dermatologist or general practitioner to see whether nicotinamide is suitable for them. […] Looking ahead, Professor Damian hopes that nicotinamide will continue to reduce rates of non-melanoma skin cancer among people at high risk – but the work does not end here. […] A second avenue of research will investigate whether nicotinamide can help people who are at risk of aggressive skin cancers because they have a chronically suppressed immune system. […] We have now obtained funding for a Phase 3 trial in transplant recipients to help answer this question.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®): Prevention – Patient Information [NCI] | The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore

  https://www.cham.org/health-library/article?id=ncicdr0000062802

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Avoiding cancer risk factors may help prevent certain cancers. Risk factors include smoking, having overweight, and not getting enough exercise. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer. […] Being exposed to ultraviolet radiation is a risk factor for skin cancer. […] Risk factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer: Being exposed to natural sunlight or artificial sunlight (such as from tanning beds) over long periods of time. […] Treatment of sun-damaged skin to prevent skin cancer: Topical fluorouracil. […] A study showed that topical fluorouracil applied on sun-damaged skin daily for up to 4 weeks prevented new actinic keratoses from developing.

• #1 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Isotretinoin and acitretin are the most common systemic retinoids used for NMSC chemoprevention. […] The consumption of a low-fat diet has also been associated with a reduction in the number of AKs in individuals with a history of NMSC and in animal models. […] Current evidence does not support the association of fat intake with the development of BCC. […] Newer agents currently in development or being studied for the prevention of NMSC include the following: Perillyl alcohol (POH) a hydroxylated monoterpene found in essential oils of plants, including citrus peels, mints, and celery seeds with antitumor activity in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis inducing apoptosis, and suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the Ras pathway, and alteration of the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio in mice skin.

• #1 Interventions for preventing non‐melanoma skin cancers in high‐risk groups – Bath‐Hextall, FJ – 2007 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005414.pub2/references

  The skin cancer prevention study: design of a clinical trial of beta-carotene among persons at high risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] Trial of retinol and isotretinoin in skin cancer prevention: a randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial. […] Effect of retinol in preventing squamous cell skin cancer in moderaterisk subjects: A randomized, doubleblind, controlled trial. […] Longterm therapy with lowdose isotretinoin for prevention of basal cell carcinoma: A multicenter clinical trial. […] Effect of topically applied T4 endonuclease V in liposomes on skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum: a randomised study. […] A randomized, 12 year primaryprevention trial of beta carotene supplementation for nonmelanoma skin cancer in the Physicians’ Health Study. […] Daily sunscreen application and beta-carotene supplementation in prevention of basalcell and squamouscell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial.

• #1 Non-melanoma Skin Cancer Prevention: Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Retinoid Dose Response and Measurement Reliability

  https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/195524?show=full

  Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignant neoplasms in the White population, afflicting about 20% at some point in life (1, 2). The incidence of NMSC is increasing by two to three percent per year (2). Strategies for NMSC prevention are important because, although NMSC does not result in substantial mortality, it does have the ability to cause substantial morbidity, including disfigurement and loss of function, and treatment is costly (3). […] Overall, the findings of this research indicated that NSAIDs likely play a role in reducing the risk of developing an SCC in those at high risk, and that the use of oral isotretinoin and retinol play little role in reducing the risk of redevelopment of NMSC in those who have had a previous NMSC. […] More research should be done to address the role of NSAIDs in chemoprevention at both the basic science level and epidemiological level. Additional secondary analyses of large data sets that contain information on NMSC and NSAIDs use should be conducted in order to further strengthen the argument that NSAIDs play a role in reducing NMSC occurrence. Future work should focus on determining the specific populations that could benefit from NSAIDs use for the reduction of NMSC.

• #1 Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc1253

  Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an inhibitor of the UVB-light-induced p38 MAPK pathway and has shown chemopreventive activity in preventing UVB-light-induced skin-tumour development. […] New chemopreventive agents that target UVB-light signalling pathways leading to AP-1 activation and COX2 expression are being translated into the clinic. […] This review describes the translation of laboratory findings concerning UV signal-transduction pathways and pre-clinical studies of chemoprevention agents that target these pathways in patients at high risk for skin cancer.

• #1 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  T4 endonuclease 5 (T4N5) an enzyme involved in the reparation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers generated in the DNA molecule after exposure to UVR, which have been associated with the generation of NMSC. […] A topical formulation has been developed and T4N5 has been found within the cytoplasm and nucleus of epidermal Langerhans cells and keratinocytes in preliminary studies. […] Early clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy (i.e., reduction of 68% of AKs in 30 patients with XP compared with placebo) with good tolerability in the prevention of NMSC. […] Agents that are showing promising results in early phases of clinical trials include betulinic acid; hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors, such as cyclopamine and GDC-0449; a-melanocytestimulating hormone analogs, such as afamelanotide; epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib; anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab and panitumumab; and the 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine.

• #1 Fractional Laser for Prevention of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer – JDDonline – Journal of Drugs in Dermatology

  https://jddonline.com/articles/fractional-laser-for-prevention-of-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-S1545961623P0953X/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) causes significant patient morbidity and healthcare costs; therefore, there is a vested interest in expanding the prevention armamentarium available for high risk patients. […] Fractional lasers (FLs) are currently being studied in the context of NMSC prevention due to their ability to modulate epidermal turnover and signaling molecules crucial for the skin’s protective response against UV. […] FL treatments are thought to reduce risk of NMSC by directly reducing burden of photodamaged keratinocytes, as well as protecting against malignant transformation of keratinocytes. […] FL may reduce risk of keratinocyte photocarcinogenesis by stimulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) signaling, which is involved in UV-induced DNA damage repair. […] FL resurfacing increases IGF-1 levels and decreases occurrence of proliferating UV-damaged keratinocytes. […] FLs are being considered both as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy for treating actinic keratoses (AK), precancerous lesions which can progress to NMSC. […] Data currently suggests that AFLs are non-inferior to other available AK management options.

• #1 Simple Laser Treatments May Help Prevent Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/simple-laser-treatments-may-help-prevent-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  In a study of patients with a history of facial keratinocyte carcinoma, 20.9% of those treated with nonablative fractional lasers experienced a subsequent keratinocyte carcinoma, compared with 40.4% of patients who did not receive laser treatment. […] New research indicates that simple laser treatments to the skin may help to prevent the development of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are collectively known as keratinocyte carcinoma and are the most common types of cancer diagnosed in the United States. […] The rate of subsequent facial keratinocyte carcinoma development over an average follow-up of more than 6 years was 20.9% in NAFL-treated patients and 40.4% in controls, indicating that patients treated with NAFL had about half the risk. […] These findings suggest that NAFL treatment may have an important role in protecting against subsequent keratinocyte carcinomas, says Avram.

• #1 Immunotherapy as Prophylaxis: Exploring the Potential Impact on Hyper-Chronic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers in Retrospective Melanoma Cohorts – Vivli

  https://vivli.org/immunotherapy-as-prophylaxis-exploring-the-potential-impact-on-hyper-chronic-non-melanoma-skin-cancers-in-retrospective-melanoma-cohorts/

  Project Background: skin cancer, including non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), is a prevalent condition affecting many people worldwide. […] Research Approach: Our research aims to investigate whether immunotherapy (IO), a promising treatment for advanced skin cancer, could also help prevent the development of NMSCs in patients previously treated for melanoma. […] In summary, our research seeks to shed light on the potential benefits of immunotherapy in preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in patients previously treated for melanoma.

• #1 Natural Compounds in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Prevention and Treatment

  https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/3/728

  The elevated occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and the adverse effects associated with available treatments adversely impact the quality of life in multiple dimensions. […] Given the morbidity and fatality rates associated with NMSCs, emphasis is placed on the development of effective preventive and treatment strategies. Given the involvement of ultraviolet radiation in their pathogenesis, photoprotection is essential for the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancers. […] Additional preventive measures encompass the early identification of high-risk individuals and the use of agents such as retinoids, known for their efficacy in reducing the risk of pre-malignant cells progressing into carcinomas. […] Here, we examine recent research on using natural compounds in addressing NMSC from the past 10 years. Given the limitations of current NMSC treatments, this paper explores novel natural substance-based strategies, highlighted by their documented efficacy in the literature. This review not only discusses the potential of phytochemical agents from plant extracts, known for their anti-cancer properties, but also addresses the challenges in their application, such as variability in preparation and dosage. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in natural compounds for NMSC prevention and treatment.

• #1 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Prevention – PeopleBeatingCancer

  https://peoplebeatingcancer.org/non-melanoma-skin-cancer-prevention/

  Non-Melanoma skin cancer prevention is easier than you think. […] The challenge of non-Melanoma skin cancer prevention is for me is to figure out how to treat such an early stage form of skin cancer. […] This first experience was enough of a warning for me to learn more about what I could do to treat my NMSCs with evidence-based but non-toxic therapies. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is often found and treated early, so the prognosis is very good. […] More research is needed to establish standardized formulations, dosages, and administration techniques for curcumin in non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Cannabinoid therapies are not yet approved for skin cancer, and clinical efficacy is still under investigation. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents the most prevalent form of skin cancer globally, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being the most common types. […] RES presents a viable candidate for the prevention and treatment of NMSC, owing to its multifaceted mechanisms of action, including its ability to regulate oxidative stress, trigger apoptosis, and inhibit proliferation.

• #1 Skin Cancer – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/skin-cancer.asp

  Eat a low-fat diet with lots of vegetables, fruits and spices, including garlic, onion, turmeric, and foods that contain a lot of beta-carotene, carotenoids, and vitamin C. […] Consider increasing fish intake or taking an omega-3 supplement. […] Drink green tea. […] Consider vitamin D supplementation. […] Consider increasing turmeric/curcumin in diet or taking as a supplement.

• #1 Living with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Secondary Prevention – Skin Cancer Consortium for Advocacy, Research, & Education

  https://skincancerinfo.org/bcc-living-with-secondary-prevention/

  Patients with a history of BCC need to practice meticulous sun protection. […] Chemoprophylaxis, the use of a chemical agent or drug to prevent the development of a disease, has an unclear role in BCC. […] Experts disagree about the role of nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 supplement, to prevent the development of BCCs in patients who have already had one. If you are in a high-risk group (e.g., you have a genetic syndrome), its worth having a conversation about chemoprophylaxis with your doctor.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519527/

  Most skin cancers can be prevented, but this requires education of the public. Besides the physician, both the nurse and pharmacist can play a valuable role in this type of intervention. The public needs to know that besides the sun other risk factors for skin cancer include tanning beds and chemical exposure like arsenia. For those who prefer the outdoor lifestyle, they need to wear sun protective clothing, discontinue smoking, wear sunglasses and liberally use UV protection sunscreen. Finally, patients need to know how to examine their skin and when to see a healthcare provider.

• #1 Health and Economic Benefits of Skin Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/skin-cancer.html

  Prohibiting the use of indoor tanning among minors younger than 18 could prevent an estimated 61,839 melanoma cases and 6,735 melanoma deaths over the lifetime of young people aged 14 or younger in 2013. These reductions could save more than $342 million in treatment costs. […] The best way to reduce skin cancer risk is for people to make sun safety an everyday habit and avoid indoor tanning and sun tanning. […] Communities and decision makers can help put proven skin cancer prevention programs into action. […] Increase shade at playgrounds, public pools, and other public spaces. […] Promote sun protection in recreation areas, including selling hats, sunscreen, and sunglasses. […] Encourage employers, childcare centers, schools, and colleges to teach employees and students about sun safety and skin protection.

• #1 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.skcin.org/skin-cancer-types/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common form of cancer in the UK and worldwide. […] Early detection is key. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer typically develop on areas of skin most frequently exposed to UV radiation such as the face, scalp, chest and forearms, but they can arise on other areas of the body. […] As the majority appear on the face surgery to remove the cancer, if detected at later stages can cause disfigurement and in rarer cases can become life-threatening, so early detection is key. […] Early diagnosis of skin cancer is vital. Seeking immediate advice from a qualified healthcare practitioner with concerns can make a huge difference to patient outcomes. […] 90% of skin cancers are preventable and almost always curable if detected early.

• #1 Skin Cancer Prevention – Dermatology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/dermatology/patient-resources/skin-cancer-prevention

  All people, regardless of their skin type, are at risk for developing skin cancer. […] The following warning signs could be an indication that a growth may be cancerous: […] Use the mnemonic PROTECT to remember these important strategies for sun protection and early detection and prevention of skin cancer: […] Generously apply a broad spectrum sunscreen that blocks UVA and UVB rays at least 15 to 30 minutes prior to sun exposure. […] Cover all sun-exposed areas including your lips. […] Reapply sunscreen every few hours, and after swimming, sweating or exercising. […] Wear sun-protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, broad-brimmed hats and sunglasses when outdoors for extended periods of time or if you have any of the risk factors below. […] Even if you dont have any of the above Risk Factors for skin cancer, you should see your dermatologist at least once per year. […] Sun protection saves lives. […] Take your skin and these sun protection strategies seriously to minimize your risk for developing skin cancer and other sun-related skin conditions. […] Early detection and treatment is key to recovery.

• #1 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html

  According to WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, ideal sun protection involves several behaviors, including wearing tightly woven protective clothing, wearing a hat that provides adequate shade to the whole head, seeking shade whenever possible, avoiding outdoor activities during periods of peak sunlight (such as midday), and using sunscreen (in conjunction with other sun protection behaviors). […] Sunburns in childhood are a clear risk factor for skin cancers later in life, and building healthy habits early when children are more receptive can lead to increased sun protection into adulthood. […] Similar to schools, outdoor work settings are an important setting for efforts to prevent overexposure to the sun and reduce skin cancer risk. […] The Guide to Community Preventive Services states that sufficient evidence exists to recommend multicomponent, communitywide interventions, as well as interventions designed for certain settings (specifically, child care centers, primary and middle schools, outdoor recreational and tourism settings, and outdoor occupational settings).

• #1 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html

  This section presents five strategic goals to support skin cancer prevention in the United States. […] Strategies that change the context or environment to support healthy choices generally have greater reach and are more effective at the population level than strategies focused on individual behavior. […] To reduce skin cancers in the population, people must get the information they need to make informed choices about sun protection, policies must support these efforts, youth must be protected from harms of indoor tanning, and adequate investments need to be made in skin cancer research and surveillance.

• #1 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  The incidence and prevalence of NMSC will continue to rise due to several factors including, but not limited to, the increase in human lifespan, early detection, and awareness campaigns. Preventive measures include sun protection and consumption of low fat diets, along with retinoids and newer agents, such as perillyl alcohol, T4N5, DFMO, and DL-a tocopherol.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-001-0080-x

  Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas comprise the majority of non-melanoma skin cancers. […] This review is intended to update readers on the current findings in research on the prevention of these diseases. Topics covered include preventive strategies targeting high-risk populations, chemoprevention (including treatment of intraepithelial neoplasia), and an overview of recent and ongoing clinical and preclinical studies involving new chemopreventive agents. […] Results of the first successful phase III randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial, which showed that oral vitamin A successfully prevents SCC in patients with multiple AK. […] Reduction of solar keratoses by regular sunscreen use. […] Daily sunscreen application and beta-carotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: a randomised controlled trial. […] Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. […] Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

• #2 Reducing your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks/reducing-your-risk

  You may lower your risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer by doing the following. […] The best way to lower your risk of developing skin cancer is to protect yourself from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Try to lower the amount of time you spend in the sun between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., when the suns rays are at their strongest, or any time of the day when the UV Index is 3 or more. […] Protecting children from the sun may greatly reduce their lifetime risk of developing skin cancer. […] Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds or sun lamps, gives off UV radiation that is up to 5 times stronger than the midday sun on a summer day. […] To lower your risk for non-melanoma skin cancer, try to avoid any exposure to arsenic and the following products: coal and shale, industrial tar and pitch, creosote, chimney soot, paraffin.

• #2 Skin Cancer Prevention

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/

  Skin cancer prevention requires a comprehensive approach to protecting yourself against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] The Skin Cancer Foundation recommends that you: Seek the shade, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM. Don’t get sunburned. Avoid tanning, and never use UV tanning beds. Cover up with clothing, including a broad-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses. Use a broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every day. For extended outdoor activity, use a water-resistant, broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen with an SPF of 50 or higher. Apply 1 ounce (2 tablespoons) of sunscreen to your entire body 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply every two hours or after swimming or excessive sweating. Keep newborns out of the sun. Use sunscreen on babies over the age of six months. Examine your skin head-to-toe every month. See a dermatologist at least once a year for a professional skin exam.

• #2 Health and Economic Benefits of Skin Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/skin-cancer.html

  Restrict the availability and use of indoor tanning by minors. […] Using proven community skin cancer prevention programs could: INCREASE use of sun protection, such as seeking shade; wearing a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and long-sleeved shirt; and using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of at least 15. […] PREVENT sunburns and premature skin aging and lower the risk of skin cancer by reducing unnecessary sun exposure and sun damage. […] REDUCE harms from the use of indoor tanning devices, including skin burns, eye damage, and increased risk of skin cancer. […] CDC leads skin cancer prevention efforts by: Using national surveillance data to monitor trends in melanoma cases and deaths and skin cancer risk factors. […] Making sure partners and the public have accurate and timely information about skin cancer prevention and resources to help them put the science of skin cancer prevention into action in their communities.

• #2 Melanoma Prevention and Screening Information | Skin Cancer Program | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/skin-cancer/melanoma/prevention

  Protect yourself from the sun. The main preventable cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet light. This is even more important if you have relatives who have had the disease. Limit the time you spend in the sun, particularly between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Use sunscreen or cover up with clothing anytime you are outdoors. […] Everyone should use a sunscreen with at least an SPF of 15. If your skin changes color more quickly, use one with a higher SPF. Be sure to reapply it frequently, particularly if you’ve been swimming or sweating. Also, use enough sunscreen to adequately cover all exposed body parts. For most adults, this would equate to about a shot glass of sunscreen. […] Parents need to be especially vigilant and ensure that their children wear sunscreen at all times when they are outdoors. Studies have shown that most people get about 80 percent of their exposure to the sun before age 18. This exposure can cause permanent damage that accumulates over the years and leads to melanoma.

• #2 Take Steps to Prevent Skin Cancer – MyHealthfinder | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/myhealthfinder/health-conditions/cancer/take-steps-prevent-skin-cancer

  To learn more about skin cancer, check out: Skin Cancer, Skin Cancer and Aging. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the main cause of skin cancer. […] Anyone can get skin cancer. […] Take these simple steps to help prevent damage to your skin. […] Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. The suns rays are the strongest from mid-morning to late afternoon. […] Wear a long-sleeved shirt and long pants or a long skirt when you spend time outdoors. […] Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher. […] Use sunscreen with both UVA and UVB protection, also called broad spectrum sunscreen. […] Tanning beds, tanning booths, and sunlamps are not any safer than tanning in the sun. […] Just like tanning in the sun, indoor tanning can cause skin cancer, wrinkles, age spots, and other damage to your skin and eyes. […] See a doctor or nurse right away if you notice: A new growth (like a mole or lump) on your skin, An existing growth that has changed in size, shape, color, or feel, A mole that bleeds or a sore that doesnt heal. […] Most skin changes are harmless, but only a doctor or nurse can tell you for sure.

• #2 Skin Cancer | Division of Public Health

  https://www.dph.ncdhhs.gov/programs/chronic-disease-and-injury/cancer-prevention-and-control-branch/nc-priority-cancers/skin-cancer

  Treatment is usually most successful when cancer is detected early. […] Tips to Reduce Your Risk: Seek shade when appropriate. The suns rays are strongest from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. If your shadow is shorter than you, seek shade. Wear protective clothing. Choose a lightweight long-sleeve shirt, pants and wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses, when possible. Use sunscreen. Apply broad spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. Use sunscreen whenever you are outside, even on cloudy days. Reapply sunscreen every two hours. Avoid tanning beds. The ultraviolet lights from tanning beds can cause skin cancer and premature skin aging. Just one indoor session can increase your risk of developing: Melanoma by 20% […] Know your family health history, including skin cancer.

• #2 Skin cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/skin-cancer

  Non-melanoma skin cancers include basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). […] After you have had treatment for skin cancer it is even more important to protect yourself from the sun. Find out how you can protect your skin in our information about sun safety and cancer treatment. […] It is also important to: Never use an indoor tanning device, such as a sunbed or sunlamp. If you want to look tanned, use fake tan. […] Check your skin regularly for any changes. […] If you are not often outdoors or in the sun, ask your specialist doctor or GP to check your vitamin D levels. Vitamin D is important for general health and can become low in people who avoid the sun or are indoors most of the time. You may need to take vitamin D supplements if your levels are low.

• #2 Health and Economic Benefits of Skin Cancer Interventions | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/priorities/skin-cancer.html

  Prohibiting the use of indoor tanning among minors younger than 18 could prevent an estimated 61,839 melanoma cases and 6,735 melanoma deaths over the lifetime of young people aged 14 or younger in 2013. These reductions could save more than $342 million in treatment costs. […] The best way to reduce skin cancer risk is for people to make sun safety an everyday habit and avoid indoor tanning and sun tanning. […] Communities and decision makers can help put proven skin cancer prevention programs into action. […] Increase shade at playgrounds, public pools, and other public spaces. […] Promote sun protection in recreation areas, including selling hats, sunscreen, and sunglasses. […] Encourage employers, childcare centers, schools, and colleges to teach employees and students about sun safety and skin protection.

• #2 Living with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Secondary Prevention – Skin Cancer Consortium for Advocacy, Research, & Education

  https://skincancerinfo.org/bcc-living-with-secondary-prevention/

  After the initial surgical procedure or other treatment for your basal cell carcinoma (BCC), you can take proactive measures to prevent additional tumors from forming (secondary prevention). These preventive steps include keeping an appropriate follow-up medical appointment schedule, conducting skin self-examinations, and practicing sun safety. […] After you have completed your treatment for BCC, it is important to keep all follow-up medical appointments, because you are at risk of your BCC returning (recurring) as well as for developing a new BCC. Of all patients with BCC, thirty to fifty percent will develop another BCC within five years. […] Its important that you conduct skin self-examinations on a regular basis. These exams are an important aspect of early detection for BCC and other skin cancers.

• #2 Skin Cancer Prevention – Dermatology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/dermatology/patient-resources/skin-cancer-prevention

  All people, regardless of their skin type, are at risk for developing skin cancer. […] The following warning signs could be an indication that a growth may be cancerous: […] Use the mnemonic PROTECT to remember these important strategies for sun protection and early detection and prevention of skin cancer: […] Generously apply a broad spectrum sunscreen that blocks UVA and UVB rays at least 15 to 30 minutes prior to sun exposure. […] Cover all sun-exposed areas including your lips. […] Reapply sunscreen every few hours, and after swimming, sweating or exercising. […] Wear sun-protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, broad-brimmed hats and sunglasses when outdoors for extended periods of time or if you have any of the risk factors below. […] Even if you dont have any of the above Risk Factors for skin cancer, you should see your dermatologist at least once per year. […] Sun protection saves lives. […] Take your skin and these sun protection strategies seriously to minimize your risk for developing skin cancer and other sun-related skin conditions. […] Early detection and treatment is key to recovery.

• #2 Skin Cancer and Prevention | UT Health East Texas

  https://uthealtheasttexas.com/news/skin-cancer-and-prevention

  Non-melanoma skin cancer affects more than 3 million Americans a year. […] Prevention strategies are the same for all skin cancers: […] Protection from UV rays (cover up, avoid peak times) […] Avoid getting sunburn […] Avoid tanning and never use UV tanning beds […] Use broad spectrum (UVA/UVB) sunscreen […] Apply sunscreen to entire body 30 minutes before sun exposure and reapply every 2 hours or after swimming or excessive sweating […] Keep newborns out of the sun […] Examine skin head to toe every month […] Have professional skin exam at least once a year. […] Lifelong prevention strategies need to be implemented and followed not only during summer months, but all year round.

• #2 Prevention of Non Melanoma | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/non-melanoma/about-this-condition/prevention.html

  Nonmelanoma skin cancer includes all skin cancer types that arent melanoma. […] The best way to prevent skin cancer is to limit your exposure to the sun, specifically: […] Use sunscreen. Make sure to follow instructions about how much to apply and how often to re-apply it. […] If you have had skin cancer, you have a greater chance of getting it again. Therefore, its important to reduce your sun exposure and see your dermatologist annually for a skin exam. […] The cornerstone of preventing skin cancer is limiting your exposure to sun. Ways to do that include: […] Use sunscreen. Its important to follow the sunscreen labels instructions on how much to apply to your skin, and how often to re-apply it. […] Once a patient has had skin cancer, there is probably a higher risk of getting it again. There is about 40 to 60 percent chance of developing another skin cancer, so limiting your sun exposure is important. Seeing a dermatologist at least once a year for a skin exam is also important.

• #2 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most frequent types of cancer in the United States and represent 75 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of all nonmelanoma skin cancers. Since ultraviolet radiation is implicated in their development, photoprotection is fundamental in their prevention. […] Additional preventive measures include identifying high-risk individuals for early detection along with using agents, such as retinoids, that are effective in decreasing the risk of premalignant cells further developing into carcinomas. […] The approach to NMSC prevention begins with the identification of high-risk individuals. Individuals with UVR-related skin cancers (i.e., BCC and SCC) usually have the following qualities: Fitzpatrick III skin phototype; male gender; older age (40-79 years old); history of chronic UVR exposure; living in lower latitudes (closer to the equator); predisposal to genetic disorders, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS), epidermodysplasia verruciformis, and albinism; immuno-suppression; status post-organ transplantation; exposure to ionizing radiation, coal tars, soot, petroleum oils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and arsenic; burn scars; and infection with human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 30, and 33 (SCC).

• #2 Skin Cancer | Division of Public Health

  https://www.dph.ncdhhs.gov/programs/chronic-disease-and-injury/cancer-prevention-and-control-branch/nc-priority-cancers/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. It is also one of the most preventable and highly treatable type of cancers when caught early. […] These risk factors may increase your chances for developing skin cancer: Personal and/or family history of skin cancer. Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure from the sun or other sources such as tanning beds and sun lamps. A lighter natural skin color or skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily or becomes painful in the sun. Certain types and a large number of moles. […] Screening helps detect cancer earlier. Check your skin regularly for any new or abnormal moles or other growths. If you notice new or suspicious spots on your skin, or if anything changes, itches or bleeds, see a healthcare provider. […] Talk to your healthcare provider about when to start and how often to get screened.

• #2 High-Risk Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Clinic | Dermatology | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/dermatology/high-risk-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-clinic

  High-Risk Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Clinic provides comprehensive and coordinated care for patients at high risk for skin cancer. This includes organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, patients on long-term or drug-induced immunosuppression, and other patients with an increased risk of skin cancer, such as those with a genetic predisposition. […] Our team of a medical dermatologist and surgical dermatologist provide care that focuses on patient education, skin cancer prevention, and timely recognition and treatment of skin cancers. […] Methods of reducing risk of developing skin cancers. […] Ideally, patients should be seen prior to, or soon after, their transplant. This allows us to determine your risk of skin cancer post-transplant and develop an appropriate skin cancer prevention plan. […] Minimize risk of skin cancer through education and preventative care.

• #2 New Clinical Guidelines for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Published by Dermatology Association of Radiation Therapy

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/new-clinical-guidelines-for-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer-published-by-dermatology-association-of-radiation-therapy

  The guidelines for BCC and SCC treatment with IGSRT detail diagnosis, staging, contraindications, protocols, and emphasize the essential role of a multidisciplinary team. […] The guidelines offer comprehensive criteria for the use of IGSRT in treating both BCC and SCC, covering aspects such as: Diagnosis and staging, Indications and contraindications, Detailed treatment protocols, Follow-up procedures. […] A significant component of the guidelines is the strong endorsement of a multidisciplinary team approach. […] Absolute contraindications for IGSRT include Gorlins syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, ataxia telangiectasia, prior ionizing radiation at the proposed treatment site, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] High-resolution diagnostic ultrasound imaging is crucial for accurate diagnosis and staging, confirming or revealing tumor characteristics post-biopsy, according to the guidelines.

• #2 Living with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Secondary Prevention – Skin Cancer Consortium for Advocacy, Research, & Education

  https://skincancerinfo.org/bcc-living-with-secondary-prevention/

  Patients with a history of BCC need to practice meticulous sun protection. […] Chemoprophylaxis, the use of a chemical agent or drug to prevent the development of a disease, has an unclear role in BCC. […] Experts disagree about the role of nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 supplement, to prevent the development of BCCs in patients who have already had one. If you are in a high-risk group (e.g., you have a genetic syndrome), its worth having a conversation about chemoprophylaxis with your doctor.

• #2 Secondary Prevention Strategies for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/secondary-prevention-strategies-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  Implementation of secondary prevention strategies are important for patients at high risk for development of nonmelanoma skin cancers. […] Use of chemopreventive agents such as nicotinamide may be an effective secondary prevention strategy for select patients. […] Additional research is required to evaluate the efficacy of novel chemopreventive agents for the prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers. […] In addition to skin cancer screening, chemoprevention may be an appropriate secondary prevention strategy in some patients. The use of chemopreventive agents should be considered in patients who develop multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers per year and/or aggressive tumors, or those who have rapid development of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers. We generally favor consideration of nicotinamide in high-risk immunocompetent patients due to the favorable toxicity profile and efficacy.

• #2 Skin Cancer Prevention | Skin Cancer Information | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/cancer-services/skin-cancer/prevention

  Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. […] Being exposed to ultraviolet radiation is a risk factor for skin cancer. […] Treatment of sun-damaged skin to prevent skin cancer: Topical fluorouracil. […] It is not known if the following lower the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer: Sunscreen use and avoiding sun exposure. […] Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer. […] New ways to prevent skin cancer are being studied in clinical trials.

• #2 Skin Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-prevention-pdq

  Based on solid evidence, immunosuppression after organ transplant is associated with an increased risk of SCC and BCC. […] Based on fair evidence, arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of keratinocyte carcinoma. […] There is one well designed randomized controlled trial (RCT) that demonstrated the use of topical fluorouracil on sun-damaged skin prevents additional actinic keratoses and SCC requiring surgery. […] Evidence from 21 RCTs demonstrated that behavior counseling for children and families and for adults improves sun protective behaviors. […] Sunscreen has been shown to prevent sunburns and actinic keratoses. […] A randomized controlled trial (RCT) included 240 people at high risk of skin cancer (each with 10-40 actinic keratoses and a history of previous skin cancer) who were given celecoxib 200 mg twice daily or a placebo for 9 months.

• #2 Interventions for preventing non‐melanoma skin cancers in high‐risk groups – Bath‐Hextall, FJ – 2007 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005414.pub2/references

  Interventions for preventing nonmelanoma skin cancers in highrisk groups […] Evidence that a lowfat diet reduces the occurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: A doubleblind, placebocontrolled study. […] Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. […] Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. […] Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomised trial. […] Acitretin treatment of premalignant and malignant skin disorders in renal transplant recipients: clinical effects of a randomized trial comparing two doses of acitretin. […] Acitretin for chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients.

• #2 Interventions for preventing non‐melanoma skin cancers in high‐risk groups – Bath‐Hextall, FJ – 2007 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005414.pub2/references

  The Nambour Skin Cancer and Actinic Eye Disease Prevention Trial: design and baseline characteristics of participants. […] The case for sunscreens: a review of their use in preventing actinic damage and neoplasia. […] Educational programmes for the skin cancer prevention. […] General guidelines for a lowfat diet effective in the management and prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. […] Chemoprevention of basal cell carcinoma with isotretinoin. […] Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. […] The randomized clinical trial: bias in analysis. […] The molecular basis of nonmelanoma skin cancer: new understanding. […] Trends in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers in southeastern Arizona, 19851996. […] Incidence of skin cancer after renal transplantation in The Netherlands.

• #2 Non-melanoma Skin Cancer Prevention: Impact of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Retinoid Dose Response and Measurement Reliability

  https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/195524?show=full

  Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common malignant neoplasms in the White population, afflicting about 20% at some point in life (1, 2). The incidence of NMSC is increasing by two to three percent per year (2). Strategies for NMSC prevention are important because, although NMSC does not result in substantial mortality, it does have the ability to cause substantial morbidity, including disfigurement and loss of function, and treatment is costly (3). […] Overall, the findings of this research indicated that NSAIDs likely play a role in reducing the risk of developing an SCC in those at high risk, and that the use of oral isotretinoin and retinol play little role in reducing the risk of redevelopment of NMSC in those who have had a previous NMSC. […] More research should be done to address the role of NSAIDs in chemoprevention at both the basic science level and epidemiological level. Additional secondary analyses of large data sets that contain information on NMSC and NSAIDs use should be conducted in order to further strengthen the argument that NSAIDs play a role in reducing NMSC occurrence. Future work should focus on determining the specific populations that could benefit from NSAIDs use for the reduction of NMSC.

• #2 Nonsurgical Innovations in the Treatment of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer | JCAD – The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology

  https://jcadonline.com/nonsurgical-innovations-in-the-treatment-of-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/

  Isotretinoin and acitretin are the most common systemic retinoids used for NMSC chemoprevention. […] The consumption of a low-fat diet has also been associated with a reduction in the number of AKs in individuals with a history of NMSC and in animal models. […] Current evidence does not support the association of fat intake with the development of BCC. […] Newer agents currently in development or being studied for the prevention of NMSC include the following: Perillyl alcohol (POH) a hydroxylated monoterpene found in essential oils of plants, including citrus peels, mints, and celery seeds with antitumor activity in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis inducing apoptosis, and suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the Ras pathway, and alteration of the Bax:Bcl-2 ratio in mice skin.

• #2 Skin cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer

  Vitamin supplements and antioxidant supplements have not been found to have an effect in prevention. […] A meta-analysis of skin cancer prevention in high risk individuals found evidence that topical application of T4N5 liposome lotion reduced the rate of appearance of basal cell carcinomas in people with xeroderma pigmentosum, and that acitretin taken by mouth may have a skin protective benefit in people following kidney transplant. […] A paper published in January 2022 showed that a vaccine that stimulates the production of a protein critical to the skin’s antioxidant network could reinforce people’s defenses against skin cancer.

• #2 Simple Laser Treatments May Help Prevent Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer

  https://www.massgeneral.org/news/press-release/simple-laser-treatments-may-help-prevent-nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  In a study of patients with a history of facial keratinocyte carcinoma, 20.9% of those treated with nonablative fractional lasers experienced a subsequent keratinocyte carcinoma, compared with 40.4% of patients who did not receive laser treatment. […] New research indicates that simple laser treatments to the skin may help to prevent the development of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are collectively known as keratinocyte carcinoma and are the most common types of cancer diagnosed in the United States. […] The rate of subsequent facial keratinocyte carcinoma development over an average follow-up of more than 6 years was 20.9% in NAFL-treated patients and 40.4% in controls, indicating that patients treated with NAFL had about half the risk. […] These findings suggest that NAFL treatment may have an important role in protecting against subsequent keratinocyte carcinomas, says Avram.

• #2 Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Prevention – PeopleBeatingCancer

  https://peoplebeatingcancer.org/non-melanoma-skin-cancer-prevention/

  Non-Melanoma skin cancer prevention is easier than you think. […] The challenge of non-Melanoma skin cancer prevention is for me is to figure out how to treat such an early stage form of skin cancer. […] This first experience was enough of a warning for me to learn more about what I could do to treat my NMSCs with evidence-based but non-toxic therapies. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is often found and treated early, so the prognosis is very good. […] More research is needed to establish standardized formulations, dosages, and administration techniques for curcumin in non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Cannabinoid therapies are not yet approved for skin cancer, and clinical efficacy is still under investigation. […] Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents the most prevalent form of skin cancer globally, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) being the most common types. […] RES presents a viable candidate for the prevention and treatment of NMSC, owing to its multifaceted mechanisms of action, including its ability to regulate oxidative stress, trigger apoptosis, and inhibit proliferation.

• #2 Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling | Nature Reviews Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc1253

  Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an inhibitor of the UVB-light-induced p38 MAPK pathway and has shown chemopreventive activity in preventing UVB-light-induced skin-tumour development. […] New chemopreventive agents that target UVB-light signalling pathways leading to AP-1 activation and COX2 expression are being translated into the clinic. […] This review describes the translation of laboratory findings concerning UV signal-transduction pathways and pre-clinical studies of chemoprevention agents that target these pathways in patients at high risk for skin cancer.

• #2 Basal Cell Carcinoma Warning Signs and Images

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/bcc-warning-signs-images/

  If you’ve already had a BCC, you are more likely to develop another, especially in the same sun-damaged area or nearby. […] A BCC can recur even when it has been carefully removed the first time, because some cancer cells may remain undetectable after surgery and others can form roots that extend beyond what’s visible. […] Here’s what you can do to detect a recurrence and prevent further skin damage that can lead to cancer: […] Be sun-safe every day of the year: Avoid unprotected UV exposure, seek the shade, especially when the sun is strongest and use a broad-spectrum sunscreen, a wide-brimmed hat and UV-blocking sunglasses. Safeguarding yourself every day is the single most effective way to reduce your risk of developing skin cancer. Get more skin cancer prevention guidelines.

• #2 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html

  According to WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, ideal sun protection involves several behaviors, including wearing tightly woven protective clothing, wearing a hat that provides adequate shade to the whole head, seeking shade whenever possible, avoiding outdoor activities during periods of peak sunlight (such as midday), and using sunscreen (in conjunction with other sun protection behaviors). […] Sunburns in childhood are a clear risk factor for skin cancers later in life, and building healthy habits early when children are more receptive can lead to increased sun protection into adulthood. […] Similar to schools, outdoor work settings are an important setting for efforts to prevent overexposure to the sun and reduce skin cancer risk. […] The Guide to Community Preventive Services states that sufficient evidence exists to recommend multicomponent, communitywide interventions, as well as interventions designed for certain settings (specifically, child care centers, primary and middle schools, outdoor recreational and tourism settings, and outdoor occupational settings).

• #2 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html

  Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, and most cases are preventable. […] Despite efforts to address skin cancer risk factors, such as inadequate sun protection and intentional tanning behaviors, skin cancer rates, including rates of melanoma, have continued to increase in the United States and worldwide. […] With adequate support and a unified approach, comprehensive, communitywide efforts to prevent skin cancer can work. […] By reducing intentional UV exposure and increasing sun protection, many skin cancer cases can be prevented. […] Individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of developing skin cancer. […] Sun protection helps prevent the harmful effects of sun exposure, including sunburn, skin cancer, premature skin aging, and eye damage.

• #2 Surgeon General Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer: Exec Summ | HHS.govLock

  https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/skin-cancer/executive-summary/index.html

  Policies that address skin cancer prevention vary across the country. […] A few states have passed legislation to support sun-safety education programs and skin cancer prevention awareness. […] Some states and municipalities in the United States have regulations relating to use of indoor tanning devices. […] Federal policies, legislation, and regulations can help prevent skin cancer. […] Sunscreens sold in the United States are governed by FDA as over-the-counter drugs. […] The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer is informed by international efforts to prevent skin cancer. […] Many countries have laws specifically addressing indoor tanning. […] Important strides have been made in skin cancer prevention in the United States, but they have not been sufficient to curb the rising rates of skin cancer incidence.

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