Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nonmelanoma skin cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20355397

  Nonmelanoma skin cancer develops when changes happen in the DNA of skin cells. […] Ultraviolet light, also called UV light, causes most of the DNA changes in skin cells. […] Other factors can contribute to the risk and development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. The exact cause is not always clear.

• #2 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/6

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in humans. The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy; […] Several papers reported genetic and molecular alterations leading to non-melanoma skin cancer. Plenty of risk factors are involved in non-melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis, including genetic and molecular alterations, immunosuppression, and ultraviolet radiation; […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers demonstrated that genetic and molecular alterations are involved in this process. In addition, plenty of non-melanoma skin cancer risk factors are now known, allowing for an effective prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer development.

• #3 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  (1) Background: Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in humans. The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy; […] Plenty of risk factors are involved in non-melanoma skin cancer pathogenesis, including genetic and molecular alterations, immunosuppression, and ultraviolet radiation; […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers demonstrated that genetic and molecular alterations are involved in this process. In addition, plenty of non-melanoma skin cancer risk factors are now known, allowing for an effective prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer development. […] BCC is characterized by cells that resemble epidermal basal cells and it is the least aggressive NMSC.

• #4 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Several risk factors make a person more likely to get basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer. […] Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays is a major risk factor for most skin cancers. […] Anyone can get skin cancer, but people with light-colored skin have a much higher risk than people with naturally darker skin color. […] The risk of getting basal and squamous cell skin cancers rises as people get older. […] Men are more likely than women to get basal and squamous cell cancers of the skin. […] Being exposed to large amounts of arsenic increases the risk of developing skin cancer. […] People who have had radiation treatment have a higher risk of developing skin cancer in the area where the radiation was focused. […] People who have had a basal or squamous cell cancer have a much higher chance of developing another one.

• #5 Skin cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/skin_cancers_non_melanoma/skin-cancer-overview.html

  Over 95% of skin cancers are caused by exposure to UV radiation. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Australia. […] Many factors can increase your risk, including having: pale or freckled skin, especially if it burns easily and doesn’t tan; unprotected exposure to UV radiation, particularly a pattern of short, intense periods of sun exposure and sunburn; a previous skin cancer or a family history of skin cancer. […] People with brown, black, olive or very dark skin have more protection against UV radiation because their skin produces more melanin than fair skin does. However, they can still develop skin cancer.

• #6 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma?

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is mainly caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light comes from the sun, as well as artificial sunbeds and sunlamps. […] Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVB is thought to be the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Certain factors are believed to increase your chances of developing all types of skin cancer, including: pale skin that does not tan easily, red or blonde hair, blue eyes, older age, a large number of moles, a large number of freckles, an area of skin previously damaged by burning or radiotherapy treatment, a condition that suppresses your immune system, such as HIV, medicines that suppress your immune system, commonly used after organ transplants, exposure to certain chemicals, such as creosote and arsenic, a previous diagnosis of skin cancer. […] Research suggests that if you have 2 or more close relatives who have had non-melanoma skin cancer, your chances of developing the condition may be increased.

• #7 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) comprises basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma, together with a host of rare tumours. NMSC is the commonest malignancy among Caucasians and its incidence continues to rise annually. Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSC, causing malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the inflammatory response. Risk factors include sun exposure and immunosuppression. […] Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer are fair skin, genetic susceptibility, living in areas of high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, previous occurrence, age and male sex. […] Exposure to UV radiation initiates approximately 90% of NMSCs. Both BCC and SCC result from the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and suppression of the cutaneous inflammatory response. Iatrogenic immunosuppression following organ transplantation results in a greater incidence of NMSC, with reversal of the BCC: SCC ratio and occurrence of more aggressive SCC. Caucasian transplant recipients have an increased risk of 65250 times for SCC and 1016 times for BCC. HIV infection also confers an approximately 2-fold greater risk of NMSC.

• #8 Skin cancer (non-melanoma) | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/skin-cancer-non-melanoma/

  Non-melanoma skin cancer is mainly caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light comes from the sun, as well as artificial sunbeds and sunlamps. […] Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVB is thought to be the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Repeated sunburn, either by the sun or artificial sources of light, will make your skin more vulnerable to non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Research suggests that if you have 2 or more close relatives who have had non-melanoma skin cancer, your chances of developing the condition may be increased. […] Certain factors are believed to increase your chances of developing all types of skin cancer, including: pale skin that does not tan easily, red or blonde hair, blue eyes, older age, a large number of moles, a large number of freckles, an area of skin previously damaged by burning or radiotherapy treatment, a condition that suppresses your immune system, such as HIV, medicines that suppress your immune system, commonly used after organ transplants, exposure to certain chemicals, such as creosote and arsenic, a previous diagnosis of skin cancer.

• #9 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/6

  The primary risk factor for cutaneous carcinogenesis is cumulative UV exposure from sunlight and/or tanning beds, which lead to UV-induced alteration in skin protein expression. UV exposure is considered as a complete carcinogen, since it affects each stage of carcinogenesis. […] Chronic exposure to nonionizing solar radiation, specifically UVA and UVB, is the most important risk factor in BCC pathogenesis. […] The most important risk factor is represented by UV radiation and sunlight. […] The risk of developing SCC is also increased by exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, above all arsenic. […] Immunosuppression also plays a role in carcinogenesis, leading to an easier NMSC development. Indeed, transplant recipients have a 30-80-fold higher risk of developing NMSC. […] It has been postulated that the heterogeneous expression of class I HLA proteins in SCC may also explain why immunosuppression increases the SCC risk 65-fold, but BCC risk only 10-fold.

• #10

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-and-prevention/

  Most skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVA and UVB damage skin over time, making it more likely for skin cancers to develop. UVC is filtered out by the atmosphere so does not harm our skin. […] Artificial sources of UV light, such as sunlamps and tanning beds, also increase your risk of developing skin cancer. […] You are at a higher risk of getting non-melanoma skin cancer if you: had non-melanoma skin cancer before, have fair skin that does not tan easily, got sunburnt often over years, were in the sun a lot over years – for example, an outdoor worker or you lived in a sunny country, have many moles or freckles, have irregular-shaped moles, used sunlamps and sunbeds, take medicine that suppresses your immune system, have a condition that suppresses your immune system, such as HIV, are 65 or older, have a family history of skin cancer. […] In most cases, non-melanoma skin cancer does not run in families. But research shows that in some families more people than usual get it.

• #11 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  Skin cancer, the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the skin, is mainly caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun and tanning equipment. […] Skin cancers are primarily caused by exposure to DNA-damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation. […] Sun exposure and tanning bed use are major risk factors in its development, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). […] Most skin cancers are caused by UV exposure that damages the DNA of skin cells. […] So people who get too much sun or sunburns have a higher risk for skin cancer, as all wavelengths of UV radiation that reach the Earth’s surface, including UVA and UVB, accelerate skin aging and promote skin cancer development, according to the World Health Organization. […] Indoor tanning equipment, such as sunbeds and tanning lamps, is another source of harmful UV radiation.

• #12 Skin cancer: Causes, types, prevention and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/health/skin-cancer-causes-types-prevention-and-treatment

  UV rays damage genes. If UV causes mutations in genes that control the growth of skin cells or those involved in tumor suppression or DNA repair, it can lead to cancer, according to a 2010 review in the International Journal of Dermatology. […] Arsenic is another cause of skin cancer, according to a 2010 review published in the journal Cancers. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers don’t usually run in families, but people with a family history of melanoma face a higher-than-average risk of developing the disease themselves.

• #13 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  However, ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays the most important role in BCC pathogenesis, although the relationship between UV radiation and BCC development remains highly controversial. […] Several risk factors have been reported in SCC patients, including Fitzpatrick skin types I and II, outdoor occupation, human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18 and 31, and cutaneous genetically inherited skin diseases, like albinism, xeroderma pigmentosum and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] However, the most important risk factor is represented by UV radiation and sunlight. […] In addition, UV exposure affects the p53 expression, which is altered in both AKs and SCC. […] It has been reported that several class I and class II HLA allele groups were associated with SCC in immunosuppressed patients, including HLA-B*27, HLA-A*03 and HLA-DQA1*01.

• #14 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  Therefore, Yesantharao et al. proposed that the abnormal expression of the HLA-G protein on the surface of SCC cancer cells in immunosuppressed patients allowed for the evasion of immune surveillance. […] It has been reported that UV radiation-induced photolesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are immune-suppressive. […] The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy. […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers have demonstrated the presence of genetic and molecular alterations involved in this process. […] As reported, avoiding excessive exposure to UV radiation, particularly prolonged or midday sunlight exposure, and use of sun-protective clothing and sunscreens is the most important factor in preventing NMSC formation, since cancer field can be the first step of invasive SCC development.

• #15 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  In addition to HH, the tumor protein 53 (TP53) gene has been described as the second most frequent cause of BCC as cell cycle arrest is dysregulated. […] Skin cancers possess a heightened immunogenicity stemming from the presence of tumor-associated antigens, mutations, and/or expression of viral genes. Recent observations indicate a global surge in skin cancer rates, primarily attributed to several key factors, including climatic shifts, fair skin complexion, prolonged exposure to sunlight, advanced ages, and low social conditions. […] NMSC stems from epidermal cells and exhibits typical epidemiological patterns, such as a higher occurrence among Caucasian populations. Although the development of BCC and cSCC can be due to exposure to physical carcinogens, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stands out as the predominant risk factor. UVR can directly induce the malignant transformation of precursor cells.

• #16

  https://www.clearskinderm.com/non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Skin cancers are persistent growths that occur on the skin, usually in areas that have been overly exposed to the sun or UVA rays from tanning beds. There are three types of skin cancers: melanoma and the two non-melanoma skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). After a lifetime of unprotected UV exposure from the sun or tanning beds, the skin accumulates DNA damage that causes the skin cells to begin dividing out of control. When that damage becomes extensive enough, skin cancer develops. […] We know that BCCs seem to be associated with a history of intermittent intense sun exposure (think sunburns on a beach vacation) while SCCs are most often caused by longstanding sun exposure (think golfers, farmers, or outdoor workers).

• #17 Skin cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_cancer

  Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun or tanning beds is a primary cause of skin cancer. […] More than 90% of cases are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. […] This exposure increases the risk of all three main types of skin cancer. […] Tanning beds are another common source of ultraviolet radiation. […] For melanomas and basal-cell cancers, exposure during childhood is particularly harmful. […] For squamous-cell skin cancers, total exposure, irrespective of when it occurs, is more important. […] People with lighter skin are at higher risk as are those with poor immune function such as from medications or HIV/AIDS. […] Ultraviolet radiation from sun exposure is the primary environmental cause of skin cancer. […] Other risk factors that play a role include light skin color, age, smoking tobacco, HPV infections, some genetic syndromes, chronic non-healing wounds, ionizing radiation, and excessive alcohol consumption. […] The use of many immunosuppressive medications increases the risk of skin cancer.

• #18 Skin cancer – information about the causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/skin-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-skin-cancer

  Exposure to ultraviolet light (UV light) is the biggest risk factor for skin cancer, but other factors can increase your risk. […] The biggest risk factor for skin cancer is exposure to ultraviolet light (UV light). This can be through sunlight or indoor tanning devices, such as sunbeds. […] UV light from the sun is the main cause of all types of skin cancers. It damages the genetic material (DNA) in our skin cells. Over time, this damage can cause skin cancer to develop. […] Non-melanoma skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are linked to long-term, ongoing sun exposure for example, working outdoors for many years. […] Using indoor tanning devices such as sunbeds and sunlamps makes it more likely that you will develop skin cancer. Sunbeds and sunlamps use artificial UV rays that also damage the DNA in your skin.

• #19 Genetic Determinants of UV-Susceptibility in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020019

  A milieu of cytokines and signaling molecules are involved in the induction of UV-induced immune suppression and thus the etiology of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). […] Separate from mutagenic effects, this type of UV is also implicated in the etiology of cancer via immunosuppression. […] Strains of inbred mice may be classified into distinct categories of UV-susceptibility and UV-resistance following equal doses of UVR, implicating a genetic component to susceptibility to UV-induced immunosuppression. […] An estimated 35-40% of humans may be classified as having a UV-susceptible phenotype, as measured by a contact hypersensitivity test, further linking cancer development, genetic susceptibility, and UV immunosuppression. […] In this study, we have investigated the effects of multiple functional variants in genes of the UV-induced immunosuppression pathway in non-melanoma skin cancer etiology.

• #20 Genetic Determinants of UV-Susceptibility in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020019

  We found a main effect for IL10 haplotypes in both BCC and SCC. […] In men, skin type, burns, IL10, IL4R, and possibly TNFR2 were associated with both BCC and SCC. […] In women, skin type, burns, and IL10 were related to risk of SCC and BCC, and risk of BCC additionally included HTR2A, IL12B and IL4R. […] We have analyzed the role of gender differences in genetic susceptibility to UV-induced immunosuppression. […] Major strengths of this study include the population-based nature of the study and the large sample size included, yielding increased generalizability and power to detect smaller genetic effects. […] In this study, we have examined the role of functional polymorphisms in the UV-induced immunosuppression pathway and how they alter risk for NMSC.

• #21 Non-melanoma skin cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4954336/

  The British Association of Dermatologists has published guidelines for the management of both BCC and SCC, which are under regular review. Historically, surgery has been the mainstay (gold standard) of treatment. Other treatments can be broadly categorised as physical destruction, chemical destruction and immunomodulation. The last decade has witnessed the advent of novel systemic therapies for advanced BCC, which may herald a paradigm shift of NMSC treatment to a more medical approach. […] Mutations of the tumour suppressor gene PTCH1 have recently been identified as underlying 90% of sporadic BCCs as well as naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). PTCH1 aberrations generate signalling errors of transmembrane proteins in the hedgehog pathway, causing failure to suppress signalling of the G-protein-coupled receptor smoothened (SMO). Manipulation of the PTCH1 and SMO pathways has formed the premise of recent developments in systemic treatment of BCC.

• #22 Advanced and Metastatic Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Features, and Treatment Options

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/12/7/1448

  Interestingly, other factors include exposure to certain medications (e.g., Hydrochlorothiazide), arsenic, or immune suppression. […] Additionally, genetics plays a part in the development of BCC. Inherited syndromes particularly increase the risk of BCC. These include basal cell nevus syndrome (also called Gorlin syndrome), Xeroderma pigmentosum, Bazex–Dupré–Christol syndrome, or Oley syndrome, for instance. […] Beyond inherited syndromes and recent reports, a high proportion of BCCs showed modifications in the hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. […] The HH signaling pathway is crucial for the proper development of bodily structures such as the axial skeleton, skin, or hair. […] Thus, inappropriate activation of HH has been linked to the development of BCC and other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer or medulloblastoma.

• #23 Basal-cell carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma

  Basal-cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. Risk factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, having lighter skin, radiation therapy, long-term exposure to arsenic and poor immune-system function. Exposure to UV light during childhood is particularly harmful. The majority of basal-cell carcinomas occur on sun-exposed areas of the body. Overexposure to the sun leads to the formation of thymine dimers, a form of DNA damage. There is, therefore, cumulative DNA damage leading to mutations. Studies of the role of DNA repair in susceptibility to sunlight-induced basal cell carcinoma indicated that reduced DNA repair capacity is one of the underlying molecular mechanisms for sunlight-induced skin carcinogenesis in the general population. In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar pits, calcification of the falx cerebri and rib abnormalities. The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.

• #24 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  More than 100 types of tumors are clinically apparent on the skin. Many are known to have familial and/or inherited components, either in isolation or as part of a syndrome with other features. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are two of the most common malignancies in the United States and are often caused by sun exposure, although several hereditary syndromes and genes are also associated with an increased risk of developing these cancers. […] An autosomal recessive disease, called xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), is associated with increased BCC, SCC, and melanoma risks. […] The true cytologic origin of BCC is unclear. BCC and basal cell keratinocytes share many histological similarities, as is reflected in the name. Alternatively, the outer root sheath cells of the hair follicle have also been proposed as the cell of origin for BCC.

• #25 Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Skin Cancer Risks | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/basal-and-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Scars from severe burns, areas of skin over serious bone infections, and skin damaged by some severe inflammatory skin diseases are more likely to develop skin cancers (mostly squamous cell cancers), although this risk is generally small. […] Psoralens and ultraviolet light (PUVA) treatments given to some people with psoriasis (a chronic inflammatory skin disease) can increase the risk of developing squamous cell skin cancer and probably other skin cancers. […] This very rare inherited condition reduces the ability of skin cells to repair DNA damage caused by sun exposure. […] In this rare congenital (present at birth) condition, people develop many basal cell cancers over their lifetime. […] Several other genetic syndromes have also been linked with an increased risk of skin cancer. […] The immune system helps the body fight cancers of the skin and other organs. […] Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 150 viruses, many of which can cause papillomas, or warts. […] People who smoke are more likely to develop squamous cell skin cancer, especially on the lips.

• #26 Genetics of Skin Cancer (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/hp/skin-genetics-pdq

  Individuals with BCCs and/or SCCs report a higher frequency of these cancers in their family members than do controls. The importance of this finding is unclear. […] A personal history of BCC or SCC is strongly associated with subsequent BCC or SCC. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a hereditary disorder of nucleotide excision repair that results in cutaneous malignancies in the first decade of life. Affected individuals have an increased sensitivity to sunlight, resulting in a markedly increased risk of SCCs, BCCs, and melanomas. […] Individuals with a family history of melanoma showed a 22% increased risk of SCC. […] A study on the heritability of cancer among 80,309 monozygotic and 123,382 dizygotic twins showed that NMSCs have a heritability of 43% (95% CI, 26%59%), suggesting that almost half of the risk of NMSC is caused by inherited factors.

• #27 Non-melanoma Skin Cancer | BCC & SCC

  https://patient.info/cancer/skin-cancer-types/non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Other factors which increase the risk of developing an SCC or BCC include the following: A family history of skin cancer. This may be related to inheriting fair skin which is more easily sun-damaged but other genetic factors may play a part in some cases. […] Using sunbeds or similar tanning machines which emit UV light. […] Having a solar keratosis (actinic keratosis). This is a small, rough bump which develops on the skin. It is caused by a lot of exposure to the sun over many years. […] Having already had a previous skin cancer. […] Occasionally, a skin cancer can develop on an area of skin previously damaged with a burn, scar, a long-standing sore, persistent inflammation, X-ray exposure or certain chemicals (such as arsenic or creosote). […] A weakened immune system. […] Some rare inherited disorders, which are associated with an increased risk, such as albinism, xeroderma pigmentosa, Gorlin’s syndrome and Bazex syndrome.

• #28 Causes of non-melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in older people, but younger people can also get it. […] You’re also more likely to get non-melanoma skin cancer if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or fair hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have brown or black skin, you have a lower chance of getting non-melanoma skin cancer, but you can still get it.

• #29 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for non-melanoma skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and indoor tanning. […] Most cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun over a long time. People who work outside, such as farmers, have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer because they are outdoors for long periods. People who live at high altitudes or in areas with year-round, bright sunlight also have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer than people with other skin types. People with blonde or red hair and blue, green or grey eyes also have a higher risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. Their risk is greater because people with these features have less melanin.

• #30 Skin Cancer: Melanoma, Basal Cell, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/skin-cancer

  Skin cancer causes include ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, most commonly from sunlight, which is overwhelmingly the most frequent cause of skin cancer. […] Other important causes of skin cancer include the following: use of tanning booths, immunosuppression, or impairment of the immune system, exposure to unusually high levels of radiation, such as from X-rays, and contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic and hydrocarbons in tar, oils, and soot. […] The following people are at the greatest risk of skin cancer: people with fair skin, especially types that freckle, sunburn easily, or become painful in the sun; people with light (blond or red) hair and blue or green eyes; those with certain genetic disorders that deplete skin pigment, such as albinism and xeroderma pigmentosum; people who have already been treated for skin cancer; people with numerous moles, unusual moles, or large moles that were present at birth; people with close family members who have developed skin cancer; people who had at least one severe sunburn early in life; people with burns unrelated to sunburn; and people with indoor occupations and outdoor recreational habits.

• #31 Skin cancer and melanoma – symptoms, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/skin-cancer-and-melanomas

  Skin cancer occurs when skin cells grow abnormally, usually from too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] Almost all skin cancers in Australia are caused by too much exposure to UV radiation. This is the part of sunlight that causes tanning, sunburn and skin damage over time. UV radiation also comes from non-natural sources such as sun beds (solariums). […] While anyone can get skin cancer, it gets more common as you get older. The risk is also higher if you have: previously had skin cancer or have family history of skin cancer, fair or freckled skin, particularly if it burns easily or doesn’t tan, red or fair hair and light-coloured eyes, a weakened immune system (such as after surgery, or from an ongoing condition like leukaemia), sunspots or irregular moles on your body, worked, played sport or spent leisure time in the sun, actively tan or use sun beds. […] If you have olive or dark skin, your skin produces more melanin, which protects to some extent against UV radiation. However, it’s still possible for you to develop skin cancer.

• #32 Let’s Get Real About Skin Cancer

  https://letsgetrealaboutskincancer.com/

  More than 5.4 million NMSC cases, like BCC and CSCC, are diagnosed among 3.3 million people annually in the U.S. […] NMSC, like BCC and CSCC, often presents in sun-exposed areas like the head, face and neck but can also be found on arms and legs. […] People with a history of skin cancer or precancerous skin lesions, and […] People who have been exposed to intense and extended sun exposure, such as those who work outside or have outdoor hobbies — especially people with light skin tones, though all skin tones are at risk. […] An advanced BCC or CSCC can become challenging to treat if left undiagnosed and untreated. […] The perception that skin cancers do not affect people of color is a myth. While NMSC, such as BCC or CSCC, occurs more frequently in Caucasians, clinical outcomes, specifically for CSCC, are worse in people of color as skin cancer is often diagnosed later and at more advanced stages.

• #33 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874663/

  Immunosuppression also plays a role in carcinogenesis, leading to an easier NMSC development. Indeed, transplant recipients have a 30-80-fold higher risk of developing NMSC. […] The risk of developing SCC is also increased by exposure to carcinogenic chemicals, above all arsenic. […] As reported by several papers, X-rays play a role in the pathogenesis of NMSC. […] It has been suggested that exposure to chronic UVB radiation determines heparanase activation, which causes the degradation of heparin sulfate and increments the interaction between the epidermal growth factor and the dermis. […] Therefore, it could be concluded that all AK lesions are potentially invasive. […] In conclusion, these underlying differences in tumor antigens may have altered the association between SCC and HLA-A*11 in these population.

• #34 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers don’t run in families. But research has found some families seem to have a higher number than normal. […] You have an increased risk of developing a squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) if one of your parents has had a SCC. People who have a family history of melanoma have an increased risk of basal cell skin cancer (BCC). […] People with certain skin conditions can be more likely to develop skin cancer. […] Solar keratosis is also called actinic keratosis. It’s caused by many years of sun exposure. […] You are more at risk of developing a non melanoma skin cancer in an area where you have had radiotherapy treatment. […] You also have a slightly increased risk of non melanoma skin cancer if you have been exposed to radiation through your job. […] Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of skin cancer in the future if you have had an organ or a bone marrow transplant and are taking drugs to stop rejection. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common virus that has several different strains. It plays an important part in the development of skin cancer. […] Some occupations and working with particular chemicals can increase your risk of skin cancer.

• #35 Skin cancer: Why deaths from non-melanoma variety are on the rise

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/why-non-melanoma-skin-cancer-is-now-more-deadly-than-melanoma-worldwide

  Non-melanoma skin cancers accounted for more deaths worldwide than melanoma because they are much more common. […] The growing aging population could be one reason skin cancer rates are increasing. […] The researchers stated that in 2020, non-melanoma skin cancers accounted for 78% of all skin cancer cases and 63,700 deaths worldwide. During the same time, melanoma resulted in 57,000 deaths. […] Green said there are a few reasons why non-melanoma skin cancer incidence and mortality rates are increasing. Among them: The growing age of the global population. As we age, we accumulate UV radiation exposure, increasing the risk of developing skin cancer. […] The depletion of our ozone layer is another reason. The ozone layer provides a protective layer to our atmosphere by absorbing UV radiation.

• #36 Non-melanoma skin cancer | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/non-melanoma-skin-cancer.html

  There are two different kinds of non-melanoma skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. […] The main risk factors are too much UV light, a light skin color and older age. […] Various factors can increase your risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. Too much sunlight is the main risk factor, but people with light-colored skin or certain medical conditions are more prone too. […] The risk of getting non-melanoma skin cancer increases with age. The average age of people diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma is about 60, and for squamous cell carcinoma it’s 70. […] Squamous cell carcinoma and the abnormal changes in the skin that can lead to it known as actinic keratosis have been acknowledged as occupational diseases since early 2015. People who spend a lot of time being exposed to UV light because they work outdoors are more likely to develop this type of non-melanoma cancer.

• #37 The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83502-8

  The incidence of high-risk BCC, including the infiltrative, micronodular, and morpheaform subtypes, was higher in our study than in previously reported European and Australian data. […] A significant increase in infiltrative subtype was observed in all sites (threefold increase between 2010 and 2019). The underlying cause is not clear. However, recently improved biopsy techniques could improve the diagnosis of high-risk subtypes. […] The incidence of BCCs rose more sharply in women than in men and in patients younger than 50 and older than 80. BCCs in men were most often reported in patients between 50 and 80 years old. […] The site distribution in described population is consistent with those previously reported. In accordance with previous studies, BCCs were predominantly located in the chronically UV-exposed regions.

• #38 Skin Cancer: Melanoma, Basal Cell, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  https://www.webmd.com/melanoma-skin-cancer/skin-cancer

  Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are more common in older people. Melanomas are one of the most common cancers in younger people, especially in people ages 25 to 29. The risk of melanoma rises with age. […] Skin cancer is more common in people assigned female before birth who are younger than 50. After age 50, the statistic switches: people assigned male at birth are more likely to have it. […] People with darker skin tones often get a later diagnosis for their skin cancer, which makes it more difficult to treat and often affects the outcome for this population.

• #39 Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/skin-cancer

  Caucasians are at greater risk of developing cancer than people with darker skin. The risk of skin cancer is also higher for individuals with blond or red hair, blue or green eyes, or fair skin that burns or freckles easily. […] Skin cancer risks increase as you age, likely due to accumulated UV radiation from sun exposure. […] Early exposure, particularly for people who had frequent sunburns during childhood, also increases skin cancer risks. […] Men are twice as likely to develop basal cell carcinomas and three times more likely to develop squamous cell carcinomas than women.

• #40 Risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/skin-non-melanoma/risks

  People who have already had skin cancer (non-melanoma or melanoma) have a greater risk of developing another skin cancer, including BCC and SCC. […] People who had radiation therapy (a source of ionizing radiation) have a greater risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer in the treatment area. This type of skin cancer can develop 15 to 20 years after they received radiation therapy. […] Coming into contact with arsenic increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] Working with certain products increases the risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer. […] PUVA therapy is a treatment used for skin conditions such as psoriasis. It uses the drug psoralen and UVA radiation. Psoralen makes the skin more sensitive to UVA light. Receiving PUVA therapy for a long time increases your risk of developing SCC.

• #41 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  The main cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or from sunbeds. […] The evidence that overexposure to the sun causes skin cancer has been consistent for decades. However, many people still don’t protect themselves from the sun, putting themselves at increased risk of skin cancer. […] Skin cancer is more common in people who have pale skin that burns without tanning, blue eyes and fair hair. […] The risk of skin cancer increases every time you are sunburnt, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. Agricultural, mining and industrial practices can contaminate water with arsenic. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection can cause squamous cell carcinomas, especially in people whose immune systems are compromised.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/news/item/08-11-2023-working-under-the-sun-causes-1-in-3-deaths-from-non-melanoma-skin-cancer–say-who-and-ilo

  Nearly 1 in 3 deaths from non-melanoma skin cancer is caused by working under the sun, according to joint estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) published today. […] Unprotected exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation at work is a major cause of occupational skin cancer, said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. […] The estimates establish occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation as the work-related risk factor with the third highest attributable burden of cancer deaths globally. […] Death caused by unprotected exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation while working is largely preventable through cost-effective measures. […] These estimates are based on a recent WHO report of a systematic review and meta-analysis, which highlighted that occupational exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is associated with an estimated 60% increased risk of developing non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #43 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Most non melanoma skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. […] The older you are, the more likely you are to develop non melanoma skin cancer. But skin cancers can develop in younger people too. […] Most skin cancers are caused by exposure to the sun. This may be long term exposure, or short periods of intense sun exposure and burning. The ultraviolet light in sunlight damages the DNA in the skin cells. This damage can happen years before a cancer develops. […] A history of sunburn increases your risk of skin cancer. The risk is especially high if you were sunburnt several times during your childhood. People who work outside such as farm workers, gardeners and building site workers are also at an increased risk of non melanoma skin cancer.

• #44 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer – Skin of Color Society

  https://skinofcolorsociety.org/discover-patients-public/patient-education/nonmelanoma-skin-cancer

  What is the cause of NMSC? NMSC has many causes. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight, chronic wounds or inflammation in the skin, human papillomavirus (HPV), and a decreased immune system (for example after organ transplantation) all contribute to the development of NMSC. UV radiation from the sun is the main cause of both SCC and BCC in Caucasians, Hispanics, and Asians. However, the most important factors for the development of SCC in African-Americans are chronic scarring, trauma, and inflammation (for example, burns, non-healing leg ulcers, or skin lupus), rather than sun exposure. The main risk factor for BCC in all races is UV radiation.

• #45 What is Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer?

  https://www.thesunbus.org/what-is-non-melanoma-skin-cancer

  Organ transplant recipients are 200 times more likely to have multiple aggressive SCC than the general population. […] SCC can be found in many places on the body including inside your mouth, the bottoms of your feet and on your genitals. […] They can develop as open sores that dont heal. […] Actinic keratoses are considered pre-cursors of SCC and are often treated. […] SCC in situ appears as reddish, scaly patches and is often treated because it can progress to SCC. […] Keratoacanthoma are dome-shaped tumors found on sun-exposed skin, grow quickly and can be hard to differentiate from SCC. […] This aggressive form of skin cancer originates in the oil glands of the skin and appears as hard, painless nodules.

• #46 Risks and causes | Skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/skin-cancer/risks-causes

  Skin cancer is more common in people with white skin. This is because they have less of the protective pigment called melanin. People with black skin are less likely to get skin cancer but can still get it. […] Albinism is an inherited genetic condition where the skin makes no melanin at all. People with albinism have very white skin and pale blonde hair. They’re at higher than average risk of skin cancer. This is because their skin has no natural protection against the sun. […] Sunbeds produce ultraviolet light which damages the skin. Research has shown that using a sunbed causes melanoma. There is now evidence to say that sunbeds might increase the risk of non melanoma skin cancer. […] People who have already had a skin cancer have a greater risk of getting another one compared to someone who hasn’t had one. Researchers think this is most likely because of sun exposure.

• #47 Skin cancer – information about the causes and risk factors | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/skin-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-skin-cancer

  The risk of skin cancer is higher if you have had it before. It could come back in the same place. This is called a local recurrence. Or it could develop somewhere else on the body. […] Another possible, rare cause of non-melanoma skin cancer is overexposure to certain chemicals, usually at a workplace. […] If you inherit a faulty gene, it increases your risk of developing certain health problems. Although most skin cancers are not caused by genetic conditions, some rare conditions carry a higher risk. […] If you have lots of moles or unusual moles, you may have a higher risk of melanoma. […] The risk of developing melanoma skin cancer increases if you have a close relative who has had melanoma.

• #48 Non Melanoma Skin Cancer Pathogenesis Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/6

  The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. However, several studies have been conducted to better explain the mechanisms that lead to malignancy. […] Both basal cells and squamous cells belong to keratinocytes, therefore sometimes BCC and SCC are termed keratinocyte cancer. These three types of cancer share many characteristics, yet they are very different from etiology to progression. One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). […] Although skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood, several papers have demonstrated the presence of genetic and molecular alterations involved in this process.

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