Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17953-ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. It can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that requires swift diagnosis and intervention, and sometimes surgery. […] If you have severe upper left abdominal pain or Kehrs sign, even if it occurs sometime after your original injury, you should go straight to the emergency room. […] Treatment depends on the extent of your injury. Some minor tears might stop bleeding on their own, while others may require various types of emergency repairs. […] Methods to treat a ruptured spleen may include: […] A ruptured spleen is an emergency, whether it’s minor or severe. Any internal bleeding can be life-threatening if it isnt managed. […] If you suspect any injury to your spleen, seek medical attention right away to check it for bleeding.

• #2 Ruptured spleen – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20352317

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] Some people with ruptured spleens need emergency surgery. Others can be treated with several days of hospital care. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. Seek emergency care after an injury if your signs and symptoms indicate that you may have a ruptured spleen. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq5896

  The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of your belly. It filters old and damaged blood cells from your blood. It also helps your immune system by removing some types of bacteria from your bloodstream. […] A spleen injury can cause bleeding inside your body. Bruising and cuts on the spleen can cause swelling and pain in the upper left part of the chest or shoulder. […] Treatment depends on how severe the injury is. Your spleen was not injured badly enough to need to be removed with surgery. Your treatment includes careful observation in the hospital to watch for bleeding. It might also include a procedure to block some blood flow to parts of your spleen. This helps control bleeding while your spleen heals. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

• #4 What is a Ruptured Spleen? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-a-ruptured-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  What is a Ruptured Spleen? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment […] The spleen is an abdominal organ. It bleeds easily and is one of the most easily injured organs during blunt trauma. In fact, experts estimate that 4 out of 10 blunt abdominal injuries involve the spleen. A ruptured (torn) spleen from a traumatic injury can cause life-threatening internal bleeding into the abdominal cavity. A ruptured spleen is, therefore, almost always a medical emergency in the context of the polytraumatized patient. Please continue reading to learn more about this potentially fatal condition. […] Many conditions and diseases can affect the spleen. One of these is a ruptured spleen due to splenic injury. If you don’t get a ruptured spleen diagnosed and treated promptly, it can lead to severe bleeding and prove fatal.

• #5 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. This activity reviews the evaluation and management of patients with splenic rupture and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the management of patients with this condition. […] Treatment is dependent on the severity and etiology of rupture, as well as the hemodynamic stability of the patient. Non-operative treatment is attempted in 60% to 90% of patients with blunt traumatic splenic injuries out of a desire to preserve splenic function. […] Splenic rupture is best managed by an interprofessional team that includes a surgeon, radiologist, intensivist and the ICU nurses. Unlike the past, in many patients, conservative treatment is recommended as long as the patient is hemodynamically stable and there is no evidence of further bleeding. Patients need to be monitored in an ICU setting and have frequent abdominal exams. The outcomes for patients managed non-surgically are excellent.

• #6 Ruptured spleen – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ruptured-spleen/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352322

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose a ruptured spleen include: […] Treatment for a ruptured spleen will depend on the seriousness of your condition. Severe injuries usually require immediate surgery. […] Many small or moderate-sized injuries to the spleen can heal without surgery. You’re likely to stay in the hospital while your health care team observe your condition and provide nonsurgical care, such as blood transfusions, if necessary. […] Surgery for a ruptured spleen can include: […] Your surgeon might be able to use stitches or other techniques to repair the rupture. […] People can live without a spleen, but it increases the risk of serious bacterial infections such as sepsis. […] Your health care provider may recommend vaccinations against meningitis, pneumonia and haemophilus influenza, type b (Hib). […] Occasionally, you may be prescribed daily oral antibiotics to prevent infections. […] Spleen surgery is generally safe, but any surgery has risks, such as bleeding, blood clots, infection and pneumonia.

• #7 Ruptured spleen: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192110

  The most common cause of splenic rupture is blunt trauma to the abdomen. […] Surgery to remove the spleen is not always necessary. Observation and conservative treatment may be appropriate for some people. […] There are two main types of treatment for a ruptured spleen: Surgical intervention and observation. […] Many people with a ruptured spleen experience serious bleeding that requires immediate surgery on the abdomen. […] For people with less severe splenic rupture, doctors will often use observation instead of surgery. […] A non-operative approach to managing a splenic rupture is a modern development in adult trauma surgery and was adopted following its success in treating children without surgery. […] Surgery is now avoided in 95 percent of children and 60 percent of adults that have a splenic rupture.

• #8 What is a Ruptured Spleen? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-a-ruptured-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt abdominal trauma, i.e., a forceful blow to the left upper abdomen or left lower chest. This can occur during contact sports, car crashes, and fistfights, for example. A splenic rupture can occur soon after a splenic injury. However, there can also be a delayed rupture and life-threatening bleeding several weeks later. […] The signs and symptoms of a ruptured spleen include upper left abdomen tenderness, pain in the left upper abdomen, and left shoulder pain. Blood loss can lead to low blood pressure, dizziness, and confusion. […] Again, if you don’t seek emergency care and have a ruptured spleen treated promptly, it can be fatal. […] A spleen rupture can cause death. A ruptured spleen occurs when there is a tear or break in the organ’s surface. This is a medical emergency that requires treatment in the hospital, including surgical intervention in some cases. Without emergency treatment, the internal bleeding caused by a ruptured spleen can be fatal.

• #9 Splenomegaly | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/splenomegaly

  Certain disorders, including glandular fever, can occasionally make the enlarged spleen delicate enough to rupture. A person with splenomegaly should take care to avoid all contact sports and any other activities that could potentially deliver a hard impact to their abdomen. An overzealous palpation of the abdomen or a sudden blow can split the outer capsule of the spleen and cause bleeding into the abdominal cavity. In this instance, surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is needed. The body seems to cope without the spleen, despite this organs many vital functions. However, the person may find they have an increased susceptibility to infection following the operation. Their blood may also contain odd-shaped red blood cells. In some cases, it may be possible to leave healthy portions of spleen intact, and only remove the diseased or damaged parts. This allows the spleen to keep performing its usual functions.

• #10 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  The most significant benefit of this procedure is the preservation of some functional splenic parenchyma. […] Delayed post-traumatic rupture of the spleen is an unusual outcome and is defined as bleeding that occurs more than 48 hours after blunt trauma. […] A high index of suspicion is crucial for the early detection of delayed splenic rupture. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

• #11 Splenic Rupture Following Colonoscopy | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v4n1/foster-splenic-rupture/

  Splenic rupture is a serious complication of any colonoscopy. […] Although the occurrence is rare, this case reminds physicians to have a suspicion of splenic trauma in patients presenting with abdominal pain following uncomplicated or complicated colonoscopies. […] Splenic rupture is an often-overlooked complication of colonoscopy that can have fatal consequences even in uncomplicated colonoscopies. […] Urgent splenectomy is necessary if the patient is hemodynamically unstable.

• #12 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic or spontaneous ruptures of the spleen are rare but potentially fatal. Mortality in this condition is essentially linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to risks associated with the terrain and severity of the underlying pathology. […] Splenic rupture is often overlooked in the differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in the absence of trauma, and in most cases requires splenectomy for treatment. […] Management of SSR primarily depends on the patients hemodynamic stability. The decision to perform a splenectomy, as opposed to spleen-preserving procedures, is guided by the hemodynamic condition of the patient. […] In the case of splenectomy, post-operative care is important. Patients need close monitoring with transfusion. If necessary, vaccination should be given 14 days after the surgery. It may cover pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and meningococcus. […] Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a rare entity whose diagnosis is difficult in the absence of a traumatic context and can be life-threatening. Ultrasound and CT scans help to orient the diagnosis, and treatment is essentially surgical by splenectomy.

• #13 Ruptured Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is a life threatening medical emergency. It requires immediate medical attention. While surgery is not always necessary, timely treatment is critical. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. You should seek immediate medical attention if you have symptoms of a ruptured spleen. […] Symptoms of a ruptured spleen include: pain in the upper left abdomen, tenderness in the upper left abdomen, especially when pressed, left shoulder pain, especially if you’ve experienced no obvious trauma, lightheadedness or dizziness, confusion. […] The symptoms of a ruptured spleen may not be obvious until significant internal bleeding has already occurred. […] Treatment for a ruptured spleen typically falls into two camps: several days of intensive hospital care or surgery. […] If the injury or damage to the spleen is too great, or if doctors are unable to stop the internal bleeding, a splenectomy is often the treatment of choice.

• #14 Splenectomy NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/splenectomy/

  A splenectomy is a procedure in which the spleen is removed either partially or completely, with partial procedures being more common in children. […] Approximately 25% of splenectomies are due to traumatic splenic rupture which puts the patient at very high risk for extensive internal bleeding. […] The spleen filters blood and plays a key role in immunity, which is why patients without a spleen are at high risk for infection. […] Prior to surgery the patient may have a distended abdomen due to an enlarged spleen when splenomegaly is present. In cases of splenic rupture due to trauma, the patient may show signs such as pain and tenderness in the LUQ, left shoulder pain (referred pain) and lightheadedness or confusion. […] Some key signals your patient may be experiencing a complication after splenectomy include: Internal bleeding – Increased pain, abdominal distention, abdominal rigidity, ecchymosis, tachycardia, hemodynamic compromise, decreased LOC.

• #15 38115 CPT4 – GenHealth.ai

  https://genhealth.ai/code/cpt4/38115-repair-of-ruptured-spleen-splenorrhaphy-with-or-without-partial-splenectomy

  Repair of a ruptured spleen involves surgically mending the damaged tissue of the spleen. […] This procedure helps to control bleeding and preserve as much of the spleen’s function as possible. […] To stop internal bleeding, repair spleen damage, and preserve spleen function. […] The surgeon repairs the ruptured spleen using sutures, surgical mesh, or other techniques. If necessary, damaged portions of the spleen are removed (partial splenectomy). […] Monitoring for signs of infection, controlling pain, and managing any complications as they arise. […] Stops internal bleeding. […] Preserves as much spleen function as possible. […] Hospital stay of 5-7 days post-surgery for monitoring and recovery. […] Patients may need support for daily activities initially and should follow all post-operative care instructions to ensure proper healing and avoid complications.

• #16 Abdominal pain is a main manifestation of delayed bleeding after splenic injury in patients receiving non-operative management | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-24399-9

  Abdominal pain was the main early clinical presentation of delayed bleeding following discharge from the ICU or hospital. […] Abdominal pain was the main manifestation of delayed bleeding for patients following discharge from the ICU. […] Recognising abdominal pain as one of the main presentations of delayed splenic bleeding is crucial for early diagnosis to avoid unfavourable outcomes.

• #17 Spleen Injuries | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spleen-injuries

  The spleen is soft and is surrounded by a tough covering, or capsule. If your child is hit or falls in a way that causes the left chest or upper abdomen to hit the spleen, your child may suffer a spleen injury. Not all spleen injuries are the same. Your child may have a mild bruise or a little tear that causes bleeding; or the spleen may be broken into several pieces. […] Spleen injuries may be diagnosed in different ways. Most children with spleen injuries have pain in their left abdomen and their left shoulder. Your child’s doctor will press on and/or under the ribs of the lower left side to see if the area is tender. A child with a severe spleen injury may feel lightheaded, appear pale, and have a weak pulse, all of which suggest the presence of internal bleeding. If you think your child has a possible spleen injury, contact your child’s physician for an immediate evaluation.

• #18 Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-017-0151-4

  The WSES position paper suggested to group splenic injury into minor, moderate, and severe. This classification has not previously been clearly defined by the literature. […] The WSES classification divides spleen injuries into three classes: Minor (WSES class I), Moderate (WSES classes II and III), Severe (WSES class IV). […] Based on the present classification, WSES suggests two management algorithms for both adult and pediatric patients explained in Figs. 2 and 3. […] NOM is considered the gold standard for the treatment of patients with blunt splenic trauma (BST) who are hemodynamically stable after an initial resuscitation, in the absence of peritonitis and associated injuries requiring laparotomy. […] The advantages of NOM over OM were described as lower hospital costs, avoidance of non-therapeutic laparotomies, lower rates of intra-abdominal complications and of blood transfusions, lower mortality and the maintenance of the immunological function, and the prevention of OPSI.

• #19 Splenic Injury – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/abdominal-trauma/splenic-injury

  Splenic injury usually results from blunt abdominal trauma. Diagnosis is made by CT or ultrasonography. Treatment is with observation and sometimes surgical repair; rarely, splenectomy is necessary. […] A splenic injury is confirmed with CT in stable patients and with bedside (point of care) ultrasonography or exploratory laparotomy in unstable patients. […] In the past, treatment for any splenic injury was splenectomy. However, splenectomy should be avoided if possible, particularly in older patients, children, and patients with hematologic malignancy, to avoid the resulting permanent susceptibility to bacterial infections, increasing the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis. […] Currently, most low-grade and many high-grade splenic injuries can be managed nonoperatively, even in patients 55 years.

• #20

  https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/8764001f-b3b2-425e-89c5-5284d417de1e

  Splenic injuries, whether from penetrating trauma, such as a gunshot or knife wound, or from blunt trauma via motor vehicle crash or fall, are common and can be lethal. […] The initial management with blunt splenic trauma is focused on airway, breathing and circulation, commonly known as the primary survey of trauma evaluation. […] If the patient has a low blood pressure and/or a high heart rate (unstable), the trauma surgeon must identify the cause, which is often due to bleeding. […] If instead the patients vital signs are normal (hemodynamically stable), a CT scan of the abdomen/pelvis may be done to evaluate potential trauma to the abdomen. […] Close monitoring of the patients condition, vital signs, blood tests and serial abdominal exams are required in order to assess the stability of the bleeding from the injury.

• #21 Spleen Injuries | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/spleen-injuries

  The Pediatric Surgery Team will closely monitor your child’s lab results to determine if the spleen continues to bleed. […] Your child will be on bed rest for 24-48 hours with the hemoglobin and hematocrit tested every 6-12 hours. […] If the spleen continues to bleed, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the spleen. A splenectomy is an operation to remove the spleen. […] During hospitalization, your child will receive intravenous fluids, antibiotics and pain medication. […] Your child must be able to eat, drink and be comfortable on pain medication taken by mouth before going home. […] Prescription pain medication is not routinely required after hospital discharge. […] Gauze and clear plastic dressings, placed over the incisions, may be removed two days after surgery. […] Your child may require daily antibiotics post splenectomy; however, your child is still at risk for infection.

• #22 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  The spleen is an extremely vascular organ and consequently splenic rupture can lead to large intraperitoneal haemorrhage, rapidly leading to fatal haemorrhagic shock. […] Patients who are haemodynamically unstable with peritonism following trauma have abdominal bleeding until proven otherwise and require immediate laparotomy. […] All patients with suspect splenic injury should be assessed, resuscitated, and treated according to ATLS principles. Patients who are haemodynamically unstable or with a grade 5 injury (a shattered spleen or major hilar vascular injury) need urgent laparotomy. […] Splenic artery embolisation by interventional radiology is an important alternative management option, where available, potentially negating the need for laparotomy and preserving splenic function. […] The main complications following splenectomy include intra-abdominal collections, thrombocytosis (typically transient), and Overwhelming Post-Splenectomy Infection. […] Consequently, any asplenic patient, including those post-splenectomy, should receive vaccinations against these three organisms.

• #23 Splenic injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_injury

  A splenic injury, which includes a ruptured spleen, is any injury to the spleen. The rupture of a normal spleen can be caused by trauma, such as a traffic collision. […] Because a splenic rupture permits large amounts of blood to leak into the abdominal cavity, it can result in shock and death. Generally a nonoperative approach is chosen in those who are hemodynamically stable with non-worsening symptoms. During this period of nonoperative management strict bed rest between 24 and 72 hours with careful monitoring along with a CT seven days after the injury. […] Patients whose spleens have been removed via a splenectomy must receive immunizations to help prevent infections such as pneumonia. This helps to replace the lost function of this organ.

• #24 Ruptured spleen: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192110

  When surgery is performed, it is still common practice to remove the entire spleen, although less severe cases may allow a surgeon to repair a tear and put pressure on the spleen until the bleeding stops. […] People who remain stable under observation will often undergo further scans for monitoring purposes, including CT scans. […] Those in a stable condition may also undergo a procedure called splenic embolization. The procedure aims to stop any bleeding from the spleen. […] This is known as a splenectomy. It is normally performed during an emergency laparotomy on a person in an unstable condition. […] In some cases of less severe spleen damage, the organ may be salvaged during surgery. Instead of being completely removed, it may be repaired with partial removal, patches, repairs, or staples.

• #25 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Through this case report, we emphasize the importance of using the period of conservative management to either consult with an IR specialist or transfer the patient to a center equipped with IR, given the high risk of re-bleeding or delayed rupture of the spleen. […] Our practice adheres to the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for the management of patients with splenic trauma. […] Timely follow-up and appropriate intervention are crucial to prevent delayed complications such as re-bleeding in a stable patient. […] Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM.

• #26 Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients | World Journal of Emergency Surgery | Full Text

  https://wjes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13017-017-0151-4

  NOM failure rate is reported to be between 4 and 15%. […] NOM is recommended as first-line treatment for hemodynamically stable pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma. […] NOM should be attempted even in the setting of concomitant head trauma; unless the patient is unstable, and this might be due to intra-abdominal bleeding. […] The presence of contrast blush at CT scan is not an absolute indication for splenectomy or AG/AE in children. […] Patients should receive immunization against the encapsulated bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis). […] The management of spleen trauma must be multidisciplinary and must keep into consideration the physiological and anatomical derangement together with the immunological effects.

• #27 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Surgery, and Recovery

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is an emergency medical condition that occurs when the capsule-like covering of the spleen breaks open, pouring blood into your abdominal area. Depending on the size of the rupture, a large amount of internal bleeding can occur. […] Immediate, emergency surgery to remove or repair the spleen is done in the following cases: If the doctor thinks there is massive internal bleeding; If a person with a suspected spleen rupture has low blood pressure or unstable vital signs. […] Recovery depends on the severity of the rupture. In general, the outcome is excellent for those with more mild spleen ruptures (grade I and II injuries). The more severe the spleen injury, the more guarded the outcome. The risk of complications appears to be greatest in people over age 55. […] You can live without a spleen. However, since the spleen plays a crucial role in the body’s ability to fight certain bacteria, living without the organ puts you at higher risk for life-threatening infections.

• #28 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The spleen is highly vascular, is the largest secondary lymphoid organ, and is the most commonly injured organ in the setting of blunt abdominal trauma. […] Although many splenic injuries caused by blunt abdominal trauma may be managed conservatively, free intra-abdominal fluid with hemodynamic instability warrant surgical management in the form of exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] This particular patient was reasonably resuscitated en route and in the operating room to allow splenectomy and complete evaluation of the intra-abdominal contents, including the small bowel without identification of any other significant intra-abdominal injuries requiring operative intervention. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #29 Ruptured spleen // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] Some people with ruptured spleens need emergency surgery. Others can be treated with several days of hospital care. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. Seek emergency care after an injury if your signs and symptoms indicate that you may have a ruptured spleen. […] Treatment for a ruptured spleen will depend on the seriousness of your condition. Severe injuries usually require immediate surgery. […] Many small or moderate-sized injuries to the spleen can heal without surgery. You’re likely to stay in the hospital while your health care team observe your condition and provide nonsurgical care, such as blood transfusions, if necessary. […] Surgery for a ruptured spleen can include: Repairing the spleen. Your surgeon might be able to use stitches or other techniques to repair the rupture. […] Removing the spleen, called a splenectomy. People can live without a spleen, but it increases the risk of serious bacterial infections such as sepsis. […] Spleen surgery is generally safe, but any surgery has risks, such as bleeding, blood clots, infection and pneumonia.

• #30 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Ruptured spleen | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20166973

  Surgery for a ruptured spleen can include: Repairing the spleen. Your surgeon might be able to use stitches or other techniques to repair the rupture. […] Removing the spleen, called a splenectomy. People can live without a spleen, but it increases the risk of serious bacterial infections such as sepsis. […] Removing part of the spleen. It might be possible to remove only part of your spleen, depending on the rupture. Partial splenectomy reduces the risk of infection that results from removing the entire spleen.

• #31 Vet Times: Latest Veterinary News, Jobs & Clinical Resources

  https://www.vettimes.com/clinical/small-animal/splenic-rupture-a-critical-care-plan-of-action-cpdcriticalcare

  A ruptured spleen is a common emergency situation that will present as a collapsed patient with obvious signs of decompensated shock. […] Oxygen supplementation is the first port of call for these patients. Our aim is to increase the percentage of inspired oxygen as to provide adequate tissue perfusion, even though the patient has a depleted circulating blood volume. […] The patient will need to be stabilised with either a fluid bolus of Hartmanns solution (20ml/kg for 20 minutes and reassess) or whole blood transfusion. […] Care must be taken when using blood products to identify any signs of a transfusion reaction early. […] Also, if possible, a full blood haematology panel and biochemistry panel should be carried out prior to treatment to help show any signs of improvement or deterioration in the patients condition. […] Autologous transfusions can be performed during surgery when a donor patient is not accessible or insufficient time is available. […] Remember, Hartmanns solution must never be given through the same line as whole blood products, as this increases the risk of thrombus formation.

• #32 Nursing Care Plan For Ruptured Spleen – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-ruptured-spleen/

  A ruptured spleen, also known as splenic rupture, is a medical emergency that demands prompt and comprehensive nursing care. The spleen plays a vital role in the bodys immune system and blood filtration, and its rupture can lead to severe internal bleeding and other complications. […] Nursing care is essential in promoting patient safety, managing symptoms, and assisting with surgical or non-surgical interventions. […] Timely and efficient nursing care is vital in minimizing the risk of severe bleeding and other complications associated with a ruptured spleen, ultimately contributing to the patients recovery and well-being. […] The nursing assessment for a ruptured spleen is a dynamic process that involves continuous monitoring and vigilant evaluation of the patients condition. Effective communication with the healthcare team and the prompt identification of signs and symptoms are essential for timely intervention and patient safety.

• #33 Splenic Injury | Korey Stringer Institute

  https://koreystringer.institute.uconn.edu/splenic-injury/

  If this condition is suspected, continue to monitor the athlete for hours after the incident to see if signs or symptoms do occur. […] Check and monitor vital signs (Blood Pressure, Pulse, Respiratory Rate). […] Call 9-1-1, activate EMS. […] Once released from hospital, the athlete will need to follow gradual return to play over course of 2 or 3 weeks to allow healing of organ epithelial tissue. The athlete should be monitored very closely by an Athletic Trainer or sports medicine professional to ensure athlete safety and no return of signs or symptoms.

• #34 lacerated spleen – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/lacerated-spleen-t377470/

  I need some help! I am a new nursing student and have to write a care plan for my patient that has a lacerated spleen. […] I have come up with acute pain, risk for bleeding, risk for impaired liver function, constipation, risk for infection, deficient knowledge, and nausea for my nursing diagnosis, I know physiological needs to come first but 5 of these are physiological so how do I prioritize them? […] Start with your ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) […] One of those nursing dx can be prioritized based on that. […] As someone already mentioned, think ABCs first. […] This is not the official nusing education answer, but think about problem will be the first to cause their death (this would probably eliminate constipation…although I hope that was not your priority dx. to begin with). […] Yes risk for bleeding and constipation is a NANDA, no I didn’t think constipation was my first nurse dx but am still confused what should be! I know bleeding could kill her ecspecially internal bleeding but should actuals come before risks for?

• #35 Liver and spleen injuries

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Liver_and_spleen_injuries/

  Liver and splenic lacerations can occur from trauma to certain areas of the tummy, including landing on or being hit in the tummy often after a car, bicycle or skateboarding accident. […] These injuries cause the liver or spleen to bleed and it is therefore important that we take precautions to minimise this bleeding. […] Your child will be admitted to the hospital for close observation; the treatment and duration of their stay will depend on the how severe their injury is. […] The nurses will take regular observations of their heart rate, respiratory (breathing) rate, blood pressure and oxygen levels to monitor for signs of further bleeding. […] Regular blood tests are required to monitor your childs haemoglobin level, which will help to find out if their liver or spleen is still bleeding; and electrolytes, which are important to monitor while your child is not eating.

• #36 Nursing Care Plan For Ruptured Spleen – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-ruptured-spleen/

  Nursing diagnoses for a patient with a ruptured spleen should focus on addressing the potential complications and challenges associated with this condition. […] These nursing diagnoses aim to address the patients physiological and psychological needs, reduce the risk of complications, and promote a positive recovery outcome. Nursing care for a ruptured spleen should prioritize patient safety, pain management, education, and emotional support. Effective communication and collaboration with the healthcare team are vital for managing this complex and potentially life-threatening condition. […] Nursing care for a patient with a ruptured spleen requires a multidisciplinary approach, emphasizing patient safety, pain management, and emotional support. Effective communication and coordination with the healthcare team are crucial for managing this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.

• #37

  https://childrenswi.org/publications/teaching-sheet/trauma/1121-spleen-injuries

  Most spleen injuries heal without surgery. Being on bed rest in the hospital will help your child’s spleen heal. […] Your child should not take part in rough activities for several weeks until the spleen is fully healed. If the spleen is not healed, rough activities may cause more injury or bleeding. […] Spleen injuries need to be monitored closely because the spleen has a large blood supply. This large blood supply increases your child’s risk of heavy bleeding. Your child will have regular blood tests to make sure the bleeding has stopped. When the blood tests show that there is no internal bleeding, the tests will be stopped. […] If a spleen does not heal, it can be an emergency because of bleeding. If this occurs, the spleen is normally removed. […] Spleen injuries can be painful. Your child may need pain medicine. They will also need a stool softener to keep their bowels moving. […] During restricted activity, your child may go to school, read books, do light chores, go for walks, or swim if well-supervised. Your child may not do any sports; go to recess or gym class. They should not do any rough activities that may re-injure the spleen.

• #38 Nursing Care Plan For Ruptured Spleen – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-ruptured-spleen/

  Nursing interventions encompass careful monitoring of vital signs, effective pain management, infection prevention, and emotional support. These interventions aim to address the physiological and psychological needs of the patient, ensuring that they receive the best possible care during their healing journey. […] By implementing these nursing interventions and fostering a multidisciplinary approach, healthcare providers contribute to positive patient outcomes and strive to ensure the patients safe and successful recovery from a ruptured spleen.

• #39

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq5896

  Get plenty of rest for 2 to 3 months while your spleen heals. […] Avoid strenuous activities that could re-injure your spleen. These include lifting, jogging, aerobic exercise, and contact sports. […] Ask your doctor when you can go back to work, school, or your regular activities. […] Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] If the doctor gave you a prescription medicine for pain, take it as prescribed. […] If you are not taking a prescription pain medicine, ask your doctor if you can take an over-the-counter medicine. […] Ask your doctor before you take aspirin or NSAIDs like ibuprofen. These medicines can make bleeding worse. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You are vomiting. […] You have new or worse belly pain. […] You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #40 Splenectomy NCLEX Review – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/splenectomy/

  After surgery your key assessments will involve monitoring your patient for signs of infection, which can be life-threatening. A patient with OPSI can progress to a life-threatening septic state within 12 to 48 hours. […] Nursing interventions after splenectomy are aimed at preventing infection, increasing mobility and monitoring for complications. […] The main focus after splenectomy is teaching the patient to avoid infection. General infection prevention techniques are to avoid crowds and individuals who are ill, performing proper hand hygiene, staying current on vaccines, and general food safety practices to prevent food-born illness such as salmonella. […] Teach your patient that they may be prescribed prophylactic antibiotics for a period of two to three years, possibly even for life. They will need to take this medication on schedule without fail in order to help prevent infection.

• #41 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency, as it can cause life-threatening bleeding. […] You may need an operation to remove your spleen, known as a splenectomy, if it’s not working properly or it’s damaged, diseased or enlarged. […] It’s normal to feel sore and be bruised after a splenectomy, but you’ll be given pain relief. […] Recovery usually takes a few weeks. Your doctor or nurse will advise when you can go back to your usual activities, such as driving. […] If your spleen needs to be removed, other organs, such as the liver, can take over many of the spleen’s functions. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID.

• #42 Spleen Surgery: Reasons, Procedures, and Post-Surgical Care

  https://mtnviewsurgical.com/spleen-surgery/

  Spleen surgery is indicated in various medical conditions that involve the impairment of the spleen. Instances where spleen surgery may be necessary include cases of a ruptured spleen resulting from trauma. […] A ruptured spleen caused by trauma is a critical condition that demands immediate surgical intervention to avert severe internal bleeding. […] Traumatic ruptures of the spleen, commonly observed in cases of blunt abdominal trauma or significant impact to the abdomen, can cause internal bleeding and may demand urgent surgical repair to prevent life-threatening hemorrhage. […] Each of these conditions underscores the significance of spleen surgery in managing potentially serious health issues. […] The procedure of total splenectomy entails the complete excision of the spleen through either laparoscopic or open surgical methods, which are selected based on the patient’s condition and the preferences of the surgical team. […] In laparoscopic total splenectomy, minor incisions are created in the abdomen to facilitate the insertion of a small camera and specialized surgical instruments. […] Conversely, open surgery for spleen removal involves a larger incision in the abdominal area to directly access the spleen for extraction.

• #43 Splenic injury – South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/resources/splenic-injury/

  The spleen is a multifunctioning organ that sits in the upper left part of your abdomen under your lower ribs and left side of your diaphragm. The spleen’s role includes controlling the level of blood cells, removing damaged blood cells, and helping to fight infection. […] Injuries to the spleen can be as a result of intentional or unintentional injury, blunt or penetrating injury to the stomach or left lower chest. […] Non operative management: Involves a conservative approach by clinical observation this involves admission to hospital and close monitoring of your vital signs including blood pressure, heart rate, and regular bloods tests to look for signs of bleeding and other complications relating to your injury. […] Surgery: If your splenic injury is severe, you will require an operation to remove your spleen. A Splenectomy means the that the entire spleen is removed. It is normal to feel pain following a splenectomy, you will be provided with pain relief medication to help manage this.

• #44 Rupture of the Spleen. | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/rupture-of-the-spleen-27-04-2004/

  – The following general measures may help to prevent serious infection in asplenic patients; […] – Seek urgent medical attention at early signs of infection, irrespective of prophylaxis; […] – Take aspirin prophylaxis against thrombosis (this should be controlled by a haematologist); […] – Avoid risk of malaria when in tropical countries by using insect-repellent creams, mosquito nets or screens, wearing long sleeves and trousers in the evening, and taking anti-malarial medication.

• #44 Rupture of the Spleen. | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/gastroenterology/rupture-of-the-spleen-27-04-2004/

  – Non-surgical treatment is possible in haemodynamically stable patients provided intensive monitoring is available. This involves strict bedrest and blood transfusions as required. […] – In many cases the entire spleen is removed (splenectomy) but some ruptures can be surgically repaired. […] – Patients should be vaccinated against pneumococcus before a splenectomy whenever possible. […] – Asplenic patients are at increased risk of infections. […] – An annual flu vaccination is recommended after a splenectomy. […] – In some circumstances prophylactic antibiotics are recommended, particularly if the patient has another condition (sickle-cell disease or cancer, for example) that increases the risk of life-threatening infections. […] – Although an asplenic patients ability to fight infection is impaired, other organs (primarily the liver) compensate for the loss by increasing their infection-fighting ability.

• #45 Spleen | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/spleen

  Some of the disorders that can affect the spleen include: […] splenic rupture (traumatic/atraumatic). […] A sudden blow to the left side of the abdomen can split the outer capsule of the spleen and cause bleeding into the abdominal cavity. There are various degrees of splenic rupture. When bleeding is life threatening, surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is needed. […] A severely ruptured spleen is usually surgically removed. […] The surgical removal of the spleen is called a splenectomy. The body can cope without the spleen, although the person might be more susceptible to infections after the operation. […] People who have had their spleen removed or have a spleen disorder are at increased risk of infection, most commonly pneumococcal and meningococcal infections. […] Low dose prophylactic antibiotics are prescribed post splenectomy, usually a penicillin based antibiotic unless there are recorded allergies.

• #46 Spleen | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/spleen

  Emergency antibiotics are prescribed in case you feel unwell and cannot immediately (within 4-6 hours) be assessed by a GP or ED doctor. […] Be alert, not alarmed post splenectomy. The most important thing to watch out for is any signs or symptoms of infection: […] If you experience these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately (GP or hospital emergency department). […] People without a Spleen can get really sick, very quickly if you ignore these symptoms. Early antibiotic intervention can prevent an unnecessary hospital stay for those without a spleen. […] Always tell your GP that your spleen is absent or not working and utilise your medical alert card or emergency alerts on your phone.

• #47 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-spleen-injury

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. If the spleen ruptures, immediate surgery is required. […] Follow up with your healthcare provider as advised. You may need imaging tests or blood tests to be sure you are healing well. […] Call 911 right away if you have signs of shock from bleeding. These include: […] Call your healthcare provider or seek medical care right away if you have any of these:

• #48 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury

  https://healthpoint.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Bedside/3,16352

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. If the spleen ruptures, immediate surgery is required. […] Follow up with your healthcare provider as advised. You may need imaging tests or blood tests to be sure you are healing well. […] Call your healthcare provider or seek medical care right away if you have any of these: Fever of 100.4F (38C) or higher, or as advised, Chills, Vomiting, Belly pain that doesnt get better, or gets worse, Other new symptoms.

• #49 Spleen Injury: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.spleen-injury-care-instructions.abq5896

  Get plenty of rest for 2 to 3 months while your spleen heals. […] Avoid strenuous activities that could re-injure your spleen. These include lifting, jogging, aerobic exercise, and contact sports. […] Ask your doctor when you can go back to work, school, or your regular activities. […] Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] If the doctor gave you a prescription medicine for pain, take it as prescribed. […] If you are not taking a prescription pain medicine, ask your doctor if you can take an over-the-counter medicine. […] Ask your doctor before you take aspirin or NSAIDs like ibuprofen. These medicines can make bleeding worse. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #50 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-spleen-injury

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. If the spleen ruptures, immediate surgery is required. […] General guidelines for activity following spleen injury are listed below. […] Follow up with your healthcare provider as advised. You may need imaging tests or blood tests to be sure you are healing well. […] Call 911 right away if you have signs of shock from bleeding. These include: […] Call your healthcare provider or seek medical care right away if you have any of these:

• #51 Spleen Surgery: Reasons, Procedures, and Post-Surgical Care

  https://mtnviewsurgical.com/spleen-surgery/

  The postoperative period following spleen surgery entails a hospital stay, individualized pain management strategies, and diligent wound care to facilitate optimal healing and recuperation for the patient. […] Proper wound care post-spleen surgery is imperative in preventing infections, fostering healing, and mitigating scarring. […] By meticulously following the post-operative care instructions, patients can ensure a more seamless recovery process and achieve superior overall outcomes. […] The recommended post-surgical care for patients who have undergone spleen surgery includes scheduled follow-up appointments, mandatory vaccinations, and the adoption of specific lifestyle changes to promote long-term health and well-being. […] Regular follow-up appointments are essential for monitoring the patient’s healing progress and addressing any potential complications that may arise. […] Post-splenectomy vaccines and immunizations constitute vital elements of post-surgical care for individuals who have undergone splenectomy, serving to safeguard against infections and reinforce the immune system following the removal of the spleen.

• #52 Symptoms of a Ruptured Spleen and When to Seek Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/symptoms-of-a-ruptured-spleen

  The main complication of a ruptured spleen is excessive bleeding. Blood loss from a ruptured spleen can be so significant that it results in death without treatment. […] It’s also possible to develop an infection after surgery to remove your spleen. This is more common within the first 5 years. […] If you experience an accident that results in symptoms of a ruptured spleen, get help immediately. A delay in treatment could lead to more serious complications or death.

• #53 What is a Ruptured Spleen? Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/what-is-a-ruptured-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Some studies have shown that over 80% of victims die immediately if they do not receive emergency medical or surgical treatment for a ruptured spleen. Death can also occur after hospitalization and treatment of a ruptured spleen due to severe blood loss and other complications. […] With that said, complete recovery from a ruptured spleen is possible if you get emergency medical treatment. Recovery also depends on the severity of the splenic rupture. As expected, people with mild ruptures generally have better outcomes than those with more severe spleen injuries. Also, the risk of complications from a ruptured spleen is higher in people over the age of 55.

• #54 Splenic injury – South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.southtees.nhs.uk/resources/splenic-injury/

  When the spleen is removed other organs such as the liver can take over most of the functions of the spleen. The spleen has a role in fighting infection. If you do not have a spleen, you will still be able to cope with most infections, but in some cases serious infections may develop quickly. Following a splenectomy, you will be at risk of this for the rest of your life. […] To reduce this risk, you will be given additional vaccinations before you are discharged from hospital. It may be recommended that you take antibiotics every day to protect you from getting serious infections. […] The risk of complications increases for the elderly, overweight patients, or for patients with pre-existing medical conditions. […] Recurrent bleeding, Collection of blood, Abscess, Cyst, Fluid collection within the chest, Chest infection, Blood clot in the veins of the legs or lungs. […] Before you leave hospital, you will receive a supply of the tablets which you will need to continue to take at home. The nurse will explain the side effects which you need to be made aware of and when it is suitable for you to take.

• #55 Spleen Injuries | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spleen-injuries

  Traditionally, children with an injured spleen underwent an operation to remove it, a so-called splenectomy. Over the past 30 years, surgeons have learned that more than 90 percent of children with an injured spleen can heal without an operation, saving the spleen’s important infection fighting role. To get the spleen to heal, the child needs to remain in bed in the hospital until their spleen has stopped bleeding, and they must then restrict their participation in sports or other vigorous activities to keep their spleen from being reinjured. Sometimes, if the child is in shock, or the spleen doesn’t stop bleeding on its own, an operation is needed to remove or repair the spleen.

• #56 Spleen Injury | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/splenic-trauma/

  Spleen injuries can occur when your child has an abdominal injury. The spleen is a fist-sized organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen. It filters and removes old blood cells and bacteria from the body and makes red blood cells. […] Treatment for splenic trauma varies depending on the severity of the injury and whether there is continued bleeding from the spleen. Most splenic injuries can be treated with close observation and no operation. These patients stay in the hospital for at least a few days, until its safe to go home. […] In severe cases where the spleen continues to bleed, our experts may recommend surgical treatment that involves removing the spleen, but this is rarely needed. Occasionally, bleeding from the spleen can be treated with an embolization, which is a procedure to block blood vessels to prevent bleeding. […] Childrens Colorado is the only Level 1 Trauma Center in the Rocky Mountain region. Our splenic injury treatment is based on the most up-to-date science and provided by an expert team specialized in treating children.

• #57 Liver and spleen injuries

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Liver_and_spleen_injuries/

  The time of your childs discharge from the hospital will be based on their level of pain and discomfort, in consultation with the surgical team. […] Even though the chance of the liver or spleen bleeding again is low, it is important to look for signs of bleeding which include: a recurrence of pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, lethargy, a pale appearance. […] It is important for your child to take it easy at home to limit the chance of further bleeding.

• #58 Spleen Injuries | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/spleen-injuries

  The number of follow up visits necessary until your surgeon clears your child to return to school; assume regular activities; participate in sports without restriction; is determined by the type of the spleen injury. […] Notify your child’s regular doctor and your child’s school that your child has been seen at Children’s Hospital for a spleen injury.

• #59

  https://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/abstract/1992/09000/prospective_validation_of_criteria,_including_age,.5.aspx

  One hundred twelve cases of blunt splenic rupture were prospectively entered (October 1987-October 1991) into surgical or nonsurgical management groups using these criteria for the nonsurgical group: hemodynamic stability + age 55 years + CT scan appearance of grade I, II, or III injury + absence of concomitant injuries precluding abdominal assessment + absence of other documented abdominal injuries. […] The surgical treatment group included 66 patients (49 splenectomies, 17 splenorraphies). […] The nonsurgical group included 46 patients with 33 older than 14 years. […] Statistical analysis (x2) showed that more splenic injuries were observed and more spleens were saved with these criteria applied prospectively compared with a previous retrospective series in the same institution. […] Our series had a success rate of 93%, and validates the criteria used for safe, nonsurgical management of the ruptured spleen and adds a new criterion: a maximum age of 55 years.

• #60 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/ruptured-spleen-8638583

  A ruptured spleen causing severe internal bleeding requires surgical intervention. The type of surgery your healthcare provider performs will depend on the extent of the injury and the severity of the bleeding. […] There is no guaranteed way to prevent a ruptured spleen, but certain measures may help lower your risk. […] A ruptured spleen can lead to serious complications and requires prompt treatment. […] Treatment depends on the severity of the rupture and bleeding. Non-surgical treatment involves rest, observation, and symptom management to promote healing. Moderate-to-severe splenic ruptures may require surgery to repair or remove the spleen. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for preventing complications like shock and infection.

• #61 Splenic Injury | Korey Stringer Institute

  https://koreystringer.institute.uconn.edu/splenic-injury/

  Splenic rupture occurs when the spleen is placed under intense pressure/duress, strong enough to tear or separate the outer lining of the organ. A ruptured spleen accounts for 10% of all abdominal injuries. […] A splenic rupture typically results in severe pain and internal bleeding. However, some cases have exhibited only mild symptoms and symptoms may appear delayed as opposed to immediate presentation. […] Because of this, a splenic rupture is considered a medical emergency, both to repair/save the organ, and to limit the loss of blood from the cardiovascular system. […] It is important that individuals who have been recently diagnosed with IM meet with their doctor for clearance to return to sports. Premature return to sports with an enlarged spleen puts an individual at an increased risk for splenic rupture.

• #62 Splenic Ruptures: What Athletes Need to Know | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/splenic-ruptures-what-athletes-need-know

  A ruptured spleen is most often from a direct blow to the abdomen which means there is always a risk for this to occur with contact sports such as football and soccer. […] Most commonly an athlete will complain of pain in the stomach and often worse on the left side. It may hurt worse to move. An athlete may also complain of pain in the left or right shoulder which is called “referred pain” and you can sometimes see bruising around the belly button or on the left side of the abdomen from the bleeding spleen. […] There is still some debate about when it is safe to return to contact sports but the biggest risk for a ruptured spleen is in the first 3 to 7 weeks of illness.

• #63 Splenic Injury – Injuries; Poisoning – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/abdominal-trauma/splenic-injury

  Patients with significant ongoing hemorrhage (ie, significant ongoing transfusion requirements and/or declining hematocrit [Hct]) require laparotomy. […] When surgery is needed, hemorrhage can sometimes be controlled by suturing, topical hemostatic agents (eg, oxidized cellulose, thrombin compounds, fibrin glue), or partial splenectomy, but splenectomy is still sometimes necessary. […] To avoid permanently increasing the patient’s susceptibility to bacterial infections (caused by splenectomy), manage splenic injuries nonoperatively when possible.

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