Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Ruptured Spleen Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/ruptured-spleen

  There are several ways to prevent a ruptured spleen. Prevention measures include: […] If you have a condition that causes an enlarged spleen (spleen cancer, infection, inflammatory condition), make sure to protect yourself from any blunt force trauma or injury to the stomach.

• #2 Ruptured spleen (ruptured spleen) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/ruptured-spleen/

  Special measures to prevent splenic rupture in the doctors office are not known. […] Because spleen ruptures often occur in the context of sports or work accidents, you can prevent them to a certain extent by ensuring that you wear adequate protective clothing. […] There are also no special measures for the early detection of a ruptured spleen. The general advice is therefore to consult your doctor after every accident during leisure time or sport, even if you experience few or no symptoms a two-stage splenic rupture could also occur. […] If specialists diagnose and treat the ruptured spleen in good time, the course and prognosis are generally favorable.

• #3 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic or spontaneous ruptures of the spleen are rare but potentially fatal. Mortality in this condition is essentially linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to risks associated with the terrain and severity of the underlying pathology. […] The patient received pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis (oracillin), and the post-operative follow-up was straightforward; total hospital stay was four days. […] In the case of splenectomy, post-operative care is important. Patients need close monitoring with transfusion. If necessary, vaccination should be given 14 days after the surgery. It may cover pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and meningococcus. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis is proposed for patients at the most risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection in the first two years post-splenectomy.

• #4 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  If you’ve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.

• #5 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/ruptured-spleen-8638583

  There is no guaranteed way to prevent a ruptured spleen, but certain measures may help lower your risk. For example, if you have a condition that inflames or enlarges your spleen, your healthcare provider may ask you to avoid contact sports for a certain period or indefinitely to prevent splenic rupture. […] If you experienced a traumatic blow to your abdomen, seek prompt medical attention to ensure early detection and treatment for any injury to your spleen.

• #6 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-spleen-injury

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. […] For the next 2 to 3 months: […] Dont strain by lifting, pushing, or pulling anything heavy. Dont vacuum, shovel, or mow. […] Dont do high-risk activities (see below).

• #7 Splenomegaly | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/splenomegaly

  Certain disorders, including glandular fever, can occasionally make the enlarged spleen delicate enough to rupture. A person with splenomegaly should take care to avoid all contact sports and any other activities that could potentially deliver a hard impact to their abdomen. […] An overzealous palpation of the abdomen or a sudden blow can split the outer capsule of the spleen and cause bleeding into the abdominal cavity. In this instance, surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) is needed. The body seems to cope without the spleen, despite this organs many vital functions. However, the person may find they have an increased susceptibility to infection following the operation. […] In some cases, it may be possible to leave healthy portions of spleen intact, and only remove the diseased or damaged parts. This allows the spleen to keep performing its usual functions.

• #8 Splenic Ruptures: What Athletes Need to Know | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/splenic-ruptures-what-athletes-need-know

  A ruptured spleen is most often from a direct blow to the abdomen which means there is always a risk for this to occur with contact sports such as football and soccer. […] Since this illness is known to cause the spleen to increase in size the recommendation is no sports or activity for at least 3 weeks. […] The biggest risk for a ruptured spleen is in the first 3 to 7 weeks of illness.

• #9 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  If you’ve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.

• #10 Spleen Injury – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/handout/spleen-injury/

  The spleen is easily injured in children due to falls, bicycle crashes, contact sports, motor vehicle crashes, and violence. […] A spleen injury takes time and rest to heal. […] It is important that the spleen heal without another injury. Even a minor re-injury could cause serious complications such a bleeding, longer recovery time, or even death. […] Do not lift, push, or pull more than 10 pounds. […] No contact sports or activities such as soccer, football, hockey, wrestling, running, bicycle or scooter riding for at least six to eight weeks. […] Do not take aspirin, Advil®, Aleve® or Ibuprofen, Motrin®, or other anti-inflammatory medications for six weeks unless approved by a doctor. These medications may increase your risk of bleeding.

• #11 Splenic Injury | Korey Stringer Institute

  https://koreystringer.institute.uconn.edu/splenic-injury/

  Splenic rupture occurs when the spleen is placed under intense pressure/duress, strong enough to tear or separate the outer lining of the organ. […] It is important that individuals who have been recently diagnosed with IM meet with their doctor for clearance to return to sports. Premature return to sports with an enlarged spleen puts an individual at an increased risk for splenic rupture. […] Once released from hospital, the athlete will need to follow gradual return to play over course of 2 or 3 weeks to allow healing of organ epithelial tissue. The athlete should be monitored very closely by an Athletic Trainer or sports medicine professional to ensure athlete safety and no return of signs or symptoms.

• #12 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  If you’ve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.

• #13 Rupture of Spleen | ChemoExperts

  https://www.chemoexperts.com/rupture-of-spleen.html

  Decreasing the risk of a ruptured spleen involves careful monitoring and taking steps to avoid activities that could increase the risk of injury or trauma. For example, patients with an enlarged spleen may be advised to avoid contact sports or heavy lifting.

• #14 Splenic Ruptures: What Athletes Need to Know | Texas Children’s

  https://www.texaschildrens.org/content/wellness/splenic-ruptures-what-athletes-need-know

  A ruptured spleen is most often from a direct blow to the abdomen which means there is always a risk for this to occur with contact sports such as football and soccer. […] Since this illness is known to cause the spleen to increase in size the recommendation is no sports or activity for at least 3 weeks. […] The biggest risk for a ruptured spleen is in the first 3 to 7 weeks of illness.

• #15 SPLEEN INJURIES | Sports Medicine Today

  https://www.sportsmedtoday.com/spleen-injuries-va-237.htm

  Spleen injuries in athletes are rare, but potentially life-threatening if missed. […] Prevention is key with splenic injuries. In children, pad-less handlebars have been linked to increased rates of abdominal blunt trauma so it is important to ensure children have some sort of padding on their bikes. In equestrian events, it is important to check the tack prior to riding because this has also been linked to abdominal blunt trauma. Finally, if you have a recent diagnosis of IM, avoid high risk activity for at least the first 21 days of illness and in accordance with medical advice.

• #16 Ruptured spleen – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/ruptured-spleen/

  If you’ve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your doctor whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of abdominal trauma. […] Your doctor might recommend ways to reduce the risk of infection, such as vaccinations against bacteria, including meningococcus, pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae b. You may also be prescribed an oral antibiotic to prevent infections.

• #17 Ruptured spleen | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20166973/

  If youve been diagnosed with an enlarged spleen, ask your health care provider whether you need to avoid activities for several weeks that could cause it to rupture. These might include contact sports, heavy lifting and other activities that increase the risk of stomach trauma.

• #18 SPLEEN INJURIES | Sports Medicine Today

  https://www.sportsmedtoday.com/spleen-injuries-va-237.htm

  Spleen injuries in athletes are rare, but potentially life-threatening if missed. […] Prevention is key with splenic injuries. In children, pad-less handlebars have been linked to increased rates of abdominal blunt trauma so it is important to ensure children have some sort of padding on their bikes. In equestrian events, it is important to check the tack prior to riding because this has also been linked to abdominal blunt trauma. Finally, if you have a recent diagnosis of IM, avoid high risk activity for at least the first 21 days of illness and in accordance with medical advice.

• #19 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/ruptured-spleen

  The risk factors that can be avoided to prevent spleen ruptures include avoiding contact sports or activities that put the spleen at risk of injury, wearing protective gear during sports, using seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, treating underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders or liver disease, and avoiding the use of illegal drugs. […] Sports injuries can be prevented by practicing proper technique and following safety guidelines. This includes warming up before exercise or sports activity, using proper equipment and wearing protective gear, avoiding playing through pain or injury, staying hydrated, and properly training to build strength and endurance. […] To avoid accidents and prevent spleen trauma, measures can be taken such as wearing seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, and following proper safety guidelines when engaging in physical activities or working with heavy machinery.

• #20 Spleen injuries – Montreal Children’s Hospital

  https://montrealchildrenshospital.ca/spleen-injuries/

  What to do to prevent a spleen injury? […] You can help prevent a spleen injury by avoiding trauma to the abdomen. To do this, you should: […] Always use the proper car seat, seat belt and shoulder harness when your child is riding in a car. […] Make sure your child wears proper safety gear at all times when playing sports.

• #21 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/ruptured-spleen

  The risk factors that can be avoided to prevent spleen ruptures include avoiding contact sports or activities that put the spleen at risk of injury, wearing protective gear during sports, using seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, treating underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders or liver disease, and avoiding the use of illegal drugs. […] Sports injuries can be prevented by practicing proper technique and following safety guidelines. This includes warming up before exercise or sports activity, using proper equipment and wearing protective gear, avoiding playing through pain or injury, staying hydrated, and properly training to build strength and endurance. […] To avoid accidents and prevent spleen trauma, measures can be taken such as wearing seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, and following proper safety guidelines when engaging in physical activities or working with heavy machinery.

• #22 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/ruptured-spleen

  The risk factors that can be avoided to prevent spleen ruptures include avoiding contact sports or activities that put the spleen at risk of injury, wearing protective gear during sports, using seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, treating underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders or liver disease, and avoiding the use of illegal drugs. […] Sports injuries can be prevented by practicing proper technique and following safety guidelines. This includes warming up before exercise or sports activity, using proper equipment and wearing protective gear, avoiding playing through pain or injury, staying hydrated, and properly training to build strength and endurance. […] To avoid accidents and prevent spleen trauma, measures can be taken such as wearing seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, and following proper safety guidelines when engaging in physical activities or working with heavy machinery.

• #23 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Strengthen Your Core: Regularly strengthening your core muscles such as your abdominal muscles will help provide additional support for your organs including your spleen. This will help reduce the risk for rupture if you are involved in an accident or if you experience direct trauma to your abdomen area.

• #24 Splenic Injury | Korey Stringer Institute

  https://koreystringer.institute.uconn.edu/splenic-injury/

  Splenic rupture occurs when the spleen is placed under intense pressure/duress, strong enough to tear or separate the outer lining of the organ. […] It is important that individuals who have been recently diagnosed with IM meet with their doctor for clearance to return to sports. Premature return to sports with an enlarged spleen puts an individual at an increased risk for splenic rupture. […] Once released from hospital, the athlete will need to follow gradual return to play over course of 2 or 3 weeks to allow healing of organ epithelial tissue. The athlete should be monitored very closely by an Athletic Trainer or sports medicine professional to ensure athlete safety and no return of signs or symptoms.

• #25 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Wear a Seatbelt: Wearing a seatbelt is one of the best ways to prevent a ruptured spleen in the event of a car accident. The seatbelt acts as a barrier and helps to keep the body in place, reducing the risk of blunt force trauma to the spleen. […] Participate in Safe Contact Sports: Participating in contact sports can put you at risk for injury, so it is important to practise safe habits while playing sports. Wear all recommended protective gear, obey all rules and regulations, and be aware of your surroundings so you can avoid unnecessary collisions or falls that could lead to rupture of the spleen. […] Avoid Binge Drinking: Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of injury due to its effects on coordination, concentration and judgement. Heavy drinking can also cause liver damage which can weaken the abdominal wall leading to increased risk for rupture of the spleen.

• #26 Spleen injuries – Montreal Children’s Hospital

  https://montrealchildrenshospital.ca/spleen-injuries/

  What to do to prevent a spleen injury? […] You can help prevent a spleen injury by avoiding trauma to the abdomen. To do this, you should: […] Always use the proper car seat, seat belt and shoulder harness when your child is riding in a car. […] Make sure your child wears proper safety gear at all times when playing sports.

• #27 Spleen injuries – Montreal Children’s Hospital

  https://montrealchildrenshospital.ca/spleen-injuries/

  What to do to prevent a spleen injury? […] You can help prevent a spleen injury by avoiding trauma to the abdomen. To do this, you should: […] Always use the proper car seat, seat belt and shoulder harness when your child is riding in a car. […] Make sure your child wears proper safety gear at all times when playing sports.

• #28 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Wear a Seatbelt: Wearing a seatbelt is one of the best ways to prevent a ruptured spleen in the event of a car accident. The seatbelt acts as a barrier and helps to keep the body in place, reducing the risk of blunt force trauma to the spleen. […] Participate in Safe Contact Sports: Participating in contact sports can put you at risk for injury, so it is important to practise safe habits while playing sports. Wear all recommended protective gear, obey all rules and regulations, and be aware of your surroundings so you can avoid unnecessary collisions or falls that could lead to rupture of the spleen. […] Avoid Binge Drinking: Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of injury due to its effects on coordination, concentration and judgement. Heavy drinking can also cause liver damage which can weaken the abdominal wall leading to increased risk for rupture of the spleen.

• #29 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/ruptured-spleen

  The risk factors that can be avoided to prevent spleen ruptures include avoiding contact sports or activities that put the spleen at risk of injury, wearing protective gear during sports, using seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, treating underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders or liver disease, and avoiding the use of illegal drugs. […] Sports injuries can be prevented by practicing proper technique and following safety guidelines. This includes warming up before exercise or sports activity, using proper equipment and wearing protective gear, avoiding playing through pain or injury, staying hydrated, and properly training to build strength and endurance. […] To avoid accidents and prevent spleen trauma, measures can be taken such as wearing seat belts while driving or riding in a car, avoiding alcohol consumption to reduce the risk of falls or accidents, and following proper safety guidelines when engaging in physical activities or working with heavy machinery.

• #30 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #31 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The majority of traumatic splenic injuries can be conservatively managed with resuscitation guided by close monitoring of hemodynamics and hematocrit levels and occasionally angiography with coil embolization. However, operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] Given the immunologic function of the spleen, all splenectomy patients are at risk for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). Thus, all patients undergoing splenectomy are recommended to receive vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization is ideally administered either two weeks before the splenectomy (in elective cases) or within 14-28 days postoperatively. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #32 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  Consideration should be given for prophylactic vaccinations (against Strep Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae B (HIB) and Meningococcus) and prophylactic antibiotics (against encapsulated bacteria) […] Consequently, any asplenic patient, including those post-splenectomy, should receive vaccinations against these three organisms. In addition, prophylactic Penicillin V should be considered (this may not be required lifelong in low-risk patients).

• #33 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The majority of traumatic splenic injuries can be conservatively managed with resuscitation guided by close monitoring of hemodynamics and hematocrit levels and occasionally angiography with coil embolization. However, operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] Given the immunologic function of the spleen, all splenectomy patients are at risk for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). Thus, all patients undergoing splenectomy are recommended to receive vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization is ideally administered either two weeks before the splenectomy (in elective cases) or within 14-28 days postoperatively. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #34 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #35 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic or spontaneous ruptures of the spleen are rare but potentially fatal. Mortality in this condition is essentially linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to risks associated with the terrain and severity of the underlying pathology. […] The patient received pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis (oracillin), and the post-operative follow-up was straightforward; total hospital stay was four days. […] In the case of splenectomy, post-operative care is important. Patients need close monitoring with transfusion. If necessary, vaccination should be given 14 days after the surgery. It may cover pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and meningococcus. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis is proposed for patients at the most risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection in the first two years post-splenectomy.

• #36 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #37 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  Consideration should be given for prophylactic vaccinations (against Strep Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae B (HIB) and Meningococcus) and prophylactic antibiotics (against encapsulated bacteria) […] Consequently, any asplenic patient, including those post-splenectomy, should receive vaccinations against these three organisms. In addition, prophylactic Penicillin V should be considered (this may not be required lifelong in low-risk patients).

• #38 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #39 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The majority of traumatic splenic injuries can be conservatively managed with resuscitation guided by close monitoring of hemodynamics and hematocrit levels and occasionally angiography with coil embolization. However, operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] Given the immunologic function of the spleen, all splenectomy patients are at risk for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). Thus, all patients undergoing splenectomy are recommended to receive vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization is ideally administered either two weeks before the splenectomy (in elective cases) or within 14-28 days postoperatively. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #40 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic or spontaneous ruptures of the spleen are rare but potentially fatal. Mortality in this condition is essentially linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to risks associated with the terrain and severity of the underlying pathology. […] The patient received pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis (oracillin), and the post-operative follow-up was straightforward; total hospital stay was four days. […] In the case of splenectomy, post-operative care is important. Patients need close monitoring with transfusion. If necessary, vaccination should be given 14 days after the surgery. It may cover pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and meningococcus. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis is proposed for patients at the most risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection in the first two years post-splenectomy.

• #41 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #42 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  Consideration should be given for prophylactic vaccinations (against Strep Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae B (HIB) and Meningococcus) and prophylactic antibiotics (against encapsulated bacteria) […] Consequently, any asplenic patient, including those post-splenectomy, should receive vaccinations against these three organisms. In addition, prophylactic Penicillin V should be considered (this may not be required lifelong in low-risk patients).

• #43 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic or spontaneous ruptures of the spleen are rare but potentially fatal. Mortality in this condition is essentially linked to delays in diagnosis and treatment, as well as to risks associated with the terrain and severity of the underlying pathology. […] The patient received pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis (oracillin), and the post-operative follow-up was straightforward; total hospital stay was four days. […] In the case of splenectomy, post-operative care is important. Patients need close monitoring with transfusion. If necessary, vaccination should be given 14 days after the surgery. It may cover pneumococcus, haemophilus influenza and meningococcus. Oral antibiotic prophylaxis is proposed for patients at the most risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection in the first two years post-splenectomy.

• #44 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #45 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #46 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #47 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #48 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #49 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #50 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  Some people are born without a spleen or need to have it removed because of illness or injury. […] If there’s time, you’ll be advised to have certain vaccinations before the operation. This is because spleen removal weakens your immune system and can make you more likely to get an infection. […] This risk can be minimised by following simple precautions to prevent infection. […] You should also be vaccinated against: pneumococcal infections, such as pneumonia, with a booster every 5 years; flu (get the flu vaccine every year); MenACWY; MenB. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for at least 2 years, and in many cases, the rest of your life, to prevent bacterial infections. […] See a GP as soon as possible if you get signs of an infection. […] If you get bitten by an animal, particularly a dog, start your course of antibiotics if you have them with you, and seek medical advice urgently. […] Healthcare professionals will mark your health records to show that you do not have a working spleen. […] It’s a good idea to carry or wear some medical ID. […] If you’re travelling abroad: you may be advised to take a course of antibiotics with you; check if you need any travel vaccinations.

• #51 Sudden spleen rupture in a Plasmodium vivax-infected patient undergoing malaria treatment | Malaria Journal | Full Text

  https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2228-2

  Splenic rupture during acute malaria is rare but is likely underdiagnosed and underreported. It is a life-threatening malaria complication that can occur after starting treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate disease management are essential. In the clinical case presented here, the availability and use of a portable ultrasound apparatus may have saved the patient’s life. […] Patients with no or low immunity to malaria have the highest risk of spleen rupture. Therefore, patients with acute malaria should avoid activities with risk of abdominal trauma during several weeks after recovering from the acute disease. […] Concerning the diagnosis, and from the clinical point of view, it is important to note that the longer the symptoms of malaria attacks persist, the higher the risk for splenic rupture, with early diagnosis becoming of utmost importance for prevention. In that sense, splenic rupture should always be suspected in a patient from an endemic region displaying a rapid onset of hypotension and left hypochondrial pain.

• #52 Sudden spleen rupture in a Plasmodium vivax-infected patient undergoing malaria treatment | Malaria Journal | Full Text

  https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2228-2

  Thus, an abnormal immunological response during the acute stage causes a rapid growth of the spleen, which drives to a higher incidence of splenic rupture. Therefore, all patients with acute malaria should be advised to avoid activities with increased risk of abdominal trauma for several weeks after curing acute disease.

• #53 Sudden spleen rupture in a Plasmodium vivax-infected patient undergoing malaria treatment | Malaria Journal | Full Text

  https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2228-2

  Splenic rupture during acute malaria is rare but is likely underdiagnosed and underreported. It is a life-threatening malaria complication that can occur after starting treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate disease management are essential. In the clinical case presented here, the availability and use of a portable ultrasound apparatus may have saved the patient’s life. […] Patients with no or low immunity to malaria have the highest risk of spleen rupture. Therefore, patients with acute malaria should avoid activities with risk of abdominal trauma during several weeks after recovering from the acute disease. […] Concerning the diagnosis, and from the clinical point of view, it is important to note that the longer the symptoms of malaria attacks persist, the higher the risk for splenic rupture, with early diagnosis becoming of utmost importance for prevention. In that sense, splenic rupture should always be suspected in a patient from an endemic region displaying a rapid onset of hypotension and left hypochondrial pain.

• #54 Sudden spleen rupture in a Plasmodium vivax-infected patient undergoing malaria treatment | Malaria Journal | Full Text

  https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-018-2228-2

  Splenic rupture during acute malaria is rare but is likely underdiagnosed and underreported. It is a life-threatening malaria complication that can occur after starting treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate disease management are essential. In the clinical case presented here, the availability and use of a portable ultrasound apparatus may have saved the patient’s life. […] Patients with no or low immunity to malaria have the highest risk of spleen rupture. Therefore, patients with acute malaria should avoid activities with risk of abdominal trauma during several weeks after recovering from the acute disease. […] Concerning the diagnosis, and from the clinical point of view, it is important to note that the longer the symptoms of malaria attacks persist, the higher the risk for splenic rupture, with early diagnosis becoming of utmost importance for prevention. In that sense, splenic rupture should always be suspected in a patient from an endemic region displaying a rapid onset of hypotension and left hypochondrial pain.

• #55 Embolization for Splenic Trauma – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2016-apr/embolization-for-splenic-trauma

  The success rate of NOM may be increased by introducing endovascular treatment into the management strategy, including curative embolization of ongoing bleeding and preventive embolization of high-grade trauma without obvious bleeding lesions. […] For high-grade trauma (grades 35 on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification scale) without bleeding lesions, Haan et al1 and Gaarder et al2 have demonstrated that proximal occlusion of the splenic artery decreases the risk of splenectomy by 16% to 18%. […] The indication is called preventive when the goal is to avoid secondary bleeding by decreasing blood pressure into the spleen. […] Preventive spleen embolization seems to have potential in high-grade trauma and/or in patients who have high-risk prognosis factors (eg, age 50 years, polytraumatism, intraperitoneal bleeding, indication for prolonged surgery of other organs [orthopedic or neurosurgery] for which patients must be hemodynamically stable).

• #56 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  The spleen is one of the organs most commonly affected by blunt abdominal trauma. […] Patients who have undergone splenectomy are at an increased risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, leading to a shift in the consensus toward managing splenic trauma with spleen-preserving NOM approaches, such as splenic artery embolization, when possible. […] Patients with grade IV and V splenic injuries who are hemodynamically stable and do not have an active bleed are often candidates for prophylactic angioembolization. […] Through this case report, we emphasize the importance of using the period of conservative management to either consult with an IR specialist or transfer the patient to a center equipped with IR, given the high risk of re-bleeding or delayed rupture of the spleen. […] Our practice adheres to the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for the management of patients with splenic trauma.

• #57 Embolization for Splenic Trauma – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2016-apr/embolization-for-splenic-trauma

  The success rate of NOM may be increased by introducing endovascular treatment into the management strategy, including curative embolization of ongoing bleeding and preventive embolization of high-grade trauma without obvious bleeding lesions. […] For high-grade trauma (grades 35 on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification scale) without bleeding lesions, Haan et al1 and Gaarder et al2 have demonstrated that proximal occlusion of the splenic artery decreases the risk of splenectomy by 16% to 18%. […] The indication is called preventive when the goal is to avoid secondary bleeding by decreasing blood pressure into the spleen. […] Preventive spleen embolization seems to have potential in high-grade trauma and/or in patients who have high-risk prognosis factors (eg, age 50 years, polytraumatism, intraperitoneal bleeding, indication for prolonged surgery of other organs [orthopedic or neurosurgery] for which patients must be hemodynamically stable).

• #58 Embolization for Splenic Trauma – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2016-apr/embolization-for-splenic-trauma

  The success rate of NOM may be increased by introducing endovascular treatment into the management strategy, including curative embolization of ongoing bleeding and preventive embolization of high-grade trauma without obvious bleeding lesions. […] For high-grade trauma (grades 35 on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification scale) without bleeding lesions, Haan et al1 and Gaarder et al2 have demonstrated that proximal occlusion of the splenic artery decreases the risk of splenectomy by 16% to 18%. […] The indication is called preventive when the goal is to avoid secondary bleeding by decreasing blood pressure into the spleen. […] Preventive spleen embolization seems to have potential in high-grade trauma and/or in patients who have high-risk prognosis factors (eg, age 50 years, polytraumatism, intraperitoneal bleeding, indication for prolonged surgery of other organs [orthopedic or neurosurgery] for which patients must be hemodynamically stable).

• #59 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM. […] Several authors have advocated for the use of prophylactic angioembolization in cases of high-grade splenic injury. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

• #60 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM. […] Several authors have advocated for the use of prophylactic angioembolization in cases of high-grade splenic injury. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

• #61 Splenic Rupture Following Colonoscopy | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v4n1/foster-splenic-rupture/

  Splenic rupture is a serious complication of any colonoscopy. […] If perforation and post-polypectomy syndrome have been ruled out, the emergency physician and/or surgeon should have a high index of suspicion for splenic rupture. […] Splenic rupture is a severe complication of any colonoscopy. […] This case reminds physicians to have a suspicion of splenic trauma in patients presenting with abdominal pain following uncomplicated or complicated colonoscopies. […] Splenic rupture is an often-overlooked complication of colonoscopy that can have fatal consequences even in uncomplicated colonoscopies. […] If hemodynamically stable, treatment is based on the grade of splenic rupture, which determines if the spleen is salvageable. Urgent splenectomy is necessary if the patient is hemodynamically unstable.

• #62 Splenic Injury in Colonoscopy

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Review-Articles/Article/04-23/spleen-splenic-injury-colonoscopy-legal-malpractice/69933?ses=ogst

  Given that in the majority of cases the indication for the procedure is colon cancer screening or polyp surveillance, patients opt in to the procedure as a means of prevention. […] This review seeks to outline splenic injury types, prevention methods, and management strategies. […] The mortality rate for post-colonoscopy splenic injury has been reported to be approximately 5%, making detection and management essential. […] Thus, it is vital that endoscopists are aware of the risk factors for post-colonoscopy splenic injury and how they can be minimized. […] The technical aspects of colonoscopy may play a role in a patients risk for injury. […] However, increasing incidence of post-colonoscopy splenic injury in recent years has yielded more data, with analysis showing that splenic injury can occur without the use of excessive force.

• #63 Splenic Injury in Colonoscopy

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Review-Articles/Article/04-23/spleen-splenic-injury-colonoscopy-legal-malpractice/69933?ses=ogst

  Given that in the majority of cases the indication for the procedure is colon cancer screening or polyp surveillance, patients opt in to the procedure as a means of prevention. […] This review seeks to outline splenic injury types, prevention methods, and management strategies. […] The mortality rate for post-colonoscopy splenic injury has been reported to be approximately 5%, making detection and management essential. […] Thus, it is vital that endoscopists are aware of the risk factors for post-colonoscopy splenic injury and how they can be minimized. […] The technical aspects of colonoscopy may play a role in a patients risk for injury. […] However, increasing incidence of post-colonoscopy splenic injury in recent years has yielded more data, with analysis showing that splenic injury can occur without the use of excessive force.

• #64 Splenic Injury in Colonoscopy

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Review-Articles/Article/04-23/spleen-splenic-injury-colonoscopy-legal-malpractice/69933?ses=ogst

  Given that in the majority of cases the indication for the procedure is colon cancer screening or polyp surveillance, patients opt in to the procedure as a means of prevention. […] This review seeks to outline splenic injury types, prevention methods, and management strategies. […] The mortality rate for post-colonoscopy splenic injury has been reported to be approximately 5%, making detection and management essential. […] Thus, it is vital that endoscopists are aware of the risk factors for post-colonoscopy splenic injury and how they can be minimized. […] The technical aspects of colonoscopy may play a role in a patients risk for injury. […] However, increasing incidence of post-colonoscopy splenic injury in recent years has yielded more data, with analysis showing that splenic injury can occur without the use of excessive force.

• #65 A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially lethal complication

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99572012000200009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially lethal complication. […] Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis are the cornerstones for avoiding morbidity and mortality in this rare endoscopic complication. […] Injury to the spleen following a colonoscopy is a rare complication which nevertheless should be considered as a possible cause for abdominal pain after a colonoscopy. The emergence of new cases demonstrates the importance of recording such complications. The majority of these patients consulted doctors during the first 48 hours after the procedure as soon as symptoms began. Diagnoses were done with abdominal CT scans. Treatment decisions and the success of conservative management were not related to CT scan follow-up. Follow-up and clinical suspicion promote early diagnosis and prompt treatment of these injuries reducing the possibility of death.

• #66 A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially lethal complication

  http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-99572012000200009&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

  A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially lethal complication. […] Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis are the cornerstones for avoiding morbidity and mortality in this rare endoscopic complication. […] Injury to the spleen following a colonoscopy is a rare complication which nevertheless should be considered as a possible cause for abdominal pain after a colonoscopy. The emergence of new cases demonstrates the importance of recording such complications. The majority of these patients consulted doctors during the first 48 hours after the procedure as soon as symptoms began. Diagnoses were done with abdominal CT scans. Treatment decisions and the success of conservative management were not related to CT scan follow-up. Follow-up and clinical suspicion promote early diagnosis and prompt treatment of these injuries reducing the possibility of death.

• #67

  https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/8764001f-b3b2-425e-89c5-5284d417de1e

  Splenic injuries, whether from penetrating trauma, such as a gunshot or knife wound, or from blunt trauma via motor vehicle crash or fall, are common and can be lethal. […] To reduce this risk, patients who undergo surgery to remove their spleen receive vaccines against these bacteria. […] Whether the patient undergoes surgery or is managed non-operatively there are risks and complications associated with either strategy. […] As a result of understanding the function of the spleen, natural evolution of the splenic injury, improving technology and adjuncts such as angiogram the trauma surgeons are better able to manage blunt spleen injuries nonoperatively more successfully than before.

• #68 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Splenic rupture due to trauma is relatively common. However, spontaneous non-traumatic ruptures do occur. […] Non-traumatic rupture of the spleen must be considered in patients presenting with left-sided upper abdominal pain even without evident history of trauma, since early recognition and treatment can prevent serious morbidity and mortality. […] Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a condition in which the spleen ruptures in the absence of trauma or disease. Delayed or missed diagnosis can often result in significant morbidity and mortality. Overall mortality rate is reported as 10-15%. […] The common causes of infiltrative or inflammatory pathology are malaria, mononucleosis, CMV, typhoid fever, endocarditis with splenic embolism, pneumonia, viral hepatitis, etc. […] Preservation of viable splenic tissue is desirable if possible.

• #69 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required. […] In the case presented, initially, conservative management was attempted; however, this failed and the patient eventually underwent splenectomy. […] The possibility of splenic rupture should be considered even in the non-traumatic patient. The delay in diagnosis can be catastrophic.

• #70 A Case of Spontaneous Splenic Rupture in Newborn | RGUHS Journal of Medical Sciences | Journalgrid

  https://journalgrid.com/view/article/rjms/12433470

  Splenic rupture is rarely seen in neonates these days. This is because traumatic deliveries rarely occur. […] Splenic rupture presents with shock, anemia, abdominal distension, and other features such as oliguria, refusal to feed, abdominal mass or bluish scrotum. The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound or CT scan and abdominal paracentesis confirming hemoperitoneum. […] Splenectomy has been recommended as the treatment of choice for neonates with ruptured spleen. […] However, more recently attempts have been made to conserve the spleen. […] If bleeding is small, it may be managed conservatively with fluid resuscitation and continuous monitoring. […] The case reported is of splenic rupture that occurred without any known cause in a neonate and showed favourable outcome following conservative management.

• #71 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The majority of traumatic splenic injuries can be conservatively managed with resuscitation guided by close monitoring of hemodynamics and hematocrit levels and occasionally angiography with coil embolization. However, operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] Given the immunologic function of the spleen, all splenectomy patients are at risk for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). Thus, all patients undergoing splenectomy are recommended to receive vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization is ideally administered either two weeks before the splenectomy (in elective cases) or within 14-28 days postoperatively. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #72 Splenic Injury in Colonoscopy

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Review-Articles/Article/04-23/spleen-splenic-injury-colonoscopy-legal-malpractice/69933?ses=ogst

  Ultimately, technical maneuvers and patient demographic characteristics might relate to the risk for post-colonoscopy splenic injury, but an understanding of how each individual patients attitudes affect their perception of procedural pain may be more important. […] The primary objective in splenic injury management is to preserve the structure and function of the spleen. […] With this goal, conservative, nonoperative management is employed whenever possible. […] As mentioned previously, grades I and II splenic injury can be managed conservatively, while grades IV and V often require surgery.

• #73 A Case of Spontaneous Splenic Rupture in Newborn | RGUHS Journal of Medical Sciences | Journalgrid

  https://journalgrid.com/view/article/rjms/12433470

  Splenic rupture is rarely seen in neonates these days. This is because traumatic deliveries rarely occur. […] Splenic rupture presents with shock, anemia, abdominal distension, and other features such as oliguria, refusal to feed, abdominal mass or bluish scrotum. The diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasound or CT scan and abdominal paracentesis confirming hemoperitoneum. […] Splenectomy has been recommended as the treatment of choice for neonates with ruptured spleen. […] However, more recently attempts have been made to conserve the spleen. […] If bleeding is small, it may be managed conservatively with fluid resuscitation and continuous monitoring. […] The case reported is of splenic rupture that occurred without any known cause in a neonate and showed favourable outcome following conservative management.

• #74 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-spleen-injury

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. […] For the next 2 to 3 months: […] Dont strain by lifting, pushing, or pulling anything heavy. Dont vacuum, shovel, or mow. […] Dont do high-risk activities (see below).

• #75 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required. […] In the case presented, initially, conservative management was attempted; however, this failed and the patient eventually underwent splenectomy. […] The possibility of splenic rupture should be considered even in the non-traumatic patient. The delay in diagnosis can be catastrophic.

• #76 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required. […] In the case presented, initially, conservative management was attempted; however, this failed and the patient eventually underwent splenectomy. […] The possibility of splenic rupture should be considered even in the non-traumatic patient. The delay in diagnosis can be catastrophic.

• #77 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required. […] In the case presented, initially, conservative management was attempted; however, this failed and the patient eventually underwent splenectomy. […] The possibility of splenic rupture should be considered even in the non-traumatic patient. The delay in diagnosis can be catastrophic.

• #78 Exploratory Laparotomy and Splenectomy for Ruptured Spleen Following Blunt Force Trauma | Journal of Medical Insight

  https://jomi.com/article/299.9/exploratory-laparotomy-and-splenectomy-for-ruptured-spleen-following-blunt-force-trauma

  The majority of traumatic splenic injuries can be conservatively managed with resuscitation guided by close monitoring of hemodynamics and hematocrit levels and occasionally angiography with coil embolization. However, operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] Operative intervention in the form of splenectomy to stop intra-abdominal bleeding is indicated for high-grade splenic injuries and hemodynamic instability. […] A splenectomy may be performed as part of an exploratory laparotomy for intra-abdominal hemorrhage. […] Given the immunologic function of the spleen, all splenectomy patients are at risk for overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). Thus, all patients undergoing splenectomy are recommended to receive vaccinations against encapsulated bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Immunization is ideally administered either two weeks before the splenectomy (in elective cases) or within 14-28 days postoperatively. […] The plan also included postsplenectomy vaccines to reduce the risk of OPSI.

• #79 Spleen Injury – CHOC – Children’s health hub

  https://health.choc.org/handout/spleen-injury/

  The spleen is easily injured in children due to falls, bicycle crashes, contact sports, motor vehicle crashes, and violence. […] A spleen injury takes time and rest to heal. […] It is important that the spleen heal without another injury. Even a minor re-injury could cause serious complications such a bleeding, longer recovery time, or even death. […] Do not lift, push, or pull more than 10 pounds. […] No contact sports or activities such as soccer, football, hockey, wrestling, running, bicycle or scooter riding for at least six to eight weeks. […] Do not take aspirin, Advil®, Aleve® or Ibuprofen, Motrin®, or other anti-inflammatory medications for six weeks unless approved by a doctor. These medications may increase your risk of bleeding.

• #80 Discharge Instructions: Spleen Injury | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/discharge-instructions-spleen-injury

  The spleen may take up to 3 months to heal. Its important to rest and let it heal. This is to help prevent rupture of the spleen. A ruptured spleen is a life-threatening medical emergency that may result in large amounts of internal bleeding and shock. […] For the next 2 to 3 months: […] Dont strain by lifting, pushing, or pulling anything heavy. Dont vacuum, shovel, or mow. […] Dont do high-risk activities (see below).

• #81 Embolization for Splenic Trauma – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2016-apr/embolization-for-splenic-trauma

  The success rate of NOM may be increased by introducing endovascular treatment into the management strategy, including curative embolization of ongoing bleeding and preventive embolization of high-grade trauma without obvious bleeding lesions. […] For high-grade trauma (grades 35 on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification scale) without bleeding lesions, Haan et al1 and Gaarder et al2 have demonstrated that proximal occlusion of the splenic artery decreases the risk of splenectomy by 16% to 18%. […] The indication is called preventive when the goal is to avoid secondary bleeding by decreasing blood pressure into the spleen. […] Preventive spleen embolization seems to have potential in high-grade trauma and/or in patients who have high-risk prognosis factors (eg, age 50 years, polytraumatism, intraperitoneal bleeding, indication for prolonged surgery of other organs [orthopedic or neurosurgery] for which patients must be hemodynamically stable).

• #82 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM. […] Several authors have advocated for the use of prophylactic angioembolization in cases of high-grade splenic injury. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

• #83 Embolization for Splenic Trauma – Endovascular Today

  https://evtoday.com/articles/2016-apr/embolization-for-splenic-trauma

  The success rate of NOM may be increased by introducing endovascular treatment into the management strategy, including curative embolization of ongoing bleeding and preventive embolization of high-grade trauma without obvious bleeding lesions. […] For high-grade trauma (grades 35 on the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma classification scale) without bleeding lesions, Haan et al1 and Gaarder et al2 have demonstrated that proximal occlusion of the splenic artery decreases the risk of splenectomy by 16% to 18%. […] The indication is called preventive when the goal is to avoid secondary bleeding by decreasing blood pressure into the spleen. […] Preventive spleen embolization seems to have potential in high-grade trauma and/or in patients who have high-risk prognosis factors (eg, age 50 years, polytraumatism, intraperitoneal bleeding, indication for prolonged surgery of other organs [orthopedic or neurosurgery] for which patients must be hemodynamically stable).

• #84 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  The spleen is one of the organs most commonly affected by blunt abdominal trauma. […] Patients who have undergone splenectomy are at an increased risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, leading to a shift in the consensus toward managing splenic trauma with spleen-preserving NOM approaches, such as splenic artery embolization, when possible. […] Patients with grade IV and V splenic injuries who are hemodynamically stable and do not have an active bleed are often candidates for prophylactic angioembolization. […] Through this case report, we emphasize the importance of using the period of conservative management to either consult with an IR specialist or transfer the patient to a center equipped with IR, given the high risk of re-bleeding or delayed rupture of the spleen. […] Our practice adheres to the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for the management of patients with splenic trauma.

• #85 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM. […] Several authors have advocated for the use of prophylactic angioembolization in cases of high-grade splenic injury. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

• #86 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  The spleen is one of the organs most commonly affected by blunt abdominal trauma. […] Patients who have undergone splenectomy are at an increased risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, leading to a shift in the consensus toward managing splenic trauma with spleen-preserving NOM approaches, such as splenic artery embolization, when possible. […] Patients with grade IV and V splenic injuries who are hemodynamically stable and do not have an active bleed are often candidates for prophylactic angioembolization. […] Through this case report, we emphasize the importance of using the period of conservative management to either consult with an IR specialist or transfer the patient to a center equipped with IR, given the high risk of re-bleeding or delayed rupture of the spleen. […] Our practice adheres to the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for the management of patients with splenic trauma.

• #87 Grade IV splenic injury: When to consult interventional radiology-a case report and review of management protocols

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?uid=460&vmd=Full

  Angioembolization is a significant aspect of NOM. […] Numerous studies have shown that early embolization can improve the likelihood of preserving the spleen following a traumatic injury. […] According to the current WSES guidelines, splenectomy is considered only when the patient is hemodynamically unstable or in case of failure of NOM. […] Several authors have advocated for the use of prophylactic angioembolization in cases of high-grade splenic injury. […] Angioembolization is a critical element of NOM, and the time elapsed from injury to intervention is crucial. […] Therefore, an immediate referral to IR is essential in cases of high-grade splenic trauma, which proved beneficial in our case. […] Our findings underscore the importance of timely communication with the IR team in cases of high-grade splenic injury (grade IV, as in our case), to ensure they are prepared for any required interventions. […] Prophylactic embolization is a safe and valuable intervention for preventing life-threatening complications from splenic trauma in high-risk patients, while also preserving functional splenic tissue.

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