Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Trauma is the most common mechanism of injury, and blunt trauma involving the left-upper quadrant, left rib cage, or left flank should raise suspicion for splenic involvement.

• #2 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17953-ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. […] Traumatic injuries are the most common causes of splenic rupture, especially car accidents, which cause 50% to 75%. […] Non-traumatic or spontaneous splenic rupture is rare but possible. […] Conditions that can have this effect include cancer, such as lymphoma, infections, such as mononucleosis or malaria, and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as hepatitis or pancreatitis. […] A more severe bleed will usually be obvious in terms of your symptoms, but it’s more dangerous.

• #3 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Trauma is the most common mechanism of injury, and blunt trauma involving the left-upper quadrant, left rib cage, or left flank should raise suspicion for splenic involvement.

• #4 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Surgery, and Recovery

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is an emergency medical condition that occurs when the capsule-like covering of the spleen breaks open, pouring blood into your abdominal area. Depending on the size of the rupture, a large amount of internal bleeding can occur. […] The spleen can rupture when the abdomen suffers a severe direct blow or blunt trauma. The spleen is the most frequent organ to be damaged in blunt trauma injuries involving the abdomen. That’s true regardless of your age. […] Certain diseases and illnesses can also lead to a ruptured spleen. In such cases, the spleen becomes swollen and the capsule-like covering becomes thin. This makes the organ especially fragile and more likely to rupture if the abdomen receives a direct hit. […] Diseases that increase the risk for a ruptured spleen include: Infectious mononucleosis. In some cases, a ruptured spleen is the first sign of the illness. Blood (hematological) diseases such as hemolytic anemia and certain types of lymphoma. Malaria.

• #5 Splenic Rupture: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432823-overview

  Splenic injury is most often observed in blunt trauma. […] Although the spleen is relatively protected under the ribcage, injury due to rapid deceleration, such as occurs in motor vehicle crashes, direct blows to the abdomen in domestic violence, or leisure and play activities such as bicycling, frequently result in a variety of splenic injuries. […] Another cause of splenic injury has been gaining notice. There have been case reports of splenic injury following colonoscopy. […] The investigators found 66 patients (median age, 65 y) with a 4.5% mortality rate, the majority (n = 41, 62.1%) of which occurred in uneventful colonoscopies. […] Ha and Minchin concluded that recognition of postcolonoscopy splenic injury as an important complication will not only rise, but it will be necessary given the increasing numbers of colonoscopies being performed for colorectal diseases and the possibility of delayed diagnosis resulting in adverse outcomes.

• #6 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17953-ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. […] Traumatic injuries are the most common causes of splenic rupture, especially car accidents, which cause 50% to 75%. […] Non-traumatic or spontaneous splenic rupture is rare but possible. […] Conditions that can have this effect include cancer, such as lymphoma, infections, such as mononucleosis or malaria, and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as hepatitis or pancreatitis. […] A more severe bleed will usually be obvious in terms of your symptoms, but it’s more dangerous.

• #7 Ruptured Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is usually the result of one of two things: […] The majority of ruptured spleens are caused by trauma. The trauma may be due to an automobile accident, a fall, a sports injury, or blows from a physical fight. […] An enlarged spleen can make a tear or break in the spleen’s surface more likely. An enlarged spleen is often due to an existing disease or condition. […] A ruptured spleen is rare, but a spontaneous spleen rupture is even rarer. A spontaneous rupture occurs without any physical trauma or injury. […] In most cases, an enlarged spleen is responsible for a spontaneous rupture or tear. Infections and certain medical conditions, such as malaria and lymphoma, can cause blood cells to accumulate in the spleen. […] A ruptured spleen can also worsen in a matter of a few days or weeks after the initial injury and may rupture again. […] In most cases, a ruptured spleen is caused by blunt force trauma. This can be due to a car accident, a fall, a physical blow to the abdomen, or a sports injury. Less frequently, it can be caused by an enlarged spleen.

• #8 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture.

• #9 Ruptured spleen | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/ruptured-spleen

  A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: […] Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers.

• #10 The Symptoms and Causes of a Ruptured Spleen – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/the-symptoms-and-causes-of-a-ruptured-spleen/

  The spleen is a delicate organ, located directly under the ribcage on the left side of the body. This fist sized organ helps the body fight infection and filter blood, making it both vitally important, while also extremely vulnerable. […] Any sort of forceful impact, trauma, or blow to the left side of the abdomen has the potential to rupture the spleen. A ruptured spleen is an emergency medical situation that requires immediate treatment, and typically emergency surgery to remove the spleen (called a splenectomy). […] Forceful trauma or blunt impact to the abdomen is the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. At the Thistle Law Firm, our attorneys most often see ruptured spleens that result from car accidents. […] Besides car accidents, a ruptured spleen may be the result of: Sports injuries, Assault, Falls.

• #11 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis | FindATopDoc

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Ruptured-Spleen

  A ruptured spleen is generally caused by a forceful blow to your abdomen, during a sporting mishap, a fistfight, or a car crash, for example. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is injury to the left side of the body, typically at the left upper part of the abdomen or left lower chest. […] This happens quite often during sporting mishaps such as wrestling or boxing, fistfights, and car crashes. […] Some of the most common causes for this condition are: Motor vehicle accidents: Most ruptured spleen incidents occur on account of motor vehicle accidents. […] Contact sports: If you have injured yourself while playing sports and feel disoriented and confused, coupled with pain in the abdominal area, chances are high that you may have ruptured your spleen. […] Domestic violence is known to rupture spleens more often than not. […] Another rare cause of ruptured spleen is an enlarged spleen, which in turn can be caused by several endogenous (within the body) factors like liver disease, blood cancer, and some infections like mononucleosis.

• #12 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  The majority of cases of splenic injury are secondary to abdominal trauma particularly blunt trauma. Common situations in which the spleen is injured include seat-belt injuries in road traffic collisions and falls onto the left side (such as patients slipping on ice or elderly patient falling in the bathroom). […] A minority of cases are iatrogenic, or secondary due to underlying splenomegaly from haematological malignancy or infective causes (such as Epstein-Barr virus). In these cases, as the spleen grows, the capsule stretches and thins, becoming more fragile and predisposing to rupture. […] The overall mortality rates of patients presenting to hospital with trauma splenic injury are around 10%.

• #13 Recognizing Symptoms of a Ruptured Spleen

  https://www.kalkalaw.com/faq/what-happens-when-a-car-crash-causes-ruptured-sp/

  What Happens When a Car Crash Causes Ruptured Spleen? […] The spleen is located just under your ribcage on your left side, it is a soft spongy organ, and it’s there to stop infection from entering your blood. The spleen’s primary function is to filter out old and damaged blood cells from your bloodstream. When a spleen is ruptured in an accident it can be life-threatening and is considered a serious medical emergency. […] Not all car accidents result in ruptured spleens, but sometimes violent crashes that injure the left side of a person’s body can cause a spleen injury in Georgia. When someone’s upper abdomen or lower chest is impacted during a car crash, it can cause a ruptured spleen. This impact to the spleen can cause internal bleeding that can be life-threatening. Sometimes, spleens break open immediately after the trauma, and other times it takes days or weeks for the rupture to occur.

• #14 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Diagnosis | FindATopDoc

  https://www.findatopdoc.com/Medical-Library/Diseases-and-Conditions/Ruptured-Spleen

  A ruptured spleen is generally caused by a forceful blow to your abdomen, during a sporting mishap, a fistfight, or a car crash, for example. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is injury to the left side of the body, typically at the left upper part of the abdomen or left lower chest. […] This happens quite often during sporting mishaps such as wrestling or boxing, fistfights, and car crashes. […] Some of the most common causes for this condition are: Motor vehicle accidents: Most ruptured spleen incidents occur on account of motor vehicle accidents. […] Contact sports: If you have injured yourself while playing sports and feel disoriented and confused, coupled with pain in the abdominal area, chances are high that you may have ruptured your spleen. […] Domestic violence is known to rupture spleens more often than not. […] Another rare cause of ruptured spleen is an enlarged spleen, which in turn can be caused by several endogenous (within the body) factors like liver disease, blood cancer, and some infections like mononucleosis.

• #15 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture.

• #16 Splenic rupture: Information & spleen rupture specialists

  https://www.leading-medicine-guide.com/en/illness/injuries/spleen-rupture

  A ruptured spleen – also known as a ruptured spleen – is an injury to the spleen. It is usually caused by blunt abdominal trauma. […] A ruptured spleen can have both traumatic and non-traumatic causes. In most cases, however, a ruptured spleen is caused by blunt abdominal trauma. […] The most common triggers of abdominal trauma are serious car accidents, accidents at work, sports accidents or fights are common. The injury is characterized by blunt force trauma to the abdomen. […] In rare cases, it can also be caused by gunshots, stab wounds, intraoperative injuries or left-sided rib fractures can also result in a traumatic splenic rupture. […] The less common, non-traumatic causes of a ruptured spleen include viral infections, haematological diseases and spleen tumors. These diseases can result in a so-called spontaneous rupture of the spleen.

• #17 Spleen Injury | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/splenic-trauma/

  Spleen injuries can occur when your child has an abdominal injury. The most common cause of spleen injury is blunt trauma to the abdomen. This kind of force can happen in car crashes, bike accidents or sporting injuries. […] A penetrating spleen injury is where the spleen is cut or torn. Rib fractures on the left side can also result in spleen injury. […] Enlarged spleens can be caused by viral infections like mononucleosis. More rare conditions that can result in an enlarged spleen include: Cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas; Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease; Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis.

• #18 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/ruptured-spleen-8638583

  A ruptured spleen, or splenic rupture, is when the spleen tears open. […] A traumatic blow to the stomach from a car accident or fall, for example, is the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt trauma to the abdomen, meaning a forceful impact on the belly, often from a car accident, sports injury, or fall. Penetrating trauma (injury that breaks the skin) from gunshot wounds or stabbings accounts for approximately 9% of all splenic ruptures. […] Although rare, some illnesses that cause inflammation and enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) can weaken the spleen’s capsule and lead to non-traumatic (spontaneous) splenic rupture. Infections like mononucleosis (also known as mono) and hepatitis, as well as connective tissue disorders and certain cancers, can cause an enlarged spleen and increase the risk of splenic rupture from minor trauma. […] A ruptured spleen occurs when the spleen’s capsule—the thick layer of connective tissue surrounding the spleen—tears and bleeds. This tear causes blood to leak from the spleen into the abdomen.

• #19 Ruptured spleen: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192110

  The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt trauma to the abdomen, usually as the result of a road traffic collision. However, splenic rupture can occur due to sports injuries and physical assault. […] The spleen is the abdominal organ to which it is most likely an injury will occur during physical trauma. […] In addition to blunt trauma, rupture can result from impalement, such as from a knife wound. The location of the spleen under the ribs means that it is, however, better protected against penetrating trauma. […] Medical interventions can sometimes cause a ruptured spleen as an unintended complication. Injury to the spleen during medical treatment is most commonly caused by abdominal surgery or endoscopic manipulation and can take any of the following forms: tear of the capsule of the spleen, laceration from the use of retraction devices, tension in the spleen during colon manipulation.

• #20 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Trauma is the most common mechanism of injury, and blunt trauma involving the left-upper quadrant, left rib cage, or left flank should raise suspicion for splenic involvement.

• #21 Splenic Rupture – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/splenic-rupture/

  The spleen is the organ in the body most likely to get injured in a situation of blunt abdominal trauma, like a car accident. Its also the organ most likely to rupture, or break open, from such trauma. If a persons spleen ruptures and it wasnt caused by trauma, its generally because of disease or health conditions this happens in about 93% of these cases. In about 7% of these cases, doctors cannot pinpoint a cause behind the spontaneous rupture of the spleen. […] Damage to the spleen can happen in two main ways: due to a traumatic event or for non-traumatic reasons. Trauma, like car accidents, is the most common cause, accounting for 50% to 75% of all spleen injuries. Other common traumatic causes include getting a direct hit in the abdomen or falling. […] On the other hand, spontaneous spleen injuries, where the spleen gets damaged without any known injury, are quite rare. But, they usually happen due to some underlying disease or sometimes occur for no identifiable reason.

• #22

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-29383/?extid=31869114&src=med

  Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] In patients who experience non-traumatic splenic rupture, 7% are due to idiopathic causes, with the remaining 93% attributed to pathological causes. […] Splenic rupture can be divided into two major categories: traumatic and non-traumatic rupture. The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] However, non-traumatic rupture, when it does happen, carries a mortality of around 12%. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Pancreatitis may lead to atraumatic splenic rupture. […] Malaria also remains a risk factor for splenic rupture in countries where this disease is prevalent.

• #23 Non-traumatic splenic rupture – a rare first presentation of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and a review of the literature | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-018-4702-1

  Cases of non-traumatic splenic rupture are rare and entails a potentially grave medical outcome. […] The incidence of rupture in Diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma is highly infrequent. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is a rare clinical presentation with potentially grave medical outcome. […] Common causes of non traumatic splenic rupture include myeloproliferative diseases, vasculitis and infections (such as malaria or infectious mononucleosis). However, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains an obscure cause of splenic rupture that requires unique attention. […] The occurrence of true spontaneous splenic rupture is uncommon. […] Acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were the most frequent causes of splenic rupture, followed by chronic and acute myelogeneous leukemias.

• #24 Spontaneous splenic rupture secondary to lymphoma: Two case reports | 2020, Volume 6 – Issue 2 | Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Medicine

  https://www.journalmeddbu.com/full-text/200

  Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) is a dramatic abdominal emergency that requires immediate diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention to ensure survival. The most common causes of SSR are infections, hematologic malignancies, and cystic lesions of the spleen. […] Diseases that commonly cause SSR are often hemato-oncological diseases. In addition, various clinical manifestations such as infectious diseases (infectious mononucleosis and malaria), congenital splenic lesions, acute and chronic pancreatitis, hamartoma, hemangioma, cyst, autoimmune diseases, hemolytic anemia, pregnancy, amyloidosis, and portal hypertension may also cause SSR. […] The prevalence of SSR due to hematological diseases has been reported as 1% in the literature. Primer splenic lymphoma is the first order of hematological causes of spontaneous splenic rupture.

• #25 Spontaneous splenic rupture as a severe complication in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: a case report

  https://www.clinical-medicine.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/14/31/full/

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare and dreadful complication that can be life-threatening. […] In the majority of cases, SSR is caused by hematological malignancies (30.3%), infectious diseases (27.3%), and neoplastic diseases (20.0%). […] However, the association of SSR with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is very rare (0.72%). […] In CML, SSR can be caused by infiltration of splenic parenchyma by tumor cells, leading to excessive spleen overload beyond the spleen’s capacity to compensate and expand. […] In our patient, leukemic infiltration and infarction are likely to be at the origin of the splenic rupture. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture or SSR in hematological malignancies is rare. […] The physiophatology of SSR in hematological disorders is still unclear. […] Diagnosis of SSR is very delicate.

• #26 Spontaneous splenic rupture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spontaneous-splenic-rupture?lang=us

  Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) (also known as atraumatic splenic rupture) is rare, especially when compared to traumatic splenic rupture. […] The pathogenesis of atraumatic splenic rupture is not well understood. Splenomegaly is present in almost all patients (~95%), although the rupture of normal spleens (both in size and underlying histology) has been reported. […] There is a wide range of underlying causes: hematological malignancies, e.g. lymphoma, leukemia (~15%); infections (~15%); local inflammatory disorders, e.g. pancreatitis (~10%); infectious mononucleosis (less than .5%); non-malignant hematological disorders, e.g. Langerhans cell histiocytosis; primary splenic neoplasms, e.g. angiosarcoma, hemangioma; amyloidosis (primary and secondary); post-colonoscopy; sneezing; sarcoidosis.

• #27 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  There have also been previously undiagnosed non-hematological neoplastic causes of spontaneous rupture of spleen reported; the common causes cited are angiosarcoma, choriocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, etc. […] Spontaneous splenic ruptures are also caused by anticoagulation, thrombolytics, recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti-platelet agents. […] The clinical picture of traumatic rupture and non-traumatic rupture of the spleen are identical. […] Splenectomy remains the choice of treatment in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and hemodynamically unstable patients. […] Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required.

• #28 What Is Spleen Rupture?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/liver-diseases/spleen-rupture

  Rarely a splenic rupture can also occur without any injury. This kind of rupture occurs as a result of any disease to the spleen and is referred to as non-traumatic spleen rupture. However, a normal, healthy spleen can also rupture, although this is extremely rare. […] Certain diseases and illnesses can also result in a spleen rupture. In such cases, the spleen becomes enlarged with the accumulation of blood cells, and the capsule-like covering becomes thin, making the spleen fragile and more likely to rupture even with the slightest trauma. Diseases that increase the risk of a ruptured spleen include: Infectious mononucleosis (a ruptured spleen can be the first sign of the illness in most cases). Hematological diseases such as certain types of lymphoma and hemolytic anemia. Infections like malaria. Cancer.

• #29 Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms, Causes, and How It’s Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/ruptured-spleen-overview-4584827

  A ruptured spleen refers to bleeding into the abdominal cavity from a torn or lacerated spleen. Most spleen damage is due to traumatic injury, but it can occur spontaneously if the spleen is inflamed or diseased. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt trauma to the abdomen, such as that experienced in a car crash or a fall from a significant height. Blunt trauma is the type of trauma that does not directly penetrate the skin, like a stabbing or gunshot wound. Penetrating trauma is less common, but can also lead to a ruptured spleen. […] In rare cases, a ruptured spleen can occur spontaneously without trauma. The spleen can become inflamed and enlarged from infection, cancer, or other diseases. The disease that is often associated with a non-traumatic ruptured spleen is mononucleosis, even though the incidence of a ruptured spleen occurs in an estimated 0.1% to 0.5% of all cases of mononucleosis. […] Malaria is another infectious disease associated with a ruptured spleen. Other than the lack of a trauma history, the symptoms of a spontaneously ruptured spleen are similar to those caused by injury.

• #30 Splenic injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_injury

  A splenic injury, which includes a ruptured spleen, is any injury to the spleen. The rupture of a normal spleen can be caused by trauma, such as a traffic collision. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt abdominal trauma, such as in traffic collisions or sports accidents. Direct, penetrating injuries, for example, stab or gunshot wounds are rare. […] Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases, medical procedures such as colonoscopy, haematological diseases, medications, and pregnancy. […] In less than one percent of cases of infectious mononucleosis splenic rupture may occur.

• #31 Splenic Rupture – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/splenic-rupture/

  One classic example often mentioned is spleen rupture that can happen to just 0.1 percent of people with the infection mononucleosis. Mononucleosis is a contagious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] However, there are also non-trauma related reasons for a spleen to rupture. These include: Cancer (neoplasm) or infection, which both account for 30% of cases; Inflammatory disease, which makes up 15% of cases; Use of certain medications and medical treatments, causing 10% of these ruptures; Mechanical causes and unknown reasons (idiopathic), each responsible for about 7% of ruptures. […] There are both traumatic and non-traumatic causes of splenic rupture. Traumatic causes include car accidents, direct hits to the abdomen, falls, and certain physical activities. Non-traumatic causes include cancer, infection, inflammatory disease, certain medications and medical treatments, mechanical causes, and unknown reasons.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/sjga/fulltext/2007/13040/spontaneous_rupture_of_the_malarial_spleen.2.aspx

  Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a well-described occurrence in many diseases, being most commonly found in malaria. […] Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is well-described in many diseases, most commonly in malaria. […] Other diseases in which spontaneous rupture of the spleen occurs, include infectious mononucleosis, splenic neoplasm and hematological malignancies. […] Despite the often massive splenic size in chronic malaria, spontaneous rupture of the spleen occurs almost always exclusively during acute infection and usually during the primary attack. […] The exact mechanism of spleen rupture is not known. However, three mechanisms have been implicated in the process. […] Pathological findings in spontaneous rupture of the spleen include gross and microscopic changes. […] The authors have come across four cases of spontaneous malarial splenic rupture, out of which, three were due to P. vivax and one due to P. falciparum. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a fatal complication of malaria, which requires a critical decision in its management.

• #33 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  It is important to ask focused questions regarding previous surgical history, hepatic disease process, recent infections, anticoagulant, aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory usage and bleeding disorders. […] Pancreatitis may lead to atraumatic splenic rupture. […] Malaria also remains a risk factor for splenic rupture in countries where this disease is prevalent.

• #34 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Splenic rupture due to trauma is relatively common. However, spontaneous non-traumatic ruptures do occur. Causes include infection, neoplasia and infiltrative process. […] Although non-traumatic rupture is rare, some causes include neoplastic (lymphoma and leukemia), inflammatory, and infections (Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, salmonella, and malaria). […] Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a condition in which the spleen ruptures in the absence of trauma or disease. […] For non-traumatic rupture of the spleen, the most common etiologies are infections, neoplasia and connective tissue disease. The common causes of infiltrative or inflammatory pathology are malaria, mononucleosis, CMV, typhoid fever, endocarditis with splenic embolism, pneumonia, viral hepatitis, etc. The common hematological causes are non-Hodgkin and Hodgkins lymphoma, ALL, CML, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia and histiocytosis.

• #35 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  Splenic rupture due to trauma is relatively common. However, spontaneous non-traumatic ruptures do occur. Causes include infection, neoplasia and infiltrative process. […] Although non-traumatic rupture is rare, some causes include neoplastic (lymphoma and leukemia), inflammatory, and infections (Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis, salmonella, and malaria). […] Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a condition in which the spleen ruptures in the absence of trauma or disease. […] For non-traumatic rupture of the spleen, the most common etiologies are infections, neoplasia and connective tissue disease. The common causes of infiltrative or inflammatory pathology are malaria, mononucleosis, CMV, typhoid fever, endocarditis with splenic embolism, pneumonia, viral hepatitis, etc. The common hematological causes are non-Hodgkin and Hodgkins lymphoma, ALL, CML, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), hairy cell leukemia and histiocytosis.

• #36 ABSTRACT

  https://www.ejcrim.com/index.php/EJCRIM/article/download/1891/2345

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is a known, but rare and possibly fatal, complication of different infectious diseases. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare complication of several tropical diseases, including Salmonella infection. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a very rare complication of systemic Salmonella infection. […] In cases of splenic rupture in Salmonella infections, the causative organism is predominately Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare complication of different tropical diseases where fever is an important feature. […] The most important tropical infection associated with splenic rupture is tuberculosis. […] Other rare bacterial tropical diseases associated with splenic rupture are brucellosis and relapsing fever, caused by Borrelia recurrentis. […] Rupture of the spleen due to infectious causes is most commonly seen in viral infections. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a known, but rare and possibly fatal, complication of different tropical infectious diseases.

• #37 ABSTRACT

  https://www.ejcrim.com/index.php/EJCRIM/article/download/1891/2345

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is a known, but rare and possibly fatal, complication of different infectious diseases. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare complication of several tropical diseases, including Salmonella infection. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a very rare complication of systemic Salmonella infection. […] In cases of splenic rupture in Salmonella infections, the causative organism is predominately Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare complication of different tropical diseases where fever is an important feature. […] The most important tropical infection associated with splenic rupture is tuberculosis. […] Other rare bacterial tropical diseases associated with splenic rupture are brucellosis and relapsing fever, caused by Borrelia recurrentis. […] Rupture of the spleen due to infectious causes is most commonly seen in viral infections. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is a known, but rare and possibly fatal, complication of different tropical infectious diseases.

• #38 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Certain medical conditions can increase the risk for a ruptured spleen. These include blood clotting disorders such as haemophilia, certain types of infections such as HIV/AIDS, and diseases such as liver cirrhosis and cancer. […] Iatrogenic injury is an injury caused by medical treatment or procedure, and it can cause a ruptured spleen in rare cases. This could occur during certain types of abdominal surgery or during procedures that involve inserting instruments into the abdomen, such as endoscopy or laparoscopy.

• #39 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  It is important to ask focused questions regarding previous surgical history, hepatic disease process, recent infections, anticoagulant, aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory usage and bleeding disorders. […] Pancreatitis may lead to atraumatic splenic rupture. […] Malaria also remains a risk factor for splenic rupture in countries where this disease is prevalent.

• #40

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-29383/?extid=31869114&src=med

  Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] In patients who experience non-traumatic splenic rupture, 7% are due to idiopathic causes, with the remaining 93% attributed to pathological causes. […] Splenic rupture can be divided into two major categories: traumatic and non-traumatic rupture. The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] However, non-traumatic rupture, when it does happen, carries a mortality of around 12%. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Pancreatitis may lead to atraumatic splenic rupture. […] Malaria also remains a risk factor for splenic rupture in countries where this disease is prevalent.

• #41 Enlarged Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Massive Bio

  https://massivebio.com/spleen-pain-and-enlarged-spleen/

  An enlarged spleen can be caused by a variety of infections and diseases. Depending on the treatment, the enlargement could be temporary. The following are some of the contributing factors: […] Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis or endocarditis can cause spleen enlargement. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis also contribute to this condition due to chronic inflammation. […] The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly. […] An enlarged spleen increases the risk of splenic rupture, which can be a severe and sudden complication. Ruptured spleen symptoms often include intense pain in the upper left side of the abdomen, dizziness, and signs of shock such as rapid heart rate and low blood pressure. Immediate medical attention is critical to manage this life-threatening condition and prevent severe blood loss. Recognizing the signs early can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of fatal complications.

• #42 Spleen Injury | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/splenic-trauma/

  Spleen injuries can occur when your child has an abdominal injury. The most common cause of spleen injury is blunt trauma to the abdomen. This kind of force can happen in car crashes, bike accidents or sporting injuries. […] A penetrating spleen injury is where the spleen is cut or torn. Rib fractures on the left side can also result in spleen injury. […] Enlarged spleens can be caused by viral infections like mononucleosis. More rare conditions that can result in an enlarged spleen include: Cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas; Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease; Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis.

• #43 Spontaneous splenic rupture: A rare life-threatening condition; Diagnosed early and managed successfully

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3614379/

  Splenic rupture is a potentially life-threatening condition, often associated with chest or abdominal trauma. Spontaneous rupture is very rare and is usually reported as being secondary to underlying pathological conditions. […] Multiple underlying pathologies have also been associated with splenic rupture, including haematological, neoplastic, inflammatory and infectious conditions. Atraumatic splenic rupture rarely occurs. […] Atraumatic splenic rupture was first documented in the 19th century. Since then it has been associated with several underlying pathologies, including infectious (e.g. malaria and glandular fever), gastrointestinal (e.g. pancreatitis), haematological (e.g. lymphoma) and systemic (e.g. sarcoidosis). […] Other inflammatory, neoplastic and infectious causes of atraumatic splenic rupture should also be considered.

• #44 Spontaneous splenic rupture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spontaneous-splenic-rupture?lang=us

  Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) (also known as atraumatic splenic rupture) is rare, especially when compared to traumatic splenic rupture. […] The pathogenesis of atraumatic splenic rupture is not well understood. Splenomegaly is present in almost all patients (~95%), although the rupture of normal spleens (both in size and underlying histology) has been reported. […] There is a wide range of underlying causes: hematological malignancies, e.g. lymphoma, leukemia (~15%); infections (~15%); local inflammatory disorders, e.g. pancreatitis (~10%); infectious mononucleosis (less than .5%); non-malignant hematological disorders, e.g. Langerhans cell histiocytosis; primary splenic neoplasms, e.g. angiosarcoma, hemangioma; amyloidosis (primary and secondary); post-colonoscopy; sneezing; sarcoidosis.

• #45 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  There have also been previously undiagnosed non-hematological neoplastic causes of spontaneous rupture of spleen reported; the common causes cited are angiosarcoma, choriocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, etc. […] Spontaneous splenic ruptures are also caused by anticoagulation, thrombolytics, recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti-platelet agents. […] The clinical picture of traumatic rupture and non-traumatic rupture of the spleen are identical. […] Splenectomy remains the choice of treatment in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and hemodynamically unstable patients. […] Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required.

• #46 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Certain medical conditions can increase the risk for a ruptured spleen. These include blood clotting disorders such as haemophilia, certain types of infections such as HIV/AIDS, and diseases such as liver cirrhosis and cancer. […] Iatrogenic injury is an injury caused by medical treatment or procedure, and it can cause a ruptured spleen in rare cases. This could occur during certain types of abdominal surgery or during procedures that involve inserting instruments into the abdomen, such as endoscopy or laparoscopy.

• #47 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  There have also been previously undiagnosed non-hematological neoplastic causes of spontaneous rupture of spleen reported; the common causes cited are angiosarcoma, choriocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, etc. […] Spontaneous splenic ruptures are also caused by anticoagulation, thrombolytics, recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti-platelet agents. […] The clinical picture of traumatic rupture and non-traumatic rupture of the spleen are identical. […] Splenectomy remains the choice of treatment in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and hemodynamically unstable patients. […] Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required.

• #48 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic ruptures of the spleen are rare, difficult to diagnose and potentially fatal. Infectious etiologies (dominated by infectious mononucleosis and malaria) and hematological diseases (dominated by hematological malignancies) alone account for over half of all cases. […] Many causes are responsible of this phenomenon including infectious (e.g., malaria and glandular fever), gastrointestinal (e.g., pancreatitis), hematological (e.g., Hodgkins lymphoma) and systemic (e.g., sarcoidosis), it may be treatment-related including the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. […] Many theories have been proposed in the pathophysiology of spontaneous splenic rupture. We can mainly retain increased intrasplenic tension due to congestion, vascular anomalies, enzymatic digestion of the splenic capsule or minimal trauma.

• #49 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  There have also been previously undiagnosed non-hematological neoplastic causes of spontaneous rupture of spleen reported; the common causes cited are angiosarcoma, choriocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, etc. […] Spontaneous splenic ruptures are also caused by anticoagulation, thrombolytics, recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti-platelet agents. […] The clinical picture of traumatic rupture and non-traumatic rupture of the spleen are identical. […] Splenectomy remains the choice of treatment in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and hemodynamically unstable patients. […] Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required.

• #50 Ruptured spleen: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/192110

  The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is blunt trauma to the abdomen, usually as the result of a road traffic collision. However, splenic rupture can occur due to sports injuries and physical assault. […] The spleen is the abdominal organ to which it is most likely an injury will occur during physical trauma. […] In addition to blunt trauma, rupture can result from impalement, such as from a knife wound. The location of the spleen under the ribs means that it is, however, better protected against penetrating trauma. […] Medical interventions can sometimes cause a ruptured spleen as an unintended complication. Injury to the spleen during medical treatment is most commonly caused by abdominal surgery or endoscopic manipulation and can take any of the following forms: tear of the capsule of the spleen, laceration from the use of retraction devices, tension in the spleen during colon manipulation.

• #51 What Is Spleen Rupture?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/liver-diseases/spleen-rupture

  Spleen rupture is a life-threatening condition occurring due to a tear in the surface of the spleen. […] Spleen rupture happens due to a forceful blow to the abdomen during an accident, fall, or fistfight. Even a less forceful trauma can rupture the spleen in people with an enlarged spleen. […] Several reasons can lead to a ruptured spleen. Blunt trauma to the abdomen, occurring due to accidents, is the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. Sports injuries like a strong football impact in the abdomen region and physical assault are other causes. It can also result from impalement, for example, stabbing from a knife wound. […] Sometimes negligence during medical procedures can also cause a ruptured spleen. Spleen injury can commonly occur during abdominal surgery or endoscopic manipulation. It can cause a tear of the capsule of the spleen, tension in the spleen during colon manipulation, or laceration from retraction devices.

• #52 Splenic Rupture: Practice Essentials, History of the Procedure, Problem

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432823-overview

  Splenic injury is most often observed in blunt trauma. […] Although the spleen is relatively protected under the ribcage, injury due to rapid deceleration, such as occurs in motor vehicle crashes, direct blows to the abdomen in domestic violence, or leisure and play activities such as bicycling, frequently result in a variety of splenic injuries. […] Another cause of splenic injury has been gaining notice. There have been case reports of splenic injury following colonoscopy. […] The investigators found 66 patients (median age, 65 y) with a 4.5% mortality rate, the majority (n = 41, 62.1%) of which occurred in uneventful colonoscopies. […] Ha and Minchin concluded that recognition of postcolonoscopy splenic injury as an important complication will not only rise, but it will be necessary given the increasing numbers of colonoscopies being performed for colorectal diseases and the possibility of delayed diagnosis resulting in adverse outcomes.

• #53 Splenic Rupture Following Colonoscopy | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v4n1/foster-splenic-rupture/

  Splenic rupture is a serious complication of any colonoscopy. […] Although the occurrence is rare, this case reminds physicians to have a suspicion of splenic trauma in patients presenting with abdominal pain following uncomplicated or complicated colonoscopies. […] Splenic trauma with colonoscopy to have an incidence of approximately 0.0005%-0.017% and a mortality rate of 5%. […] The mechanism of splenic rupture following endoscopy is not fully understood, but several theories exist. The most common explanation consists of excessive traction from the splenocolic ligament during navigation of the colon with the colonoscope, thereby pulling the splenic capsule off the spleen, causing avulsion and laceration. […] Any prior abdominal surgery or infection which increases adhesions and limits mobility of the spleen also places the patient at increased risk for splenic rupture.

• #54 Ruptured spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/ruptured-spleen

  Traumatic rupture: This type of rupture is caused by a direct injury or trauma to the spleen, usually from a car accident or fall. It can cause severe internal bleeding and requires immediate medical attention. […] Splenic infarction: This type of rupture is caused by a blockage in the main artery that supplies blood to the spleen, leading to tissue death and eventual rupture. This type of rupture usually occurs in individuals who have an underlying medical condition such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia or leukaemia. […] Spontaneous rupture: This type of rupture is more rare and is often caused by a tumour on the spleen that eventually causes it to burst. It can also be caused by an infection or inflammation of the spleen, such as due to mononucleosis. […] The most common cause of a ruptured spleen is a traumatic injury, such as a motor vehicle accident, a fall from heights, or physical abuse. The spleen may rip or rupture in these circumstances due to the power of the hit.

• #55 Atraumatic splenic rupture: a case report – Santarelli – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9701/html

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] The etiology of an ASR can be pathologic involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic (true spontaneous rupture), with non-pathologic being less common. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] According to Ahbala et al., it is thought that the underlying cause of spontaneous rupture may be secondary to increase in intrasplenic tension leading to hyperplasia and enlargement, compression secondary to increases in intraabdominal pressure, or occlusion of vasculature secondary to endothelia hyperplasia leading to infarction. […] The etiology of ASR can be categorized as pathologic, involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic, as seen in true spontaneous rupture.

• #56 Ruptured spleen (ruptured spleen) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/ruptured-spleen/

  In principle, however, any injury to the abdominal cavity can be associated with a ruptured spleen. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture can also occur with an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Enlargement of the spleen occurs, for example, in the context of these diseases: Malaria, Pfeiffers glandular fever, blood diseases, spleen tumors, blood clots in the portal vein. […] Depending on the extent of the splenic rupture, five degrees of severity or types can be distinguished: Isolated capsule tear or bruise under the capsule that does not spread; Injury to the spleen capsule and spleen tissue; The capsule and tissue are injured and there is bleeding from the arteries of the organ; Capsule, tissue, splenic hilus and arteries are injured; The spleen is ruptured or ruptured in the splenic hilus.

• #57 Splenic Rupture During Pregnancy: A Misdiagnosed, Rare Obstetrical Emergency – International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

  https://ijrsms.com/splenic-rupture-during-pregnancy-a-misdiagnosed-rare-obstetrical-emergency/

  Splenic rupture in pregnancy is a rare entity, and the exact ethology is not very clear. Splenic rupture during pregnancy can be due to trauma or spontaneous due to other non-traumatic causes like hemophilias, leukaemia, kalazaar, splenic artery aneurysm, etc. […] A spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a rare, life-threatening condition that is usually misdiagnosed. It is often observed after trauma and in pre-existing pathology of the spleen, like splenic artery aneurysm or thalassemia, or infections such as malaria, typhoid, or infectious mononucleosis. […] Splenic rupture in pregnancy is attributed to physiological factors like hypervolemic state and splenic enlargement and mechanical factors like decreased peritoneal cavity volume due to an enlarged uterus and muscular contractions during pregnancy.

• #58 Splenic Rupture During Pregnancy: A Misdiagnosed, Rare Obstetrical Emergency – International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

  https://ijrsms.com/splenic-rupture-during-pregnancy-a-misdiagnosed-rare-obstetrical-emergency/

  Splenic rupture in pregnancy is a rare entity, and the exact ethology is not very clear. Splenic rupture during pregnancy can be due to trauma or spontaneous due to other non-traumatic causes like hemophilias, leukaemia, kalazaar, splenic artery aneurysm, etc. […] A spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a rare, life-threatening condition that is usually misdiagnosed. It is often observed after trauma and in pre-existing pathology of the spleen, like splenic artery aneurysm or thalassemia, or infections such as malaria, typhoid, or infectious mononucleosis. […] Splenic rupture in pregnancy is attributed to physiological factors like hypervolemic state and splenic enlargement and mechanical factors like decreased peritoneal cavity volume due to an enlarged uterus and muscular contractions during pregnancy.

• #59 Splenic Rupture During Pregnancy: A Misdiagnosed, Rare Obstetrical Emergency – International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

  https://ijrsms.com/splenic-rupture-during-pregnancy-a-misdiagnosed-rare-obstetrical-emergency/

  The cause of maternal death is hypovolemic shock. Some cases need splenectomy, while few cases get managed conservatively. […] The etiology of spontaneous rupture of a normal spleen in pregnancy is not completely understood. It has been suggested that splenic enlargement, increased blood volume, and diminished peritoneum cavity volume due to an enlarged pregnant uterus could be implicated in the pathogenesis of splenic rupture. […] Estrogen and progesterone cause structural changes to the spleen that may increase the risk of splenic rupture during pregnancy, even after minor trauma or without any underlying cause. […] Etiological factors are traumatic (most common) and atraumatic risk factors like pregnancy-induced hypertension, infectious like malaria, infectious mononucleosis, kalazar, typhoid, hemolytic anemia, hemophilia, lymphoma, leukemia, metastatic cancer, hemangioma, aneurysm, iatrogenic due to drugs like heparin, warfarin, streptokinase, idiopathic and maybe even found in a normal spleen. […] The cases of splenic hematoma in the third trimester of pregnancy are reported in the literature, where patients presented with hemoperitoneum. […] Splenic rupture in pregnancy is a life-threatening situation. It should be considered as a diagnosis of hemoperitoneum without a uterine explication.

• #60 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Trauma is the most common mechanism of injury, and blunt trauma involving the left-upper quadrant, left rib cage, or left flank should raise suspicion for splenic involvement.

• #61 Spontaneous splenic rupture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spontaneous-splenic-rupture?lang=us

  Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) (also known as atraumatic splenic rupture) is rare, especially when compared to traumatic splenic rupture. […] The pathogenesis of atraumatic splenic rupture is not well understood. Splenomegaly is present in almost all patients (~95%), although the rupture of normal spleens (both in size and underlying histology) has been reported. […] There is a wide range of underlying causes: hematological malignancies, e.g. lymphoma, leukemia (~15%); infections (~15%); local inflammatory disorders, e.g. pancreatitis (~10%); infectious mononucleosis (less than .5%); non-malignant hematological disorders, e.g. Langerhans cell histiocytosis; primary splenic neoplasms, e.g. angiosarcoma, hemangioma; amyloidosis (primary and secondary); post-colonoscopy; sneezing; sarcoidosis.

• #62 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture.

• #63 Ruptured Spleen Signs & Symptoms | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is typically caused by blunt force trauma. […] Common causes of a ruptured spleen are car accidents or sports injuries. […] Having an enlarged spleen, which weakens the outer capsule, making it more prone to rupture (a swollen spleen can be caused by cancer, infection, or chronic inflammatory diseases).

• #64 Spontaneous splenic rupture | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spontaneous-splenic-rupture?lang=us

  Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) (also known as atraumatic splenic rupture) is rare, especially when compared to traumatic splenic rupture. […] The pathogenesis of atraumatic splenic rupture is not well understood. Splenomegaly is present in almost all patients (~95%), although the rupture of normal spleens (both in size and underlying histology) has been reported. […] There is a wide range of underlying causes: hematological malignancies, e.g. lymphoma, leukemia (~15%); infections (~15%); local inflammatory disorders, e.g. pancreatitis (~10%); infectious mononucleosis (less than .5%); non-malignant hematological disorders, e.g. Langerhans cell histiocytosis; primary splenic neoplasms, e.g. angiosarcoma, hemangioma; amyloidosis (primary and secondary); post-colonoscopy; sneezing; sarcoidosis.

• #65 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Malignancies usually leukemia or lymphoma are common causes of splenomegaly, seen in close to one-third of affected patients. […] Several infections can lead to splenomegaly. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a common etiology of splenomegaly in adolescents and young adults. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] People who are born in tropical regions, global travelers, and military personnel deployed to tropical regions are at risk for parasitic infections that can lead to splenomegaly, most commonly schistosomiasis and chronic malaria.

• #66 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Up to one in every 200 cases of infectious mononucleosis is complicated by splenic rupture, highlighting the importance of counseling young and active patients. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #67 Splenic Rupture During Pregnancy: A Misdiagnosed, Rare Obstetrical Emergency – International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences

  https://ijrsms.com/splenic-rupture-during-pregnancy-a-misdiagnosed-rare-obstetrical-emergency/

  The cause of maternal death is hypovolemic shock. Some cases need splenectomy, while few cases get managed conservatively. […] The etiology of spontaneous rupture of a normal spleen in pregnancy is not completely understood. It has been suggested that splenic enlargement, increased blood volume, and diminished peritoneum cavity volume due to an enlarged pregnant uterus could be implicated in the pathogenesis of splenic rupture. […] Estrogen and progesterone cause structural changes to the spleen that may increase the risk of splenic rupture during pregnancy, even after minor trauma or without any underlying cause. […] Etiological factors are traumatic (most common) and atraumatic risk factors like pregnancy-induced hypertension, infectious like malaria, infectious mononucleosis, kalazar, typhoid, hemolytic anemia, hemophilia, lymphoma, leukemia, metastatic cancer, hemangioma, aneurysm, iatrogenic due to drugs like heparin, warfarin, streptokinase, idiopathic and maybe even found in a normal spleen. […] The cases of splenic hematoma in the third trimester of pregnancy are reported in the literature, where patients presented with hemoperitoneum. […] Splenic rupture in pregnancy is a life-threatening situation. It should be considered as a diagnosis of hemoperitoneum without a uterine explication.

• #68 Pediatric Injured Spleen | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/pediatric-injured-spleen

  The spleen can be injured by the overlying rib cage. […] In some infections (mononucleosis) or in some disease states (blood diseases like hereditary spherocytosis or cancers like leukemia and lymphoma) the spleen can become enlarged. […] An injured spleen causes hemorrhage (bleeding). […] If the spleen continues to bleed, surgery to repair or remove the spleen may be necessary.

• #69 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Malignancies usually leukemia or lymphoma are common causes of splenomegaly, seen in close to one-third of affected patients. […] Several infections can lead to splenomegaly. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a common etiology of splenomegaly in adolescents and young adults. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] People who are born in tropical regions, global travelers, and military personnel deployed to tropical regions are at risk for parasitic infections that can lead to splenomegaly, most commonly schistosomiasis and chronic malaria.

• #70 Pediatric Injured Spleen | Memorial Hermann

  https://memorialhermann.org/services/conditions/pediatric-injured-spleen

  The spleen can be injured by the overlying rib cage. […] In some infections (mononucleosis) or in some disease states (blood diseases like hereditary spherocytosis or cancers like leukemia and lymphoma) the spleen can become enlarged. […] An injured spleen causes hemorrhage (bleeding). […] If the spleen continues to bleed, surgery to repair or remove the spleen may be necessary.

• #71 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture.

• #72 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. Contributing factors include: […] Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #73 Spleen Injury | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/splenic-trauma/

  Spleen injuries can occur when your child has an abdominal injury. The most common cause of spleen injury is blunt trauma to the abdomen. This kind of force can happen in car crashes, bike accidents or sporting injuries. […] A penetrating spleen injury is where the spleen is cut or torn. Rib fractures on the left side can also result in spleen injury. […] Enlarged spleens can be caused by viral infections like mononucleosis. More rare conditions that can result in an enlarged spleen include: Cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas; Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease; Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis.

• #74 Atraumatic splenic rupture: a case report – Santarelli – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9701/html

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] The etiology of an ASR can be pathologic involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic (true spontaneous rupture), with non-pathologic being less common. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] According to Ahbala et al., it is thought that the underlying cause of spontaneous rupture may be secondary to increase in intrasplenic tension leading to hyperplasia and enlargement, compression secondary to increases in intraabdominal pressure, or occlusion of vasculature secondary to endothelia hyperplasia leading to infarction. […] The etiology of ASR can be categorized as pathologic, involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic, as seen in true spontaneous rupture.

• #75 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic ruptures of the spleen are rare, difficult to diagnose and potentially fatal. Infectious etiologies (dominated by infectious mononucleosis and malaria) and hematological diseases (dominated by hematological malignancies) alone account for over half of all cases. […] Many causes are responsible of this phenomenon including infectious (e.g., malaria and glandular fever), gastrointestinal (e.g., pancreatitis), hematological (e.g., Hodgkins lymphoma) and systemic (e.g., sarcoidosis), it may be treatment-related including the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. […] Many theories have been proposed in the pathophysiology of spontaneous splenic rupture. We can mainly retain increased intrasplenic tension due to congestion, vascular anomalies, enzymatic digestion of the splenic capsule or minimal trauma.

• #76 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic ruptures of the spleen are rare, difficult to diagnose and potentially fatal. Infectious etiologies (dominated by infectious mononucleosis and malaria) and hematological diseases (dominated by hematological malignancies) alone account for over half of all cases. […] Many causes are responsible of this phenomenon including infectious (e.g., malaria and glandular fever), gastrointestinal (e.g., pancreatitis), hematological (e.g., Hodgkins lymphoma) and systemic (e.g., sarcoidosis), it may be treatment-related including the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. […] Many theories have been proposed in the pathophysiology of spontaneous splenic rupture. We can mainly retain increased intrasplenic tension due to congestion, vascular anomalies, enzymatic digestion of the splenic capsule or minimal trauma.

• #77 Spontaneous splenic rupture as a severe complication in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia: a case report

  https://www.clinical-medicine.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/14/31/full/

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare and dreadful complication that can be life-threatening. […] In the majority of cases, SSR is caused by hematological malignancies (30.3%), infectious diseases (27.3%), and neoplastic diseases (20.0%). […] However, the association of SSR with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is very rare (0.72%). […] In CML, SSR can be caused by infiltration of splenic parenchyma by tumor cells, leading to excessive spleen overload beyond the spleen’s capacity to compensate and expand. […] In our patient, leukemic infiltration and infarction are likely to be at the origin of the splenic rupture. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture or SSR in hematological malignancies is rare. […] The physiophatology of SSR in hematological disorders is still unclear. […] Diagnosis of SSR is very delicate.

• #78 Spontaneous splenic rupture secondary to lymphoma: Two case reports | 2020, Volume 6 – Issue 2 | Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Medicine

  https://www.journalmeddbu.com/full-text/200

  Spontaneous spleen rupture is a very rare cause of acute abdomen that leads to serious clinical consequences. It often occurs as a congestion that develops after the infective and hematological infiltration of the spleen. […] Elderly age, male sex, and splenomegaly are the most common causes of spleen rupture. Splenomegaly is especially attributed as the main factor causing rupture. […] Coagulation disturbances due to lymphoblastic infiltration, spleen infarction, coagulation disorders causing intrasplenic and/or subcapsular hemorrhage, and thrombocytopenia are the most frequently suspected factors in the etiopathogenesis of hematologic causes of SSR. […] The fact that one of our patients had complaints of fever and fatigue for the last one month is noteworthy, as SSR may present with particularly different clinical entities. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is the first symptom of a hematologic malignancy and can be confronted as a life-threatening complication.

• #79 Atraumatic splenic rupture: a case report – Santarelli – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/9701/html

  Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] The etiology of an ASR can be pathologic involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic (true spontaneous rupture), with non-pathologic being less common. […] Spontaneous splenic rupture is usually associated with hematologic, neoplastic, or infectious disorders, with infectious mononucleosis associated with Epstein-Barr virus being the most common cause worldwide. Spontaneous splenic rupture without underlying cause is thought to be exceedingly rare. […] According to Ahbala et al., it is thought that the underlying cause of spontaneous rupture may be secondary to increase in intrasplenic tension leading to hyperplasia and enlargement, compression secondary to increases in intraabdominal pressure, or occlusion of vasculature secondary to endothelia hyperplasia leading to infarction. […] The etiology of ASR can be categorized as pathologic, involving a diseased spleen, or non-pathologic, as seen in true spontaneous rupture.

• #80 Spontaneous Rupture of the Spleen: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

  https://www.ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/2147

  Non-traumatic ruptures of the spleen are rare, difficult to diagnose and potentially fatal. Infectious etiologies (dominated by infectious mononucleosis and malaria) and hematological diseases (dominated by hematological malignancies) alone account for over half of all cases. […] Many causes are responsible of this phenomenon including infectious (e.g., malaria and glandular fever), gastrointestinal (e.g., pancreatitis), hematological (e.g., Hodgkins lymphoma) and systemic (e.g., sarcoidosis), it may be treatment-related including the use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents. […] Many theories have been proposed in the pathophysiology of spontaneous splenic rupture. We can mainly retain increased intrasplenic tension due to congestion, vascular anomalies, enzymatic digestion of the splenic capsule or minimal trauma.

• #81 Splenic Rupture Following Colonoscopy | ACS

  https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/journals/case-reviews/issues/v4n1/foster-splenic-rupture/

  Splenic rupture is a serious complication of any colonoscopy. […] Although the occurrence is rare, this case reminds physicians to have a suspicion of splenic trauma in patients presenting with abdominal pain following uncomplicated or complicated colonoscopies. […] Splenic trauma with colonoscopy to have an incidence of approximately 0.0005%-0.017% and a mortality rate of 5%. […] The mechanism of splenic rupture following endoscopy is not fully understood, but several theories exist. The most common explanation consists of excessive traction from the splenocolic ligament during navigation of the colon with the colonoscope, thereby pulling the splenic capsule off the spleen, causing avulsion and laceration. […] Any prior abdominal surgery or infection which increases adhesions and limits mobility of the spleen also places the patient at increased risk for splenic rupture.

• #82 Recognizing Symptoms of a Ruptured Spleen

  https://www.kalkalaw.com/faq/what-happens-when-a-car-crash-causes-ruptured-sp/

  What Happens When a Car Crash Causes Ruptured Spleen? […] The spleen is located just under your ribcage on your left side, it is a soft spongy organ, and it’s there to stop infection from entering your blood. The spleen’s primary function is to filter out old and damaged blood cells from your bloodstream. When a spleen is ruptured in an accident it can be life-threatening and is considered a serious medical emergency. […] Not all car accidents result in ruptured spleens, but sometimes violent crashes that injure the left side of a person’s body can cause a spleen injury in Georgia. When someone’s upper abdomen or lower chest is impacted during a car crash, it can cause a ruptured spleen. This impact to the spleen can cause internal bleeding that can be life-threatening. Sometimes, spleens break open immediately after the trauma, and other times it takes days or weeks for the rupture to occur.

• #83 The Symptoms and Causes of a Ruptured Spleen – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/the-symptoms-and-causes-of-a-ruptured-spleen/

  The spleen is a delicate organ, located directly under the ribcage on the left side of the body. This fist sized organ helps the body fight infection and filter blood, making it both vitally important, while also extremely vulnerable. […] Any sort of forceful impact, trauma, or blow to the left side of the abdomen has the potential to rupture the spleen. A ruptured spleen is an emergency medical situation that requires immediate treatment, and typically emergency surgery to remove the spleen (called a splenectomy). […] Forceful trauma or blunt impact to the abdomen is the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. At the Thistle Law Firm, our attorneys most often see ruptured spleens that result from car accidents. […] Besides car accidents, a ruptured spleen may be the result of: Sports injuries, Assault, Falls.

• #84 The Symptoms and Causes of a Ruptured Spleen – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/the-symptoms-and-causes-of-a-ruptured-spleen/

  According to a study published in the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, the overall mortality rate for ruptured spleen is approximately 10%. However, the mortality rate is significantly higher for patients with severe injuries, such as multiple organ failure or shock. […] A ruptured spleen may present immediately after a traumatic event such as a car accident, but it may sometimes not appear for days or weeks after the trauma. This is a situation known as “delayed splenic rupture”. […] Most ruptured spleens will require immediate surgery called a splenectomy, in which the surgeon will remove the entire spleen. […] While it is possible to live after a ruptured spleen, individuals without a spleen are at an increased risk of various infections, including the common flu, strep, or various parasitic infections such as malaria.

• #85 Spleen Injury – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/abdominal-injuries/spleen-injury

  Because of the spleens position in the upper left side of the abdomen, a severe blow to the stomach area can damage the spleen, tearing its covering, the tissue inside, or both. […] The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in the abdomen as a result of motor vehicle crashes, falls from a height, athletic mishaps, and assaults. […] Enlargement of the spleen (for example, due to Epstein-Barr virus causing infectious mononucleosis) makes the spleen more susceptible to injury. […] A hematoma of the spleen does not bleed into the abdomen at first but may rupture and bleed in the first few days after injury, although rupture sometimes does not occur for weeks or months.

• #86 Ruptured Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery

  https://www.healthline.com/health/ruptured-spleen

  A ruptured spleen is usually the result of one of two things: […] The majority of ruptured spleens are caused by trauma. The trauma may be due to an automobile accident, a fall, a sports injury, or blows from a physical fight. […] An enlarged spleen can make a tear or break in the spleen’s surface more likely. An enlarged spleen is often due to an existing disease or condition. […] A ruptured spleen is rare, but a spontaneous spleen rupture is even rarer. A spontaneous rupture occurs without any physical trauma or injury. […] In most cases, an enlarged spleen is responsible for a spontaneous rupture or tear. Infections and certain medical conditions, such as malaria and lymphoma, can cause blood cells to accumulate in the spleen. […] A ruptured spleen can also worsen in a matter of a few days or weeks after the initial injury and may rupture again. […] In most cases, a ruptured spleen is caused by blunt force trauma. This can be due to a car accident, a fall, a physical blow to the abdomen, or a sports injury. Less frequently, it can be caused by an enlarged spleen.

• #87 Splenic injuries – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/splenic-injuries/

  Major trauma, Minor trauma or spontaneous rupture: in patients with severe splenomegaly. […] In delayed splenic rupture, symptoms may take days to weeks to manifest after abdominal trauma. […] Nonoperative management is appropriate for most stable patients. […] Splenic infarctions are typically managed nonoperatively.

• #88 The Symptoms and Causes of a Ruptured Spleen – The Thistle Law Firm

  https://thistlelaw.com/the-symptoms-and-causes-of-a-ruptured-spleen/

  There are numerous other causes of a ruptured spleen, including, but not limited to: Infections, Metabolic disorders, Liver disease, Some types of cancers. […] These various medical issues may cause the spleen to swell, resulting in the walls of the spleen becoming thin and prone to rupture. […] The consequences of a ruptured spleen can be severe and life-threatening. The spleen is a vital organ that filters blood, fights infection, and regulates the immune system. When the spleen ruptures, it can cause internal bleeding, quickly leading to sepsis shock and death. […] People still die from a ruptured spleen every year, even at some of the best hospitals in the country. The current mortality rate from a simple splenic rupture is 1%, although a delayed diagnosis of a ruptured spleen will increase that rate to 10%.

• #89 Splenic Rupture – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/hpb/spleen/splenic-rupture/

  The majority of cases of splenic injury are secondary to abdominal trauma particularly blunt trauma. Common situations in which the spleen is injured include seat-belt injuries in road traffic collisions and falls onto the left side (such as patients slipping on ice or elderly patient falling in the bathroom). […] A minority of cases are iatrogenic, or secondary due to underlying splenomegaly from haematological malignancy or infective causes (such as Epstein-Barr virus). In these cases, as the spleen grows, the capsule stretches and thins, becoming more fragile and predisposing to rupture. […] The overall mortality rates of patients presenting to hospital with trauma splenic injury are around 10%.

• #90 Spontaneous Splenic Rupture Following Bouts of Coughing: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review | Biswas | Journal of Current Surgery

  https://www.currentsurgery.org/index.php/jcs/article/view/308/279

  There have also been previously undiagnosed non-hematological neoplastic causes of spontaneous rupture of spleen reported; the common causes cited are angiosarcoma, choriocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, etc. […] Spontaneous splenic ruptures are also caused by anticoagulation, thrombolytics, recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti-platelet agents. […] The clinical picture of traumatic rupture and non-traumatic rupture of the spleen are identical. […] Splenectomy remains the choice of treatment in patients presenting in hemorrhagic shock and hemodynamically unstable patients. […] Hemodynamically stable patients can be observed in a monitored setting with serial abdominal exam and labs, bed rest and administration of fluid and blood as required.

• #91 Spleen problems and spleen removal | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  The spleen can become damaged or may rupture (burst) after a forceful blow to the abdomen, car accident, sporting accident or fracture to the ribs. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency, as it can cause life-threatening bleeding. […] Signs of a ruptured spleen are: pain behind your left ribs and tenderness when you touch this area, dizziness and a rapid heart rate (a sign of low blood pressure caused by blood loss). […] Surgery is only necessary if the enlarged spleen is causing serious complications or if the cause can’t be found. […] An operation to remove the spleen, known as a splenectomy, may be needed if the spleen is damaged, diseased or enlarged. […] If your spleen needs to be removed, other organs such as the liver can take over many of the spleen’s functions. […] There is a small risk that a serious infection may develop quickly. This risk will be present for the rest of your life. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for the rest of your life to prevent bacterial infections.

• #92 Spleen problems and spleen removal | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  The spleen can become damaged or may rupture (burst) after a forceful blow to the abdomen, car accident, sporting accident or fracture to the ribs. […] A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency, as it can cause life-threatening bleeding. […] Signs of a ruptured spleen are: pain behind your left ribs and tenderness when you touch this area, dizziness and a rapid heart rate (a sign of low blood pressure caused by blood loss). […] Surgery is only necessary if the enlarged spleen is causing serious complications or if the cause can’t be found. […] An operation to remove the spleen, known as a splenectomy, may be needed if the spleen is damaged, diseased or enlarged. […] If your spleen needs to be removed, other organs such as the liver can take over many of the spleen’s functions. […] There is a small risk that a serious infection may develop quickly. This risk will be present for the rest of your life. […] It’s recommended that you take low-dose antibiotics for the rest of your life to prevent bacterial infections.

• #93 Spleen Injuries | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/spleen-injuries

  The spleen can be injured by the overlying rib cage in cases of severe trauma to the chest or abdomen. […] In some infections (mononucleosis) or in some disease states (blood diseases like hereditary spherocytosis or cancers like leukemia and lymphoma) the spleen can become enlarged. […] An injured spleen causes hemorrhage (bleeding). […] If the spleen continues to bleed, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the spleen. […] A splenectomy is an operation to remove the spleen. […] Your child may require daily antibiotics post splenectomy; however, your child is still at risk for infection. […] If he/ she develops a temperature of 101F (38C), at any time after the operation, Penicillin (Erythromycin if your child is allergic to Penicillin) may be required to prevent an overwhelming infection.

• #94 Splenic Rupture – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525951/

  The spleen is the visceral organ most frequently injured in blunt abdominal trauma. Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Trauma is the most common mechanism of injury, and blunt trauma involving the left-upper quadrant, left rib cage, or left flank should raise suspicion for splenic involvement.

• #95

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-29383/?extid=31869114&src=med

  Trauma is also the most common cause of a ruptured spleen. […] In patients who experience non-traumatic splenic rupture, 7% are due to idiopathic causes, with the remaining 93% attributed to pathological causes. […] Splenic rupture can be divided into two major categories: traumatic and non-traumatic rupture. The most prevalent major mechanism in traumatic injury (50% to 75%) is the result of motor vehicle injury. Direct abdominal blows and falls are the remaining major causes of traumatic rupture. […] Non-traumatic splenic rupture is very uncommon, though can be related to underlying pathologic conditions or may be idiopathic. […] However, non-traumatic rupture, when it does happen, carries a mortality of around 12%. […] The following are six major causes of non-traumatic rupture: Neoplasm, 30%; Infectious, 30%; Inflammatory disease, 15%; Medication and medical treatment, 10%; Mechanical causes, 7%; Idiopathic, 7%. […] Pancreatitis may lead to atraumatic splenic rupture. […] Malaria also remains a risk factor for splenic rupture in countries where this disease is prevalent.

• #96 Ruptured spleen | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/ruptured-spleen?content_id=CON-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture.

• #97 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Ruptured spleen | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20166973

  A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency that occurs as a result of a break in your spleen’s surface. […] A forceful blow to your stomach during a sporting accident, a fistfight or a car crash, for example is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. […] A spleen can rupture due to: […] Injury to the left side of the body. A ruptured spleen is typically caused by a blow to the left upper stomach or the left lower chest, such as might happen during sporting accidents, fistfights and car crashes. […] An enlarged spleen. Your spleen can become enlarged when blood cells accumulate in the spleen. An enlarged spleen can be caused by various underlying problems, such as mononucleosis and other infections, liver disease, and blood cancers. […] If the spleen is already enlarged due to infection or another cause, there is increased risk that the spleen might rupture. […] A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding into your stomach cavity.

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