Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] A low white blood cell count, also called leukopenia, means having too few leukocytes in the blood. […] A high white blood cell count, also called leukocytosis, means having too many leukocytes in the blood. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils.

• #2 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Blood is made up of three different types of blood cells, all of which are produced by the bone marrow: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen; Platelets, which seal wounds and stop bleeding; White blood cells — leukocytes — which help fight infections. […] Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system).

• #3 Disorders of White Blood Cells | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/disorders-of-white-blood-cells/

  WBCs derive from hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Their maturation is induced by colony-stimulating factors. […] This chapter focuses on congenital and acquired neutrophil disorders with a brief discussion regarding disorders of eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. […] Neutrophils are part of the innate (natural) immune system. After they are released by the bone marrow, they remain in the circulation for 6 to 12 hours. They migrate to sites of infection and engulf, digest, and destroy microorganisms. […] Neutropenia is defined as a decrease in the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) to less than 1500/L. Neutropenia is considered severe if the ANC is less than 500/L, moderate between 500/L and 1000/L, and mild between 1000/L and 1500/L. The risk of serious infection is inversely proportional to the ANC.

• #4 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. Leukemia cells grow too fast and fill up the bone marrow. They crowd out the good blood cells. Because they crowd out the good blood cells, there are less healthy white blood cells to fight infections. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] The pluripotent stem cell is the first stage of development of all of the blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets). This stem cell goes through stages of development until it matures into a functioning cell. The type of leukemia is determined by where the cell is in the stage of development when it becomes malignant, or cancerous. […] The myeloid cells develop into platelets, red blood cells, and specialized white blood cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages. There are many classifications of AML. The type of leukemia is determined by the type of blood cell that is affected and the stage of development when the normal cells become leukemia cells. […] When leukemia occurs, the abnormal cells (blasts) begin to reproduce very rapidly and begin crowding out and competing for nutrients and space with the other healthy cells.

• #5 Disorders of White Blood Cells | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/disorders-of-white-blood-cells/

  Complex physiologic processes are involved in neutrophil phagocytosis of microbes. An abnormality in any of the steps—adhesion, chemotaxis, opsonization, ingestion/phagocytosis, degranulation, and oxidative metabolism (bacterial killing)—results in inadequate neutrophil functioning. Susceptibility is to bacteria and fungi, with intact resistance to viral infections. […] Acquired neutropenia, which is much more common than congenital neutropenia, is the result of decreased WBC production secondary to suppression of bone marrow synthesis or antibodies directed against neutrophils. […] The cause of neutropenia from an infection is diverse, including decreased marrow production, depleted marrow reserves, increased neutrophil margination with decreased circulating neutrophils, antibody formation with increased peripheral destruction, or a combination of multiple factors.

• #6 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition. Without enough neutrophils, the body is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] Treatment for neutropenia includes: Antibiotics. Children with severe neutropenia often develop infections requiring antibiotics and possible hospitalization. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. These new medications help the bone marrow make neutrophils and restore the body’s defense against infection. […] Bone marrow transplant. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is an option. Bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which defective bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow.

• #7 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  Causes of neutropenia I. Inadequate or ineffective granulopoiesis Suppression of Hematopoietic stem cells (e.g. aplastic anemia) Infiltrative marrow disorders (tumors, granulomatous disease). Suppression of committed granulocytic precursors (e.g., after drug exposure). Disease states characterized by ineffective granulopoiesis in conditions such as megaloblastic anemias [vitamin B12 deficiency] myelodysplastic syndromes [MDSs] Rare inherited conditions (e.g. Kostmann syndrome) impairing differentiation. […] II. Accelerated removal or destruction of neutrophils Neutrophil injury caused by immunologic disorders (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus) or drug exposures. Splenic sequestration as a result of splenomegaly. Increased peripheral use in overwhelming infections. […] III. Drug toxicity Immune mediated destruction of neutrophils by drugs like aminopyrine, penicillin, gold and antithyroid drugs. Circulating immune complexes are formed in response to the inducing drug, which in turn bind to the neutrophils destroying them.

• #8 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. This type of cell help prevent infection. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: […] An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils. […] Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is often diagnosed around 7 to 9 months of age. […] Autoimmune neutropenia that occurs in combination with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) or autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is called Evans Syndrome. […] Pediatric autoimmune neutropenia typically presents in infants 6 to 15 months of age, but can occur at any age.

• #9 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  In rare cases, a bone marrow biopsy might be necessary to rule out other causes of neutropenia. […] Treatment for pediatric neutropenia includes medication and, in some cases, bone marrow transplant. […] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors (G-CSFs) help the bone marrow make neutrophils. […] Bone marrow transplant may sometimes be considered as a treatment. […] Most children with neutropenia do not become seriously ill. […] If your child has autoimmune neutropenia, the anti-neutrophil antibodies will spontaneously disappear and the neutrophil count will return to normal.

• #10 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that causes episodes of low levels of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the body. Neutrophils are vital to fighting infection by surrounding and destroying bacteria that enter the body. […] Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history. […] Treatment for cyclic neutropenia may include taking antibiotic medicines for fevers and infections. Children who exhibit abdominal pain need to be carefully evaluated for potentially serious complications.

• #11 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  This document discusses white blood cell disorders, focusing on quantitative disorders of the white blood cells. It describes leukocytosis, which is an increased number of white blood cells, and leukopenia, which is a decreased number. The main types of leukocytosis and leukopenia discussed are neutrophilic leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia. The causes, pathophysiology, and clinical features of each of these conditions are explained in detail. […] Disorders of white cells include Proliferations (leukocytosis) reactive neoplastic. Deficiencies (leukopenias) Reactive proliferation of WBCs in response to an underlying primary, often microbial, disease is fairly common. Neoplastic disorders, though less common, are more ominous cause approximately 9% of all cancer deaths in adults and a staggering 40% in children younger than 15 years.

• #12 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  An increase in the number of white blood cells is common in a variety of inflammatory states caused by microbial non- microbial stimuli. Leukocytoses are relatively non-specific are classified according to the particular white cell series that is affected. In some cases reactive leukocytosis may mimic leukemia. Such leukemoid reactions must be distinguished from true white cell malignancies. Infectious mononucleosis merits separate consideration because it gives rise to distinctive syndrome associated with lymphocytosis. […] Cytokines stimulate increased bone marrow production and/or early release of segmented neutrophils/bands in response to inflammation/infections. Decreased activation of neutrophil adhesion molecules a. Fewer neutrophils adhere to endothelial cells and become part of the circulating pool of neutrophils. b. Agents that decrease activation of neutrophil adhesion molecules include corticosteroids, catecholamines lithium Neutrophilic leukocytosis.

• #13 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  The most common cause of neutrophilic leucocytosis is bacterial infections particularly by Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococci). Bacterial infections are frequently associated with following alterations in peripheral blood i. Neutrophilic leucocytosis with shift to left ii. Toxic granules iii. Dhle inclusion bodies: iv. Cytoplasmic vacuoles: […] Neutrophilic leukocytosis There is neutrophilia with neutrophils constituting 88% of the differential leucocyte count. The patient had bronchopneumonia Band forms in peripheral blood Band forms of neutrophils are preponderant in children with bacterial infections. Note the cytoplasmic vacuoles and toxic granules in these cells. […] Neutropenia For children from 1 month – 10 years old, neutropenia is defined as a absolute neutrophil count 1500/mm. For individuals older than age 10 years, neutropenia is defined as a absolute neutrophil count 1800/mm. Agranulocytosis literally means a complete absence of blood granulocytes. indicates severe neutropenia, i.e, counts 500/mm. serious consequence of making individuals susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections.

• #14 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  Quantitative WBC Disorders Lymphocytosis Refers to an absolute lymphocyte count 5000 cells/mm in adults or 8000 cells/mm in children. Causes include: Infections Predominantly viral (e.g. infectious mononucleosis, dengue) Occasionally bacterial (e.g. pertussis and chronic infections like tuberculosis) Unusually parasites (e.g. babesiosis) Stress and Postsplenectomy Hypersensitivity Reactions Autoimmune Disorders (e.g. Graves disease) Thymoma Clonal Monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis Lymphoproliferative disorders especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphomas. […] Quantitative WBC Disorders Lymphocytosis Pathogenesis Decreased entry of lymphocytes into the lymph nodes. e.g. lymphocytosis-promoting factor produced by Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough) Increased production of lymphocytes (e.g. CLL).

• #15 Benign White blood cell (WBC) Disorders | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/benign-white-blood-cell-wbc-disorders/234110263

  Quantitative WBC Disorders Eosinophilia Refers to an absolute eosinophil count of 400 cells/mm in the peripheral blood. Causes include: Allergic Disorders Allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Gastrointestinal disorders may be associated with tissue eosinophilia rather than peripheral blood eosinophilia. […] Quantitative WBC Disorders Eosinophilia Pathogenesis : Caused by the release of eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) from mast cells Type I Hypersensitivity reactions Eosinophils in lymph nodes are not sequestered; hence, more eosinophils are circulating in the blood. e.g. hypocortisolism. […] Quantitative WBC Disorders Eosinopenia Refers to a decrease in the total number of circulating eosinophils in the peripheral blood. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome, corticosteroids) is the most common cause of eosinopenia. Corticosteroids sequester eosinophils in lymph nodes and trigger apoptosis.

• #16 Pathogenesis of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Molecular pathways and disease treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285861/

  B-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (B-ALL) is a disease found mainly in children and in young adults. B-ALL is characterized by the rapid proliferation of poorly differentiated lymphoid progenitor cells inside the bone marrow. The tumorigenesis of the disease involves a number of abnormal gene expressions (including TEL-AML1, BCR-ABL-1, RAS and PI3K) leading to dysregulated cell cycle. […] In recent years, cytosolic signal transduction and molecular abnormality have been shown to play important roles in the pathogenesis of B-ALL; the abnormalities include gene mutations, abnormal protein interaction, unarrested cell cycle and increased autophagy. […] The occurrence of B-ALL is known to correlate with a series of gene mutations, which often start at the pluripotent stem cell stage, followed by processes of clonal expansion, differentiation, cell proliferation and dysregulated cell apoptosis; the end result is the replacement of normal lymphoid cells by malignant cells.

• #17 Pathogenesis of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Molecular pathways and disease treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285861/

  A number of molecular pathways and gene expressions are known to be associated with ALL, which are elaborated below. […] The two hits hypothesis has been proposed to explain the tumorigenesis of childhood ALL. […] Specifically, the TEL-AML1 fusion gene is a mutation that could be present years before any clinical symptom appears, and often the mutation has taken place earlier in utero. […] The ABL gene on chromosome 9 switches location with the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR-ABL fusion gene. […] The activation of RAS pathways in leukemic cells impairs the efficacy of medical therapy using drugs such as glucocorticoids or anthracycline. […] The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in cell proliferation and cell survival. […] Deregulated cell cycles are correlated with the development of B-ALL.

• #18 Pathogenesis of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Molecular pathways and disease treatments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7285861/

  Uncontrolled proliferation of HSC and immature lymphoblastic cells can lead to leukemogenesis. […] One mechanism of leukemogenesis is DNA methylation caused by viral infections. […] The progression of pediatric ALL can start in utero or shortly after birth. […] Benzene is a known carcinogen and parental exposure to benzene increases the risk of childhood ALL. […] The success of such treatment involves a multidrug regimen that consists of three phases (induction, consolidation and maintenance), during which therapy or prophylaxis directed to the central nervous system (CNS) is delivered in multiple sessions. […] For B-ALL patients, the frequency of relapse is associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR). […] The overexpression of drug efflux pumps on leukemic cells under drug treatment is the most common condition for MDR and consequently the intracellular drug concentration is lowered. […] Glutathione reductase is the key enzyme of the GSH redox cycle and it reduces the sensitivity to chemodrugs in leukemic cells by modulating redox homeostasis. […] Understanding the molecular pathways for the pathophysiology of B-ALL and its relapse mechanisms are important.

• #19 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, children with rare blood disorders are cared for by world-renowned experts who are committed to quality of life. […] We offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Disorders of the immune system may make your child more likely to get infections. […] Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) lower the number of immune cells, which fight infection. This makes it harder for your child’s body to fight infections. […] Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) can make your child’s immune system overactive. This makes it more likely they get an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder. […] We can treat even the rarest PIDs and PIRDs and have long been a leader in the care of people with SCID.

• #20 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids continues to offer stem cell transplantation for SCID and other immunodeficiencies. […] We can study the genomics (all the genes) of each child’s disorder and identify possible causes. […] A primary immunodeficiency (PID) is a condition where there are low numbers of immune cells, or none at all. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] This primary immunodeficiency can make a child more likely to get bacterial and other infections. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that fight back against infection. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi.

• #21 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] SCID lowers the number of normal, healthy white blood cells and other immune cells. […] Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) may also be known as Severe Chronic Neutropenia or Kostmann Syndrome. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] With immunoregulatory disorders, T cells are not able to work as well.

• #22 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene. […] Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be caused by an inherited genetic mutation. […] Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease.

• #23 Researchers reveal developmental mechanisms behind rare bone marrow disorder: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin

  https://www.charite.de/en/service/press_reports/artikel/detail/researchers_reveal_developmental_mechanisms_behind_rare_bone_marrow_disorder

  Myelodysplastic syndrome is an umbrella term used to describe disorders characterized by the bone marrows inability to produce normal blood cells. Researchers from Charit Universittsmedizin Berlin have found that a mutation in a specific tumor suppressor gene is one possible reason why children with a very rare genetic disorder develop myelodysplastic syndrome. […] The key symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are a shortage of fully-functional red blood cells (erythrocytes), a shortage of certain white blood cells (leukocytes), and a shortage of platelets (thrombocytes). […] In patients with MDS, blood cell production is disrupted a condition which may result in these patients progressing to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] The researchers were able to show that both monosomy 7 and myelodysplastic syndrome developed in response to these mutations.

• #24 Researchers reveal developmental mechanisms behind rare bone marrow disorder: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin

  https://www.charite.de/en/service/press_reports/artikel/detail/researchers_reveal_developmental_mechanisms_behind_rare_bone_marrow_disorder

  In patients with malignant conditions, complete or partial chromosome loss may not be a random event. Instead, it may represent a mechanism specifically aimed at eliminating genetic defects. The significance of this developmental mechanism for myelodysplasia, which has been described here for the first time, may therefore reach far beyond this rather rare disease.

• #25 Increase in the White Blood Cell Count Correlates with Disease in Newborns Tested for Ureaplasma urealyticum by Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR). † 1346 | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr19971524

  Ureaplasma urealyticum is a pathogen known to cause amnionitis and premature birth. […] An inflammatory response has been demonstrated in the amnions of infected women and has been proposed for diseased newborns. […] Ureaplasma causes an increased release of IL-6 and IL-8, proteins associated with an inflammatory cascade. […] We sought to determine whether PCR (which should detect both pathogens and colonizing agents) correlated with a gross marker of inflammation, the WBC count. […] WBC Count was higher in PCR positive than in PCR negative patients, F(1,13)=43.43, P0.001, (MANOVA). […] Although WBC counts increased in both groups of patients, the response was greater in those positive for Ureaplasma. […] Conclusion: PCR is a sensitive tool for detection of ureaplasma and a positive test correlates with elevated WBC count in newborns suggesting that ureaplasma is a true pathogen in this population.

• #26

  https://journals.lww.com/pidj/abstract/1987/06000/white_blood_cells_and_bone_marrow_in_typhoid_fever.7.aspx

  Leukopenia and/or neutropenia are thought to be characteristic findings in patients with typhoid fever. […] Hemophagocytosis is an important mechanism in producing neutropenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia in several infectious and noninfectious disorders.

• #27

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell problems arise from there being too many (leucocytosis), too few (leucopenia), or from the cells malfunctioning. […] The causes of white blood cell disorders vary; some are genetic disorders that are passed down from parents to children, others can develop as a result of immune problems, malignancies, from other medical conditions or outside environmental factors. […] Kostmann’s syndrome is a disease of the bone marrow where children are born without a type of white blood cell which are normally used to fight infection.

• #28 White blood cell disorder treatment in Hyderabad

  https://www.drkarunhematology.com/what-are-white-blood-cell-disorders.html

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly. […] White blood cell disorders of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. Disorders that involve monocytes and eosinophils are less common; basophil disorders are rare. […] Chronic granulomatous disease is an inherited disorder in which neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages (which together are called phagocytes for their ability to eat or phagocytose pathogens) are unable to efficiently fight bacteria and fungal infections. […] Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is a rare inherited group of diseases in which the white blood cells are unable to produce the proteins they need in order to travel to the site of an infection.

• #29 White blood cell disorder treatment in Hyderabad

  https://www.drkarunhematology.com/what-are-white-blood-cell-disorders.html

  Myeloperoxidase deficiency is a disorder in which the enzymes that help neutrophils fight bacteria are lacking. […] Chediak Higashi syndrome is a very rare inherited disorder in which cells of the immune system cant properly store and release important enzymes. […] White blood cell disorders can be caused by a range of factors, including genetic mutations, infections, autoimmune diseases, certain medications, and exposure to toxins.

• #30 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  Leukemia is cancer that starts in young (immature) blood cells. Its the most common kind of cancer in children. The leukemia cells grow in bone marrow and then go out into the blood. When a child has leukemia, the bone marrow makes abnormal blood cells that dont mature and don’t work the way they should. The abnormal cells are usually white blood cells (leukocytes). The abnormal cells reproduce very quickly. They build up in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. This keeps the bone marrow from making enough healthy cells. […] The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #31 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/

  They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer. […] To obtain an adequate diagnosis, you must see a specialist, who will analyze your child’s symptoms and clinical history, and then perform a physical examination. They will also order a series of tests to determine the cause of the white blood cell disorders, such as: Bone marrow analysis, Tissue biopsy, Blood test, Molecular examination, Genetic testing. […] The treatment to follow will depend on the symptoms, the type of white blood cell disorder, and its severity, which may include: Antibiotics, Medications that help stimulate the production of white blood cells from the bone marrow, Bone marrow transplant.

• #32 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Many factors may lead to white blood cell disorders. Sometimes providers don’t know the exact cause of these disorders. Causes may include: […] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may cause an elevated white blood cell count. […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Chemotherapy, a powerful drug that treats certain cancers, can reduce your white blood cell count. […] Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count.

• #33 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] A blood transfusion replaces damaged white blood cells with healthy cells from a donor. […] Chemotherapy or radiation therapy can treat underlying cancer. […] These medications can stimulate your bone marrow to make more white blood cells. […] These hormones can help to increase production of white blood cells. […] These medications can lessen your immune response if you have an autoimmune disease, helping to lower your white blood cell count. […] We can replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor to help you produce normal white blood cells.

• #34 Lupus and Blood Cell Disorders | HSS Rheumatology

  https://www.hss.edu/conditions_top-ten-points-about-lupus-and-blood-cell-disorders.asp

  Hematologic (related to blood) manifestations in lupus are relatively frequent and range from mild to severe. All three blood cell lines (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) can be affected. These abnormalities can be caused by the autoimmune disease itself or by medications taken to treat the disease. […] The drugs causing anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are often part of the lupus treatment. […] A common side effect of immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate is bone marrow suppression. The bone marrow is the production site of the blood cells, and reduced activity therefore leads to an abnormally low blood cell count. […] A variety of medications can interfere with blood cells. These include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or diclofenac. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, medication to control blood pressure, which reduce the amount of white blood cells and platelets.

• #35 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Eosinophilia is a rare increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, usually as a result of signals produced by other cells calling for more eosinophil production. Neutrophilia, meanwhile, is an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood. Most commonly, neutrophilia is acquired and occurs in response to infections or drugs. […] Treatment depends on the underlying problem (e.g., acquired, congenital) and severity and may include: Oral or intravenous antibiotics to fight infection; Colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. […] Thanks to ongoing research, treatment for patients with low white blood cell counts has improved significantly over the past 20 years. Genetic testing, which is now available for many congenital white blood cell disorders, including congenital neutropenias, has allowed better estimation of a patient’s prognosis. Improved treatment and supportive care is helping patients with even the most severe of the neutrophil disorders to live longer.

• #36 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition. Without enough neutrophils, the body is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] Treatment for neutropenia includes: Antibiotics. Children with severe neutropenia often develop infections requiring antibiotics and possible hospitalization. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. These new medications help the bone marrow make neutrophils and restore the body’s defense against infection. […] Bone marrow transplant. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is an option. Bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which defective bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow.

• #37 Hematological Disorders in Children: Pathogenesis and Treatment | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-10-3886-0

  This book describes the pathogenesis and treatment of several representative hematological disorders in children, with a special focus on genetic and molecular aspects. […] Research on the pathogenesis of hematological disorders in children has made remarkable strides; especially molecular target therapy has shown outstanding effects in refractory and conventional therapies for childhood leukemia. […] The findings presented in this book will broaden readers understanding and hopefully spark new discussions leading to the development of new therapies including cell therapy and molecular target therapy, allowing clinicians to use more effective and less toxic approaches in the future.

• #38 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  Symptoms of leukemia depend on many factors. It might be in the bone marrow, blood, or other tissues and organs. […] When leukemia is diagnosed, tests are done to find out the exact type of leukemia it is. […] Classifying leukemia is very complex. But it’s an important part of making treatment plans and predicting treatment outcomes. […] Leukemia treatment depends on details about the type of leukemia, your child’s age and overall health, your preferences, and other factors. Treatment tends to be started soon after diagnosis. […] Chemotherapy is the main treatment for most leukemias in children. […] Possible complications of leukemia can include serious infections, severe bleeding (hemorrhage), and thickened blood from large numbers of leukemia cells. […] Most childhood cancers, including leukemia, cant be prevented. […] A child with leukemia needs ongoing care. Your child will be seen by oncologists and other healthcare providers to treat any late effects of treatment and to watch for signs or symptoms of the cancer returning.

• #39 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. Neutropenia is defined as having an absolute neutrophil count of less than 1500/L. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Neutropenia is diagnosed by obtaining a complete blood count (CBC) and calculating the ANC. Neutropenia is diagnosed if the ANC is less than 1500/L. […] It is important to note, however, that only those patients who have severe, chronic neutropenia are likely to develop life-threatening infections.

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