Pediatryczne zaburzenia białych krwinek

Pediatryczne zaburzenia białych krwinek
Epidemiologia

Pediatryczne zaburzenia białych krwinek obejmują zarówno leukopenię, jak i leukocytozę, zróżnicowane pod względem etiologii – od genetycznych niedoborów odporności po nowotwory hematologiczne, takie jak ostra białaczka limfoblastyczna (ALL, 75% przypadków białaczek u dzieci), ostra białaczka szpikowa (AML, 20%) oraz rzadka przewlekła białaczka szpikowa (CML, 3%). Epidemiologia wskazuje na regionalne różnice w częstości leukopenii: globalnie 2,8%, z wyższymi wskaźnikami w Azji (3,9%) i Afryce (3,4%) w porównaniu do Europy (1,7%) i Ameryki (1,6%). W diagnostyce kluczowe jest uwzględnienie wieku dziecka, gdyż wartości referencyjne leukocytów i ich skład różnicowy zmieniają się dynamicznie w trakcie rozwoju, co ma istotne znaczenie kliniczne dla uniknięcia błędów diagnostycznych. Wczesna diagnoza, oparta na morfologii krwi (CBC), badaniu szpiku oraz testach molekularnych, jest niezbędna dla poprawy rokowania, zwłaszcza w białaczkach, gdzie liczba leukocytów poniżej 50 000/µL koreluje z lepszym przebiegiem choroby, a wartości powyżej 50 000/µL wiążą się z ryzykiem powikłań, takich jak infiltracja OUN czy zespół lizy guza.

Epidemiologia pediatrycznych zaburzeń białych krwinek

Pediatryczne zaburzenia białych krwinek stanowią istotny problem w dziedzinie hematologii dziecięcej. Są to schorzenia charakteryzujące się nieprawidłową liczbą lub funkcją białych krwinek (leukocytów), które mogą występować jako schorzenia nowotworowe, przednowotworowe lub nienowotworowe. ¹² Ocena epidemiologiczna tych zaburzeń dostarcza kluczowych informacji dla planowania opieki zdrowotnej i podejmowania decyzji klinicznych.

Częstość występowania i zapadalność

Zaburzenia białych krwinek mogą dotyczyć zarówno niedoboru leukocytów (leukopenia), jak i ich nadmiaru (leukocytoza). ³ Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na zróżnicowaną częstość występowania tych zaburzeń w zależności od regionu geograficznego i populacji:

Globalna częstość występowania leukopeniii szacowana jest na około 2,8%, przy czym wyższe wskaźniki odnotowuje się w Azji (3,9%) i Afryce (3,4%) w porównaniu do Europy (1,7%) i Ameryki (1,6%). ⁴
Ostra białaczka, będąca najczęstszym nowotworem krwinek białych u dzieci, dotyka około 4000 dzieci rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych, stanowiąc najczęstszą diagnozę nowotworową w populacji pediatrycznej. ⁵
Zgodnie z danymi Towarzystwa Białaczki i Chłoniaka, co około trzy minuty diagnozowana jest jedna osoba z białaczką, chłoniakiem lub szpiczakiem. ⁶
W Mayo Clinic rocznie diagnozuje się i leczy ponad 600 dzieci z zaburzeniami białych krwinek. ⁷

W kontekście białaczek dziecięcych, które stanowią najczęstszą postać nowotworu u dzieci, szacuje się, że:

Ostra białaczka limfoblastyczna (ALL) stanowi około 75% wszystkich przypadków białaczek u dzieci. ⁸
Ostra białaczka szpikowa (AML) odpowiada za około 20% diagnoz białaczek dziecięcych. ⁹
Przewlekła białaczka szpikowa (CML) jest rzadka u dzieci i stanowi tylko około 3% wszystkich diagnozowanych białaczek pediatrycznych. ¹⁰
Młodzieńcza białaczka mielomonocytowa (JMML) jest bardzo rzadkim typem białaczki występującym głównie u bardzo małych dzieci. ¹¹

Zmiany zależne od wieku

Badania wykazały, że zarówno całkowita liczba leukocytów, jak i ich skład różnicowy podlegają znaczącym zmianom w trakcie rozwoju dziecka, szczególnie we wczesnych etapach życia. ¹²¹³ Te naturalne zmiany rozwojowe mają istotne znaczenie kliniczne:

Obserwacje potwierdzają potrzebę modyfikacji wartości referencyjnych lub limitów decyzyjnych dla całkowitej liczby leukocytów i ich składu różnicowego zgodnie z rozwojem i wzrostem dzieci. ¹⁴¹⁵
Zrozumienie zmian zależnych od wieku w zakresie wartości leukocytów jest kluczowe dla właściwych decyzji klinicznych oraz uniknięcia błędnego rozpoznania lub nierozpoznania chorób u dzieci. ¹⁶

Niektóre zaburzenia białych krwinek wykazują również specyficzną dystrybucję wiekową. Na przykład, podczas gdy większość nowotworów krwinek białych występuje częściej u osób starszych, ALL (ostra białaczka limfoblastyczna) jest częstsza w dzieciństwie. ¹⁷

Czynniki genetyczne i środowiskowe

Etiologia pediatrycznych zaburzeń białych krwinek jest różnorodna, obejmując zarówno czynniki genetyczne, jak i środowiskowe: ¹⁸

Czynniki genetyczne: Wiele pierwotnych niedoborów odporności jest zaburzeniami genetycznymi, które mogą mieć ponad 350 różnych przyczyn genetycznych. Objawy zwykle pojawiają się bardzo wcześnie w życiu dziecka. ¹⁹
Choroby współistniejące: Niektóre schorzenia genetyczne zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju zaburzeń białych krwinek, w tym białaczki. Przykładami są zespół Downa, anemia Fanconiego i zespół Li-Fraumeni. ²⁰
Osłabiony układ odpornościowy oraz wcześniejsza ekspozycja na niektóre rodzaje chemioterapii lub radioterapii mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju białaczki u dzieci. ²¹
Infekcje są często związane ze zmianami w liczbie białych krwinek, szczególnie z leukocytozą. ²²

Badania genetyczne wykazały, że niektóre warianty genów mogą wpływać na liczbę białych krwinek w różnych populacjach. Na przykład u osób pochodzenia afrykańskiego całkowita liczba białych krwinek i liczba neutrofilów są niższe z powodu powszechnego wariantu zerowego genu receptora antygenu Duffy dla chemokin (DARC). ²³ Badania genomiczne zidentyfikowały również inne regiony genowe związane z liczbą białych krwinek, w tym regiony CXCL2, CDK6 i PSMD3-CSF3. ²⁴²⁵

Nadzór i monitorowanie kliniczne

Systematyczny nadzór i monitorowanie kliniczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w zarządzaniu pediatrycznymi zaburzeniami białych krwinek. ²⁶

Podejścia diagnostyczne

Wczesna diagnoza zaburzeń białych krwinek jest istotna dla poprawy rokowania. ²⁷ Podstawowe metody diagnostyczne obejmują:

Morfologia krwi (CBC) jest najczęściej zleconym badaniem w oddziałach ratunkowych i stanowi podstawowe narzędzie w ocenie zaburzeń leukocytów. ²⁸²⁹
Badanie szpiku kostnego może być konieczne do potwierdzenia diagnozy w przypadku podejrzenia białaczki lub innych poważnych zaburzeń. ³⁰
Badania molekularne i genetyczne są coraz częściej wykorzystywane do identyfikacji podłoża genetycznego zaburzeń. ³¹

Szczególną uwagę należy zwrócić na wartości referencyjne dostosowane do wieku, biorąc pod uwagę znaczące zmiany w liczbie i składzie leukocytów w trakcie rozwoju dziecka. ³²

Programy przesiewowe

Wiele krajów, w tym Stany Zjednoczone i Kanada, wymaga badań przesiewowych wszystkich noworodków pod kątem różnych chorób dziedzicznych i zakaźnych. Badania przesiewowe noworodków mogą wykryć potencjalnie zagrażające życiu choroby na długo przed wystąpieniem objawów u dziecka. ³³

W przypadku dzieci z rozpoznanym niedoborem odporności, zalecane jest regularne monitorowanie pod kątem chłoniaka nieziarniczego, nowotworu rozpoczynającego się w białych krwinkach. ³⁴ Ta strategia nadzoru ma kluczowe znaczenie, ponieważ niektóre niedobory odporności zwiększają ryzyko wystąpienia określonych nowotworów. ³⁵

Wskaźniki prognostyczne

Liczba białych krwinek stanowi ważny wskaźnik prognostyczny w niektórych zaburzeniach, szczególnie w białaczkach:

Wczesne podejrzenie rozpoznania jest jedynym czynnikiem prognostycznym, na który pediatra lub lekarz podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej może mieć wpływ. ³⁶
Bezwzględna liczba leukocytów w początkowej morfologii krwi poniżej 50 000/µL jest ogólnie związana z lepszym rokowaniem w białaczce, podczas gdy wyższe wartości wiążą się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem nawrotu i wymagają bardziej intensywnych schematów chemioterapii. ³⁷
Dzieci z liczbą białych krwinek powyżej 50 000/µL w momencie diagnozy mają zwiększone ryzyko infiltracji do ośrodkowego układu nerwowego oraz poważnych powikłań we wczesnych dniach leczenia, takich jak zespół lizy guza. ³⁸

Należy jednak zauważyć, że 50% dzieci z ALL ma mniej niż 11 000 leukocytów w początkowej morfologii krwi, zatem każda liczba białych krwinek może występować w początkowej morfologii. Tylko 20% pacjentów ma więcej niż 100 000 leukocytów w momencie diagnozy, a mniej niż 7% ma więcej niż 200 000 na mikrolitr. ³⁹

Badania wykazały również, że podwyższona liczba białych krwinek (≥10 000/mm³) w dzieciństwie może być związana z problemami behawioralnymi w okresie dojrzewania, szczególnie z zachowaniami internalizacyjnymi. ⁴⁰

Znaczenie w warunkach nagłych

Ocena liczby białych krwinek ma szczególne znaczenie w warunkach nagłych:

Morfologia krwi jest najczęściej zleconym badaniem w oddziałach ratunkowych. ⁴¹
Leukocytoza jest jedną z najczęściej stwierdzanych nieprawidłowości laboratoryjnych i może występować u 17% pacjentów oddziałów ratunkowych, u których wykonuje się morfologię krwi. ⁴²
Liczba białych krwinek jest szeroko stosowanym markerem do przewidywania poważnych infekcji bakteryjnych (SBI) u dzieci zgłaszających się na oddziały ratunkowe. ⁴³

W badaniu wieloośrodkowym obejmującym 17 082 dzieci, u których wykonano pomiary liczby białych krwinek, 1854 (10,9%) miało poważną infekcję bakteryjną. WBC ≥15 miało skorygowany iloraz szans 1,9 (95% CI 1,7 do 2,1) dla przewidywania SBI, po uwzględnieniu czynników zakłócających. ⁴⁴

Istotne jest jednak, aby zauważyć, że liczba białych krwinek nie ma korzyści diagnostycznych w identyfikacji dzieci z SBI w porównaniu z białkiem C-reaktywnym (CRP) i powinna być mierzona tylko w przypadku określonych wskazań. ⁴⁵

Zalecenia kliniczne

Biorąc pod uwagę znaczenie wczesnej diagnozy i interwencji, zaleca się następujące podejście kliniczne:

Ocena liczby białych krwinek powinna być przeprowadzana okresowo w placówkach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej w celu identyfikacji pacjentów z wartościami niższymi lub wyższymi niż normalny zakres. ⁴⁶
Morfologia krwi powinna być zlecana we wszystkich przypadkach dzieci z zespołem anemicznym, zespołem plamicowym i splenomegalią. ⁴⁷
Należy również rozważyć morfologię krwi u dzieci z bólem kostnym, który nie wydaje się związany ze wzrostem, oraz u dzieci z długotrwałą gorączką nieodpowiadającą na konwencjonalne leczenie. ⁴⁸
Pancytopenia powinna być traktowana jako stan nagły. ⁴⁹
Brak blastów lub niedojrzałych komórek w wyniku morfologii krwi nie wyklucza rozpoznania ostrej białaczki. ⁵⁰

Przeprowadzenie terminowej diagnozy ALL prowadzi do lepszego rokowania, a odpowiednie zaangażowanie pediatry lub lekarza podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej ma duże znaczenie dla przebiegu i wyniku leczenia dzieci z tą chorobą. ⁵¹

Zmienność demograficzna w zaburzeniach białych krwinek

Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na znaczące różnice w częstości występowania zaburzeń białych krwinek w zależności od czynników demograficznych, takich jak rasa, pochodzenie etniczne i płeć. ⁵²

Różnice rasowe i etniczne

Różnice rasowe i etniczne są dobrze udokumentowane w epidemiologii zaburzeń białych krwinek:

Całkowita liczba białych krwinek i liczba neutrofilów są niższe u osób pochodzenia afrykańskiego z powodu powszechnego wariantu zerowego genu receptora antygenu Duffy dla chemokin (DARC). ⁵³
Badania genomowe zidentyfikowały warianty genetyczne związane z liczbą białych krwinek, które różnią się częstością występowania w różnych populacjach. ⁵⁴⁵⁵
Częstość występowania leukopeniii jest wyższa w Azji (3,9%) i Afryce (3,4%) niż w Europie (1,7%) i Ameryce (1,6%). ⁵⁶

Te różnice podkreślają potrzebę uwzględnienia pochodzenia etnicznego i rasowego w interpretacji wyników badań laboratoryjnych oraz dostosowania wartości referencyjnych do określonych populacji.

Różnice związane z płcią

Płeć może również wpływać na ryzyko i przebieg zaburzeń białych krwinek:

Płeć męska jest niezależnie związana z wysoką liczbą białych krwinek w niektórych populacjach. ⁵⁷
Różnice w częstości występowania niektórych zaburzeń białych krwinek między płciami mogą być związane z czynnikami genetycznymi, hormonalnymi lub środowiskowymi. ⁵⁸

Globalne rozmieszczenie

Globalne rozmieszczenie zaburzeń białych krwinek wykazuje znaczące różnice regionalne, które mogą być związane z czynnikami genetycznymi, środowiskowymi i socjoekonomicznymi. ⁵⁹ Te różnice geograficzne są istotne dla planowania strategii zdrowia publicznego i alokacji zasobów opieki zdrowotnej.

Implikacje kliniczne i przyszłe kierunki

Zrozumienie epidemiologii pediatrycznych zaburzeń białych krwinek ma istotne implikacje dla praktyki klinicznej i badań naukowych.

Planowanie zasobów opieki zdrowotnej

Dane epidemiologiczne są kluczowe dla planowania i alokacji zasobów opieki zdrowotnej:

Wiedza o częstości występowania i rozmieszczeniu geograficznym zaburzeń białych krwinek pomaga w planowaniu specjalistycznych usług hematologicznych dla dzieci. ⁶⁰
Identyfikacja populacji wysokiego ryzyka może prowadzić do ukierunkowanych programów przesiewowych i wczesnej interwencji. ⁶¹

Specjalistyczne placówki, takie jak Rainbow Children’s Hospitals, oferują zaawansowaną i kompleksową opiekę dla dzieci z zaburzeniami białych krwinek, które wpływają na zdolność organizmu do zwalczania infekcji. ⁶² Takie ośrodki stosują różne testy diagnostyczne, w tym badania krwi i badania szpiku kostnego, w celu oceny liczby białych krwinek, ich funkcji i podstawowych przyczyn wszelkich nieprawidłowości. ⁶³

Strategie leczenia

Epidemiologia zaburzeń białych krwinek wpływa na rozwój i wdrażanie strategii leczenia:

Plany leczenia są dostosowywane na podstawie konkretnego zaburzenia i jego ciężkości. ⁶⁴
Leczenie może obejmować antybiotyki, leki przeciwwirusowe, leki pobudzające produkcję białych krwinek w szpiku kostnym oraz, w niektórych przypadkach, przeszczep komórek macierzystych. ⁶⁵⁶⁶
W przypadku białaczek pediatrycznych, które mają bardzo dobre wskaźniki przeżycia, coraz więcej dowiadujemy się o wpływie leczenia na późniejsze życie. ⁶⁷

W przypadku niektórych zaburzeń, takich jak niedobór odporności, dostępne są zaawansowane terapie, w tym dożylne immunoglobuliny (IVIG) oraz przeszczep komórek macierzystych. ⁶⁸⁶⁹

Priorytety badawcze

Przyszłe badania nad pediatrycznymi zaburzeniami białych krwinek powinny koncentrować się na:

Lepszym zrozumieniu genetycznych podstaw tych zaburzeń, co może prowadzić do bardziej spersonalizowanych podejść terapeutycznych. ⁷⁰
Opracowaniu lepszych markerów diagnostycznych i prognostycznych dla wczesnej identyfikacji i leczenia. ⁷¹
Badaniu długoterminowych wyników i jakości życia osób z zaburzeniami białych krwinek. ⁷²

Specjaliści hematologii pediatrycznej w wiodących ośrodkach prowadzą i uczestniczą w najnowszych badaniach nad pediatrycznymi zaburzeniami białych krwinek. ⁷³ Na przykład, MSK Kids ma wiele aktualnych lub planowanych badań klinicznych testujących obiecujące metody leczenia ciężkiego złożonego niedoboru odporności (SCID). ⁷⁴

Strategie zdrowia publicznego

Na podstawie danych epidemiologicznych można opracować skuteczne strategie zdrowia publicznego:

Programy edukacyjne zwiększające świadomość wczesnych objawów zaburzeń białych krwinek wśród pracowników służby zdrowia i ogółu społeczeństwa. ⁷⁵
Inicjatywy mające na celu poprawę dostępu do specjalistycznej opieki hematologicznej dla dzieci ze społeczności o niższym statusie socjoekonomicznym. ⁷⁶
Programy przesiewowe dla populacji wysokiego ryzyka. ⁷⁷

W przypadku zaburzeń dziedzicznych, poradnictwo genetyczne i badania odgrywają kluczową rolę. Pomaga to rodzinom zrozumieć genetyczne podstawy choroby i podejmować świadome decyzje dotyczące planowania rodziny i potencjalnych metod leczenia. ⁷⁸

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 White Blood Cell Disorders Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know
https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-facts-6502165
White blood cell disorders include conditions that are cancerous, precancerous, and noncancerous. […] The most common white blood cell disorders are cancers: leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. […] According to the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, one person is diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma about every three minutes. […] Estimates for 2021 were that 186,400 people in the United States would be diagnosed with one of these three white blood cell cancers. […] More than 1.5 million people are living with or in remission from one of these white blood cell disorders in the United States. […] The NCI SEER database tracks myeloma cases as follows: Myeloma is the 14th most common cancer in the United States. […] In addition to white blood cell cancers, many less common white blood cell disorders exist.
#2 Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and Causes
https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-cell-disorders
White blood cell disorders can affect your body’s immune response and your body’s ability to fight off infection. These disorders can affect both adults and children. […] Pediatric white blood cell disorders are a significant concern in the field of hematology. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are the best ways to ensure that you live a healthy and full life with a blood cell disorder.
#3 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674
Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] A low white blood cell count, also called leukopenia, means having too few leukocytes in the blood. […] A high white blood cell count, also called leukocytosis, means having too many leukocytes in the blood. […] Symptoms depend on the type of white blood cell and whether there are too few or too many of them. Symptoms might be those of infections, conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, called autoimmune conditions, allergies and certain cancers. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] The following factors can raise the risk of pediatric white blood cell disorders: Family history, Infections, Cancer, Allergies, Conditions in which the body attacks its own cells, called autoimmune conditions, Certain medicines.
#4 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Leukopenia in Different Populations and Regions
https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-leukopenia-in-different-populations-and-regions-119959.html
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs are essential for the immune system to fight infections and diseases. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang, the global prevalence of leukopenia was estimated to be 2.8%, with higher rates in Asia (3.9%) and Africa (3.4%) than in Europe (1.7%) and America (1.6%). […] The outcomes of leukopenia depend on the severity, duration, and underlying cause of the condition. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes and risk factors of leukopenia, monitor the WBC counts and clinical manifestations of patients, and provide appropriate management and prevention strategies to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with leukopenia.
#5 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is the most common cancer diagnosis seen in children and affects approximately 4,000 children every year in the United States. […] In children who have leukemia, the bone marrow begins to fill with leukemia cells. When someone is diagnosed with leukemia, these cells can often be seen in the blood when laboratory testing is requested. […] There are a few things that can place a child at increased risk for leukemia. Some genetic conditions are associated with a higher chance that a child may develop leukemia. Some examples are Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. A weakened immune system and previous exposure to certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may place children at increased risk of developing leukemia.
#6 White Blood Cell Disorders Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know
https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-facts-6502165
White blood cell disorders include conditions that are cancerous, precancerous, and noncancerous. […] The most common white blood cell disorders are cancers: leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas. […] According to the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, one person is diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma about every three minutes. […] Estimates for 2021 were that 186,400 people in the United States would be diagnosed with one of these three white blood cell cancers. […] More than 1.5 million people are living with or in remission from one of these white blood cell disorders in the United States. […] The NCI SEER database tracks myeloma cases as follows: Myeloma is the 14th most common cancer in the United States. […] In addition to white blood cell cancers, many less common white blood cell disorders exist.
#7 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20352677
Pediatric hematology specialists at Mayo have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating both common and unusual causes of pediatric white blood cell disorders. […] Mayo Clinic experts conduct and participate in the latest research on pediatric white blood cell disorders. […] Mayo Clinic doctors diagnose and treat more than 600 children with white blood cell disorders every year.
#8 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
This is the most common type of leukemia in children. Approximately 75% of children diagnosed with leukemia during childhood will have ALL. […] This is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Around 20% of children diagnosed with leukemia will have AML. […] CML is rare in children, and makes up only about 3% of all leukemia diagnosed in children. […] JMML is a very rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in very young children. […] Once a child has been diagnosed with leukemia, treatment with chemotherapy should be started as soon as possible. […] In some cases, it is used to treat the central nervous system (CNS) if leukemia is present in the cerebrospinal fluid or if there is a very high risk of having a relapse in the CNS. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant (BMT) is usually not required for the treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric leukemias. […] After the completion of leukemia treatment, patients continue routine follow-up to watch for relapse. […] Since children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia have very good survival rates, we are learning a great deal about the impact that treatment can have later on in life.
#9 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
This is the most common type of leukemia in children. Approximately 75% of children diagnosed with leukemia during childhood will have ALL. […] This is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Around 20% of children diagnosed with leukemia will have AML. […] CML is rare in children, and makes up only about 3% of all leukemia diagnosed in children. […] JMML is a very rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in very young children. […] Once a child has been diagnosed with leukemia, treatment with chemotherapy should be started as soon as possible. […] In some cases, it is used to treat the central nervous system (CNS) if leukemia is present in the cerebrospinal fluid or if there is a very high risk of having a relapse in the CNS. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant (BMT) is usually not required for the treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric leukemias. […] After the completion of leukemia treatment, patients continue routine follow-up to watch for relapse. […] Since children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia have very good survival rates, we are learning a great deal about the impact that treatment can have later on in life.
#10 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
This is the most common type of leukemia in children. Approximately 75% of children diagnosed with leukemia during childhood will have ALL. […] This is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Around 20% of children diagnosed with leukemia will have AML. […] CML is rare in children, and makes up only about 3% of all leukemia diagnosed in children. […] JMML is a very rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in very young children. […] Once a child has been diagnosed with leukemia, treatment with chemotherapy should be started as soon as possible. […] In some cases, it is used to treat the central nervous system (CNS) if leukemia is present in the cerebrospinal fluid or if there is a very high risk of having a relapse in the CNS. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant (BMT) is usually not required for the treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric leukemias. […] After the completion of leukemia treatment, patients continue routine follow-up to watch for relapse. […] Since children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia have very good survival rates, we are learning a great deal about the impact that treatment can have later on in life.
#11 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
This is the most common type of leukemia in children. Approximately 75% of children diagnosed with leukemia during childhood will have ALL. […] This is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Around 20% of children diagnosed with leukemia will have AML. […] CML is rare in children, and makes up only about 3% of all leukemia diagnosed in children. […] JMML is a very rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in very young children. […] Once a child has been diagnosed with leukemia, treatment with chemotherapy should be started as soon as possible. […] In some cases, it is used to treat the central nervous system (CNS) if leukemia is present in the cerebrospinal fluid or if there is a very high risk of having a relapse in the CNS. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant (BMT) is usually not required for the treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric leukemias. […] After the completion of leukemia treatment, patients continue routine follow-up to watch for relapse. […] Since children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia have very good survival rates, we are learning a great deal about the impact that treatment can have later on in life.
#12 Age-dependent changes of total and differential white blood cell counts in children
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7462212/
Total and differential white blood cell counts are important for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases. […] The present study investigated age-dependent changes in total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy reference children. […] These data regarding age-related changes in total and differential white blood cell counts can be used to assess the health of pediatric patients and guide clinical decisions. […] As a routine laboratory test, total and differential WBCs are important assays for assessment of immune status in children; they are also vital in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases, such as bacterial infections encountered in the emergency department. […] The present study demonstrated dramatic changes in both total and differential WBCs throughout childhood, especially in the early stages of life, which was consistent with previous research.
#13
https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2020/08200/age_dependent_changes_of_total_and_differential.2.aspx
Total and differential white blood cell counts are important for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases. […] The present study investigated age-dependent changes in total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy reference children. […] These data regarding age-related changes in total and differential white blood cell counts can be used to assess the health of pediatric patients and guide clinical decisions. […] The present study demonstrated dramatic changes in both total and differential WBCs throughout childhood, especially in the early stages of life, which was consistent with previous research. […] These observations support the notion that reference intervals or clinical decision limits for total and differential WBCs should be modified in accordance with the growth and development of children. […] In summary, there is a need to understand the age-dependent changes in total and differential WBCs to ensure proper clinical decisions and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of children.
#14 Age-dependent changes of total and differential white blood cell counts in children
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7462212/
These observations support the notion that reference intervals or clinical decision limits for total and differential WBCs should be modified in accordance with the growth and development of children. […] In summary, there is a need to understand the age-dependent changes in total and differential WBCs to ensure proper clinical decisions and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of children.
#15
https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2020/08200/age_dependent_changes_of_total_and_differential.2.aspx
Total and differential white blood cell counts are important for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases. […] The present study investigated age-dependent changes in total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy reference children. […] These data regarding age-related changes in total and differential white blood cell counts can be used to assess the health of pediatric patients and guide clinical decisions. […] The present study demonstrated dramatic changes in both total and differential WBCs throughout childhood, especially in the early stages of life, which was consistent with previous research. […] These observations support the notion that reference intervals or clinical decision limits for total and differential WBCs should be modified in accordance with the growth and development of children. […] In summary, there is a need to understand the age-dependent changes in total and differential WBCs to ensure proper clinical decisions and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of children.
#16 Age-dependent changes of total and differential white blood cell counts in children
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7462212/
These observations support the notion that reference intervals or clinical decision limits for total and differential WBCs should be modified in accordance with the growth and development of children. […] In summary, there is a need to understand the age-dependent changes in total and differential WBCs to ensure proper clinical decisions and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of children.
#17 White Blood Cell Disorders Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know
https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-facts-6502165
Many of the cancers of the white blood cells are also more common in older people, though ALL is more common in childhood. […] The survival rates for various blood cancers and white blood cell disorders vary, but many are hopeful. […] Five-year survival rates can drop quickly once cancer becomes aggressive.
#18 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674
Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] A low white blood cell count, also called leukopenia, means having too few leukocytes in the blood. […] A high white blood cell count, also called leukocytosis, means having too many leukocytes in the blood. […] Symptoms depend on the type of white blood cell and whether there are too few or too many of them. Symptoms might be those of infections, conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, called autoimmune conditions, allergies and certain cancers. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] The following factors can raise the risk of pediatric white blood cell disorders: Family history, Infections, Cancer, Allergies, Conditions in which the body attacks its own cells, called autoimmune conditions, Certain medicines.
#19 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
MSK Kids has many current or planned clinical trials to test promising treatments for SCID. […] Some immunodeficiencies raise the risk of certain cancers. We’re on the lookout for those diseases, too, in a process called surveillance (monitoring). […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. Symptoms usually appear very early in a child’s life. […] Children with inherited hyper IgM syndrome (also known as CD40 ligand deficiency), have higher than normal levels of an immune protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM). […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi.
#20 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is the most common cancer diagnosis seen in children and affects approximately 4,000 children every year in the United States. […] In children who have leukemia, the bone marrow begins to fill with leukemia cells. When someone is diagnosed with leukemia, these cells can often be seen in the blood when laboratory testing is requested. […] There are a few things that can place a child at increased risk for leukemia. Some genetic conditions are associated with a higher chance that a child may develop leukemia. Some examples are Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. A weakened immune system and previous exposure to certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may place children at increased risk of developing leukemia.
#21 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is the most common cancer diagnosis seen in children and affects approximately 4,000 children every year in the United States. […] In children who have leukemia, the bone marrow begins to fill with leukemia cells. When someone is diagnosed with leukemia, these cells can often be seen in the blood when laboratory testing is requested. […] There are a few things that can place a child at increased risk for leukemia. Some genetic conditions are associated with a higher chance that a child may develop leukemia. Some examples are Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. A weakened immune system and previous exposure to certain types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy may place children at increased risk of developing leukemia.
#22 The prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, and its predisposing facto | JBM
https://www.dovepress.com/the-prevalence-of-abnormal-leukocyte-count-and-its-predisposing-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients assessed in this sample. […] The study documented that high prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131 (45.2%) of our total sample: low in 15 (5.2%), and high in 116 (40%). […] The high WBC counts in the SCD population could be as a result from infections or reactions to medications. […] Evaluation of WBCs should be performed periodically in primary health care clinics to identify patients with lower or higher values than the normal WBC range. […] The male gender was independently associated with high WBC counts. […] The prevalence of high WBC counts differs significantly between SCD patients with a cough and those with no cough. […] According to subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between swelling in hands/feet and high WBC counts. […] The current study has demonstrated that hemoglobin and heart rate are negatively associated with high risk of high WBC counts. […] Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus be beneficial for SCD patients.
#23 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
Total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts are lower among individuals of African descent due to the common African-derived null variant of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene. […] In order to address this, we performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total WBC and cell subtype counts in 16,388 African-American participants from 7 population-based cohorts available in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network. […] We demonstrate that the chromosome 16q22 association finding is most likely due to a genotyping artifact as a consequence of sequence similarity between duplicated regions on chromosomes 16q22 and 1q21. […] In summary, the CXCL2, CDK6, and PSMD3-CSF3 regions are associated with WBC count in African American and other populations.
#24 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
Total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts are lower among individuals of African descent due to the common African-derived null variant of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene. […] In order to address this, we performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total WBC and cell subtype counts in 16,388 African-American participants from 7 population-based cohorts available in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network. […] We demonstrate that the chromosome 16q22 association finding is most likely due to a genotyping artifact as a consequence of sequence similarity between duplicated regions on chromosomes 16q22 and 1q21. […] In summary, the CXCL2, CDK6, and PSMD3-CSF3 regions are associated with WBC count in African American and other populations.
#25 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
The current analysis also replicated the association between WBC count and a region on chromosome 7 containing the gene for CDK6, or cyclin-dependent kinase 6, another regulator of cell cycle progression known to be expressed in proliferating hematopoietic progenitor cells. […] In summary, polymorphisms within DARC on chromosome 1 and CXCL2 on chromosome 4, and near CDK6 on chromosome 7 and CSF3 on chromosome 17, are associated with WBC in African Americans.
#26 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
MSK Kids has many current or planned clinical trials to test promising treatments for SCID. […] Some immunodeficiencies raise the risk of certain cancers. We’re on the lookout for those diseases, too, in a process called surveillance (monitoring). […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. Symptoms usually appear very early in a child’s life. […] Children with inherited hyper IgM syndrome (also known as CD40 ligand deficiency), have higher than normal levels of an immune protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM). […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi.
#27 Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and Causes
https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-cell-disorders
White blood cell disorders can affect your body’s immune response and your body’s ability to fight off infection. These disorders can affect both adults and children. […] Pediatric white blood cell disorders are a significant concern in the field of hematology. […] Early diagnosis and treatment are the best ways to ensure that you live a healthy and full life with a blood cell disorder.
#28 Leukocytosis | 5-Minute Emergency Consult
https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307637/all/Leukocytosis
CBC most common test ordered from the ED […] Leukocytosis is one of the most commonly found lab abnormalities […] Elevated WBC count can be found in 17% of ED patients in whom a CBC is checked.
#29 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
What happens when a child is diagnosed with more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter? Initially, they will be included in the group of patients receiving more intensive treatment, which is usually more toxic and more likely to develop complications, with an increased risk of presenting infiltration to the central nervous system and also in developing serious complications in the early days of treatment, such as tumor lysis syndrome. In effect, the fact of having more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter at diagnosis is associated with a smaller possibility of a cure. […] Most of the time, the diagnosis of ALL revolves around the complete blood count (CBC), because of the clinical situations which result in requesting them, as well as the significant interpretation data that can be derived from it.
#30 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center
https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/
They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer. […] To obtain an adequate diagnosis, you must see a specialist, who will analyze your child’s symptoms and clinical history, and then perform a physical examination. They will also order a series of tests to determine the cause of the white blood cell disorders, such as: Bone marrow analysis, Tissue biopsy, Blood test, Molecular examination, Genetic testing. […] The treatment to follow will depend on the symptoms, the type of white blood cell disorder, and its severity, which may include: Antibiotics, Medications that help stimulate the production of white blood cells from the bone marrow, Bone marrow transplant.
#31 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center
https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/
They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer. […] To obtain an adequate diagnosis, you must see a specialist, who will analyze your child’s symptoms and clinical history, and then perform a physical examination. They will also order a series of tests to determine the cause of the white blood cell disorders, such as: Bone marrow analysis, Tissue biopsy, Blood test, Molecular examination, Genetic testing. […] The treatment to follow will depend on the symptoms, the type of white blood cell disorder, and its severity, which may include: Antibiotics, Medications that help stimulate the production of white blood cells from the bone marrow, Bone marrow transplant.
#32
https://journals.lww.com/cmj/fulltext/2020/08200/age_dependent_changes_of_total_and_differential.2.aspx
Total and differential white blood cell counts are important for the diagnostic evaluation of suspected diseases. […] The present study investigated age-dependent changes in total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy reference children. […] These data regarding age-related changes in total and differential white blood cell counts can be used to assess the health of pediatric patients and guide clinical decisions. […] The present study demonstrated dramatic changes in both total and differential WBCs throughout childhood, especially in the early stages of life, which was consistent with previous research. […] These observations support the notion that reference intervals or clinical decision limits for total and differential WBCs should be modified in accordance with the growth and development of children. […] In summary, there is a need to understand the age-dependent changes in total and differential WBCs to ensure proper clinical decisions and avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis of children.
#33 Pediatric hematology | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pediatric-hematology
Disorders in pediatric hematology can manifest as issues with red blood cells, such as anemia and polycythemia, or problems with white blood cells, including leukopenia and leukemias. […] Some of the major manifestations of hematologic disease in infants and children are disorders in the function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or hemostasis. Disorders of white blood cells include leukopenia, agranulocytosis, periodic neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and leukemias. […] Many countries, including the United States and Canada, require screening of all newborns for a variety of hereditary and infectious diseases. Newborn screening is able to detect potentially life-threatening diseases long before the child starts to show symptoms.
#34 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
At MSK Kids, children with rare blood disorders are cared for by world-renowned experts who are committed to quality of life. […] We offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] Disorders of the immune system may make your child more likely to get infections. […] Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) lower the number of immune cells, which fight infection. This makes it harder for your child’s body to fight infections. […] MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. […] No matter which treatment we recommend, we monitor all children for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that starts in the white blood cells. […] We are pioneers in treating pediatric immunodeficiencies and blood cell disorders.
#35 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
MSK Kids has many current or planned clinical trials to test promising treatments for SCID. […] Some immunodeficiencies raise the risk of certain cancers. We’re on the lookout for those diseases, too, in a process called surveillance (monitoring). […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. Symptoms usually appear very early in a child’s life. […] Children with inherited hyper IgM syndrome (also known as CD40 ligand deficiency), have higher than normal levels of an immune protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM). […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi.
#36 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Acute leukemia (AL) is the most common malignant disease in children, and one of the most important causes of death in pediatric age. For practical purposes, one in three children with cancer has AL, and three to four new cases occur each year per 100,000 children under 15 years of age. In Mexico, there are about 1000 new cases diagnosed per year, so the pediatrician and family physician ideally need tools that allow for early diagnosis. […] The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes.
#37 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Acute leukemia (AL) is the most common malignant disease in children, and one of the most important causes of death in pediatric age. For practical purposes, one in three children with cancer has AL, and three to four new cases occur each year per 100,000 children under 15 years of age. In Mexico, there are about 1000 new cases diagnosed per year, so the pediatrician and family physician ideally need tools that allow for early diagnosis. […] The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes.
#38 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
What happens when a child is diagnosed with more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter? Initially, they will be included in the group of patients receiving more intensive treatment, which is usually more toxic and more likely to develop complications, with an increased risk of presenting infiltration to the central nervous system and also in developing serious complications in the early days of treatment, such as tumor lysis syndrome. In effect, the fact of having more than 50,000 white blood cells per microliter at diagnosis is associated with a smaller possibility of a cure. […] Most of the time, the diagnosis of ALL revolves around the complete blood count (CBC), because of the clinical situations which result in requesting them, as well as the significant interpretation data that can be derived from it.
#39 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
It is not difficult to diagnose leukemia or suspect it with a CBC reporting more than 50,000 leukocytes. However, it is very important to consider that 50% of children with ALL present with less than 11,000 leukocytes on an initial CBC, so it should be clear that there can be any white blood cell count in the initial CBC; only 20% of patients have more than 100,000 leukocytes at diagnosis and less than 7% have more than 200,000 per microliter. […] Finally, we must re-emphasize the following data: Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and is among the leading causes of death in Mexico. It is clear that this data is sufficient for the pediatrician to familiarize himself with this disease. […] The important role of the pediatrician is in the early diagnosis of ALL. […] Request a CBC in all cases of children with anemic syndrome, purpuric syndrome and splenomegaly. CBC should also be considered in children with bone pain that does not appear to be growth-related and in children with a fever that is long-standing and unresponsive to conventional treatments.
#40 Common infectious morbidity and white blood cell count in middle childhood predict behavior problems in adolescence | Development and Psychopathology | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/development-and-psychopathology/article/common-infectious-morbidity-and-white-blood-cell-count-in-middle-childhood-predict-behavior-problems-in-adolescence/933D98609839A332C6E8AD8F8DFCE845
We examined the associations of middle childhood infectious morbidity and inflammatory biomarkers with adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. […] WBC 10,000/mm3 was associated with both internalizing problem and YSR withdrawn/depressed scores. […] The objective of this study was to ascertain whether high incidence of common middle childhood infections was related to the development of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in adolescence. […] Elevated WBC count was defined as 10,000/mm3. […] WBC count was positively associated with internalizing problem scores. […] Compared with children whose WBC counts were 10,000/mm3, those with WBC 10,000/mm3 had an adjusted 2.9 (95% CI: 0.3, 5.5, p = .04) and 2.9 (95% CI: 0.1, 5.6, p = .05) units higher CBCL and YSR internalizing behavior score, respectively. […] In conclusion, gastrointestinal and respiratory morbidity and high WBC in middle childhood are associated with internalizing behavior problems in adolescence.
#41 Leukocytosis | 5-Minute Emergency Consult
https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307637/all/Leukocytosis
CBC most common test ordered from the ED […] Leukocytosis is one of the most commonly found lab abnormalities […] Elevated WBC count can be found in 17% of ED patients in whom a CBC is checked.
#42 Leukocytosis | 5-Minute Emergency Consult
https://emergency.unboundmedicine.com/emergency/view/5-Minute_Emergency_Consult/307637/all/Leukocytosis
CBC most common test ordered from the ED […] Leukocytosis is one of the most commonly found lab abnormalities […] Elevated WBC count can be found in 17% of ED patients in whom a CBC is checked.
#43 The value of white blood cell count in predicting serious bacterial infections in children presenting to the emergency department: a multicentre observational study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332842/
White blood cell count (WBC) is a widely used marker for the prediction of serious bacterial infection (SBI); however, previous research has shown poor performance. This study aims to assess the value of WBC in the prediction of SBI in children at the emergency department (ED) and compare its value with C reactive protein (CRP) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] We included 17 082 children with WBC measurements, of which 1854 (10.9%) had an SBI. WBC 15 had an adjusted OR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) for prediction of SBI, after adjusting for confounders. […] WBC does not have diagnostic benefit in identifying children with an SBI compared with CRP and should only be measured for specific indications. […] Keywords: epidemiology; infectious disease medicine; paediatric emergency medicine; paediatrics.
#44 The value of white blood cell count in predicting serious bacterial infections in children presenting to the emergency department: a multicentre observational study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332842/
White blood cell count (WBC) is a widely used marker for the prediction of serious bacterial infection (SBI); however, previous research has shown poor performance. This study aims to assess the value of WBC in the prediction of SBI in children at the emergency department (ED) and compare its value with C reactive protein (CRP) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] We included 17 082 children with WBC measurements, of which 1854 (10.9%) had an SBI. WBC 15 had an adjusted OR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) for prediction of SBI, after adjusting for confounders. […] WBC does not have diagnostic benefit in identifying children with an SBI compared with CRP and should only be measured for specific indications. […] Keywords: epidemiology; infectious disease medicine; paediatric emergency medicine; paediatrics.
#45 The value of white blood cell count in predicting serious bacterial infections in children presenting to the emergency department: a multicentre observational study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332842/
White blood cell count (WBC) is a widely used marker for the prediction of serious bacterial infection (SBI); however, previous research has shown poor performance. This study aims to assess the value of WBC in the prediction of SBI in children at the emergency department (ED) and compare its value with C reactive protein (CRP) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] We included 17 082 children with WBC measurements, of which 1854 (10.9%) had an SBI. WBC 15 had an adjusted OR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) for prediction of SBI, after adjusting for confounders. […] WBC does not have diagnostic benefit in identifying children with an SBI compared with CRP and should only be measured for specific indications. […] Keywords: epidemiology; infectious disease medicine; paediatric emergency medicine; paediatrics.
#46 The prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, and its predisposing facto | JBM
https://www.dovepress.com/the-prevalence-of-abnormal-leukocyte-count-and-its-predisposing-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients assessed in this sample. […] The study documented that high prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131 (45.2%) of our total sample: low in 15 (5.2%), and high in 116 (40%). […] The high WBC counts in the SCD population could be as a result from infections or reactions to medications. […] Evaluation of WBCs should be performed periodically in primary health care clinics to identify patients with lower or higher values than the normal WBC range. […] The male gender was independently associated with high WBC counts. […] The prevalence of high WBC counts differs significantly between SCD patients with a cough and those with no cough. […] According to subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between swelling in hands/feet and high WBC counts. […] The current study has demonstrated that hemoglobin and heart rate are negatively associated with high risk of high WBC counts. […] Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus be beneficial for SCD patients.
#47 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
It is not difficult to diagnose leukemia or suspect it with a CBC reporting more than 50,000 leukocytes. However, it is very important to consider that 50% of children with ALL present with less than 11,000 leukocytes on an initial CBC, so it should be clear that there can be any white blood cell count in the initial CBC; only 20% of patients have more than 100,000 leukocytes at diagnosis and less than 7% have more than 200,000 per microliter. […] Finally, we must re-emphasize the following data: Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and is among the leading causes of death in Mexico. It is clear that this data is sufficient for the pediatrician to familiarize himself with this disease. […] The important role of the pediatrician is in the early diagnosis of ALL. […] Request a CBC in all cases of children with anemic syndrome, purpuric syndrome and splenomegaly. CBC should also be considered in children with bone pain that does not appear to be growth-related and in children with a fever that is long-standing and unresponsive to conventional treatments.
#48 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
It is not difficult to diagnose leukemia or suspect it with a CBC reporting more than 50,000 leukocytes. However, it is very important to consider that 50% of children with ALL present with less than 11,000 leukocytes on an initial CBC, so it should be clear that there can be any white blood cell count in the initial CBC; only 20% of patients have more than 100,000 leukocytes at diagnosis and less than 7% have more than 200,000 per microliter. […] Finally, we must re-emphasize the following data: Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and is among the leading causes of death in Mexico. It is clear that this data is sufficient for the pediatrician to familiarize himself with this disease. […] The important role of the pediatrician is in the early diagnosis of ALL. […] Request a CBC in all cases of children with anemic syndrome, purpuric syndrome and splenomegaly. CBC should also be considered in children with bone pain that does not appear to be growth-related and in children with a fever that is long-standing and unresponsive to conventional treatments.
#49 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Pancytopenia should be considered a medical emergency. […] The leukocytes count in ALL can be low, normal or high. […] The absence of blasts or immature cells in the CBC report do not exclude a diagnosis of acute leukemia. […] Carrying out a timely diagnosis for ALL results in a better prognosis, and considering what has been referred in this article, the appropriate involvement of the pediatrician or primary care physician is of great importance for the course and outcome of children with this disease.
#50 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Pancytopenia should be considered a medical emergency. […] The leukocytes count in ALL can be low, normal or high. […] The absence of blasts or immature cells in the CBC report do not exclude a diagnosis of acute leukemia. […] Carrying out a timely diagnosis for ALL results in a better prognosis, and considering what has been referred in this article, the appropriate involvement of the pediatrician or primary care physician is of great importance for the course and outcome of children with this disease.
#51 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Pancytopenia should be considered a medical emergency. […] The leukocytes count in ALL can be low, normal or high. […] The absence of blasts or immature cells in the CBC report do not exclude a diagnosis of acute leukemia. […] Carrying out a timely diagnosis for ALL results in a better prognosis, and considering what has been referred in this article, the appropriate involvement of the pediatrician or primary care physician is of great importance for the course and outcome of children with this disease.
#52 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Leukopenia in Different Populations and Regions
https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-leukopenia-in-different-populations-and-regions-119959.html
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs are essential for the immune system to fight infections and diseases. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang, the global prevalence of leukopenia was estimated to be 2.8%, with higher rates in Asia (3.9%) and Africa (3.4%) than in Europe (1.7%) and America (1.6%). […] The outcomes of leukopenia depend on the severity, duration, and underlying cause of the condition. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes and risk factors of leukopenia, monitor the WBC counts and clinical manifestations of patients, and provide appropriate management and prevention strategies to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with leukopenia.
#53 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
Total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts are lower among individuals of African descent due to the common African-derived null variant of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene. […] In order to address this, we performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total WBC and cell subtype counts in 16,388 African-American participants from 7 population-based cohorts available in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network. […] We demonstrate that the chromosome 16q22 association finding is most likely due to a genotyping artifact as a consequence of sequence similarity between duplicated regions on chromosomes 16q22 and 1q21. […] In summary, the CXCL2, CDK6, and PSMD3-CSF3 regions are associated with WBC count in African American and other populations.
#54 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
Total white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts are lower among individuals of African descent due to the common African-derived null variant of the Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) gene. […] In order to address this, we performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of total WBC and cell subtype counts in 16,388 African-American participants from 7 population-based cohorts available in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network. […] We demonstrate that the chromosome 16q22 association finding is most likely due to a genotyping artifact as a consequence of sequence similarity between duplicated regions on chromosomes 16q22 and 1q21. […] In summary, the CXCL2, CDK6, and PSMD3-CSF3 regions are associated with WBC count in African American and other populations.
#55 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
We also demonstrate that large inter-chromosomal duplications can result in false positive associations in GWAS. […] By examining 16,000 African Americans, we show that, in addition to the previously identified Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) locus on chromosome 1, another variant, rs9131, and other nearby variants on human chromosome 4 are associated with total WBC count in African Americans. […] This finding is potentially important because WBC mediate or have altered counts in a variety of acute and chronic disorders. […] The variants span the CXCL2 gene, which encodes an inflammatory mediator involved in WBC production and migration. […] We also identified a second chemokine-related gene region associated with lower WBC, with the lead SNP rs9131 located in the CXCL2 gene.
#56 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Leukopenia in Different Populations and Regions
https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-leukopenia-in-different-populations-and-regions-119959.html
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs are essential for the immune system to fight infections and diseases. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang, the global prevalence of leukopenia was estimated to be 2.8%, with higher rates in Asia (3.9%) and Africa (3.4%) than in Europe (1.7%) and America (1.6%). […] The outcomes of leukopenia depend on the severity, duration, and underlying cause of the condition. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes and risk factors of leukopenia, monitor the WBC counts and clinical manifestations of patients, and provide appropriate management and prevention strategies to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with leukopenia.
#57 The prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, and its predisposing facto | JBM
https://www.dovepress.com/the-prevalence-of-abnormal-leukocyte-count-and-its-predisposing-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients assessed in this sample. […] The study documented that high prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131 (45.2%) of our total sample: low in 15 (5.2%), and high in 116 (40%). […] The high WBC counts in the SCD population could be as a result from infections or reactions to medications. […] Evaluation of WBCs should be performed periodically in primary health care clinics to identify patients with lower or higher values than the normal WBC range. […] The male gender was independently associated with high WBC counts. […] The prevalence of high WBC counts differs significantly between SCD patients with a cough and those with no cough. […] According to subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between swelling in hands/feet and high WBC counts. […] The current study has demonstrated that hemoglobin and heart rate are negatively associated with high risk of high WBC counts. […] Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus be beneficial for SCD patients.
#58 The prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count, and its predisposing facto | JBM
https://www.dovepress.com/the-prevalence-of-abnormal-leukocyte-count-and-its-predisposing-factor-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JBM
Abnormal leukocyte count was common: approximately five in ten Saudi SCD patients assessed in this sample. […] The study documented that high prevalence of abnormal leukocyte count was found in 131 (45.2%) of our total sample: low in 15 (5.2%), and high in 116 (40%). […] The high WBC counts in the SCD population could be as a result from infections or reactions to medications. […] Evaluation of WBCs should be performed periodically in primary health care clinics to identify patients with lower or higher values than the normal WBC range. […] The male gender was independently associated with high WBC counts. […] The prevalence of high WBC counts differs significantly between SCD patients with a cough and those with no cough. […] According to subgroup analyses, there was a significant association between swelling in hands/feet and high WBC counts. […] The current study has demonstrated that hemoglobin and heart rate are negatively associated with high risk of high WBC counts. […] Strategies targeting high WBC count could prevent disease complication and thus be beneficial for SCD patients.
#59 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Leukopenia in Different Populations and Regions
https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-leukopenia-in-different-populations-and-regions-119959.html
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs are essential for the immune system to fight infections and diseases. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang, the global prevalence of leukopenia was estimated to be 2.8%, with higher rates in Asia (3.9%) and Africa (3.4%) than in Europe (1.7%) and America (1.6%). […] The outcomes of leukopenia depend on the severity, duration, and underlying cause of the condition. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes and risk factors of leukopenia, monitor the WBC counts and clinical manifestations of patients, and provide appropriate management and prevention strategies to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with leukopenia.
#60 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Hyderabad -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-hyderabad
Rainbow Children’s Hospitals in Hyderabad specializes in providing advanced and comprehensive care for children with white blood cell disorders, which affect the body’s ability to fight infections. These conditions encompass various disorders that impact the production, function, or count of white blood cells. […] The treatment strategies at Rainbow Children’s Hospitals aim to address the underlying cause of the white blood cell disorder while managing associated symptoms. Treatment may involve medications, such as antibiotics or antiviral drugs, to prevent or control infections resulting from low white blood cell counts. […] For some children with severe white blood cell disorders, stem cell transplants may be recommended. Rainbow Children’s Hospitals houses state-of-the-art facilities and experienced transplant teams capable of performing these procedures with the utmost precision and care.
#61 Pediatric hematology | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pediatric-hematology
Disorders in pediatric hematology can manifest as issues with red blood cells, such as anemia and polycythemia, or problems with white blood cells, including leukopenia and leukemias. […] Some of the major manifestations of hematologic disease in infants and children are disorders in the function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or hemostasis. Disorders of white blood cells include leukopenia, agranulocytosis, periodic neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and leukemias. […] Many countries, including the United States and Canada, require screening of all newborns for a variety of hereditary and infectious diseases. Newborn screening is able to detect potentially life-threatening diseases long before the child starts to show symptoms.
#62 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Hyderabad -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-hyderabad
Rainbow Children’s Hospitals in Hyderabad specializes in providing advanced and comprehensive care for children with white blood cell disorders, which affect the body’s ability to fight infections. These conditions encompass various disorders that impact the production, function, or count of white blood cells. […] The treatment strategies at Rainbow Children’s Hospitals aim to address the underlying cause of the white blood cell disorder while managing associated symptoms. Treatment may involve medications, such as antibiotics or antiviral drugs, to prevent or control infections resulting from low white blood cell counts. […] For some children with severe white blood cell disorders, stem cell transplants may be recommended. Rainbow Children’s Hospitals houses state-of-the-art facilities and experienced transplant teams capable of performing these procedures with the utmost precision and care.
#63 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Hyderabad -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-hyderabad
Rainbow Children’s Hospitals emphasizes the importance of consulting a healthcare professional if any concerning symptoms are observed in a child. […] Rainbow Children’s Hospitals employ various diagnostic tests, including blood tests and bone marrow examinations, to assess white blood cell counts, function, and underlying causes of any abnormalities. […] Treatment plans are tailored based on the specific disorder and its severity. Rainbow Children’s Hospitals offer a range of therapies, including medications to manage infections, supportive care, and in some cases, advanced treatments like stem cell transplants for severe conditions. […] Rainbow Children’s Hospitals provide comprehensive support, offering guidance on managing symptoms, educating families about the condition and treatment options, and ensuring ongoing monitoring and care to optimize the child’s health and well-being.
#64 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Hyderabad -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-hyderabad
Rainbow Children’s Hospitals emphasizes the importance of consulting a healthcare professional if any concerning symptoms are observed in a child. […] Rainbow Children’s Hospitals employ various diagnostic tests, including blood tests and bone marrow examinations, to assess white blood cell counts, function, and underlying causes of any abnormalities. […] Treatment plans are tailored based on the specific disorder and its severity. Rainbow Children’s Hospitals offer a range of therapies, including medications to manage infections, supportive care, and in some cases, advanced treatments like stem cell transplants for severe conditions. […] Rainbow Children’s Hospitals provide comprehensive support, offering guidance on managing symptoms, educating families about the condition and treatment options, and ensuring ongoing monitoring and care to optimize the child’s health and well-being.
#65 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Hyderabad -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-hyderabad
Rainbow Children’s Hospitals in Hyderabad specializes in providing advanced and comprehensive care for children with white blood cell disorders, which affect the body’s ability to fight infections. These conditions encompass various disorders that impact the production, function, or count of white blood cells. […] The treatment strategies at Rainbow Children’s Hospitals aim to address the underlying cause of the white blood cell disorder while managing associated symptoms. Treatment may involve medications, such as antibiotics or antiviral drugs, to prevent or control infections resulting from low white blood cell counts. […] For some children with severe white blood cell disorders, stem cell transplants may be recommended. Rainbow Children’s Hospitals houses state-of-the-art facilities and experienced transplant teams capable of performing these procedures with the utmost precision and care.
#66 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center
https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/
They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer. […] To obtain an adequate diagnosis, you must see a specialist, who will analyze your child’s symptoms and clinical history, and then perform a physical examination. They will also order a series of tests to determine the cause of the white blood cell disorders, such as: Bone marrow analysis, Tissue biopsy, Blood test, Molecular examination, Genetic testing. […] The treatment to follow will depend on the symptoms, the type of white blood cell disorder, and its severity, which may include: Antibiotics, Medications that help stimulate the production of white blood cells from the bone marrow, Bone marrow transplant.
#67 Leukemia | Children’s Mercy Kansas City
https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/division-of-pediatric-hematology-oncology-and-blood-and-marrow-transplantation/cancer-center/leukemia-and-lymphoma-program/understanding-leukemia/
This is the most common type of leukemia in children. Approximately 75% of children diagnosed with leukemia during childhood will have ALL. […] This is the second most common type of leukemia in children. Around 20% of children diagnosed with leukemia will have AML. […] CML is rare in children, and makes up only about 3% of all leukemia diagnosed in children. […] JMML is a very rare type of leukemia that occurs most often in very young children. […] Once a child has been diagnosed with leukemia, treatment with chemotherapy should be started as soon as possible. […] In some cases, it is used to treat the central nervous system (CNS) if leukemia is present in the cerebrospinal fluid or if there is a very high risk of having a relapse in the CNS. […] Hematopoietic stem cell transplant or bone marrow transplant (BMT) is usually not required for the treatment of newly diagnosed pediatric leukemias. […] After the completion of leukemia treatment, patients continue routine follow-up to watch for relapse. […] Since children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia have very good survival rates, we are learning a great deal about the impact that treatment can have later on in life.
#68 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
At MSK Kids, children with rare blood disorders are cared for by world-renowned experts who are committed to quality of life. […] We offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] Disorders of the immune system may make your child more likely to get infections. […] Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) lower the number of immune cells, which fight infection. This makes it harder for your child’s body to fight infections. […] MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. […] No matter which treatment we recommend, we monitor all children for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that starts in the white blood cells. […] We are pioneers in treating pediatric immunodeficiencies and blood cell disorders.
#69 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] In children with cyclic neutropenia a rare disorder that may be inherited or acquired later in life the level of white blood cells called neutrophils fluctuates and sometimes drops to very low levels. […] Children with leukocyte adhesion deficiency may have gum, skin, and muscle infections and slow-healing wounds. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation as a cure for inherited HLH. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. […] Children who have a deficiency of the immune system can get infections often. They may get ear infections, sore throats, pneumonia, diarrhea (watery stool), and fevers.
#70 Genome-Wide Association Study of White Blood Cell Count in 16,388 African Americans: the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002108
We also demonstrate that large inter-chromosomal duplications can result in false positive associations in GWAS. […] By examining 16,000 African Americans, we show that, in addition to the previously identified Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) locus on chromosome 1, another variant, rs9131, and other nearby variants on human chromosome 4 are associated with total WBC count in African Americans. […] This finding is potentially important because WBC mediate or have altered counts in a variety of acute and chronic disorders. […] The variants span the CXCL2 gene, which encodes an inflammatory mediator involved in WBC production and migration. […] We also identified a second chemokine-related gene region associated with lower WBC, with the lead SNP rs9131 located in the CXCL2 gene.
#71 The value of white blood cell count in predicting serious bacterial infections in children presenting to the emergency department: a multicentre observational study – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332842/
White blood cell count (WBC) is a widely used marker for the prediction of serious bacterial infection (SBI); however, previous research has shown poor performance. This study aims to assess the value of WBC in the prediction of SBI in children at the emergency department (ED) and compare its value with C reactive protein (CRP) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC). […] We included 17 082 children with WBC measurements, of which 1854 (10.9%) had an SBI. WBC 15 had an adjusted OR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.1) for prediction of SBI, after adjusting for confounders. […] WBC does not have diagnostic benefit in identifying children with an SBI compared with CRP and should only be measured for specific indications. […] Keywords: epidemiology; infectious disease medicine; paediatric emergency medicine; paediatrics.
#72 The Epidemiology and Outcomes of Leukopenia in Different Populations and Regions
https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/the-epidemiology-and-outcomes-of-leukopenia-in-different-populations-and-regions-119959.html
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low number of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs are essential for the immune system to fight infections and diseases. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang, the global prevalence of leukopenia was estimated to be 2.8%, with higher rates in Asia (3.9%) and Africa (3.4%) than in Europe (1.7%) and America (1.6%). […] The outcomes of leukopenia depend on the severity, duration, and underlying cause of the condition. […] The epidemiology and outcomes of leukopenia vary depending on the population and region. Therefore, it is important to identify the causes and risk factors of leukopenia, monitor the WBC counts and clinical manifestations of patients, and provide appropriate management and prevention strategies to improve the outcomes and quality of life of patients with leukopenia.
#73 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20352677
Pediatric hematology specialists at Mayo have extensive experience in diagnosing and treating both common and unusual causes of pediatric white blood cell disorders. […] Mayo Clinic experts conduct and participate in the latest research on pediatric white blood cell disorders. […] Mayo Clinic doctors diagnose and treat more than 600 children with white blood cell disorders every year.
#74 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders
MSK Kids has many current or planned clinical trials to test promising treatments for SCID. […] Some immunodeficiencies raise the risk of certain cancers. We’re on the lookout for those diseases, too, in a process called surveillance (monitoring). […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. Symptoms usually appear very early in a child’s life. […] Children with inherited hyper IgM syndrome (also known as CD40 ligand deficiency), have higher than normal levels of an immune protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM). […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi.
#75 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria
https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030
Acute leukemia (AL) is the most common malignant disease in children, and one of the most important causes of death in pediatric age. For practical purposes, one in three children with cancer has AL, and three to four new cases occur each year per 100,000 children under 15 years of age. In Mexico, there are about 1000 new cases diagnosed per year, so the pediatrician and family physician ideally need tools that allow for early diagnosis. […] The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes.
#76 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Vijayawada -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-vijayawada
Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Vijayawada , Certain white blood cell disorders in children encompass a spectrum of conditions affecting the production, function, or levels of these vital immune cells. In Vijayawada, medical facilities, including pediatric hematology departments or specialized children’s hospitals, offer comprehensive treatments for these disorders. […] Treatment strategies depend on the specific disorder and its underlying cause. Medications are often employed to address issues related to these disorders. […] For inherited white blood cell disorders, genetic counseling and testing play a crucial role. This helps families understand the condition’s genetic basis and make informed decisions regarding family planning and potential treatments. […] Pediatric hematologists or specialists in immunology work closely with families to develop tailored treatment plans based on factors such as the type and severity of the disorder, the child’s age and overall health, and the potential risks and benefits of various treatment options. […] Families in Vijayawada seeking treatment for white blood cell disorders in children can consult pediatric hematologists or specialized pediatric hospitals equipped with comprehensive diagnostic and treatment capabilities in pediatric hematology and immunology.
#77 Pediatric hematology | EBSCO Research Starters
https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pediatric-hematology
Disorders in pediatric hematology can manifest as issues with red blood cells, such as anemia and polycythemia, or problems with white blood cells, including leukopenia and leukemias. […] Some of the major manifestations of hematologic disease in infants and children are disorders in the function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or hemostasis. Disorders of white blood cells include leukopenia, agranulocytosis, periodic neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and leukemias. […] Many countries, including the United States and Canada, require screening of all newborns for a variety of hereditary and infectious diseases. Newborn screening is able to detect potentially life-threatening diseases long before the child starts to show symptoms.
#78 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Vijayawada -Rainbow Children’s Hospital
https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-vijayawada
Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Vijayawada , Certain white blood cell disorders in children encompass a spectrum of conditions affecting the production, function, or levels of these vital immune cells. In Vijayawada, medical facilities, including pediatric hematology departments or specialized children’s hospitals, offer comprehensive treatments for these disorders. […] Treatment strategies depend on the specific disorder and its underlying cause. Medications are often employed to address issues related to these disorders. […] For inherited white blood cell disorders, genetic counseling and testing play a crucial role. This helps families understand the condition’s genetic basis and make informed decisions regarding family planning and potential treatments. […] Pediatric hematologists or specialists in immunology work closely with families to develop tailored treatment plans based on factors such as the type and severity of the disorder, the child’s age and overall health, and the potential risks and benefits of various treatment options. […] Families in Vijayawada seeking treatment for white blood cell disorders in children can consult pediatric hematologists or specialized pediatric hospitals equipped with comprehensive diagnostic and treatment capabilities in pediatric hematology and immunology.