Materiały źródłowe

• #1 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #1 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #2 Pediatric White Blood Cell Disorders – Vejthani Hospital | JCI Accredited International Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/

  White blood cell disorders can arise from either abnormal counts of white blood cells or dysfunctional white blood cells, with neutrophils and lymphocytes being the most common types affected. […] Neutropenia is a condition characterized by a low count of neutrophils in the blood, which can be either congenital (genetically inherited) or acquired (resulting from medications, toxins, viral infections, or an autoimmune response). […] Eosinophilia is an uncommon condition characterized by an elevated number of eosinophils in the blood, typically triggered by signals from other cells requesting increased eosinophil production.

• #2 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #3 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/

  They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer.

• #3 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  Two major types of white blood cell disorders are proliferative disorders and leukopenias. […] In the proliferative disorders, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly a reaction due to infection, but may, less commonly, be related to some types of cancer. […] In leukopenias, there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which can be caused by cells being destroyed by an illness or by other conditions. […] One particular kind of leukopenia is neutropenia, which means that there are fewer neutrophils in the blood. Outside causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy, medications, toxins, and viral illness. Disorders that can cause neutropenia within the body include defects in bone marrow (where all WBCs are created), or conditions in which a person is born with too few neutrophils.

• #4

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White cell problems arise from there being too many (leucocytosis), too few (leucopenia), or from the cells malfunctioning. […] The causes of white blood cell disorders vary; some are genetic disorders that are passed down from parents to children, others can develop as a result of immune problems, malignancies, from other medical conditions or outside environmental factors. […] Kostmann’s syndrome is a disease of the bone marrow where children are born without a type of white blood cell which are normally used to fight infection.

• #4

  https://homeopathyaajtak.com/diseases/all/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders-721

  White blood cell disorders involving a specific type of white blood cell include: […] Neutropenia. Neutropenia (noo-troe-PEE-nee-uh) is a low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that fights infections of fungi and bacteria. Neutropenia can be caused by cancer or by diseases, disorders or infections that damage bone marrow. In addition, certain medications and other diseases or conditions can cause neutropenia. […] Lymphocytopenia. Lymphocytopenia (lim-foe-sie-toe-PEE-nee-uh) is a decrease in lymphocytes, the type of white blood cell that, among other tasks, protects your body from viral infections. Lymphocytopenia can result from an inherited syndrome, be associated with certain diseases, or be a side effect from medications or other treatments. […] Monocyte disorders. Monocytes help get rid of dead or damaged tissue and regulate your body’s immune response. Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause an increased number of monocytes. A decreased number can be the result of toxins, chemotherapy and other causes.

• #5 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #5

  https://homeopathyaajtak.com/diseases/all/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders-721

  Eosinophilia. Eosinophilia (e-o-sin-o-FIL-e-uh) is a higher than normal number of eosinophil cells, a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. Eosinophilia can be caused by a variety of conditions and disorders, most commonly by an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection. […] Basophilic disorders. Basophils account for only a small number of white blood cells, but they have a role in wound healing, infection and allergic reactions. A decreased number of basophils can result from allergic reactions or infections. An increased number can be caused by certain types of blood cancer or other disorders.

• #6 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders | Rare Diseases at UPMC Children’s

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure-disorders

  Other types of childhood bone marrow failure disorders […] Barth syndrome. This inherited disease affects white blood cells and causes infections. […] Cyclic neutropenia. This genetic blood disorder causes low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. Children with this disorder get more infections. […] Kostmann syndrome. Low neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, mark this genetic disease. Children with this disease are more likely to get infections. […] Pearson syndrome. A random (not inherited) genetic change causes this syndrome. It affects bone marrow’s production of all blood cell types, often leading to anemia, fatigue, and infections. […] Thrombocytopenia disorders. These disorders occur when stem cells don’t make enough platelets. A viral infection or an autoimmune disease can cause it. Children with these disorders have frequent bruising or internal bleeding.

• #6 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  Two major types of white blood cell disorders are proliferative disorders and leukopenias. […] In the proliferative disorders, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly a reaction due to infection, but may, less commonly, be related to some types of cancer. […] In leukopenias, there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which can be caused by cells being destroyed by an illness or by other conditions. […] One particular kind of leukopenia is neutropenia, which means that there are fewer neutrophils in the blood. Outside causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy, medications, toxins, and viral illness. Disorders that can cause neutropenia within the body include defects in bone marrow (where all WBCs are created), or conditions in which a person is born with too few neutrophils.

• #7 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #7 Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2053.html

  Leukocytosis, a common laboratory finding, is most often due to relatively benign conditions (infections or inflammatory processes). […] The most common bone marrow disorders can be grouped into acute leukemias, chronic leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. […] Primary bone marrow disorders should be suspected in patients who present with extremely elevated white blood cell counts or concurrent abnormalities in red blood cell or platelet counts. […] The investigation of leukocytosis begins with an understanding of its two basic causes: (1) the appropriate response of normal bone marrow to external stimuli and (2) the effect of a primary bone marrow disorder. […] An excessive white blood cell response (i.e., more than 50,000 white blood cells per cm3 [50 109 per L]) associated with a cause outside the bone marrow is termed a leukemoid reaction.

• #8 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history.

• #8 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  Two major types of white blood cell disorders are proliferative disorders and leukopenias. […] In the proliferative disorders, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly a reaction due to infection, but may, less commonly, be related to some types of cancer. […] In leukopenias, there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which can be caused by cells being destroyed by an illness or by other conditions. […] One particular kind of leukopenia is neutropenia, which means that there are fewer neutrophils in the blood. Outside causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy, medications, toxins, and viral illness. Disorders that can cause neutropenia within the body include defects in bone marrow (where all WBCs are created), or conditions in which a person is born with too few neutrophils.

• #9 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many or too few white blood cells. […] There are many different causes of white blood cell disorders. Some are due to a severe infection, an autoimmune disease, genetics, or cancers affecting blood cells or bone marrow. […] Some of the more common reasons for leukopenia include infections (pneumonia among them) or the side effects of certain medications, such as antithyroid drugs. Malnutrition, with low levels of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper, also can lead to leukopenia. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders associated with leukopenia include: Aplastic anemia: A bone marrow disorder in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells; Autoimmune neutropenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys neutrophils; Congenital neutropenia: A genetic disorder in which the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils; Cyclic neutropenia: A rare genetic disorder in which neutrophil production drops every 21 days or so; Chronic granulomatous disease: A genetic disorder that causes certain white blood cells to malfunction and behave abnormally; Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies: A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the white blood cells’ ability to fight infection.

• #9 Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2053.html

  Leukocytosis, a common laboratory finding, is most often due to relatively benign conditions (infections or inflammatory processes). […] The most common bone marrow disorders can be grouped into acute leukemias, chronic leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. […] Primary bone marrow disorders should be suspected in patients who present with extremely elevated white blood cell counts or concurrent abnormalities in red blood cell or platelet counts. […] The investigation of leukocytosis begins with an understanding of its two basic causes: (1) the appropriate response of normal bone marrow to external stimuli and (2) the effect of a primary bone marrow disorder. […] An excessive white blood cell response (i.e., more than 50,000 white blood cells per cm3 [50 109 per L]) associated with a cause outside the bone marrow is termed a leukemoid reaction.

• #10 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, we offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] There are many possible causes of neutropenia, some of which may not cause the patient significant infections (thus benign) and may be short term and self-resolve with time. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi, eating and digesting them and keeping them from causing harm.

• #10 Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2053.html

  Leukocytosis, a common laboratory finding, is most often due to relatively benign conditions (infections or inflammatory processes). […] The most common bone marrow disorders can be grouped into acute leukemias, chronic leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. […] Primary bone marrow disorders should be suspected in patients who present with extremely elevated white blood cell counts or concurrent abnormalities in red blood cell or platelet counts. […] The investigation of leukocytosis begins with an understanding of its two basic causes: (1) the appropriate response of normal bone marrow to external stimuli and (2) the effect of a primary bone marrow disorder. […] An excessive white blood cell response (i.e., more than 50,000 white blood cells per cm3 [50 109 per L]) associated with a cause outside the bone marrow is termed a leukemoid reaction.

• #11 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many or too few white blood cells. […] There are many different causes of white blood cell disorders. Some are due to a severe infection, an autoimmune disease, genetics, or cancers affecting blood cells or bone marrow. […] Some of the more common reasons for leukopenia include infections (pneumonia among them) or the side effects of certain medications, such as antithyroid drugs. Malnutrition, with low levels of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper, also can lead to leukopenia. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders associated with leukopenia include: Aplastic anemia: A bone marrow disorder in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells; Autoimmune neutropenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys neutrophils; Congenital neutropenia: A genetic disorder in which the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils; Cyclic neutropenia: A rare genetic disorder in which neutrophil production drops every 21 days or so; Chronic granulomatous disease: A genetic disorder that causes certain white blood cells to malfunction and behave abnormally; Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies: A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the white blood cells’ ability to fight infection.

• #11 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #12 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #12 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #13 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many or too few white blood cells. […] There are many different causes of white blood cell disorders. Some are due to a severe infection, an autoimmune disease, genetics, or cancers affecting blood cells or bone marrow. […] Some of the more common reasons for leukopenia include infections (pneumonia among them) or the side effects of certain medications, such as antithyroid drugs. Malnutrition, with low levels of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper, also can lead to leukopenia. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders associated with leukopenia include: Aplastic anemia: A bone marrow disorder in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells; Autoimmune neutropenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys neutrophils; Congenital neutropenia: A genetic disorder in which the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils; Cyclic neutropenia: A rare genetic disorder in which neutrophil production drops every 21 days or so; Chronic granulomatous disease: A genetic disorder that causes certain white blood cells to malfunction and behave abnormally; Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies: A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the white blood cells’ ability to fight infection.

• #13 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #14 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #14 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #15 Pediatric hematology | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pediatric-hematology

  Disorders in pediatric hematology can manifest as issues with red blood cells, such as anemia and polycythemia, or problems with white blood cells, including leukopenia and leukemias. […] Some of the major manifestations of hematologic disease in infants and children are disorders in the function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or hemostasis. Red blood cell disorders include anemia caused by the inadequate production of erythrocytes or hemoglobin as a result of genetic disease or iron deficiency, anemia caused by excessive loss of erythrocytes as a result of hemorrhage or hemolytic problems, polycythemia, erythrocytosis, erythremia, and blood transfusion. Disorders of white blood cells include leukopenia, agranulocytosis, periodic neutropenia, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and leukemias.

• #15 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #16 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #16 Leukocytosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

  Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte) count is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. […] The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. […] Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

• #17 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #17 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis can be caused by inflammation and other disorders that result in increased bone marrow production (which leads to greater production of WBCs), too many WBCs being released from bone marrow all at once, or disorders that prevent WBCs from attaching to tissues and being absorbed by the body’s tissues.

• #18 Blood Diseases & Down Syndrome | National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

  https://ndss.org/resources/blood-diseases-syndrome

  Individuals with Down syndrome frequently show abnormalities in the blood cells which include the red cells (cells that carry oxygen throughout the body), white cells (infection-fighting cells) and platelets (cells that help to stop bleeding). […] Some patients will have persistent changes in the blood cells throughout their life. […] Sometimes the abnormalities seen in the blood cells in patients with Down syndrome can lead to serious medical problems; evaluation and treatment by a hematologist/oncologist (physician who specializes in disorders of the blood cells and the care of cancer patients) may be necessary. […] The most common blood cell abnormalities diagnosed in patients with Down syndrome include: polycythemia (also known as erythrocytosis), macrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, leucopenia, leukemoid reactions, and transient myeloproliferative disorder.

• #18 Leukocytosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

  Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte) count is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. […] The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. […] Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

• #19 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #19 Leukocytosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

  Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte) count is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. […] The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. […] Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

• #20 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #20 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis can be caused by inflammation and other disorders that result in increased bone marrow production (which leads to greater production of WBCs), too many WBCs being released from bone marrow all at once, or disorders that prevent WBCs from attaching to tissues and being absorbed by the body’s tissues.

• #21 Blood and Immune Disorders in Children | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders

  Pediatric blood immune disorders can arise from various causes, including inherited conditions such as Fanconi anemia and sickle cell disease, as well as acquired conditions like aplastic anemia. […] Primary immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders are also significant categories within pediatric blood disorders. […] Our clinical trial researchers are studying new gene therapy approaches for several of these diseases. […] Before, during, and after a patient’s diagnosis, we bank and study blood samples closely to understand the root causes of pediatric blood disorders.

• #21 Leukocytosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

  Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte) count is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. […] The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. […] Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

• #22 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #22 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis can be caused by inflammation and other disorders that result in increased bone marrow production (which leads to greater production of WBCs), too many WBCs being released from bone marrow all at once, or disorders that prevent WBCs from attaching to tissues and being absorbed by the body’s tissues.

• #23 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  Leukocytosis, characterized by an elevation in the white blood cell count, is a common clinical finding with various potential causes, encompassing infections, inflammation, malignancies, and hereditary disorders. […] Infection, inflammation, allergic reactions, malignancy, and hereditary disorders are all common causes of leukocytosis. Identifying changes in the distribution of WBCs can help identify the underlying cause. […] In adults, leukemia can occur without any identifiable predisposing factor. In children, germline genetic mutations can be inherited from a parent or appear de novo. Familial conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, and Lynch syndrome, among others, are characterized by a predisposition for multiple malignancies, some of which have bone marrow involvement and associated leukocyte malignancies.

• #23 Leukocytosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytosis

  Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte) count is above the normal range in the blood. It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia. […] The mechanism that causes leukocytosis can be of several forms: an increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow storage pools, decreased margination of leukocytes onto vessel walls, decreased extravasation of leukocytes from the vessels into tissues, or an increase in number of precursor cells in the marrow. […] Leukocytosis is very common in acutely ill patients. It occurs in response to a wide variety of conditions, including viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection, cancer, hemorrhage, and exposure to certain medications or chemicals including steroids.

• #24 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Children | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-children/acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia-children/

  Leukaemia is a cancer of the white blood cells. […] The exact cause of ALL is unknown. Research is going on all the time into possible causes of this disease. Children with certain genetic disorders, such as Downs syndrome, are known to have a higher risk of developing leukaemia. […] Brothers and sisters of a child with ALL (particularly identical twins) have a slightly increased risk of developing ALL themselves, although this risk is still small.

• #24 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis. Leukocytosis can be caused by inflammation and other disorders that result in increased bone marrow production (which leads to greater production of WBCs), too many WBCs being released from bone marrow all at once, or disorders that prevent WBCs from attaching to tissues and being absorbed by the body’s tissues.

• #25 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615

  Causes of a low white blood cell count include: […] Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. […] Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital.

• #25 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #26 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #26 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #27 Common Blood Disorders in Children : Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Ankura Hospital

  https://www.ankurahospitals.com/common-blood-disorders-in-children/

  Blood disorders could be present by birth, or can be acquired later in life. When acquired they could be due to infections, nutritional deficiency, autoimmune or cancerous causes. […] Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. This condition can lead to a deficiency in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, causing various health problems, including fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bleeding. […] Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the bloods ability to clot, leading to excessive bleeding. Normally there are various clotting factors present in the plasma that come together to form the blood clot. This prevents internal and external bleeding by sealing of capillaries and blood vessels at the time of major and minor injuries.

• #27 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #28 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #28 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #29 Blood Diseases & Down Syndrome | National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

  https://ndss.org/resources/blood-diseases-syndrome

  Leukopenia means a low number of white cells. The number of white cells tends to be slightly lower than the normal range in about one-third of individuals with Down syndrome. There is some concern that this may increase the risk for infections among patients with Down syndrome but this has not been clearly proven through medical research yet. […] Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk for the development of precancerous conditions such as myelodysplastic syndrome, potentially cancerous conditions such as transient myeloproliferative disorder, and cancerous conditions like leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a pre-cancerous condition that originates in the bone marrow in which there are cells that are abnormal. […] If not treated, MDS will progress to leukemia.

• #29 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Many factors may lead to white blood cell disorders. Sometimes providers don’t know the exact cause of these disorders. Causes may include: […] Allergies may lead to a high white blood cell count. […] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may cause an elevated white blood cell count. […] Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, may result in a high number of white blood cells. […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Chemotherapy, a powerful drug that treats certain cancers, can reduce your white blood cell count.

• #30 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Cancer of the blood. Cancers including leukemia and lymphoma can cause uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell in the bone marrow. This results in a greatly increased risk for infection or serious bleeding. […] Myeloproliferative disorder. This disorder refers to various conditions that trigger the excessive production of immature blood cells. This can result in an unhealthy balance of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow and too many or too few white blood cells in the blood. […] Medicines. Some medicines can raise or lower the body’s white blood cell count.

• #30 White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/

  A white blood count measures the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. […] Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. […] Disorders related to having a low white blood count include: Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV; Lymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow; Diseases of the liver or spleen. […] Conditions that may cause a low white blood count, also called leukopenia, include: Bone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy; Cancers that affect the bone marrow; An autoimmune disorder, such as lupus; HIV.

• #31 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #31 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #32 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #32 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #33 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/

  They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer.

• #33 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: […] Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] An autoimmune disease causing inadequate white blood cells. […] Bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis) or viral infections (such as mononucleosis).

• #34 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  The list of potential underlying causes of eosinophilia is extensive. Allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are common causes and are generally associated with mild eosinophilia. […] Eosinophils account for approximately 1% to 4% of a person’s leukocytes, and an eosinophil count 500 cells/L defines eosinophilia. The underlying cause of eosinophilia does not help distinguish the underlying cause. […] Hyperleukocytosis occurs in 20% and 10% to 30% of cases, respectively, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hyperleukocytosis also occurs in a significant number of newly diagnosed cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

• #34 Neutropenia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect your child from infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition because without enough neutrophils, your child is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Among children, neutropenia has a number of causes, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to other blood disorders such as aplastic anemia or cancer such as leukemia. […] Inadequate white cells because of an autoimmune disease. […] Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, or viral infections like mononucleosis. […] Chronic Benign Neutropenia is a rare form of neutropenia that could result in life-threatening infections. This is the most common form in children under 4 years of age. The rate of infections decreases with age.

• #35 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  The list of potential underlying causes of eosinophilia is extensive. Allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are common causes and are generally associated with mild eosinophilia. […] Eosinophils account for approximately 1% to 4% of a person’s leukocytes, and an eosinophil count 500 cells/L defines eosinophilia. The underlying cause of eosinophilia does not help distinguish the underlying cause. […] Hyperleukocytosis occurs in 20% and 10% to 30% of cases, respectively, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hyperleukocytosis also occurs in a significant number of newly diagnosed cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

• #35 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: […] Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] An autoimmune disease causing inadequate white blood cells. […] Bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis) or viral infections (such as mononucleosis).

• #36 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  The list of potential underlying causes of eosinophilia is extensive. Allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are common causes and are generally associated with mild eosinophilia. […] Eosinophils account for approximately 1% to 4% of a person’s leukocytes, and an eosinophil count 500 cells/L defines eosinophilia. The underlying cause of eosinophilia does not help distinguish the underlying cause. […] Hyperleukocytosis occurs in 20% and 10% to 30% of cases, respectively, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hyperleukocytosis also occurs in a significant number of newly diagnosed cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

• #36 Neutropenia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect your child from infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition because without enough neutrophils, your child is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Among children, neutropenia has a number of causes, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to other blood disorders such as aplastic anemia or cancer such as leukemia. […] Inadequate white cells because of an autoimmune disease. […] Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, or viral infections like mononucleosis. […] Chronic Benign Neutropenia is a rare form of neutropenia that could result in life-threatening infections. This is the most common form in children under 4 years of age. The rate of infections decreases with age.

• #37 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  The list of potential underlying causes of eosinophilia is extensive. Allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are common causes and are generally associated with mild eosinophilia. […] Eosinophils account for approximately 1% to 4% of a person’s leukocytes, and an eosinophil count 500 cells/L defines eosinophilia. The underlying cause of eosinophilia does not help distinguish the underlying cause. […] Hyperleukocytosis occurs in 20% and 10% to 30% of cases, respectively, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hyperleukocytosis also occurs in a significant number of newly diagnosed cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

• #37 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: […] Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] An autoimmune disease causing inadequate white blood cells. […] Bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis) or viral infections (such as mononucleosis).

• #38 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Neutrophilia happens when your body produces too many neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. […] Neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to an assortment of problems, from serious blood disorders to an everyday infection to a stressful day at work. Neutrophilia causes are classified as primary and secondary. […] You can be born with neutrophilia. Other causes include: Chronic myelogenous leukemia. This blood cancer affects your white blood cells. Essential thrombocytosis (ET). This is a rare disorder where your body produces too many platelets. Polycythemia vera. This is a blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). This is a rare blood cancer that typically affects children and happens when certain white blood cells dont mature normally. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. This is a rare blood cancer that happens when your bone marrow makes too many neutrophils.

• #38 Neutropenia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect your child from infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition because without enough neutrophils, your child is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Among children, neutropenia has a number of causes, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to other blood disorders such as aplastic anemia or cancer such as leukemia. […] Inadequate white cells because of an autoimmune disease. […] Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, or viral infections like mononucleosis. […] Chronic Benign Neutropenia is a rare form of neutropenia that could result in life-threatening infections. This is the most common form in children under 4 years of age. The rate of infections decreases with age.

• #39 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Neutrophilia happens when your body produces too many neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. […] Neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to an assortment of problems, from serious blood disorders to an everyday infection to a stressful day at work. Neutrophilia causes are classified as primary and secondary. […] You can be born with neutrophilia. Other causes include: Chronic myelogenous leukemia. This blood cancer affects your white blood cells. Essential thrombocytosis (ET). This is a rare disorder where your body produces too many platelets. Polycythemia vera. This is a blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). This is a rare blood cancer that typically affects children and happens when certain white blood cells dont mature normally. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. This is a rare blood cancer that happens when your bone marrow makes too many neutrophils.

• #39 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #40 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Neutrophilia happens when your body produces too many neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. […] Neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to an assortment of problems, from serious blood disorders to an everyday infection to a stressful day at work. Neutrophilia causes are classified as primary and secondary. […] You can be born with neutrophilia. Other causes include: Chronic myelogenous leukemia. This blood cancer affects your white blood cells. Essential thrombocytosis (ET). This is a rare disorder where your body produces too many platelets. Polycythemia vera. This is a blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). This is a rare blood cancer that typically affects children and happens when certain white blood cells dont mature normally. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia. This is a rare blood cancer that happens when your bone marrow makes too many neutrophils.

• #40 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #41 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #41 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #42 Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Types, and Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders can affect your body’s immune response and your body’s ability to fight off infection. […] Pediatric white blood cell disorders can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations and environmental influences. […] The cause of plasma cell myeloma is unknown.

• #42 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #43 Evaluation of Patients with Leukocytosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p1004.html

  An elevated white blood cell count has many potential etiologies, including malignant and nonmalignant causes. […] Other nonmalignant etiologies of leukocytosis include certain medications, asplenia, smoking, obesity, and chronic inflammatory conditions. […] Symptoms suggestive of a hematologic malignancy include fever, weight loss, bruising, or fatigue. […] Leukocytosis greater than 100,000 per mm3 is almost always caused by leukemias or myeloproliferative disorders. […] Leukocytosis may herald a malignant disorder, such as an acute or chronic leukemia, or a myeloproliferative disorder, such as polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, or essential thrombocytosis. […] Many solid tumors may lead to a leukocytosis in the leukemoid range, either through bone marrow involvement or production of granulocyte colony-stimulating or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. […] Chronic leukemias are most commonly diagnosed after incidental findings of leukocytosis on complete blood counts in asymptomatic patients.

• #43 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #44 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #44 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #45 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  Two major types of white blood cell disorders are proliferative disorders and leukopenias. […] In the proliferative disorders, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly a reaction due to infection, but may, less commonly, be related to some types of cancer. […] In leukopenias, there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which can be caused by cells being destroyed by an illness or by other conditions. […] One particular kind of leukopenia is neutropenia, which means that there are fewer neutrophils in the blood. Outside causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy, medications, toxins, and viral illness. Disorders that can cause neutropenia within the body include defects in bone marrow (where all WBCs are created), or conditions in which a person is born with too few neutrophils.

• #45 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #46 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Many factors may lead to white blood cell disorders. Sometimes providers don’t know the exact cause of these disorders. Causes may include: […] Allergies may lead to a high white blood cell count. […] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may cause an elevated white blood cell count. […] Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, may result in a high number of white blood cells. […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Chemotherapy, a powerful drug that treats certain cancers, can reduce your white blood cell count.

• #46 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #47 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Low White Blood Cell Count Causes: Your doctor will do a physical exam and consider your symptoms along with your past medical issues to figure out what’s behind your test result. A very low WBC count could be due to any of the reasons below: […] Infection: This is the most common cause of neutropenia in adults. Viruses can affect your bone marrow and cause low WBCs for a while. Severe infections, such as blood infections, can cause your body to use up WBCs faster than it can make them. […] Medicines: This is the next most common cause. Chemotherapy drugs, in particular, will destroy healthy WBCs while killing off cancer cells. Radiation therapy can have the same effect. Other drugs that can lower WBCs include antihistamines, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants, anti-epilepsy drugs, and steroids. Not everyone who takes these drugs has their WBC count drop. It could be that genes play a role in whose WBC count decreases.

• #47 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #48 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: […] Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] An autoimmune disease causing inadequate white blood cells. […] Bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis) or viral infections (such as mononucleosis).

• #48 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #49 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #50 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect against infections. Neutropenia has a number of causes among children, including: […] Inadequate bone marrow production due to another blood disorder (such as aplastic anemia) or cancer (such as leukemia). […] An autoimmune disease causing inadequate white blood cells. […] Bacterial infections (such as tuberculosis) or viral infections (such as mononucleosis).

• #50 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history.

• #51 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #51 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  A white blood cell disorder is one in which the white blood cells are either qualitatively or quantitatively affected. There are many possible causes of this, including infections, genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and, in rare cases, cancer. There are even cases in which the cause is unknown.

• #52 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #52 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history.

• #53 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be caused by cancer, cancer treatments, or something not related to cancer. Some common causes are: […] Cancers affecting the bone marrow (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma) […] Cancer treatments such as chemo, targeted drug therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant […] Disorders that affect the bone marrow such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) […] Many types of infections such as COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and hepatitis […] Immune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Nutrition problems including low vitamin B12, copper, or folate […] Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is long-term neutropenia without a clear cause.

• #53 Sickle Cell Disease (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/sickle-cell-anemia.html

  Sickle cell disease is a group of conditions passed down in families through their genes. […] The type of sickle cell disease a person has depends on the hemoglobin genes each parent passes down to them. […] The genes cause the body to make hemoglobin that causes the red blood cells to become sickle shaped. […] A child who gets two sickle cell genes, one from each parent, will have sickle cell disease. […] A child who gets a sickle cell gene from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene from the other parent has sickle cell trait. […] Someone who gets a sickle cell gene from one parent and another kind of abnormal gene from the other parent may have a different form of sickle cell disease, such as hemoglobin SC disease or sickle beta thalassemia.

• #54 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #54 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history.

• #55 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #55 Cyclic Neutropenia | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/cyclic-neutropenia

  Cyclic neutropenia may be inherited genetically or acquired by a developed mutation. Some cases are present at birth and appear to occur sporadically. […] Cyclic neutropenia is inherited in an autosomal-dominant (non-sex chromosomes) pattern. This means only one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no family history.

• #56 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #56 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, we offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] There are many possible causes of neutropenia, some of which may not cause the patient significant infections (thus benign) and may be short term and self-resolve with time. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi, eating and digesting them and keeping them from causing harm.

• #57 White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/

  A white blood count measures the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. […] Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. […] Disorders related to having a low white blood count include: Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV; Lymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow; Diseases of the liver or spleen. […] Conditions that may cause a low white blood count, also called leukopenia, include: Bone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy; Cancers that affect the bone marrow; An autoimmune disorder, such as lupus; HIV.

• #57 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #58 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  HIV: This virus (which causes AIDS) weakens your immune system by destroying your T cells, making you unable to fight off even minor infections. […] Benign ethnic neutropenia: Some people have naturally low neutrophil counts of under 1,500 per microliter. It’s most often seen in people of African descent, though many people of Middle Eastern descent and a few people of European background may have it as well. This condition is called benign ethnic neutropenia because the people who have it are not at a higher risk of infection. It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #58 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be caused by an inherited genetic mutation. […] Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease.

• #59 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #59 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #60 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #60 Neutropenia in Children – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/anemias-blood-diseases/conditions-services/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that results in an abnormally low level of neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells that are the body’s main defense against bacterial and fungal infections. In children, neutropenia can increase the risk of frequent, life threatening infections due to the body’s inability to fight off bacteria. […] Various underlying conditions, including inherited disorders, cancer, infections, autoimmune diseases and certain medications cause neutropenia in children. These include: […] Some children inherit neutropenia due to genetic mutations affecting white blood cell count. […] Genetic mutations affecting the production, function or survival of neutrophils cause congenital neutropenia in children.

• #61 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #61 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #62 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #62 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #63 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #63 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #64 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #64 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #65 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #65 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #66

  https://homeopathyaajtak.com/diseases/all/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders-721

  Pediatric white blood cell disorders , Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors, Complications Details Overview Symptoms Causes Risk Factors Complication […] Your body produces white blood cells (leukocytes), which help fight bacterial infections, viruses and fungi. If your child has too few or too many white blood cells, in general, here’s what it means: […] Low white blood cell count (leukopenia) means having too few leukocytes circulating in the blood. A long-term low white blood cell count increases the risk of infections and may be caused by a number of different diseases and conditions. […] High white blood cell count (leukocytosis) means having too many leukocytes circulating in the blood, usually from having an infection. A number of different diseases and conditions may cause a long-term high white blood cell count.

• #66 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #67 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #67 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #68 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Many factors may lead to white blood cell disorders. Sometimes providers don’t know the exact cause of these disorders. Causes may include: […] Allergies may lead to a high white blood cell count. […] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may cause an elevated white blood cell count. […] Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, may result in a high number of white blood cells. […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Chemotherapy, a powerful drug that treats certain cancers, can reduce your white blood cell count.

• #68 Blood Diseases & Down Syndrome | National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

  https://ndss.org/resources/blood-diseases-syndrome

  Individuals with Down syndrome frequently show abnormalities in the blood cells which include the red cells (cells that carry oxygen throughout the body), white cells (infection-fighting cells) and platelets (cells that help to stop bleeding). […] Some patients will have persistent changes in the blood cells throughout their life. […] Sometimes the abnormalities seen in the blood cells in patients with Down syndrome can lead to serious medical problems; evaluation and treatment by a hematologist/oncologist (physician who specializes in disorders of the blood cells and the care of cancer patients) may be necessary. […] The most common blood cell abnormalities diagnosed in patients with Down syndrome include: polycythemia (also known as erythrocytosis), macrocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, leucopenia, leukemoid reactions, and transient myeloproliferative disorder.

• #69 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #69 Blood Diseases & Down Syndrome | National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

  https://ndss.org/resources/blood-diseases-syndrome

  Leukopenia means a low number of white cells. The number of white cells tends to be slightly lower than the normal range in about one-third of individuals with Down syndrome. There is some concern that this may increase the risk for infections among patients with Down syndrome but this has not been clearly proven through medical research yet. […] Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk for the development of precancerous conditions such as myelodysplastic syndrome, potentially cancerous conditions such as transient myeloproliferative disorder, and cancerous conditions like leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a pre-cancerous condition that originates in the bone marrow in which there are cells that are abnormal. […] If not treated, MDS will progress to leukemia.

• #70 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #70 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #71 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #71 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #72 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #72 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #73 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #73 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  Leukocytosis, characterized by an elevation in the white blood cell count, is a common clinical finding with various potential causes, encompassing infections, inflammation, malignancies, and hereditary disorders. […] Infection, inflammation, allergic reactions, malignancy, and hereditary disorders are all common causes of leukocytosis. Identifying changes in the distribution of WBCs can help identify the underlying cause. […] In adults, leukemia can occur without any identifiable predisposing factor. In children, germline genetic mutations can be inherited from a parent or appear de novo. Familial conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, and Lynch syndrome, among others, are characterized by a predisposition for multiple malignancies, some of which have bone marrow involvement and associated leukocyte malignancies.

• #74 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #74 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  Leukocytosis, characterized by an elevation in the white blood cell count, is a common clinical finding with various potential causes, encompassing infections, inflammation, malignancies, and hereditary disorders. […] Infection, inflammation, allergic reactions, malignancy, and hereditary disorders are all common causes of leukocytosis. Identifying changes in the distribution of WBCs can help identify the underlying cause. […] In adults, leukemia can occur without any identifiable predisposing factor. In children, germline genetic mutations can be inherited from a parent or appear de novo. Familial conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, and Lynch syndrome, among others, are characterized by a predisposition for multiple malignancies, some of which have bone marrow involvement and associated leukocyte malignancies.

• #75 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #75 Leukocytosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560882/

  Leukocytosis, characterized by an elevation in the white blood cell count, is a common clinical finding with various potential causes, encompassing infections, inflammation, malignancies, and hereditary disorders. […] Infection, inflammation, allergic reactions, malignancy, and hereditary disorders are all common causes of leukocytosis. Identifying changes in the distribution of WBCs can help identify the underlying cause. […] In adults, leukemia can occur without any identifiable predisposing factor. In children, germline genetic mutations can be inherited from a parent or appear de novo. Familial conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, and Lynch syndrome, among others, are characterized by a predisposition for multiple malignancies, some of which have bone marrow involvement and associated leukocyte malignancies.

• #76 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many or too few white blood cells. […] There are many different causes of white blood cell disorders. Some are due to a severe infection, an autoimmune disease, genetics, or cancers affecting blood cells or bone marrow. […] Some of the more common reasons for leukopenia include infections (pneumonia among them) or the side effects of certain medications, such as antithyroid drugs. Malnutrition, with low levels of vitamin B12, folic acid, or copper, also can lead to leukopenia. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders associated with leukopenia include: Aplastic anemia: A bone marrow disorder in which the body stops producing enough new blood cells; Autoimmune neutropenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys neutrophils; Congenital neutropenia: A genetic disorder in which the body doesn’t make enough neutrophils; Cyclic neutropenia: A rare genetic disorder in which neutrophil production drops every 21 days or so; Chronic granulomatous disease: A genetic disorder that causes certain white blood cells to malfunction and behave abnormally; Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies: A group of rare genetic disorders that affect the white blood cells’ ability to fight infection.

• #76 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #77 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #77 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders | Rare Diseases at UPMC Children’s

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure-disorders

  Bone marrow failure disorders are a group of conditions. In other words, there’s more than one type of bone marrow failure disorder. […] Some types are genetic, meaning parents pass them to their children through genes. Also known as inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, they’re more common in kids. […] Acquired bone marrow failure disorders come from: […] Viruses. […] Exposure to chemicals or environmental toxins. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Children with bone marrow failure disorders are at risk of certain cancers: […] Leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer in the white blood cells. […] Aplastic anemia is when damaged stem cells keep the body from making enough new blood cells. This disorder can be genetic or acquired. […] FA is an inherited aplastic anemia that impacts the bone marrow’s production of all blood cells.

• #78 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #78 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, we offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] There are many possible causes of neutropenia, some of which may not cause the patient significant infections (thus benign) and may be short term and self-resolve with time. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi, eating and digesting them and keeping them from causing harm.

• #79 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #80 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be caused by an inherited genetic mutation. […] Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease.

• #80 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #81 White blood cell disorder in children | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/white-blood-cell-disorder-in-children/

  They refer to a series of conditions that occur when the body has an abnormal count of white blood cells or leukocytes, which help fight bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. […] White blood cell disorder in children, according to clinical research, can appear for any of the following reasons: Genetics (transmitted from parents to children), External environmental factors, Malignant neoplasms, Other pathologies, Immune problems. […] Your child may have a low white blood cell count (leukopenia) that reduces their body’s ability to fight infections or have a high number of leukocytes circulating in the blood, generally due to an infectious condition, an autoimmune response of the body, or the presence of cancer.

• #81 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, we offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] There are many possible causes of neutropenia, some of which may not cause the patient significant infections (thus benign) and may be short term and self-resolve with time. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi, eating and digesting them and keeping them from causing harm.

• #82

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White cell problems arise from there being too many (leucocytosis), too few (leucopenia), or from the cells malfunctioning. […] The causes of white blood cell disorders vary; some are genetic disorders that are passed down from parents to children, others can develop as a result of immune problems, malignancies, from other medical conditions or outside environmental factors. […] Kostmann’s syndrome is a disease of the bone marrow where children are born without a type of white blood cell which are normally used to fight infection.

• #82 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) causes low levels of immunoglobulins (Ig). […] This disorder makes people more likely to get infections, especially in the sinuses, lungs, and digestive system. […] Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a genetic disorder. […] It can make your child have a low number of T cells and B cells, or none at all. […] This inherited disorder is caused by a genetic mutation and leads to very low levels of white blood cells called neutrophils. […] Children with this disorder have an increased tendency to bleed and bruise. […] This primary immunodeficiency is caused by a genetic mutation (change), and mostly affects males. […] Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare inherited immune disorder. […] Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, serious immune disorder caused by mutations (changes) in a gene called the LYST gene.

• #83 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #83 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be caused by an inherited genetic mutation. […] Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease.

• #84 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Low White Blood Cell Count Causes: Your doctor will do a physical exam and consider your symptoms along with your past medical issues to figure out what’s behind your test result. A very low WBC count could be due to any of the reasons below: […] Infection: This is the most common cause of neutropenia in adults. Viruses can affect your bone marrow and cause low WBCs for a while. Severe infections, such as blood infections, can cause your body to use up WBCs faster than it can make them. […] Medicines: This is the next most common cause. Chemotherapy drugs, in particular, will destroy healthy WBCs while killing off cancer cells. Radiation therapy can have the same effect. Other drugs that can lower WBCs include antihistamines, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants, anti-epilepsy drugs, and steroids. Not everyone who takes these drugs has their WBC count drop. It could be that genes play a role in whose WBC count decreases.

• #84 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may be caused by an inherited genetic mutation. […] Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy x-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease. […] X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) deficiency is also known as X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease.

• #85 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia and neutropenia can be caused by: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, certain biological therapies such as interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin, Proleukin) or rituximab (Rituxan), bone marrow disease such as leukemia. […] The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area.

• #85 Blood and Immune Disorders in Children | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders

  Pediatric blood immune disorders can arise from various causes, including inherited conditions such as Fanconi anemia and sickle cell disease, as well as acquired conditions like aplastic anemia. […] Primary immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders are also significant categories within pediatric blood disorders. […] Our clinical trial researchers are studying new gene therapy approaches for several of these diseases. […] Before, during, and after a patient’s diagnosis, we bank and study blood samples closely to understand the root causes of pediatric blood disorders.

• #86 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #86 White Blood Cell Disorders > Clinical Keywords > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/clinical-keywords/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders are a group of conditions that affect the production, function, or number of white blood cells in the body. These disorders can result from various causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, genetic mutations, or bone marrow abnormalities. […] They can lead to an increased risk of infections, inflammation, and other health complications.

• #87 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be caused by cancer, cancer treatments, or something not related to cancer. Some common causes are: […] Cancers affecting the bone marrow (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma) […] Cancer treatments such as chemo, targeted drug therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant […] Disorders that affect the bone marrow such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) […] Many types of infections such as COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and hepatitis […] Immune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Nutrition problems including low vitamin B12, copper, or folate […] Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is long-term neutropenia without a clear cause.

• #87 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  A white blood cell disorder is one in which the white blood cells are either qualitatively or quantitatively affected. There are many possible causes of this, including infections, genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and, in rare cases, cancer. There are even cases in which the cause is unknown.

• #88 Low white blood cell count (neutropenia) | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/side-effects/low-white-blood-cell-count

  Neutropenia and leukopenia are terms used to refer to lowered numbers of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help the body fight infection and disease. When WBC counts are low, there is a higher risk of infection. […] Leukopenia and neutropenia can be caused by: chemotherapy, radiation therapy, certain biological therapies such as interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin, Proleukin) or rituximab (Rituxan), bone marrow disease such as leukemia. […] The risk of low white blood cell counts is greater if chemotherapy and radiation therapy are given at the same time or if large areas of bone marrow are in the radiation treatment area.

• #88 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #89 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #89 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #90 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #90 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #91 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #91 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be caused by cancer, cancer treatments, or something not related to cancer. Some common causes are: […] Cancers affecting the bone marrow (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma) […] Cancer treatments such as chemo, targeted drug therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant […] Disorders that affect the bone marrow such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) […] Many types of infections such as COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and hepatitis […] Immune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Nutrition problems including low vitamin B12, copper, or folate […] Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is long-term neutropenia without a clear cause.

• #92 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #92 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #93 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #93 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #94 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #94 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #95 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #95 Pediatric Leukemias | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pediatric-leukemias

  Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells. […] Little is known about the causes of childhood leukemia. […] Most of the time leukemia is not genetic. This means it does not come from your parents. […] The immune system helps our bodies fight cancer. Scientists believe that changes in the immune system may increase the risk for developing leukemia. […] Children who get chemotherapy or radiation to treat other types of cancer have an increased risk of developing leukemia later on. […] Children with certain genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Li-Fraumeni syndrome, are at increased risk of developing leukemia.

• #96 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Low White Blood Cell Count Causes: Your doctor will do a physical exam and consider your symptoms along with your past medical issues to figure out what’s behind your test result. A very low WBC count could be due to any of the reasons below: […] Infection: This is the most common cause of neutropenia in adults. Viruses can affect your bone marrow and cause low WBCs for a while. Severe infections, such as blood infections, can cause your body to use up WBCs faster than it can make them. […] Medicines: This is the next most common cause. Chemotherapy drugs, in particular, will destroy healthy WBCs while killing off cancer cells. Radiation therapy can have the same effect. Other drugs that can lower WBCs include antihistamines, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants, anti-epilepsy drugs, and steroids. Not everyone who takes these drugs has their WBC count drop. It could be that genes play a role in whose WBC count decreases.

• #96 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #97 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #97 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #98 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #99 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #99 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #100 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #100 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #101 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #101 Low white blood cell count

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/low-white-blood-cell-count/basics/causes/sym-20050615

  Causes of a low white blood cell count include: […] Conditions that affect the bone marrow are the usual causes of low white blood cell count. […] Some of these conditions are present at birth, also known as congenital.

• #102 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #102 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders | Rare Diseases at UPMC Children’s

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure-disorders

  Bone marrow failure disorders are a group of conditions. In other words, there’s more than one type of bone marrow failure disorder. […] Some types are genetic, meaning parents pass them to their children through genes. Also known as inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, they’re more common in kids. […] Acquired bone marrow failure disorders come from: […] Viruses. […] Exposure to chemicals or environmental toxins. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Children with bone marrow failure disorders are at risk of certain cancers: […] Leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer in the white blood cells. […] Aplastic anemia is when damaged stem cells keep the body from making enough new blood cells. This disorder can be genetic or acquired. […] FA is an inherited aplastic anemia that impacts the bone marrow’s production of all blood cells.

• #103 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #103 Common Blood Disorders in Children : Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Ankura Hospital

  https://www.ankurahospitals.com/common-blood-disorders-in-children/

  Blood disorders could be present by birth, or can be acquired later in life. When acquired they could be due to infections, nutritional deficiency, autoimmune or cancerous causes. […] Aplastic anemia is a rare but serious blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. This condition can lead to a deficiency in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, causing various health problems, including fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bleeding. […] Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the bloods ability to clot, leading to excessive bleeding. Normally there are various clotting factors present in the plasma that come together to form the blood clot. This prevents internal and external bleeding by sealing of capillaries and blood vessels at the time of major and minor injuries.

• #104 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #104 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #105 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #105 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Cancer of the blood. Cancers including leukemia and lymphoma can cause uncontrolled growth of an abnormal type of blood cell in the bone marrow. This results in a greatly increased risk for infection or serious bleeding. […] Myeloproliferative disorder. This disorder refers to various conditions that trigger the excessive production of immature blood cells. This can result in an unhealthy balance of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow and too many or too few white blood cells in the blood. […] Medicines. Some medicines can raise or lower the body’s white blood cell count.

• #106 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #106 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #107 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #107 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #108 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #108 Blood Diseases & Down Syndrome | National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS)

  https://ndss.org/resources/blood-diseases-syndrome

  Leukopenia means a low number of white cells. The number of white cells tends to be slightly lower than the normal range in about one-third of individuals with Down syndrome. There is some concern that this may increase the risk for infections among patients with Down syndrome but this has not been clearly proven through medical research yet. […] Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk for the development of precancerous conditions such as myelodysplastic syndrome, potentially cancerous conditions such as transient myeloproliferative disorder, and cancerous conditions like leukemia. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a pre-cancerous condition that originates in the bone marrow in which there are cells that are abnormal. […] If not treated, MDS will progress to leukemia.

• #109 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  Aplastic anemia in children has many causes. Sometimes the cause is unknown. There are many known causes. Aplastic anemia may develop it at some point during childhood. Or, it may be passed down from parent to child. […] Acquired causes include: […] Infection. These include hepatitis or liver infection, and many different viral illnesses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Cancer. Some cancers affect the bone marrow. […] Autoimmune disease. These include lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Medicines. This includes some antibiotics and other medicines. […] Toxins. These include heavy metals, pesticides, and benzene. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy. These are done to treat cancer.

• #109 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #110 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #110 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #111 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

  The exact cause of leukemia in children is not known. There are certain genetic and immune system conditions passed on from parents to children (inherited) that increase the risk for childhood leukemia. Examples are Down syndrome and Bloom syndrome. But most childhood leukemia is not inherited. […] The risk factors for childhood leukemia include: Being exposed to high levels of radiation, Having certain inherited syndromes, such as Down syndrome and Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Having an inherited condition that affects the immune system.

• #111 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #112 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders | Rare Diseases at UPMC Children’s

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure-disorders

  Bone marrow failure disorders are a group of conditions. In other words, there’s more than one type of bone marrow failure disorder. […] Some types are genetic, meaning parents pass them to their children through genes. Also known as inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, they’re more common in kids. […] Acquired bone marrow failure disorders come from: […] Viruses. […] Exposure to chemicals or environmental toxins. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Children with bone marrow failure disorders are at risk of certain cancers: […] Leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer in the white blood cells. […] Aplastic anemia is when damaged stem cells keep the body from making enough new blood cells. This disorder can be genetic or acquired. […] FA is an inherited aplastic anemia that impacts the bone marrow’s production of all blood cells.

• #112 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #113 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #113 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #114 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #114 Aplastic Anemia in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/aplastic-anemia-in-children

  Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Very often there is an immunological dysfunction (immune system problem) or malignant (cancerous) change in the cells. […] Acquired causes, however, may include: History of specific infectious diseases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) […] Children may also inherit a disorder that predisposes them to developing aplastic anemia. Some disorders that are known to predispose a child to aplastic anemia include: Fanconi anemia, Dyskeratosis congenita, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Reticular dysgenesis, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, Familial aplastic anemias.

• #115 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #115 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20352674

  Children with pediatric white blood cell disorders have too few or too many white blood cells. […] Several conditions can cause having too few or too many white blood cells. […] The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that’s affected. […] Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. […] Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia. […] Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. […] Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. […] Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. […] Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells. […] Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. […] Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

• #116 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #116 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders occur when you have too many white blood cells (leukocytosis) or not enough white blood cells (leukopenia). […] Many factors may lead to white blood cell disorders. Sometimes providers don’t know the exact cause of these disorders. Causes may include: […] Allergies may lead to a high white blood cell count. […] Some autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may cause an elevated white blood cell count. […] Bacterial infections, such as sepsis, may result in a high number of white blood cells. […] Cancers that attack your bone marrow, such as lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma, may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Your body may stop producing enough white blood cells (aplastic anemia). […] Chemotherapy, a powerful drug that treats certain cancers, can reduce your white blood cell count.

• #117 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #117 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  People may develop leukopenia because they have certain medical conditions, take certain medications or have malnutrition and/or dont get enough of certain vitamins. Medical conditions include: […] Bone marrow disorders: Multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia are examples of bone marrow disorders that cause leukopenia. […] Autoimmune diseases: Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system attacks your body. Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of autoimmune diseases. […] Infections: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may cause leukopenia.

• #118 Leukopenia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count. […] Many diseases and conditions can cause leukopenia, such as: […] Conditions affecting blood cells or the bone marrow can lead to leukopenia. […] Your spleen is also important in the production of WBCs. […] Cancer treatments are aimed at targeting and eliminating rapidly dividing cancer cells within your body. […] Congenital disorders are present at birth. […] Several infectious diseases that can cause leukopenia include: […] Some autoimmune disorders can kill WBCs or bone marrow stem cells, which make blood cells and can lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can be caused by vitamin or mineral deficiencies, such as deficiencies in: […] Certain medications can also cause leukopenia as a side effect. […] Sarcoidosis is a systemic illness caused by an exaggerated immune response. […] A variety of conditions can cause leukopenia, including certain types of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

• #118 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #119 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  Certain cancer treatments may affect a person’s white blood cell count, leading to leukopenia. […] Some medications can also affect a person’s white blood cell count and may lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can occur due to a range of medical conditions and medications. The treatment will depend on the underlying cause.

• #119 Low White Blood Cell Count (Leukopenia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17706-low-white-blood-cell-count

  People may develop leukopenia because they have certain medical conditions, take certain medications or have malnutrition and/or dont get enough of certain vitamins. Medical conditions include: […] Bone marrow disorders: Multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia are examples of bone marrow disorders that cause leukopenia. […] Autoimmune diseases: Autoimmune diseases happen when your immune system attacks your body. Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of autoimmune diseases. […] Infections: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may cause leukopenia.

• #120 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #120 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #121 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  Certain cancer treatments may affect a person’s white blood cell count, leading to leukopenia. […] Some medications can also affect a person’s white blood cell count and may lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can occur due to a range of medical conditions and medications. The treatment will depend on the underlying cause.

• #121 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #122 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #122 Leukopenia: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/leukopenia

  Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count. […] Many diseases and conditions can cause leukopenia, such as: […] Conditions affecting blood cells or the bone marrow can lead to leukopenia. […] Your spleen is also important in the production of WBCs. […] Cancer treatments are aimed at targeting and eliminating rapidly dividing cancer cells within your body. […] Congenital disorders are present at birth. […] Several infectious diseases that can cause leukopenia include: […] Some autoimmune disorders can kill WBCs or bone marrow stem cells, which make blood cells and can lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can be caused by vitamin or mineral deficiencies, such as deficiencies in: […] Certain medications can also cause leukopenia as a side effect. […] Sarcoidosis is a systemic illness caused by an exaggerated immune response. […] A variety of conditions can cause leukopenia, including certain types of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

• #123 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  Certain cancer treatments may affect a person’s white blood cell count, leading to leukopenia. […] Some medications can also affect a person’s white blood cell count and may lead to leukopenia. […] Leukopenia can occur due to a range of medical conditions and medications. The treatment will depend on the underlying cause.

• #123 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #124 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #124 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #125 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia is an uncommon condition that causes a low count of white blood cells called neutrophils in babies and children. There are several potential causes, including viruses, an autoimmune condition, cancer treatment, and others. […] Pediatric neutropenia can have a number of causes. These can include: A bacterial infection such as tuberculosis, A viral infection such as mononucleosis, An autoimmune condition that causes the immune system to mistakenly destroy neutrophils, Abnormal bone marrow production, which can happen as a result of a condition such as aplastic anemia or leukemia, Radiation therapy or chemotherapy as a part of cancer treatment can destroy neutrophils, Deficiencies in B12, folic acid, or copper, Protein-calorie malnutrition, Chemotherapy, Antibiotics, including amoxicillin and penicillin, Antipsychotic medications such as Clozaril (clozapine), Anti-epileptic drugs such as Carbatrol (carbamazepine). […] And with the idiopathic type, the cause is unknown.

• #125 Neutrophilia: Diagnosis, Causes, Symptoms & What It Is

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22367-neutrophilia

  Secondary neutrophilia causes are linked to various infections, inflammation caused by medical conditions and your bodys reaction to stress. Secondary causes include: Infection and inflammation. Acute chronic inflammation thats caused by rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Vasculitis. This is inflammation of your blood vessels. Injuries such as breaking a bone. Reactions to tumors. Reaction to medication. Physical or emotional stress. Smoking cigarettes. Vigorous exercise. […] Neutrophilia isnt a condition that can be treated. Its a sign of underlying conditions, such as infection and inflammation. Neutrophilia may also be a sign of more serious conditions like blood disorders and blood cancer. Sometimes, neutrophilia is your bodys reaction to medication or stress. […] Generally speaking, neutrophilia cant be prevented. You can be born with neutrophilia or develop it because you have another medical condition. If you dont have a serious underlying condition, you can reduce your risk by taking care of your body. […] If you have neutrophilia, your prognosis, or expected outcome, depends on the underlying cause.

• #126 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #126 White Blood Cell Disorders > Clinical Keywords > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/clinical-keywords/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White blood cell disorders are a group of conditions that affect the production, function, or number of white blood cells in the body. These disorders can result from various causes, including infections, autoimmune diseases, genetic mutations, or bone marrow abnormalities. […] They can lead to an increased risk of infections, inflammation, and other health complications.

• #127 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #127 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #128 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #128 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can cause a low white blood cell count. […] Injuries or stress may raise your white blood cell count. […] Some types of medications, such as corticosteroids, may affect your levels of white blood cells. […] Liver disease or spleen disease may lead to a low white blood cell count. […] Parasitic infections can increase your number of eosinophils. […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis or tuberculosis, can trigger a high blood cell count. […] A lack of vitamins, such as vitamin B12, can lead to a low blood cell count.

• #129 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #129 White Blood Count (WBC): MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/white-blood-count-wbc/

  A white blood count measures the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in your blood. […] Other diseases can cause your body to make fewer white blood cells than you need. This lowers your white blood count. Diseases that can lower your white blood count include some types of cancer and HIV, a viral disease that attacks white blood cells. […] Disorders related to having a low white blood count include: Diseases of the immune system, such as HIV; Lymphoma, a cancer of the bone marrow; Diseases of the liver or spleen. […] Conditions that may cause a low white blood count, also called leukopenia, include: Bone marrow damage. This may be caused by infection, disease, or treatments such as chemotherapy; Cancers that affect the bone marrow; An autoimmune disorder, such as lupus; HIV.

• #130 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #130 Evaluation of Patients with Leukocytosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p1004.html

  An elevated white blood cell count has many potential etiologies, including malignant and nonmalignant causes. […] Other nonmalignant etiologies of leukocytosis include certain medications, asplenia, smoking, obesity, and chronic inflammatory conditions. […] Symptoms suggestive of a hematologic malignancy include fever, weight loss, bruising, or fatigue. […] Leukocytosis greater than 100,000 per mm3 is almost always caused by leukemias or myeloproliferative disorders. […] Leukocytosis may herald a malignant disorder, such as an acute or chronic leukemia, or a myeloproliferative disorder, such as polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, or essential thrombocytosis. […] Many solid tumors may lead to a leukocytosis in the leukemoid range, either through bone marrow involvement or production of granulocyte colony-stimulating or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. […] Chronic leukemias are most commonly diagnosed after incidental findings of leukocytosis on complete blood counts in asymptomatic patients.

• #131 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #131 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #132 Neutropenia – infants: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007230.htm

  Neutropenia is an abnormally low number of white blood cells. These cells are called neutrophils. They help the body fight infection. This article discusses neutropenia in newborns. Neutropenia can occur at any age. […] White blood cells (WBCs) are produced in the bone marrow. They are released into the bloodstream and travel wherever they are needed. Low levels of neutrophils occur when the bone marrow cannot replace them as fast as needed. […] In babies, the most common cause is infection. A very severe infection may cause neutrophils to be used up quickly. It may also prevent the bone marrow from producing more neutrophils. […] Sometimes, an infant who is not sick will have a low neutrophil count for no obvious reason. Some disorders in the pregnant mother, such as preeclampsia, can also lead to neutropenia in infants. […] In rare cases, mothers may have antibodies against their baby’s neutrophils. These antibodies cross the placenta before birth and cause the baby’s cells to break down (alloimmune neutropenia). In other rare cases, a problem with the baby’s bone marrow may lead to decreased WBC production.

• #132 White Blood Cell Disorders: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/white-blood-cell-disorders-overview-4013280

  Leukocytosis also has some common causes, including allergic and drug reactions or bacterial infection. […] Some of the white blood cell disorders also associated with leukocytosis include: Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia: A condition in which neutrophils remain persistently elevated for no apparent reason; Hemolytic anemia: A disorder in which red blood cells die faster than they are made, often due to an underlying genetic or autoimmune cause; Idiopathic thrombocytopenia: A condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys blood-clotting cells called platelets; Lymphoma: A group of cancers that start in cells of the lymphatic system; Lymphocytic leukemia: A type of blood cancer that starts in lymphocytes; Myeloproliferative disorders: Includes six types of slow-growing cancers that cause the overproduction of white blood cells (chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis).

• #133 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Certain medications may also cause neutropenia, including: Anti-seizure medicine, Some antipsychotic medications, like clozapine, Certain antibiotics, Antifungal medication, Thyroid medication, Quinine for malaria, Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, Certain blood thinners, like ticlopidine, Diuretics, Some cardiovascular drugs, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), H2 blockers for acid reflux, Benzodiazepines for anxiety, Certain antidepressants, Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. […] Babies who develop neutropenia may have: Been born prematurely, Been born small for their gestational age, Been born to a mother who had preeclampsia during pregnancy, Received a transfer of antibodies from the mother, through the placenta, that caused the condition.

• #133 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #134 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  Bone marrow problems: The spongy center of your bones, which is called the bone marrow, makes blood cells. Low WBC counts are often linked to bone marrow problems. Being around certain chemicals, such as benzene and pesticides, as well as some types of cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation, can hurt your bone marrow’s ability to make WBCs. […] Autoimmune disorders: Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, will tell your body to attack and destroy its own WBCs. […] Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body as well as your WBC counts. […] Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.

• #134

  https://www.nicklauschildrens.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  White cell problems arise from there being too many (leucocytosis), too few (leucopenia), or from the cells malfunctioning. […] The causes of white blood cell disorders vary; some are genetic disorders that are passed down from parents to children, others can develop as a result of immune problems, malignancies, from other medical conditions or outside environmental factors. […] Kostmann’s syndrome is a disease of the bone marrow where children are born without a type of white blood cell which are normally used to fight infection.

• #135 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #135 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Many disorders can cause the bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should. […] White blood cell disorders occur when the white blood cell count is too low or too high, or when the white blood cells are not functioning properly — conditions of neutrophils and lymphocytes are the most common. […] Neutropenia is the general term for low numbers of neutrophils in the blood. It may be congenital (due to genetic causes) or acquired (caused by medications/drugs, toxins, viruses, or attacks from the child’s own immune system). […] Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare inherited disease marked by pancreas dysfunction and congenital neutropenia — low numbers of neutrophils due to insufficient production. […] Kostmann syndrome is a severe form of congenital neutropenia. In this inherited disorder, the blood virtually lacks neutrophils because they do not mature properly.

• #136 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #136 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | Immune Deficiency Foundation

  https://primaryimmune.org/understanding-primary-immunodeficiency/types-of-pi/leukocyte-adhesion-deficiency-lad

  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a primary immunodeficiency that causes individuals to be abnormally susceptible to developing frequent soft-tissue infections, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. […] The disorder is caused by inherent gene variants associated with cell attachment and movement. […] LAD1 is caused by variants in the ITGB2 gene, which codes for the molecule CD18. […] LAD2 is caused by variants in the SLC35C1 gene, which affects the metabolism of fucose (a form of sugar). […] LAD3 is caused by variants in the FERMT3 gene.

• #137 Neutropenia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/neutropenia

  When people have abnormally low levels of white blood cells (called neutrophils), they have a condition known as neutropenia. […] Neutropenia can be caused by genetic conditions, infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, medications, and/or a nutritional deficiency. […] Several conditions may significantly lower white blood cell levels, causing neutropenia, such as: Infections, including mononucleosis, measles, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome, or other autoimmune diseases, An enlarged or overactive spleen, Sepsis, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Metastatic (advanced) cancer, Aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, Kostmann syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, or other inherited conditions, Inherited CSF3R gene mutations, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Folate deficiency.

• #137 White Blood Cell Disorders (Pediatric) | ColumbiaDoctors

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/treatments-conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders-pediatric

  Two major types of white blood cell disorders are proliferative disorders and leukopenias. […] In the proliferative disorders, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells. This increase is commonly a reaction due to infection, but may, less commonly, be related to some types of cancer. […] In leukopenias, there is a decrease in the number of white blood cells, which can be caused by cells being destroyed by an illness or by other conditions. […] One particular kind of leukopenia is neutropenia, which means that there are fewer neutrophils in the blood. Outside causes of neutropenia include chemotherapy, medications, toxins, and viral illness. Disorders that can cause neutropenia within the body include defects in bone marrow (where all WBCs are created), or conditions in which a person is born with too few neutrophils.

• #138 Evaluation of Patients with Leukocytosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2015/1201/p1004.html

  An elevated white blood cell count has many potential etiologies, including malignant and nonmalignant causes. […] Other nonmalignant etiologies of leukocytosis include certain medications, asplenia, smoking, obesity, and chronic inflammatory conditions. […] Symptoms suggestive of a hematologic malignancy include fever, weight loss, bruising, or fatigue. […] Leukocytosis greater than 100,000 per mm3 is almost always caused by leukemias or myeloproliferative disorders. […] Leukocytosis may herald a malignant disorder, such as an acute or chronic leukemia, or a myeloproliferative disorder, such as polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis, or essential thrombocytosis. […] Many solid tumors may lead to a leukocytosis in the leukemoid range, either through bone marrow involvement or production of granulocyte colony-stimulating or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors. […] Chronic leukemias are most commonly diagnosed after incidental findings of leukocytosis on complete blood counts in asymptomatic patients.

• #138 Leukopenia (Low white blood cell count): Causes and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320299

  A person with leukopenia has a low number of white blood cells, or leukocytes, in their blood. […] Several medical conditions can cause leukopenia. Certain treatments and medications may also cause leukopenia. […] A person may develop leukopenia due to the following conditions: autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Sjögren’s; cancers, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, and myelofibrosis; infection, such as influenza, HIV, and hepatitis; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which is a condition that causes the inflammation of the blood vessels; a deficiency in folate, copper, or vitamin B12; inherited disorders, such as Chediak-Higashi syndrome or Kostmann syndrome. […] COVID-19 may also result in a shortage of white blood cells.

• #139 Neutropenia in Children (Low Neutrophils) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia is a condition in which the body does not have enough neutrophils a type of white blood cell that helps the body to fight bacterial infections. […] The most common causes of neutropenia are viral infections (such as chicken pox or the flu). […] In rare cases, serial CBC’s over the course of six to eight weeks and/or antibody testing may be necessary to help evaluate for causes of neutropenia in children. […] Common Disorders/Causes from Outside the Bone Marrow include Infection, Medications (such as penicillin, propylthiouracil, phenothiazine, anti-seizure medications), Antibody-mediated (such as auto-immune neutropenia), Enlarged spleen, Nutritional deficiency (such as folate or B-12 deficiency). […] Rare Disorders/Causes from Within the Bone Marrow Itself include Cyclic neutropenia characterized by cycling of the neutrophil count, Severe congenital neutropenia associated with very low neutrophil counts and frequent, severe infections, Bone marrow infiltration malignancies that invade the bone marrow (such as leukemia). […] Syndrome-associated neutropenia (e.g. Schwachman-Diamond, Dyskeratosis congenita) includes Idiopathic neutropenia (unknown causes).

• #139 What Are White Blood Cells?

  https://healthlibrary.olmmed.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Dermatology/160,35

  Your white blood cell count can be low for a number of reasons. This includes when something is destroying the cells more quickly than the body can replenish them. Or when the bone marrow stops making enough white blood cells to keep you healthy. When your white blood cell count is low, you are at great risk for any illness or infection, which can spiral into a serious health threat. […] A number of diseases and conditions may affect white blood cell levels: […] Weak immune system. This is often caused by illnesses, such as HIV/AIDS, or by cancer treatment. Cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy can destroy white blood cells and leave you at risk for infection. […] Myelodysplastic syndrome. This condition causes abnormal production of blood cells. This includes white blood cells in the bone marrow.

• #140 Neutropenia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be due to: […] Sometimes doctors don’t know what causes a person’s neutropenia (called idiopathic neutropenia).

• #140 Bone Marrow Failure Disorders | Rare Diseases at UPMC Children’s

  https://www.chp.edu/our-services/rare-disease-therapy/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure-disorders

  Bone marrow failure disorders are a group of conditions. In other words, there’s more than one type of bone marrow failure disorder. […] Some types are genetic, meaning parents pass them to their children through genes. Also known as inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, they’re more common in kids. […] Acquired bone marrow failure disorders come from: […] Viruses. […] Exposure to chemicals or environmental toxins. […] Autoimmune disorders. […] Children with bone marrow failure disorders are at risk of certain cancers: […] Leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer in the white blood cells. […] Aplastic anemia is when damaged stem cells keep the body from making enough new blood cells. This disorder can be genetic or acquired. […] FA is an inherited aplastic anemia that impacts the bone marrow’s production of all blood cells.

• #141 Low White Blood Cell Count: Causes and Solutions

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/white-blood-cell-count-low

  HIV: This virus (which causes AIDS) weakens your immune system by destroying your T cells, making you unable to fight off even minor infections. […] Benign ethnic neutropenia: Some people have naturally low neutrophil counts of under 1,500 per microliter. It’s most often seen in people of African descent, though many people of Middle Eastern descent and a few people of European background may have it as well. This condition is called benign ethnic neutropenia because the people who have it are not at a higher risk of infection. It’s estimated that 25%-50% of African Americans have a neutrophil count of under 1,500 per microliter, while less than 1% of white Americans do.

• #141 Leukocytosis: Basics of Clinical Assessment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2000/1101/p2053.html

  Bone marrow disorders are generally grouped into leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. […] Marrow abnormalities may occur with stem cells (acute leukemia) or more differentiated cells (chronic leukemia). […] The acute leukemias are broadly divided into two classes based on the cell of origin: acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. […] Chronic myelogenous leukemia eventually develops an accelerated phase and subsequently transforms into acute leukemia. […] The myeloproliferative disorders include chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, myelofibrosis and essential thrombocythemia. […] In some instances, leukocytosis is a sign of more serious primary bone marrow disease (leukemias or myeloproliferative disorders).

• #142 Neutropenia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/neutropenia

  Neutropenia is a rare disorder that causes children to have lower than normal levels of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that destroys bacteria in the blood and helps protect your child from infections. Neutropenia can be a very serious condition because without enough neutrophils, your child is susceptible to bacterial infections that can become life-threatening. […] Among children, neutropenia has a number of causes, including: Inadequate bone marrow production due to other blood disorders such as aplastic anemia or cancer such as leukemia. […] Inadequate white cells because of an autoimmune disease. […] Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, or viral infections like mononucleosis. […] Chronic Benign Neutropenia is a rare form of neutropenia that could result in life-threatening infections. This is the most common form in children under 4 years of age. The rate of infections decreases with age.

• #142 Blood and Immune Disorders in Children | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders

  Pediatric blood immune disorders can arise from various causes, including inherited conditions such as Fanconi anemia and sickle cell disease, as well as acquired conditions like aplastic anemia. […] Primary immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders are also significant categories within pediatric blood disorders. […] Our clinical trial researchers are studying new gene therapy approaches for several of these diseases. […] Before, during, and after a patient’s diagnosis, we bank and study blood samples closely to understand the root causes of pediatric blood disorders.

• #143 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, we offer information to describe the causes and symptoms of pediatric immunodeficiencies and white blood cell disorders. […] These rare genetic disorders that prevent the body from having the right immune response to fight an infection. […] Primary immune deficiencies are genetic disorders that can have more than 350 different genetic causes. […] Chronic benign neutropenia (CBN) is also known as chronic idiopathic neutropenia or autoimmune neutropenia. […] There are many possible causes of neutropenia, some of which may not cause the patient significant infections (thus benign) and may be short term and self-resolve with time. […] Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited disorder that results in low levels of phagocytes a type of white blood cell called neutrophils that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria and fungi, eating and digesting them and keeping them from causing harm.

• #144 Low White Blood Cell Counts | Neutropenia | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/side-effects/low-blood-counts/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be caused by cancer, cancer treatments, or something not related to cancer. Some common causes are: […] Cancers affecting the bone marrow (leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma) […] Cancer treatments such as chemo, targeted drug therapy, and bone marrow or stem cell transplant […] Disorders that affect the bone marrow such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) […] Many types of infections such as COVID-19, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and hepatitis […] Immune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) […] Nutrition problems including low vitamin B12, copper, or folate […] Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN) is long-term neutropenia without a clear cause.

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