Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric white blood cell disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20582387

  Treatment depends on the type of condition caused by the high or low white blood cell count and the underlying cause. Treatment for infection might involve antibiotics or antiviral or antifungal medicines.

• #1 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Treatment for neutropenia includes: […] Antibiotics. Children with severe neutropenia often develop infections requiring antibiotics and possible hospitalization. Repeated use of antibiotics, however, can have side effects, such as the development of drug-resistant bacteria or diarrhea or enterocolitis, an inflammation of the intestines. Some antibiotics may also have adverse effects on kidney and liver function. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. These new medications help the bone marrow make neutrophils and restore the body’s defense against infection. They help keep neutrophils above the danger level, reducing the chance of developing fever or infection. These drugs may also decrease the number and severity of infections and thereby reduce hospitalizations. […] Bone marrow transplant. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is an option. Bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which defective bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow. The transplant may be autologous, meaning the patient’s own marrow is removed and possibly treated to kill any defective cells; allogeneic, meaning healthy marrow from a matched donor, usually a sibling, is used; or syngeneic, meaning the healthy marrow from an identical twin is used.

• #1 Neutropenia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neutropenia.html

  avoiding public places, including schools […] avoiding sick people […] wearing a face mask if they must go out […] washing hands well and often […] brushing and flossing teeth every day […] not using a rectal thermometer to take a temperature […] cleaning cuts right after injury, then covering with a bandage […] not using razors.

• #2 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  How are white blood cell disorders treated? Treatment depends on the underlying problem (e.g., acquired, congenital) and severity and may include: Oral or intravenous antibiotics to fight infection, Colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant may be an option for severe congenital diseases. Bone marrow transplant involves the replacement of diseased bone marrow with another person’s healthy bone marrow. Unfortunately, it may not be an option for everyone. The success of a transplant depends on many factors, such as how close the match is between child and donor (matched siblings are best; if your child has a sibling, there is a 1-in-4 chance they will be a match) and the patient’s age. The decision to proceed with bone marrow transplant should be discussed with your child’s hematologist and a stem cell transplant team.

• #2 Neutropenia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neutropenia.html

  avoiding public places, including schools […] avoiding sick people […] wearing a face mask if they must go out […] washing hands well and often […] brushing and flossing teeth every day […] not using a rectal thermometer to take a temperature […] cleaning cuts right after injury, then covering with a bandage […] not using razors.

• #3 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #4 Supportive therapy for childhood leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia-childhood/treatment/supportive-therapy

  Supportive therapy is an important part of treatment for childhood leukemia. It treats the complications that usually result from childhood leukemia and its treatments. These complications can include infection, bleeding and low blood cell counts. Other complications can include changes to the chemical processes in the body, such as breathing, eliminating wastes and toxins and metabolic abnormalities. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), such as filgrastim (Neupogen, Grastofil) and pegfilgrastim (Neulasta, Lapelga), may be used to stimulate the bone marrow to make white blood cells. This shortens the length of time a child will have a low white blood cell (WBC) count and lowers the risk of infection. […] Leukapheresis uses a special machine to remove large numbers of white blood cells from a sample of blood. The blood is then given back to the child. This is sometimes done to lower a very high white blood cell (WBC) count in children with leukemia.

• #5 Neutropenia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/neutropenia

  Treatment for neutropenia includes: […] Antibiotics. Children with severe neutropenia often develop infections requiring antibiotics and possible hospitalization. Repeated use of antibiotics, however, can have side effects, such as the development of drug-resistant bacteria or diarrhea or enterocolitis, an inflammation of the intestines. Some antibiotics may also have adverse effects on kidney and liver function. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. These new medications help the bone marrow make neutrophils and restore the body’s defense against infection. They help keep neutrophils above the danger level, reducing the chance of developing fever or infection. These drugs may also decrease the number and severity of infections and thereby reduce hospitalizations. […] Bone marrow transplant. In some cases, a bone marrow transplant is an option. Bone marrow transplantation is a procedure in which defective bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow. The transplant may be autologous, meaning the patient’s own marrow is removed and possibly treated to kill any defective cells; allogeneic, meaning healthy marrow from a matched donor, usually a sibling, is used; or syngeneic, meaning the healthy marrow from an identical twin is used.

• #6 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  We offer the highest level of care for all types of white blood cell disorders. Our team provides diagnosis, treatment and support options customized just for you. […] At UC Davis Health, our hematologists specialize in treating white blood cell conditions. We will work with you to create a treatment plan targeted toward your specific condition. Treatments that we offer include: […] Antibiotics can help treat bacterial infections and lower your white blood cell count. […] Drugs to treat infections by parasites can decrease your number of white blood cells. […] A blood transfusion replaces damaged white blood cells with healthy cells from a donor. […] Chemotherapy or radiation therapy can treat underlying cancer. […] These medications can stimulate your bone marrow to make more white blood cells.

• #7 Pediatric Blood Disorders | Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta

  https://www.choa.org/medical-services/cancer-and-blood-disorders/blood-disorders

  Common blood transfusionsthe process through which a person receives donated bloodinclude red blood cell, plasma and platelet transfusions. […] A blood and marrow transplant, also called a bone marrow transplant or BMT, is the only cure for children with sickle cell disease. […] We offer some of the most promising new treatments for children with blood disorders.

• #8 White Blood Cell Removal (Leukocytapheresis) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/services/white-blood-cell-removal-leukocytapheresis

  White blood cell removal, also known as leukocytapheresis, is a nonsurgical treatment to reduce the quantity of white blood cells in your child’s bloodstream. Leukocytapheresis may be used alone or in conjunction with other treatments. […] If your child has leukemia and her white blood cells are becoming too numerous or attacking healthy cells, your child’s doctor may recommend leukocytapheresis as part of her care plan. […] For children with leukemia, leukocytapheresis is a way to reduce the number of white blood cells to less harmful levels before full treatment starts. White blood cell removal produces short-term benefits that can serve as a bridge before more definitive treatments, such as chemotherapy, can be performed or its benefits felt. […] For children who have this side effect from bone marrow transplant, white cells are treated with light therapy and returned to the patient.

• #9 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  These hormones can help to increase production of white blood cells. […] These medications can lessen your immune response if you have an autoimmune disease, helping to lower your white blood cell count. […] We can replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor to help you produce normal white blood cells.

• #10 Pediatric bone marrow failure | Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

  https://www.chrichmond.org/services/hematology-and-oncology/conditions-we-treat/bone-marrow-failure/

  Bone marrow failure, also known as aplastic anemia, is a rare disorder in which the bone marrow fails to make these critical blood cells. Aplastic anemia results in (low hemoglobin), thrombocytopenia (low platelets) and leukopenia (low white cells). […] Acquired aplastic anemia, which accounts for most cases in older children, is a disorder that often responds to immunosuppressive therapy. In contrast, immunosuppressive therapy is not indicated in the inherited syndromes. […] How do you treat bone marrow failure? […] Supportive care: This includes blood product transfusions, prophylactic antibiotics or aggressive treatment of fever and infections. […] Curative therapies: Bone marrow (stem cell) transplant is often required for progressive aplastic anemia in congenital disorders. It is also the therapy of choice by our providers in acquired aplastic anemia if a matched sibling donor (without the same genetic abnormality) is available. […] Immuno-suppressive therapy (IST) is highly successful in idiopathic acquired aplastic anemia, but is not usually as effective in congenital disorders.

• #11 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  How are white blood cell disorders treated? Treatment depends on the underlying problem (e.g., acquired, congenital) and severity and may include: Oral or intravenous antibiotics to fight infection, Colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant may be an option for severe congenital diseases. Bone marrow transplant involves the replacement of diseased bone marrow with another person’s healthy bone marrow. Unfortunately, it may not be an option for everyone. The success of a transplant depends on many factors, such as how close the match is between child and donor (matched siblings are best; if your child has a sibling, there is a 1-in-4 chance they will be a match) and the patient’s age. The decision to proceed with bone marrow transplant should be discussed with your child’s hematologist and a stem cell transplant team.

• #12 White Blood Cell Disorders | Blood Disorders

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  These hormones can help to increase production of white blood cells. […] These medications can lessen your immune response if you have an autoimmune disease, helping to lower your white blood cell count. […] We can replace your bone marrow with healthy bone marrow from a donor to help you produce normal white blood cells.

• #13 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #14 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation as a cure for inherited HLH. […] Some boys may be eligible for stem cell transplantation, the only cure for IPEX syndrome. […] In some cases, stem cell transplantation is indicated as a possible treatment for children with these mutations. […] MSK Kids may treat your child for XIAP deficiency with the medications ruxolitinib (Opzelura) or emapalumab (Gamifant). They also may recommend stem cell transplantation.

• #15 White blood cell disorder treatment in Hyderabad

  https://www.drkarunhematology.com/what-are-white-blood-cell-disorders.html

  Patients with white blood cell disorders are treated through the Blood Disorders Center. […] Lymphocyte disorders are treated jointly between the Blood Disorders Center at Dana-Farber/Boston Childrens and the Immunology Program at Boston Childrens Hospital. […] After all tests are completed, hematologists will be able to outline the best treatment options. […] Treatment depends on the underlying problem (e.g., acquired, congenital) and severity and may include: Treatment of symptoms, e.g., oral or intravenous antibiotics to fight infection; Colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. […] Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant may be an option for severe congenital diseases. […] The decision to proceed with bone marrow transplant should be discussed with your childs hematologist and a stem cell transplant team.

• #16 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  How are white blood cell disorders treated? Treatment depends on the underlying problem (e.g., acquired, congenital) and severity and may include: Oral or intravenous antibiotics to fight infection, Colony-stimulating factor to stimulate the bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant may be an option for severe congenital diseases. Bone marrow transplant involves the replacement of diseased bone marrow with another person’s healthy bone marrow. Unfortunately, it may not be an option for everyone. The success of a transplant depends on many factors, such as how close the match is between child and donor (matched siblings are best; if your child has a sibling, there is a 1-in-4 chance they will be a match) and the patient’s age. The decision to proceed with bone marrow transplant should be discussed with your child’s hematologist and a stem cell transplant team.

• #17 Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/cancer-and-blood-disorders/programs/bone-marrow-transplant/

  Our top-ranked hematology, oncology, blood and marrow transplant and cellular therapy programs are national leaders in new and advanced treatments for pediatric cancers and blood diseases. […] When your child needs a blood or bone marrow transplant or cellular therapy treatment, you want to find the best care possible. Thats why our Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy Program team is committed to the highest standards of quality, the latest and most proven treatments, and the overall care and well-being of your child and family. […] Our team is the region’s most experienced pediatric blood and marrow transplant and cellular therapy (BMT) program. We have performed more than 1,100 bone marrow transplants and have a growing cellular therapy program offering new, effective and less toxic therapies for a variety of diseases. Our providers specialize in pediatric blood and marrow transplants and cellular therapy, so you can trust that your child is in good hands.

• #18 Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/comer/conditions-services/pediatric-cancer/pediatric-immunotherapy

  Immunotherapy is a treatment that mobilizes the bodys own immune system to fight diseases. A new type of personalized immunotherapy CAR T-cell therapy is revolutionizing treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common pediatric cancer. […] Most children with ALL can be cured using conventional treatments: chemotherapy, radiation and stem cell transplant. But in 20 percent of cases, the cancer is refractory (does not respond to treatment) or returns after treatment. Until now, doctors had few options to fight aggressive ALL. Today, the medical community sees great promise in CAR T-cell therapy for these patients. […] CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor)T-cell therapy reprograms a patients disease-fighting white blood cells (T-cells) to seek out, recognize and attack cancer cells without harming healthy cells.

• #19 Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/cancer-and-blood-disorders/programs/bone-marrow-transplant/

  Our pediatric specialists offer a range of cellular therapy options, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and virus-directed T cells. T cells are a type of white blood cell that develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. They help fight infection and can fight cancer. […] For this type of cellular therapy, we collect blood from a patient to gather circulating T cells, which are an important part of the bodys immune system. Next, using a non-contagious virus, genetically engineered T cells make specialized proteins on the T cell surface. These engineered T cells, called CAR-T cells, can recognize certain cancer cells. We then infuse the CAR-T cells back into the child and they attach to specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells. The CAR then triggers the T cells to kill the cancer cell.

• #20 Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/cancer-and-blood-disorders/programs/bone-marrow-transplant/

  After a bone marrow transplant, it takes a while for the new immune system to recognize cells that are infected with certain viruses. […] When the immune system is recovering after a bone marrow transplant, these viruses can cause significant infections, which sometimes lead to very severe complications for a bone marrow transplant patient. […] When appropriate, we offer NK cell therapy for kids with malignant conditions, which grow uncontrollably and spread to other tissues or body parts. NK cells are part of a childs immune system, and we enhance them so they can better recognize and attack cancer cells. […] To ensure our patients receive the safest and most effective treatments, we offer several Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved cellular therapies. Providing these FDA-approved therapies means your child can receive treatment that is both the most advanced and thoroughly tested.

• #21 Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/cancer-and-blood-disorders/programs/bone-marrow-transplant/

  Our Program is a Qualified Treatment Center for the following FDA-approved cellular therapies: KYMRIAH: A CAR T-cell therapy for certain forms of leukemia and lymphoma, LYFGENIA: A gene therapy for kids with sickle cell disease, ZYNTEGLO: A gene therapy for kids with beta-thalassemia, CASGEVY: A gene therapy for kids 12 and older with sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. […] Our program offers a full range of support services for patients and families, including: Patient and family support from social workers, clinical psychologists, physical and recreational therapists, teachers, child life specialists, art therapists, pastoral care and others. […] Members of our team are actively involved in pediatric bone marrow transplant and cellular therapy research with the goal of improving outcomes in children.

• #22 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, our pediatric hematologists (doctors who specializes in blood disorders) care for children with immune disorders. We can treat even the rarest PIDs and PIRDs and have long been a leader in the care of people with SCID. In 1973, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center performed one of the first bone marrow transplants in the world to treat this disorder. […] Today, MSK Kids continues to offer stem cell transplantation for SCID and other immunodeficiencies. Treatments include gene therapy, a method that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. We also offer cellular therapy, treatment that involves changing cells to fight disease. We offer these new treatments through our research studies, also known as clinical trials. Our team will test your child to identify the roots of their immune disorder and then design the best care plan.

• #23 About Pediatric Blood Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders

  The treatments we offer for pediatric blood and immune disorders are based on the latest medical findings. We are also conducting clinical trials of promising new therapies. […] MSK Kids offers comprehensive care for children with hemoglobin disorders, with special expertise in stem cell transplantation and opportunities to participate in clinical trials of new approaches, such as gene therapy. […] Our team does everything possible to support children with immune deficiencies and autoimmune disorders, and in some cases are able to achieve a cure. […] We are here for you and will see you as soon as possible to make an accurate diagnosis, identify your child’s most pressing needs, and create a care plan designed to improve your child’s quality of life.

• #24 Gene therapies for blood disorders give kids health and hope | Pediatrics | Transplant | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/sickle-cell-gene-therapy/

  Ex vivo gene therapies offer a new way to treat certain blood disorders. […] But now, for the first time, advances in gene therapy are offering children and their families hope not just for symptom management but for a cure. […] The Pediatric Gene Therapy Program at Childrens Health is one of only a few qualified treatment centers in Texas and among several dozen in the U.S. to offer children with these blood disorders the option of new ex vivo gene therapies in which a patients own stem cells are retrieved, modified, and returned to their body. […] Zynteglo and Lyfgenia work by modifying the mutated gene that affects hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that contains iron and helps oxygenate the body. […] The first pediatric patient in North Texas to receive Zynteglo was treated for beta thalassemia at Childrens Health in 2024 and has responded well to treatment.

• #25 Gene therapies for blood disorders give kids health and hope | Pediatrics | Transplant | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/sickle-cell-gene-therapy/

  For some children, these treatments can cure their genetic blood disorder. However, there is a risk of serious side effects. Patients need careful monitoring from specialists during treatment and regular follow-up for life. […] Today, advanced gene therapies for blood disorders are currently available for children with beta thalassemia or sickle cell disease and no history of other major health conditions, such as stroke. […] Zynteglo uses a patients modified stem cells to correct the mutation, restore normal hemoglobin production, and stop repeated transfusions. […] The medication is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for children and adults with beta thalassemia who need regular red blood transfusions. […] Lyfgenia is a new treatment in which a patients own stem cells are extracted, modified, and transplanted back into their body to reduce the chances of graft-versus-host disease.

• #26 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  How is leukemia treated in children? […] Treatment tends to be started soon after diagnosis. You’ll work with your child’s treatment team to make the best plan. Sometimes more than 1 kind of treatment is used. Leukemia can be treated with any of these: […] Chemotherapy (chemo). This treatment uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Chemo is most often put into the blood through a vein by an IV (intravenous) line. It can also be put right into the CSF, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth. Chemo is the main treatment for most leukemias in children. […] Radiation therapy. This treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation beams to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Radiation may be used in rare cases. But it’s not used for most children with leukemia.

• #27

  https://www.healthonecares.com/locations/rocky-mountain-childrens/specialties/pediatric-hematology

  For children with leukemia, treatment occurs in two stages. First, they undergo remission induction therapy, where initial treatment is performed with anticancer drugs to kill the leukemia cells. The second stage of treatment involves maintenance therapy, which is used to kill any remaining leukemia cells. If all leukemia cells are not removed, the cells left behind could grow and cause a relapse of cancer. […] Treatment options that we offer for leukemia include: […] For children with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy is the main type of treatment. Radiation therapy is rarely used for childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. […] For child and teen patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy is also the most common type of treatment. Depending on the patient, radiation therapy can sometimes used as well. Radiation therapy can be effective for Hodgkin’s lymphoma that has not spread, however, radiation can potentially disrupt the growth of bones and soft tissues in young children. For this reason and others, radiation is becoming a less common type of treatment for children with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

• #28 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  How is leukemia treated in children? […] Treatment tends to be started soon after diagnosis. You’ll work with your child’s treatment team to make the best plan. Sometimes more than 1 kind of treatment is used. Leukemia can be treated with any of these: […] Chemotherapy (chemo). This treatment uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Chemo is most often put into the blood through a vein by an IV (intravenous) line. It can also be put right into the CSF, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth. Chemo is the main treatment for most leukemias in children. […] Radiation therapy. This treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation beams to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Radiation may be used in rare cases. But it’s not used for most children with leukemia.

• #29

  https://www.healthonecares.com/locations/rocky-mountain-childrens/specialties/pediatric-hematology

  For children with leukemia, treatment occurs in two stages. First, they undergo remission induction therapy, where initial treatment is performed with anticancer drugs to kill the leukemia cells. The second stage of treatment involves maintenance therapy, which is used to kill any remaining leukemia cells. If all leukemia cells are not removed, the cells left behind could grow and cause a relapse of cancer. […] Treatment options that we offer for leukemia include: […] For children with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy is the main type of treatment. Radiation therapy is rarely used for childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. […] For child and teen patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy is also the most common type of treatment. Depending on the patient, radiation therapy can sometimes used as well. Radiation therapy can be effective for Hodgkin’s lymphoma that has not spread, however, radiation can potentially disrupt the growth of bones and soft tissues in young children. For this reason and others, radiation is becoming a less common type of treatment for children with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

• #30 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  High-dose chemotherapy with a stem cell transplant. Young blood cells (stem cells) are collected from the child or from someone else. The child is then given high doses of chemo. These doses kill the leukemia cells and the bone marrow. Then the stem cells are given to rebuild healthy bone marrow. […] Targeted therapy. These medicines work in different ways than chemo. They attack cancer cells that have certain changes in them. They might be used for certain subtypes of leukemia. […] Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s own immune system attack the cancer cells. It’s mostly used in clinical trials at this time. […] Supportive care. Cancer treatment can cause side effects. Supportive care includes medicines and other treatments used to manage these side effects. It can include treatments for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. Supportive care is used to treat the problems caused by the leukemia, not the disease itself. It’s a key part of good cancer care.

• #31 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030

  A very important example regarding neoplastic cells is referred to as the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+). If a child with this condition receives a standard treatment, the chances of being cured are almost 0%, while a treatment that includes tyrosine kinase inhibiting drugs, such as imatinib, significantly increase the chances of a cure. […] Fortunately these cases are less frequent in most populations. […] When the MRD is negative, the possibility of being cured increases, otherwise, the patient should be treated with more intense chemotherapy protocols and even consider a hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant. […] The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes.

• #32 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  High-dose chemotherapy with a stem cell transplant. Young blood cells (stem cells) are collected from the child or from someone else. The child is then given high doses of chemo. These doses kill the leukemia cells and the bone marrow. Then the stem cells are given to rebuild healthy bone marrow. […] Targeted therapy. These medicines work in different ways than chemo. They attack cancer cells that have certain changes in them. They might be used for certain subtypes of leukemia. […] Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s own immune system attack the cancer cells. It’s mostly used in clinical trials at this time. […] Supportive care. Cancer treatment can cause side effects. Supportive care includes medicines and other treatments used to manage these side effects. It can include treatments for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. Supportive care is used to treat the problems caused by the leukemia, not the disease itself. It’s a key part of good cancer care.

• #33 Leukemia in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/cancer-and-blood-disorders-center/conditions-we-treat/leukemia

• #34 Supportive therapy for childhood leukemia | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia-childhood/treatment/supportive-therapy

  Supportive therapy is an important part of treatment for childhood leukemia. It treats the complications that usually result from childhood leukemia and its treatments. These complications can include infection, bleeding and low blood cell counts. Other complications can include changes to the chemical processes in the body, such as breathing, eliminating wastes and toxins and metabolic abnormalities. […] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), such as filgrastim (Neupogen, Grastofil) and pegfilgrastim (Neulasta, Lapelga), may be used to stimulate the bone marrow to make white blood cells. This shortens the length of time a child will have a low white blood cell (WBC) count and lowers the risk of infection. […] Leukapheresis uses a special machine to remove large numbers of white blood cells from a sample of blood. The blood is then given back to the child. This is sometimes done to lower a very high white blood cell (WBC) count in children with leukemia.

• #35 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  High-dose chemotherapy with a stem cell transplant. Young blood cells (stem cells) are collected from the child or from someone else. The child is then given high doses of chemo. These doses kill the leukemia cells and the bone marrow. Then the stem cells are given to rebuild healthy bone marrow. […] Targeted therapy. These medicines work in different ways than chemo. They attack cancer cells that have certain changes in them. They might be used for certain subtypes of leukemia. […] Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s own immune system attack the cancer cells. It’s mostly used in clinical trials at this time. […] Supportive care. Cancer treatment can cause side effects. Supportive care includes medicines and other treatments used to manage these side effects. It can include treatments for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. Supportive care is used to treat the problems caused by the leukemia, not the disease itself. It’s a key part of good cancer care.

• #36 Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/cancer-and-blood-disorders/programs/bone-marrow-transplant/

  Our Program is a Qualified Treatment Center for the following FDA-approved cellular therapies: KYMRIAH: A CAR T-cell therapy for certain forms of leukemia and lymphoma, LYFGENIA: A gene therapy for kids with sickle cell disease, ZYNTEGLO: A gene therapy for kids with beta-thalassemia, CASGEVY: A gene therapy for kids 12 and older with sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. […] Our program offers a full range of support services for patients and families, including: Patient and family support from social workers, clinical psychologists, physical and recreational therapists, teachers, child life specialists, art therapists, pastoral care and others. […] Members of our team are actively involved in pediatric bone marrow transplant and cellular therapy research with the goal of improving outcomes in children.

• #37 Cancer and Blood Disorders – Beacon Children’s Hospital

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/beacon-childrens-hospital/pediatric-cancer-and-blood-disorders/

  Blood transfusions: Cancer patients and patients with transfusion-dependent anemias receive transfusions of packed erythrocytes, platelets and other blood products. […] Specialized hematology testing: We provide evaluation and management of patients with anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and other blood disorders. […] Hemophilia management: Working in conjunction with the Indiana Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center (IHTC), we care for children and adolescents with all types of bleeding disorders and thrombophila. […] Nutrition counseling: Nutritional complications are common in children with cancer or severe blood disorders. We provide dietary surveillance and support as part of routine care.

• #38 Blood Disorders Center | Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center

  https://www.danafarberbostonchildrens.org/our-services/centers-and-programs/blood-disorders-center

  Children with blood disorders are treated through the Blood Disorders Center at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, an integrated pediatric hematology and oncology partnership between Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children’s Hospital. […] Our multidisciplinary approach to care ensures personalized management plans that meet the medical, physical, emotional, and informational needs of each hematology patient and family. […] Specialized Treatment Programs for Childhood Blood Disorders include the Bone Marrow Failure and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Page, Boston Hemophilia Center, Platelet Function Disorders Program, Rare Anemia and Iron Disorders Program, Sickle Cell Disease Program, Thalassemia Program, and Thrombosis and Anticoagulation Program.

• #39 Blood Disorders (Pediatric) | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/ped-blood-disorder

  Blood disorders can affect girls and boys of any race, age, or background, and often come with a set of complications that include pain and a reduced quality of life. […] At the University of Michigan C.S. Mott Childrens Hospital, which is ranked among the best pediatric hospitals in the nation, we offer comprehensive assessment and management of pediatric blood disorders, focusing on and adapting to the needs of the patient and family. […] Our achievements in basic research include studies designed to provide novel gene therapeutic approaches for treatment of hemophilia. […] To effectively handle the disease, patients need consistent contact with specialists and continual education about the illness. […] Our multidisciplinary Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program offers coordinated and comprehensive evaluation, treatment and follow up for patients who require self-donated, related, unrelated or cord blood stem cell transplants. […] We also offer our Child and Family Life Program, a specially designed program that supports families whose children are undergoing treatment for blood disorders or cancer.

• #40

• #41 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Thanks to ongoing research, treatment for patients with low white blood cell counts has improved significantly over the past 20 years. Genetic testing, which is now available for many congenital white blood cell disorders, including congenital neutropenias, has allowed better estimation of a patient’s prognosis. Improved treatment and supportive care is helping patients with even the most severe of the neutrophil disorders to live longer. For many children with rare or hard-to-treat conditions, clinical trials provide new options.

• #42 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  Clinical trials. Ask your child’s healthcare provider if there are any treatments being tested that may work well for your child. Most children with cancer are treated as part of a clinical trial. This way a child gets the best treatment available today, as well as treatment that’s expected to be even better.

• #43 Pediatric WBC Disorders | Dr. Rahul Bhargava Hematologist

  https://www.drrahulbhargavahematologist.com/treatments/pediatric-white-blood-cell-disorders/

  A: A bone marrow transplant is considered for severe cases, such as certain leukemias, where it replaces damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. […] A: Advances include gene therapy, targeted therapies, and improved bone marrow transplant techniques that increase success rates and reduce complications. […] Treatment for pediatric white blood cell disorders varies depending on the specific condition and its underlying cause. Common treatment options include: […] Dr. Rahul Bhargava offers a holistic approach to treatment, ensuring your child receives comprehensive care tailored to their needs.

• #44 Non-cancerous Blood Disorders in Children | Genetic Blood Disorders | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/pediatrics/noncancerous-blood-disorders

  We perform blood testing and, when needed, bone marrow analysis to identify the disorder causing your childs symptoms. We use the results of testing to determine the best course of treatment. […] We understand that many non-malignant blood disorders are lifetime conditions. Your care team designs a long-term program of comprehensive care that takes your childs overall wellness into account. Our treatments include: […] Some blood disorders can be treated with medicine, given either orally (by mouth), through a subcutaneous (under the skin) injection, or intravenously (by vein). Your childs doctor will inform you if medication is part of the treatment plan and explain how to use it. […] Treatments such as infusions of blood or blood-derived products, as well as coagulation (blood clotting) factors or blood thinners, are treatments for some disorders.

• #45 Bone Marrow Suppression During Cancer Treatment in Children

  https://chnola.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/HighRiskPregnancy/90,P02734

  Bone marrow suppression is when fewer blood cells are made in the bone marrow. […] Treatment for bone marrow suppression will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how bad the condition is. While your child is having chemo, their blood cell levels will be checked often. Your child may be given medicines to help the bone marrow make more blood cells. […] Your child may be given medicines to help the bone marrow make more blood cells.

• #46 Pediatric Neutropenia: Low White Blood Cells in Babies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/pediatric-autoimmune-neutropenia-4047390

  Pediatric neutropenia treatment includes medication and, in some cases, bone marrow transplant. […] Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors (G-CSFs) help the bone marrow make neutrophils. They may be able to help raise your child’s neutrophil levels and prevent infection. […] When a child with neutropenia develops a fever, it can be an indication of a developing infection. A child with neutropenia who has a fever will require immediate medical attention, which may include hospitalization. Treatment will focus on the cause of the infection, not on the neutropenia itself. […] Bone marrow transplant may sometimes be considered as a treatment. During this procedure, the child’s bone marrow is replaced by healthy bone marrow from a matched donor. […] Because neutropenia increases the risk of infection, all fevers require medical evaluation.

• #47 Best Treatment for White Blood Cell Disorders in Children, Vijayawada -Rainbow Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rainbowhospitals.in/doctors/white-blood-cell-disorders-in-children-vijayawada

  Children with white blood cell disorders might also require supportive care, including regular monitoring, vaccinations, and measures to prevent infections. This involves practicing good hygiene, avoiding exposure to sick individuals, and sometimes using prophylactic antibiotics. […] For inherited white blood cell disorders, genetic counseling and testing play a crucial role. This helps families understand the condition’s genetic basis and make informed decisions regarding family planning and potential treatments. […] Immunomodulatory therapies, like immunoglobulin replacement therapy, might be utilized in certain immune deficiencies to enhance the immune response and reduce susceptibility to infections. […] Pediatric hematologists or specialists in immunology work closely with families to develop tailored treatment plans based on factors such as the type and severity of the disorder, the child’s age and overall health, and the potential risks and benefits of various treatment options.

• #48 Neutropenia | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/hematology/conditions/neutropenia/

  Neutropenia Treatment […] Depending on the cause and severity, neutropenia may not need treatment. Most children get neutropenia after fighting an infection. Over time, the body replenishes neutrophil levels to normal. However, until neutrophils are replenished, a child would need care for any infections they get during that time. […] Children with neutropenia due to a blood, bone marrow or immune disorder will be treated for their specific condition. […] Children with certain inherited types of neutropenia are treated with growth factor support. Neutrophil growth factor boosts the amount of white blood cells the body makes. It is given as an injection under the skin.

• #49 Neutropenia (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/neutropenia.html

  Neutropenia can be due to: […] Treatment for neutropenia depends on its cause and how severe it is. Not all cases need treatment. […] Treatment, when needed, can include: […] correcting the neutropenia through: […] injections of granulocyte colony-stimulating growth factor (G-CSF) to push the bone marrow to make more neutrophils […] steroid medicines to stop the body’s immune system from attacking the neutrophils […] white blood cell transfusions to give the child more infection-fighting cells […] stem cell transplant to replace the blood-forming stem cells with healthy donated stem cells […] surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) because the spleen can sometimes destroy neutrophils […] preventing and treating infections with antibiotics. […] for children with very low neutrophil counts who are at very high risk for infection:

• #50 Aplastic Anemia in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=aplastic-anemia-in-children-90-P02312

  How is aplastic anemia treated in a child? Treatment will depend on your childs symptoms, age, general health, and how severe the condition is. Treatment for aplastic anemia also depends on the cause. For mild aplastic anemia, treatment may not be needed. Treatment may include: Blood transfusions […] Platelet transfusions […] Antibiotics […] Hormones or other medicines (to stimulate the bone marrow to produce cells) […] Immunosuppressive medicine […] Stem cell transplant […] Key points about aplastic anemia in children: Aplastic anemia is a serious condition in which the bone marrow does not produce enough new blood cells. […] Treatment depends on the cause. It may include blood transfusions, medicines, and stem cell transplantation.

• #51 Aplastic Anemia | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/aplastic-anemia

  Specific treatments for aplastic anemia will be determined by your child’s doctor based on the following: […] Treatment for aplastic anemia usually depends on the underlying cause. For certain causes, recovery can be expected after treatment. However, relapses can occur. If all treatments fail, aplastic anemia can be fatal. […] To treat the low blood counts, initial treatment is supportive, meaning it is necessary to treat the symptoms but it doesn’t cure the disease. Supportive therapy may include: Blood transfusion for both red blood cells and platelets, Preventive antibiotic therapy, Meticulous hand washing, Special care for food preparation, such as only eating cooked foods, Avoiding construction sites that may be a source of certain fungi. […] The main treatments for aplastic anemia are: Bone marrow transplants are performed to replace diseased marrow with healthy marrow from a well-matched donor. This treatment, with a good marrow match, can be highly successful, preventing recurrence in about 80 percent of young patients and about 40 to 70 percent of older patients.

• #52 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #53 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #54 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #55 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  How is leukemia treated in children? […] Treatment tends to be started soon after diagnosis. You’ll work with your child’s treatment team to make the best plan. Sometimes more than 1 kind of treatment is used. Leukemia can be treated with any of these: […] Chemotherapy (chemo). This treatment uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Chemo is most often put into the blood through a vein by an IV (intravenous) line. It can also be put right into the CSF, injected into a muscle, or taken by mouth. Chemo is the main treatment for most leukemias in children. […] Radiation therapy. This treatment uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation beams to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. Radiation may be used in rare cases. But it’s not used for most children with leukemia.

• #56 Leukemia in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/l/leukemia-in-children.html

  High-dose chemotherapy with a stem cell transplant. Young blood cells (stem cells) are collected from the child or from someone else. The child is then given high doses of chemo. These doses kill the leukemia cells and the bone marrow. Then the stem cells are given to rebuild healthy bone marrow. […] Targeted therapy. These medicines work in different ways than chemo. They attack cancer cells that have certain changes in them. They might be used for certain subtypes of leukemia. […] Immunotherapy. This treatment helps the body’s own immune system attack the cancer cells. It’s mostly used in clinical trials at this time. […] Supportive care. Cancer treatment can cause side effects. Supportive care includes medicines and other treatments used to manage these side effects. It can include treatments for pain, fever, infection, nausea, and vomiting. Supportive care is used to treat the problems caused by the leukemia, not the disease itself. It’s a key part of good cancer care.

• #57 The complete blood count in the early diagnosis of acute leukemia in children | Medicina Universitaria

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-universitaria-304-articulo-the-complete-blood-count-in-S1665579617300030

  A very important example regarding neoplastic cells is referred to as the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+). If a child with this condition receives a standard treatment, the chances of being cured are almost 0%, while a treatment that includes tyrosine kinase inhibiting drugs, such as imatinib, significantly increase the chances of a cure. […] Fortunately these cases are less frequent in most populations. […] When the MRD is negative, the possibility of being cured increases, otherwise, the patient should be treated with more intense chemotherapy protocols and even consider a hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant. […] The early suspicion of a diagnosis is the only prognostic factor that a pediatrician or primary care physician can influence, and therefore has an influence on the absolute leukocyte number in the initial blood count (BH) being less than 50,000/uL, most medical groups accept that children diagnosed with less than this figure have a better prognosis than those with higher counts, which are associated with an increased risk of relapse and should receive more intense chemotherapy schemes.

• #58 Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/leukemia/patient/child-all-treatment-pdq

  For some children, joining a clinical trial may be an option. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed standard-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during the remission induction, consolidation/intensification, and maintenance phases always includes combination chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during the remission induction, consolidation/intensification, and maintenance phases always includes combination chemotherapy. […] Treatment of newly diagnosed very high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during the remission induction, consolidation/intensification, and maintenance phases always includes combination chemotherapy. […] Throughout treatment, it’s important that your child take all medicines ordered by the doctor. Not taking the medicines as directed increases the chance the cancer will come back.

• #59 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers several treatments for this condition: We can add intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) that is, through an IV or injection. We can give injections with a drug called G-CSF to boost white blood cell counts. We can use antibiotics to prevent pneumonia. […] For severe cases not helped by medication, MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for CGD. […] MSK Kids offers Ig replacement therapy, a treatment that boosts immunity so that infections dont happen as often. […] If your childs SCN persists despite G-CSF treatment, we may perform a stem cell transplant. […] MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation, the only cure for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. […] The MSK Kids team may treat your child with medications to control inflammation and low blood counts. Some children may benefit from stem cell transplantation.

• #60 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  MSK Kids offers stem cell transplantation as a cure for inherited HLH. […] Some boys may be eligible for stem cell transplantation, the only cure for IPEX syndrome. […] In some cases, stem cell transplantation is indicated as a possible treatment for children with these mutations. […] MSK Kids may treat your child for XIAP deficiency with the medications ruxolitinib (Opzelura) or emapalumab (Gamifant). They also may recommend stem cell transplantation.

• #61 Primary Immunodeficiencies (PIDs), Primary Immune Regulatory Disorders (PIRDs) and White Blood Cell Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders/primary-immunodeficiencies-pids-primary-immune-regulatory-disorders-pirds-and-white-blood-cell-disorders

  At MSK Kids, our pediatric hematologists (doctors who specializes in blood disorders) care for children with immune disorders. We can treat even the rarest PIDs and PIRDs and have long been a leader in the care of people with SCID. In 1973, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center performed one of the first bone marrow transplants in the world to treat this disorder. […] Today, MSK Kids continues to offer stem cell transplantation for SCID and other immunodeficiencies. Treatments include gene therapy, a method that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. We also offer cellular therapy, treatment that involves changing cells to fight disease. We offer these new treatments through our research studies, also known as clinical trials. Our team will test your child to identify the roots of their immune disorder and then design the best care plan.

• #62 Leukocyte-Related Disorders: A Review for the Pediatrician – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31930419/

  Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are part of the innate immune system that defends against infectious and foreign agents. […] Neutropenia is of special importance in pediatrics due to associations of severe neutropenia with genetic syndromes and overlapping presentations with primary immunodeficiencies. […] Although the discovery of novel genetic mutations has aided the hematologist/oncologist and the immunologist in managing these conditions, the relationship between clinical phenotype and mutation is still not well known.

• #63 Gene therapies for blood disorders give kids health and hope | Pediatrics | Transplant | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/sickle-cell-gene-therapy/

  As long as the healthy red blood cells outnumber the sickled cells, symptoms of this debilitating disease can be relieved. […] This medication is FDA-approved for patients 12 and older with sickle cell disease. […] Ex vivo gene therapies are still very expensive, since they are so new to the market. However, many private insurance carriers have been willing to cover gene therapies, and public insurers may cover them in the future. […] Children with beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease now have hope for longer, healthier lives with ex vivo gene therapy.

• #64 Pediatric hematology | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/pediatric-hematology

  Future research in pediatric hematology will probably include further investigation of reticulocytes, immature red blood cells that are larger than mature erythrocytes but nonnucleated and circulate in the blood for one to two days while maturing. […] Research into the causes and prevention of the development of anemia will continue to be a major focus.

• #65 White Blood Cell Disorders | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/white-blood-cell-disorders

  Thanks to ongoing research, treatment for patients with low white blood cell counts has improved significantly over the past 20 years. Genetic testing, which is now available for many congenital white blood cell disorders, including congenital neutropenias, has allowed better estimation of a patient’s prognosis. Improved treatment and supportive care is helping patients with even the most severe of the neutrophil disorders to live longer. For many children with rare or hard-to-treat conditions, clinical trials provide new options.

• #66 About Pediatric Blood Disorders | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/pediatrics/cancer-care/types/pediatric-blood-disorders/about-pediatric-blood-disorders

  The treatments we offer for pediatric blood and immune disorders are based on the latest medical findings. We are also conducting clinical trials of promising new therapies. […] MSK Kids offers comprehensive care for children with hemoglobin disorders, with special expertise in stem cell transplantation and opportunities to participate in clinical trials of new approaches, such as gene therapy. […] Our team does everything possible to support children with immune deficiencies and autoimmune disorders, and in some cases are able to achieve a cure. […] We are here for you and will see you as soon as possible to make an accurate diagnosis, identify your child’s most pressing needs, and create a care plan designed to improve your child’s quality of life.

Zobacz więcej