Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable disease of the brain that affects people of all ages. […] Around 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, making it one of the most common neurological diseases globally. […] It is estimated that up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could live seizure-free if properly diagnosed and treated. […] The risk of premature death in people with epilepsy is up to three times higher than for the general population. […] Three quarters of people with epilepsy living in low-income countries do not get the treatment they need. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. […] WHO pilot projects have indicated that training primary health-care providers to diagnose and treat epilepsy can effectively reduce the epilepsy treatment gap. […] An estimated 25% of epilepsy cases are potentially preventable.

• #2 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  In the U.S., about 3.4 million people have epilepsy. Of this number, 3 million are adults and 470,000 are children. There are 150,000 new cases of epilepsy in the U.S. each year. Worldwide, about 65 million people have epilepsy. […] Technically, if you experience two or more seizures that weren’t caused by a known medical condition for example, from alcohol withdrawal or low blood sugar you’re considered to have epilepsy. […] Call 911 (or have a friend or bystander call 911) if you’ve had a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes or a series of seizures in a row without recovery. […] Seizures can lead to serious physical injuries. In addition, life-threatening conditions associated with epilepsy include status epilepticus and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] About 1 in 1,000 people with epilepsy die from SUDEP each year. It’s the leading cause of death in people with uncontrolled seizures.

• #3 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.

• #4 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Hauser and collaborators demonstrated that the annual incidence of recurrent nonfebrile seizures in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was about 100 cases per 100,000 persons aged 01 year, 40 per 100,000 persons aged 3940 years, and 140 per 100,000 persons aged 7980 years. By the age of 75 years, the cumulative incidence of epilepsy is 3400 per 100,000 men (3.4%) and 2800 per 100,000 women (2.8%). […] Studies in several developed countries have shown incidences and prevalences of seizures similar to those in the United States. In some countries, parasitic infections account for an increased incidence of epilepsy and seizures.

• #5 What to do if someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures

  Knowing how to help someone during and after a seizure may help you to feel more confident if a seizure happens. […] If it is someone you dont know, or you dont know about their epilepsy, follow our basic first aid message: Calm, Cushion, Call (CCC). […] There are different types of epileptic seizures. How a seizure affects one person might be different from how it affects someone else. […] Most seizures happen suddenly and without warning, last a short time (seconds or minutes), and stop by themselves. […] Although people can be injured during a seizure, most people dont hurt themselves and dont usually need to go to hospital or see a doctor. […] If this goes on for five minutes or more, it is called status epilepticus, or status. Status is not common, but can happen in any type of seizure and the person may need to see a doctor.

• #6 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit/

  If you see someone having a seizure or fit, there are some simple things you can do to help. […] Call 999 and ask for an ambulance if: it’s the first time someone has had a seizure; the seizure lasts longer than is usual for them; the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, if you do not know how long their seizures usually last; the person does not regain full consciousness, or has several seizures without regaining consciousness; the person is seriously injured during the seizure; the person has difficulty breathing after the seizure. […] People with epilepsy do not always need an ambulance or to go to hospital every time they have a seizure. […] If you see someone having a seizure, you may notice things that could be useful for the person or their doctor to know: What were they doing before the seizure? Did the person mention any unusual sensations, such as an odd smell or taste? Did you notice any mood change, such as excitement, anxiety or anger? What brought your attention to the seizure? Was it a noise, such as the person falling over, or body movements, such as their eyes rolling or head turning? Did the seizure happen without warning? Was there any loss of consciousness or altered awareness? Did the person’s colour change? For example, did they become paler than usual, flushed, blue or grey? If so, where the face, lips or hands? On brown or black skin, changes in colour may be easier to see on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, lips, gums and inside the eyelids. Did any parts of their body stiffen, jerk or twitch? If so, which parts? Did the person’s breathing change? Did they perform any actions, such as mumble, wander about or fumble with clothing? How long did the seizure last? Did the person lose control of their bladder or bowel? Did they bite their tongue? How were they after the seizure? Did they need to sleep? If so, for how long? […] If you have epilepsy, it can be helpful to record the details of your seizures in a diary.

• #7 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit) | Health Information from Mediclinic Pharmacy

  https://mediclinicpharmacy.com/nhs_conditions_what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit

  People with epilepsy do not always need an ambulance or to go to hospital every time they have a seizure. […] If you see someone having a seizure, you may notice things that could be useful for the person or their doctor to know: What were they doing before the seizure? Did the person mention any unusual sensations, such as an odd smell or taste? Did you notice any mood change, such as excitement, anxiety or anger? […] If you have epilepsy, it can be helpful to record the details of your seizures in a diary.

• #8 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one. […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered. […] Look for an epilepsy identity card or identity jewellery it may give you information about their seizures and what to do. […] Most people with epilepsy dont need an ambulance when they have a seizure. […] Some people are prescribed emergency medicine to stop seizures that last too long. […] Status epilepticus is when a seizure lasts a long time or when you have one seizure after another without recovering in between. It is a medical emergency. […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #9 Simple seizure first-aid tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/how-to-help-someone-having-a-seizure

  Although quite common, seizures are not something people typically are used to seeing in person. Many people don’t know how to react when observing somebody having a seizure. […] These simple interventions can significantly reduce the possibility of injury from a seizure: Ensure safety: Gently lower the person to the ground. Turn the person on the side to keep the mouth and airway open. Move away any easily mobile objects that the person could strike or fall on them. Do not try to restrain the person in any way, as this can cause more injury. It is essential to keep in mind your safety as well. Often, violent convulsions or falls lead to injuries in people trying to assist. Do not put any objects in the person’s mouth, as this may lead to oral injury or injury to you. Remain calm and by the person’s side until the seizure has stopped.

• #10 What to Do If Someone Has An Epileptic Fit | Safe & Sound Blog

  https://www.safeandsound.uk.net/what-to-do-if-someone-has-an-epileptic-fit/

  While the seizure is taking place: Move any dangerous objects away from the casualty so they dont further endanger themselves. Protect the head with something preferably soft and if nothing is available use your hands. Make a note of how long the seizure lasts start and finish time. Loosen any tight clothing that might be around the neck to help them to breathe. Call 999/112 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes (or if it is 2 minutes longer than is normal for that person. You would not know this if they were a stranger). Call for help if they have a second seizure, injure themselves, or if this is their first seizure. […] After The Seizure: Check that their airway and breathing are normal. Place the casualty in the recovery position. Move other people out of the way before they wake to protect their modesty and embarrassment. Call 999/112 if you are not able to wake them after 5 minutes. Keep monitoring their airway and breathing. If they stop breathing start CPR.

• #11 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit) | Health Information from Mediclinic Pharmacy

  https://mediclinicpharmacy.com/nhs_conditions_what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit

  If you see someone having a seizure or fit, there are some simple things you can do to help. […] If you’re with someone having a seizure: only move them if they’re in danger, such as near a busy road or hot cooker; cushion their head if they’re on the ground; loosen any tight clothing around their neck, such as a collar or tie, to aid breathing; turn them on to their side after their convulsions stop; stay with them and talk to them calmly until they recover; note the time the seizure starts and finishes. […] Call 999 and ask for an ambulance if: it’s the first time someone has had a seizure; the seizure lasts longer than is usual for them; the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, if you do not know how long their seizures usually last; the person does not regain full consciousness, or has several seizures without regaining consciousness; the person is seriously injured during the seizure; the person has difficulty breathing after the seizure.

• #12 How to Help Someone Having a Seizure: What to Do

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-seizure-what-to-do-in-an-emergency

  Witnessing someone with epilepsy having a seizure can be truly frightening. But most seizures aren’t an emergency. They stop on their own with no permanent ill effects. […] There are simple steps you can take to protect someone from harm during a seizure. It’s worth knowing some basic first aid — and when it’s time to call 911. […] Any generalized seizure can be dangerous because the person is unaware of their surroundings and can’t protect themselves from harm. The uncontrolled thrashing movements during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure increase the chances of injury. This type is most likely to result in a trip to the emergency room. […] All seizure activity should be reported to their doctor. […] Seizure first aid is a matter of taking precautions. You’re most likely to need it for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

• #13 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] About 1 in 10 people in the United States may have a seizure in their lifetime. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Some people may need to know how to provide more detailed help, especially those who have loved ones with epilepsy. […] Free, online on-demand training is available through the Epilepsy Foundation. […] Descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy: contributions of population-based studies from Rochester, Minnesota.

• #14 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  First aid for epileptic seizures is mostly designed to keep the person safe. While there are different types of seizures with varying symptoms, first aid is most urgent for seizures that cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and falling. […] It’s not always necessary to call 911, but you should do so if the seizure is prolonged, if multiple seizures occur close together, or if the person is choking or otherwise in danger. […] According to the Epilepsy Foundation, you should call 911 when: Someone without a history of seizures has one, A seizure lasts five minutes or longer, Seizures occur one after another without the person becoming conscious in between, Seizures occur closer together than is typical for that person, The person has trouble breathing or is choking, The person asks for medical attention.

• #15 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  Epilepsy is a common condition of the brain in which a person has a tendency to have recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] Good seizure management can help reduce epilepsy risks. […] Seizure-related risks are higher when people have poorly controlled seizures. Good seizure control is the first step in reducing seizure-related risks. […] Life is never risk-free, but taking positive action to reduce your seizures, thinking about risks specific to you and discussing seizure management with your doctor are a start to reducing some of your seizure-related risks. […] Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if: the seizure lasts for 5 or more minutes or longer than what is normal for the person; a second seizure quickly follows; the person is not responding for more than 5 minutes after the seizure ends; the person has breathing difficulties after the jerking stops; it is the persons first known seizure; the seizure occurs in water; the person is injured; you are in doubt.

• #16 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  It’s also important to seek emergent help if the seizure occurs in water or if an injury occurs due to the seizure. […] Let the emergency staff know about any other conditions the person has that may contribute to seizures. For example, some people with diabetes and epilepsy may have low blood sugar before a seizure starts.

• #17 6 Do’s and 2 Don’ts If You See Someone Having a Seizure | UNC Health Talkhealth wellnessstethoscopeStorieshealth wellnessstethoscopeStoriestwitter-iconfacebook-iconpinterest-iconemail-iconhealth wellnessstethoscopeStoriesfacebooktwitteryoutubepinterestins

  https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/6-dos-and-2-donts-if-you-see-someone-having-a-seizure/

  Having a seizure is a frightening experience. So is witnessing someone having a seizure. Seizures may be caused by epilepsy, a common disorder of the brain. They also may be caused by an injury, infection, medication, stroke or even lack of sleep. No matter what the cause, seizures are common—1 in 10 people may have at least one during their lifetime. […] Most seizures are not emergencies, but call 911 if the seizure lasts five minutes or longer, it’s the person’s first seizure or the person turns blue from lack of oxygen. You may also call 911 if the person experiences two seizures back-to-back, if they get hurt during the seizure or if they have trouble breathing or walking after the seizure. If the person having a seizure has a health condition, such as diabetes, or is pregnant, calling 911 is a good idea.

• #18 What to do if someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures

  Status in a tonic clonic seizure is a medical emergency and the person will need urgent medical help. Status can cause brain damage or even death. It is important to call for an ambulance. […] Some people are prescribed emergency medication, either buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam, to stop their seizures. […] Carers need training in giving emergency medication.

• #19 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  Incidence of unprovoked seizures: 61 per 100,000 population […] Incidence of epilepsy: 79.1 per 100,000 population […] Prevalence of epilepsy: 8.5 per 1,000 population.

• #20 Epilepsy: what are the chances of having a second seizure?

  https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/epilepsy-what-are-the-chances-of-having-a-second-seizure/

  Seizures are abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain that temporarily affect how it works. They can cause people to jerk or shake (’fit’), pass out, or stare blankly into space. A first seizure may be a one-off, but sometimes people go on to have another. New research provides information on how likely someone is to have a second seizure. […] Researchers analysed data from 46 studies. They found that 6 months after a first unprovoked seizure, 1 in 4 (27%) people had had a second seizure. 1 year after the first seizure, that figure had risen to 1 in 3 (36%); by 2 years it was 2 in 5 (43%) people. […] The researchers hope their results will help doctors counsel people on the risks of having a second seizure up to 2 years after their first. […] Overall, the review included 58 studies (involving 12,160 people) on the risk of a second unprovoked seizure. 46 studies were included in the analysis: 13 studies on adults (over 16s), 23 on children (1 month 16 years), 10 on both adults and children.

• #21 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] There is an 8-10% lifetime risk of one seizure and a 3% chance of epilepsy. […] 50% of patients with an apparent 'first seizure’ have had other minor seizures, so the patient can be diagnosed as having epilepsy. […] 25-30% of first seizures have an underlying cause. […] Risk factors for seizure recurrence include: static or progressive brain abnormalities, focal neurological findings, focal or generalised epileptiform activity on EEG, status epilepticus, family history of epilepsy, previous febrile seizures. […] A first seizure caused by an acute disturbance of brain function (acute symptomatic or provoked) is unlikely to recur (3-10%).

• #22 Acute Repetitive Seizures (ARS) or Cluster Seizures –

  https://www.epilepsyfoundationmn.org/2020/01/14/acute-repetitive-seizures-ars-or-cluster-seizures/

  Patients, caregivers, and professionals use many terms to convey what they mean when they talk about a period of increased seizure frequency. The term now being used is Cluster Seizures or Acute Repetitive Seizures. […] Cluster seizures are more likely to occur in patients who have more difficulty to control seizures or refractory epilepsy which is defined as having failed more than 2 seizure medications. […] Perhaps as many as 20-30% of patients in specialized epilepsy centers show this pattern of increased seizures at some time. […] It is important to recognize the pattern of cluster seizures and to treat it. Cluster seizures have been associated with an evolution into status epilepticus. […] Patients with clusters have been shown to have higher death rates, and the occurrence of frequent seizures in short periods of time is associated with an increased incidence of post-ictal psychosis.

• #23 Seizure Precautions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536958/

  A common, well-accepted clinical axiom in neurology is „seizures beget seizures.” Therefore, seizure prevention, vigorous follow-up, and early therapy are key to success. More importantly, early treatment is not only more effective, but it also stops progression to status epilepticus. […] The key aim of treatment is to control the seizure before any significant neuronal damage occurs, usually between 20 to 60 minutes. Anoxia and central nervous system (CNS) infections correlate with a high mortality rate in status epilepticus. […] The drugs of choice for patient management of active seizures are the benzodiazepines. One may administer intravenous lorazepam or diazepam. If the patient has no intravenous access, intramuscular midazolam, buccal/nasal midazolam, or rectal diazepam are other options.

• #24 Seizure Precautions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536958/

  The current American Epilepsy Society Guidelines published in 2016 show 3 choices for second-line therapy, including fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, and valproic acid. […] For those individuals who had a witnessed seizure and are now in the post-ictal phase, supportive care and seizure precautions are necessary. […] To date, there is no data to suggest that any intervention other than prescribed anti-seizure medications can prevent status epilepticus or recurrent seizures. Thus, the most important thing to emphasize to patients is medication compliance.

• #25 Acute Repetitive Seizures (ARS) or Cluster Seizures –

  https://www.epilepsyfoundationmn.org/2020/01/14/acute-repetitive-seizures-ars-or-cluster-seizures/

  Thus there are multiple reasons to stop or shorten a period of cluster seizures. […] Having a Seizure Emergency Plan or Seizure Action Plan is a key step to improving a persons and their caregivers sense of control and safety and to decrease the uncertainty during a time of high stress when seizures are occurring. […] Use of a medication that may stop or prevent the evolution of cluster seizures at home, school, or work may prevent transport to emergency rooms and admission. […] There has been increased effort in research studies to define clusters more consistently in order to systematically evaluate medications that may interrupt or stop a cluster. […] Every person/caregiver should discuss with their health care professional the need for a Seizure Emergency or Action Plan which takes into consideration their individual type of seizure, their safety, and the need for rescue treatment.

• #26 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is when a person with epilepsy dies suddenly and prematurely and no reason for death is found. […] Having active or poorly controlled seizures can put you at risk of injury and death. […] Knowing about epilepsy-related risks of injury and death means you can act against them. Steps you can take to reduce seizure-related risks, injury or death are: Get the best seizure control possible. […] Make sure those close to you know what to do in case of a seizure.

• #27 Seizure Safety: How to Help Your Loved One with Epilepsy

  https://www.upmc.com/services/south-central-pa/neurosciences/neurology/general/epilepsy-seizures/safety

  When a seizure does occur, here are steps that you can take to prevent further injury: […] You should NOT try to restrain the person, place anything in the person’s mouth, or try to move the person. […] SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy) is responsible for about half of all deaths related to epilepsy. It occurs at about a rate of one in 1,000 epileptic patients per year, but the risk becomes cumulative over an individual’s lifetime, with a 5 percent chance of it killing someone with epilepsy over the course of their lives if they develop epilepsy in their 20s to 30s. […] Factors that greatly increase the risk of SUDEP are on-going seizures, especially generalized tonic clonic, formally known as Grand Mal, seizures. This is why strict adherence to anti-seizure medications is so important, as well as getting consistent sleep to minimize risk of seizures. If a patient still has seizures despite medications, it’s important to discuss other surgical options. Having a bed partner, or a monitoring device at bedtime if the patient sleeps alone, have been shown to decrease the risk of SUDEP.

• #28 Cerebral Palsy and Seizures | Cerebral Palsy Guidance

  https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/associated-disorders/seizures/

  Seizures are fairly common in children with cerebral palsy. Those who do may have different types of seizures, ranging from mild to severe. It is essential to recognize the signs of a seizure and know how to keep a child safe until it ends. […] Children with cerebral palsy are likely to have at least one seizure during their lifetime. In many instances, they will experience both generalized and partial seizures. Generalized seizures affect the entire brain, whereas focal seizures affect one side or one part of the brain. […] For children with cerebral palsy, brain damage is the root cause of seizures. Brain injuries in newborns most commonly happen during the birth process when the infant is deprived of oxygen or injured by the tools used to assist in a difficult delivery. […] If your child has seizures, see your doctor right away. They can do tests and develop the right treatment plan.

• #29 Reflexic Anoxic Seizures. What are Seizures? Information page

  https://patient.info/doctor/reflexic-anoxic-seizures

  Reflex anoxic seizures occur mainly in young children (infants and preschool children) but can occur at any age. Misdiagnosis is common but it is estimated that 0.8% of preschool children are affected. They can occur at any age; however, the peak age group is from 6 months to 2 years. Increased vagal tone tends to be familial. […] Reflex anoxic seizures in childhood are usually benign such that the child grows out of it.

• #30 Photosensitive epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsy

  PSE affects approximately one in 4,000 people, or 5% of individuals with epilepsy. […] It is more common in women and people who are younger.

• #31 Do Seizures Cause Brain Damage?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/can-seizures-cause-brain-damage

  Most types of seizures do not cause damage to the brain. However, having a prolonged, uncontrolled seizure can cause harm. Because of this, treat any seizure lasting over 5 minutes as a medical emergency. […] Some research has found that certain types of seizures may cause changes in the brain that can affect its structure and cognitive processes. Most of this research focuses on temporal lobe epilepsy. […] Overall, it’s hard to tell if changes in the brain are present prior to the onset of seizures or if they’re due to damage caused by the seizures themselves. Additional research is needed to answer this question as well as many others.

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