Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #2 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation. […] The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure and are therefore discussed separately. […] The electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS).

• #3 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #4 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #5 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  The hypersynchronous discharges that occur during a seizure may begin in a very discrete region of cortex and then spread to neighboring regions. […] Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. […] The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG. […] At the level of single neurons, epileptiform activity consists of sustained neuronal depolarization resulting in a burst of action potentials, a plateau-like depolarization associated with completion of the action potential burst, and then a rapid repolarization followed by hyperpolarization. […] This sequence is called the paroxysmal depolarizing shift. […] The bursting activity resulting from the relatively prolonged depolarization of the neuronal membrane is due to influx of extracellular Ca++, which leads to the opening of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, influx of Na+, and generation of repetitive action potentials.

• #6 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  The hypersynchronous discharges that occur during a seizure may begin in a very discrete region of cortex and then spread to neighboring regions. […] Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. […] The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG. […] At the level of single neurons, epileptiform activity consists of sustained neuronal depolarization resulting in a burst of action potentials, a plateau-like depolarization associated with completion of the action potential burst, and then a rapid repolarization followed by hyperpolarization. […] This sequence is called the paroxysmal depolarizing shift. […] The bursting activity resulting from the relatively prolonged depolarization of the neuronal membrane is due to influx of extracellular Ca++, which leads to the opening of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, influx of Na+, and generation of repetitive action potentials.

• #7 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation. […] The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure and are therefore discussed separately. […] The electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS).

• #8 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  The hypersynchronous discharges that occur during a seizure may begin in a very discrete region of cortex and then spread to neighboring regions. […] Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. […] The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG. […] At the level of single neurons, epileptiform activity consists of sustained neuronal depolarization resulting in a burst of action potentials, a plateau-like depolarization associated with completion of the action potential burst, and then a rapid repolarization followed by hyperpolarization. […] This sequence is called the paroxysmal depolarizing shift. […] The bursting activity resulting from the relatively prolonged depolarization of the neuronal membrane is due to influx of extracellular Ca++, which leads to the opening of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, influx of Na+, and generation of repetitive action potentials.

• #9 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  The hypersynchronous discharges that occur during a seizure may begin in a very discrete region of cortex and then spread to neighboring regions. […] Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. […] The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG. […] At the level of single neurons, epileptiform activity consists of sustained neuronal depolarization resulting in a burst of action potentials, a plateau-like depolarization associated with completion of the action potential burst, and then a rapid repolarization followed by hyperpolarization. […] This sequence is called the paroxysmal depolarizing shift. […] The bursting activity resulting from the relatively prolonged depolarization of the neuronal membrane is due to influx of extracellular Ca++, which leads to the opening of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, influx of Na+, and generation of repetitive action potentials.

• #10 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation. […] The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure and are therefore discussed separately. […] The electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS).

• #11 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1609294-overview

  Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation. […] The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure and are therefore discussed separately. […] The electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS).

• #12 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  The hypersynchronous discharges that occur during a seizure may begin in a very discrete region of cortex and then spread to neighboring regions. […] Seizure initiation is characterized by two concurrent events: 1) high-frequency bursts of action potentials, and 2) hypersynchronization of a neuronal population. […] The synchronized bursts from a sufficient number of neurons result in a so-called spike discharge on the EEG. […] At the level of single neurons, epileptiform activity consists of sustained neuronal depolarization resulting in a burst of action potentials, a plateau-like depolarization associated with completion of the action potential burst, and then a rapid repolarization followed by hyperpolarization. […] This sequence is called the paroxysmal depolarizing shift. […] The bursting activity resulting from the relatively prolonged depolarization of the neuronal membrane is due to influx of extracellular Ca++, which leads to the opening of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, influx of Na+, and generation of repetitive action potentials.

• #13 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1609294-overview

  Seizures are paroxysmal manifestations of the electrical properties of the cerebral cortex. A seizure results when a sudden imbalance occurs between the excitatory and inhibitory forces within the network of cortical neurons in favor of a sudden-onset net excitation. […] The pathophysiology of focal-onset seizures differs from the mechanisms underlying generalized-onset seizures. Overall, cellular excitability is increased, but the mechanisms of synchronization appear to substantially differ between these 2 types of seizure and are therefore discussed separately. […] The electroencephalographic (EEG) hallmark of focal-onset seizures is the focal interictal epileptiform spike or sharp wave. The cellular neurophysiologic correlate of an interictal focal epileptiform discharge in single cortical neurons is the paroxysmal depolarization shift (PDS).

• #14 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  Seizure propagation, the process by which a partial seizure spreads within the brain, occurs when there is sufficient activation to recruit surrounding neurons. […] This leads to a loss of surround inhibition and spread of seizure activity into contiguous areas via local cortical connections, and to more distant areas via long association pathways such as the corpus callosum. […] The propagation of bursting activity is normally prevented by intact hyperpolarization and a region of surrounding inhibition created by inhibitory neurons. […] With sufficient activation there is a recruitment of surrounding neurons via a number of mechanisms. […] Repetitive discharges lead to: 1) an increase in extracellular K+, which blunts the extent of hyperpolarizing outward K+ currents, tending to depolarize neighboring neurons; 2) accumulation of Ca++ in presynaptic terminals, leading to enhanced neurotransmitter release; and 3) depolarization-induced activation of the NMDA subtype of the excitatory amino acid receptor, which causes more Ca++ influx and neuronal activation.

• #15 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  Seizure propagation, the process by which a partial seizure spreads within the brain, occurs when there is sufficient activation to recruit surrounding neurons. […] This leads to a loss of surround inhibition and spread of seizure activity into contiguous areas via local cortical connections, and to more distant areas via long association pathways such as the corpus callosum. […] The propagation of bursting activity is normally prevented by intact hyperpolarization and a region of surrounding inhibition created by inhibitory neurons. […] With sufficient activation there is a recruitment of surrounding neurons via a number of mechanisms. […] Repetitive discharges lead to: 1) an increase in extracellular K+, which blunts the extent of hyperpolarizing outward K+ currents, tending to depolarize neighboring neurons; 2) accumulation of Ca++ in presynaptic terminals, leading to enhanced neurotransmitter release; and 3) depolarization-induced activation of the NMDA subtype of the excitatory amino acid receptor, which causes more Ca++ influx and neuronal activation.

• #16 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  Seizure propagation, the process by which a partial seizure spreads within the brain, occurs when there is sufficient activation to recruit surrounding neurons. […] This leads to a loss of surround inhibition and spread of seizure activity into contiguous areas via local cortical connections, and to more distant areas via long association pathways such as the corpus callosum. […] The propagation of bursting activity is normally prevented by intact hyperpolarization and a region of surrounding inhibition created by inhibitory neurons. […] With sufficient activation there is a recruitment of surrounding neurons via a number of mechanisms. […] Repetitive discharges lead to: 1) an increase in extracellular K+, which blunts the extent of hyperpolarizing outward K+ currents, tending to depolarize neighboring neurons; 2) accumulation of Ca++ in presynaptic terminals, leading to enhanced neurotransmitter release; and 3) depolarization-induced activation of the NMDA subtype of the excitatory amino acid receptor, which causes more Ca++ influx and neuronal activation.

• #17 Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy – An Introduction to Epilepsy – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2510/

  Seizure propagation, the process by which a partial seizure spreads within the brain, occurs when there is sufficient activation to recruit surrounding neurons. […] This leads to a loss of surround inhibition and spread of seizure activity into contiguous areas via local cortical connections, and to more distant areas via long association pathways such as the corpus callosum. […] The propagation of bursting activity is normally prevented by intact hyperpolarization and a region of surrounding inhibition created by inhibitory neurons. […] With sufficient activation there is a recruitment of surrounding neurons via a number of mechanisms. […] Repetitive discharges lead to: 1) an increase in extracellular K+, which blunts the extent of hyperpolarizing outward K+ currents, tending to depolarize neighboring neurons; 2) accumulation of Ca++ in presynaptic terminals, leading to enhanced neurotransmitter release; and 3) depolarization-induced activation of the NMDA subtype of the excitatory amino acid receptor, which causes more Ca++ influx and neuronal activation.

• #18 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  A seizure represents the uncontrolled, abnormal electrical activity of the brain that may cause changes in the level of consciousness, behavior, memory, or feelings. […] Seizures can classify as partial or generalized. […] In a partial seizure, the most common seizure type in adults, one area of the cortex activates first and may manifest through simple symptoms such as a motor or sensory phenomena. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset or generalization of partial seizure activity. […] This activity examines when this condition should be a consideration on differential diagnosis and how to evaluate it properly. […] This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Describe the pathophysiology of seizures.

• #19 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence with signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive and synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] Current classification designates two large categories – partial or generalized. […] Partial seizures may rapidly secondarily generalize and spread to involve all cortical areas. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset. […] Epilepsy, by definition, is a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] Determining whether a first seizure or recurrent seizures are provoked or unprovoked is fundamentally essential for diagnosis and treatment. […] Status epilepticus is defined as an enduring epileptic condition. […] Current definitions define status epileptics as a single generalized convulsion lasting greater than five minutes or a series of generalized seizures without full return of consciousness.

• #20 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  A seizure represents the uncontrolled, abnormal electrical activity of the brain that may cause changes in the level of consciousness, behavior, memory, or feelings. […] Seizures can classify as partial or generalized. […] In a partial seizure, the most common seizure type in adults, one area of the cortex activates first and may manifest through simple symptoms such as a motor or sensory phenomena. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset or generalization of partial seizure activity. […] This activity examines when this condition should be a consideration on differential diagnosis and how to evaluate it properly. […] This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Describe the pathophysiology of seizures.

• #21 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence with signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive and synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] Current classification designates two large categories – partial or generalized. […] Partial seizures may rapidly secondarily generalize and spread to involve all cortical areas. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset. […] Epilepsy, by definition, is a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] Determining whether a first seizure or recurrent seizures are provoked or unprovoked is fundamentally essential for diagnosis and treatment. […] Status epilepticus is defined as an enduring epileptic condition. […] Current definitions define status epileptics as a single generalized convulsion lasting greater than five minutes or a series of generalized seizures without full return of consciousness.

• #22 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  A seizure represents the uncontrolled, abnormal electrical activity of the brain that may cause changes in the level of consciousness, behavior, memory, or feelings. […] Seizures can classify as partial or generalized. […] In a partial seizure, the most common seizure type in adults, one area of the cortex activates first and may manifest through simple symptoms such as a motor or sensory phenomena. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset or generalization of partial seizure activity. […] This activity examines when this condition should be a consideration on differential diagnosis and how to evaluate it properly. […] This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Describe the pathophysiology of seizures.

• #23 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence with signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive and synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] Current classification designates two large categories – partial or generalized. […] Partial seizures may rapidly secondarily generalize and spread to involve all cortical areas. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset. […] Epilepsy, by definition, is a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] Determining whether a first seizure or recurrent seizures are provoked or unprovoked is fundamentally essential for diagnosis and treatment. […] Status epilepticus is defined as an enduring epileptic condition. […] Current definitions define status epileptics as a single generalized convulsion lasting greater than five minutes or a series of generalized seizures without full return of consciousness.

• #24 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1609294-overview

  The best-understood example of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of generalized seizures is the thalamocortical interaction that may underlie typical absence seizures. The thalamocortical circuit has normal oscillatory rhythms, with periods of relatively increased excitation and periods of relatively increased inhibition. It generates the oscillations observed in sleep spindles. […] Altered thalamocortical rhythms may result in primary generalized-onset seizures. The thalamic relay neurons receive ascending inputs from the spinal cord and project to the neocortical pyramidal neurons.

• #25 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #26 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #27 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #28 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #29 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #30 Seizures: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003200.htm

  A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Seizures of all types are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] If seizures continue repeatedly after any underlying problem is treated, the condition is called epilepsy. […] Most seizures stop by themselves. But during a seizure, the person can be hurt. […] When a seizure occurs, the main goal is to protect the person from injury: Try to prevent a fall. Lay the person on the ground in a safe area. Clear the area of furniture or other

• #31 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If the person is known to you and you have access to their Epilepsy Management Plan (EMP) then follow any first aid advice provided in that document. […] During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] Stay calm and remain with the person […] Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist)

• #32 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If the person is known to you and you have access to their Epilepsy Management Plan (EMP) then follow any first aid advice provided in that document. […] During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] Stay calm and remain with the person […] Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist)

• #33 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If the person is known to you and you have access to their Epilepsy Management Plan (EMP) then follow any first aid advice provided in that document. […] During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] Stay calm and remain with the person […] Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist)

• #34 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #35 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #36 Seizure | Free CPR + First Aid for Adults Online Training Video | ProCPRicon-log-invimeo-iconicon-social-facebookicon-social-youtubeicon-social-linkedinicon-social-twitter

  https://www.procpr.org/training/adult-cpr-first-aid/video/seizure

  Now, let’s cover seizures for the adult in what to do when it happens in the workplace. So, when a person goes into a seizure, they could have gone into that for so many different reasons it’s unbelievable. So, to focus on why it happened is not the bigger point, the fact is, is recognizing that it did happen. […] While the patient is actually seizing, its important to do a few things. Make sure that whatever is around them is not going to actually harm them more. So, if there are sharp objects that they can actually bump into when they were seizing, we want to either move the object or either move the patient, so that they don’t get her further. […] If they seem to be having what we call a tonic-clonic seizure where their contracting and relaxing, contracting and relaxing, they might be hanging their head on a hard surface like a cement floor. It is important for us to protect their head which we can do by cupping their hands to just give them a little cushion in, so that while they’re actively seizing, they’re not also causing a head injury.

• #37 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #38 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #39 The recovery position | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/recovery-position

  Our step-by-step guide to the recovery position shows you how to help someone recover after a tonic clonic seizure. These steps should be followed once the shaking has stopped. […] Call for an ambulance if: it is the persons first seizure; they have injured themselves badly; they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped; one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between; the seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than is usual for them; or you do not know how long their seizures last.

• #40 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #41 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #42 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #43 Seizures: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/seizures

  If someone near you is having a seizure, there are a number of things you can do to help them. […] Clear the area around a person whos having a seizure to prevent possible injury. If possible, place them on their side and provide cushioning for their head. […] Stay with the person. Call 911 or local emergency services as soon as possible if the person is pregnant or has never had a seizure before, or if they experience any of the following: a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, doesnt wake up after the seizure, repeat seizures. […] Its important to remain calm. While theres no way to stop a seizure once its begun, you can provide help. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: stay with the person having the seizure until it ends, or until theyre fully awake, checking to see whether the person is wearing a medical bracelet, removing their glasses or anything around their neck, holding them in a hug or gently guiding them to the floor if they are standing, positioning them on their side if they are on the ground so that saliva or vomit leaks out of their mouth instead of down their windpipe, placing something soft under their head, not holding the person down while theyre having a seizure, not putting anything in the persons mouth. […] Once a seizure is over, you should: check the person for injuries, turn the person on their side, if not already, stay with them until theyre fully awake and alert, provide them with a safe area to rest, not offer them anything to eat or drink until theyre fully conscious.

• #44 Seizure | Free CPR + First Aid for Adults Online Training Video | ProCPRicon-log-invimeo-iconicon-social-facebookicon-social-youtubeicon-social-linkedinicon-social-twitter

  https://www.procpr.org/training/adult-cpr-first-aid/video/seizure

  Make sure you understand that a seizure patient is low on oxygen, they’re confused, they had an electrical storm in their brain, and they might be confused, they could even be combative, they might wanna try to get up, they don’t know where they’re at, and that can last for a few minutes. So just don’t try to hold them down during a seizure, don’t stop them from seizing, just help support them and protect them during the seizure, and help protect them for more serious situations like cardiac arrest while we await EMS to arrive.

• #45 Seizures: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/seizures

  If someone near you is having a seizure, there are a number of things you can do to help them. […] Clear the area around a person whos having a seizure to prevent possible injury. If possible, place them on their side and provide cushioning for their head. […] Stay with the person. Call 911 or local emergency services as soon as possible if the person is pregnant or has never had a seizure before, or if they experience any of the following: a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, doesnt wake up after the seizure, repeat seizures. […] Its important to remain calm. While theres no way to stop a seizure once its begun, you can provide help. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: stay with the person having the seizure until it ends, or until theyre fully awake, checking to see whether the person is wearing a medical bracelet, removing their glasses or anything around their neck, holding them in a hug or gently guiding them to the floor if they are standing, positioning them on their side if they are on the ground so that saliva or vomit leaks out of their mouth instead of down their windpipe, placing something soft under their head, not holding the person down while theyre having a seizure, not putting anything in the persons mouth. […] Once a seizure is over, you should: check the person for injuries, turn the person on their side, if not already, stay with them until theyre fully awake and alert, provide them with a safe area to rest, not offer them anything to eat or drink until theyre fully conscious.

• #46 Seizure | Free CPR + First Aid for Adults Online Training Video | ProCPRicon-log-invimeo-iconicon-social-facebookicon-social-youtubeicon-social-linkedinicon-social-twitter

  https://www.procpr.org/training/adult-cpr-first-aid/video/seizure

  Make sure you understand that a seizure patient is low on oxygen, they’re confused, they had an electrical storm in their brain, and they might be confused, they could even be combative, they might wanna try to get up, they don’t know where they’re at, and that can last for a few minutes. So just don’t try to hold them down during a seizure, don’t stop them from seizing, just help support them and protect them during the seizure, and help protect them for more serious situations like cardiac arrest while we await EMS to arrive.

• #47 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #48 The recovery position | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/recovery-position

  Our step-by-step guide to the recovery position shows you how to help someone recover after a tonic clonic seizure. These steps should be followed once the shaking has stopped. […] Call for an ambulance if: it is the persons first seizure; they have injured themselves badly; they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped; one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between; the seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than is usual for them; or you do not know how long their seizures last.

• #49 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #50 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #51 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes) […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called […] Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows

• #52 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #53 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #54 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #55 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The person is injured or has swallowed water […] If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] A seizure in water (pool, bath, ocean) is a life threatening emergency and an ambulance (000) should always be called as soon as possible. Even if a person is breathing after the seizure, they may have inhaled water and be at significant risk.

• #56 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #57 Seizures: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/seizures

  If someone near you is having a seizure, there are a number of things you can do to help them. […] Clear the area around a person whos having a seizure to prevent possible injury. If possible, place them on their side and provide cushioning for their head. […] Stay with the person. Call 911 or local emergency services as soon as possible if the person is pregnant or has never had a seizure before, or if they experience any of the following: a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, doesnt wake up after the seizure, repeat seizures. […] Its important to remain calm. While theres no way to stop a seizure once its begun, you can provide help. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: stay with the person having the seizure until it ends, or until theyre fully awake, checking to see whether the person is wearing a medical bracelet, removing their glasses or anything around their neck, holding them in a hug or gently guiding them to the floor if they are standing, positioning them on their side if they are on the ground so that saliva or vomit leaks out of their mouth instead of down their windpipe, placing something soft under their head, not holding the person down while theyre having a seizure, not putting anything in the persons mouth. […] Once a seizure is over, you should: check the person for injuries, turn the person on their side, if not already, stay with them until theyre fully awake and alert, provide them with a safe area to rest, not offer them anything to eat or drink until theyre fully conscious.

• #58 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #59 Seizures: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/seizures

  If someone near you is having a seizure, there are a number of things you can do to help them. […] Clear the area around a person whos having a seizure to prevent possible injury. If possible, place them on their side and provide cushioning for their head. […] Stay with the person. Call 911 or local emergency services as soon as possible if the person is pregnant or has never had a seizure before, or if they experience any of the following: a seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, doesnt wake up after the seizure, repeat seizures. […] Its important to remain calm. While theres no way to stop a seizure once its begun, you can provide help. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends: stay with the person having the seizure until it ends, or until theyre fully awake, checking to see whether the person is wearing a medical bracelet, removing their glasses or anything around their neck, holding them in a hug or gently guiding them to the floor if they are standing, positioning them on their side if they are on the ground so that saliva or vomit leaks out of their mouth instead of down their windpipe, placing something soft under their head, not holding the person down while theyre having a seizure, not putting anything in the persons mouth. […] Once a seizure is over, you should: check the person for injuries, turn the person on their side, if not already, stay with them until theyre fully awake and alert, provide them with a safe area to rest, not offer them anything to eat or drink until theyre fully conscious.

• #60 The recovery position | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/recovery-position

  Our step-by-step guide to the recovery position shows you how to help someone recover after a tonic clonic seizure. These steps should be followed once the shaking has stopped. […] Call for an ambulance if: it is the persons first seizure; they have injured themselves badly; they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped; one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between; the seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than is usual for them; or you do not know how long their seizures last.

• #61 The recovery position | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/recovery-position

  Our step-by-step guide to the recovery position shows you how to help someone recover after a tonic clonic seizure. These steps should be followed once the shaking has stopped. […] Call for an ambulance if: it is the persons first seizure; they have injured themselves badly; they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped; one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between; the seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than is usual for them; or you do not know how long their seizures last.

• #62 The recovery position | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/recovery-position

  Our step-by-step guide to the recovery position shows you how to help someone recover after a tonic clonic seizure. These steps should be followed once the shaking has stopped. […] Call for an ambulance if: it is the persons first seizure; they have injured themselves badly; they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped; one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between; the seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than is usual for them; or you do not know how long their seizures last.

• #63 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #64 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops […] The person is injured or has swallowed water […] The person is pregnant […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure […] The person asks for medical assistance […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] Both tonic and atonic seizures can result in injuries. Tonic seizures cause the person’s body, arms and legs to become very stiff and rigid (tonic – stiffening of the muscles) and may cause a person to fall and injure themselves.

• #65 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #66 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #67 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  An epileptic seizure is a transient occurrence with signs or symptoms due to abnormal excessive and synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] Current classification designates two large categories – partial or generalized. […] Partial seizures may rapidly secondarily generalize and spread to involve all cortical areas. Generalized seizures result from diffuse cortical activation at seizure onset. […] Epilepsy, by definition, is a condition of recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] Determining whether a first seizure or recurrent seizures are provoked or unprovoked is fundamentally essential for diagnosis and treatment. […] Status epilepticus is defined as an enduring epileptic condition. […] Current definitions define status epileptics as a single generalized convulsion lasting greater than five minutes or a series of generalized seizures without full return of consciousness.

• #68 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #69 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

• #70 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Medicines are the usual treatment for epilepsy, however there are other options that your doctor may recommend. […] If your doctor diagnoses epilepsy, they will usually prescribe you medicines to control your seizures. These medicines are called antiepileptic drugs, and around 2 in every 3 people with epilepsy will be able to manage their seizures with medicines. […] Sometimes surgery can remove a small piece of brain tissue in the area that the seizures start from. This may be an option if your seizures don’t get better with other treatments, and if your seizures always happen in the same area in of the brain. […] Vagus nerve stimulation involves putting a small device in to the chest wall (similar to a pacemaker). The device sends out electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve. This can reduce the number and severity of seizures. Your doctor might recommend this if your seizures don’t respond to medicines and can’t be treated with surgery.

• #71 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Medicines are the usual treatment for epilepsy, however there are other options that your doctor may recommend. […] If your doctor diagnoses epilepsy, they will usually prescribe you medicines to control your seizures. These medicines are called antiepileptic drugs, and around 2 in every 3 people with epilepsy will be able to manage their seizures with medicines. […] Sometimes surgery can remove a small piece of brain tissue in the area that the seizures start from. This may be an option if your seizures don’t get better with other treatments, and if your seizures always happen in the same area in of the brain. […] Vagus nerve stimulation involves putting a small device in to the chest wall (similar to a pacemaker). The device sends out electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve. This can reduce the number and severity of seizures. Your doctor might recommend this if your seizures don’t respond to medicines and can’t be treated with surgery.

• #72 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  The electrical activity reflected by EEG evolves as well. […] If the clinician believes that the event is a seizure, the first question is whether it is provoked or unprovoked. […] Electroencephalography (EEG) is a biomarker for epilepsy. […] Focal or generalized epileptiform discharges constitute the EEG hallmark of seizure activity. […] Patients with reversible causes of seizures, such as hypoglycemia, may be discharged after appropriate interventions and with consideration for a safe home environment. […] If deciding to start drug therapy, many medications are options to treat a chronic seizure disorder or epilepsy as first-line medication or adjunctive medications. […] For the patient with generalized convulsive status epilepticus, immediate treatment of the seizures should begin while stabilization and other diagnostic procedures commence.

• #73 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam are acceptable as the first-line medications for continuing seizures. […] The best second-line medication is unclear even after completing a highly anticipated randomized trial of benzodiazepine refractory status epilepticus. […] Should generalized convulsive status epilepticus continue, often advanced airway management is necessary. […] The prognosis of patients with seizures depends mostly on any underlying cause. […] The prognosis of a patient with a single unprovoked seizure has been well delineated. […] If basic investigations, including appropriate laboratory work, imaging, and perhaps EEG, are unremarkable, estimates of the recurrence rate of another unprovoked seizure within five years are between one-third and one-half.

• #74 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  However, if there is a second or third unprovoked seizure, the risk of further seizures increases to about three-quarters. […] Common complications may include traumatic injuries such as tongue lacerations or scalp lacerations. […] Monitoring is necessary to detect hypotension and hypoxia and steps taken to correct those conditions when recognized. […] Most generalized seizures terminate in less than five minutes, and a seizure of longer duration or serial seizures without regaining full consciousness in between defines status epilepticus. […] A benzodiazepine such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam is accepted as first-line medications. […] Outcomes following generalized convulsive status epilepticus depend on any underlying cause of the seizures and the duration of the status epilepticus.

• #75 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Medicines are the usual treatment for epilepsy, however there are other options that your doctor may recommend. […] If your doctor diagnoses epilepsy, they will usually prescribe you medicines to control your seizures. These medicines are called antiepileptic drugs, and around 2 in every 3 people with epilepsy will be able to manage their seizures with medicines. […] Sometimes surgery can remove a small piece of brain tissue in the area that the seizures start from. This may be an option if your seizures don’t get better with other treatments, and if your seizures always happen in the same area in of the brain. […] Vagus nerve stimulation involves putting a small device in to the chest wall (similar to a pacemaker). The device sends out electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve. This can reduce the number and severity of seizures. Your doctor might recommend this if your seizures don’t respond to medicines and can’t be treated with surgery.

• #76 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Medicines are the usual treatment for epilepsy, however there are other options that your doctor may recommend. […] If your doctor diagnoses epilepsy, they will usually prescribe you medicines to control your seizures. These medicines are called antiepileptic drugs, and around 2 in every 3 people with epilepsy will be able to manage their seizures with medicines. […] Sometimes surgery can remove a small piece of brain tissue in the area that the seizures start from. This may be an option if your seizures don’t get better with other treatments, and if your seizures always happen in the same area in of the brain. […] Vagus nerve stimulation involves putting a small device in to the chest wall (similar to a pacemaker). The device sends out electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve. This can reduce the number and severity of seizures. Your doctor might recommend this if your seizures don’t respond to medicines and can’t be treated with surgery.

• #77 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  Epilepsy is a condition in which disruption to electrical activity in the brain results in seizures. […] However, epilepsy is a complex condition. People should discuss any natural remedies with a doctor before using them, as some options may not be safe or effective for everyone. […] Some people use cannabis products to help treat convulsions. Preliminary scientific evidence suggests that it may help reduce seizures for some people with certain types of epilepsy. […] In addition, some anecdotal evidence suggests that some people use cannabis or products containing cannabidiol (CBD) to help manage their seizures. […] However, larger scientific studies have not shown that cannabis and most CBD-based products are effective in treating epilepsy. […] There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective.

• #78 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  Epilepsy is a condition in which disruption to electrical activity in the brain results in seizures. […] However, epilepsy is a complex condition. People should discuss any natural remedies with a doctor before using them, as some options may not be safe or effective for everyone. […] Some people use cannabis products to help treat convulsions. Preliminary scientific evidence suggests that it may help reduce seizures for some people with certain types of epilepsy. […] In addition, some anecdotal evidence suggests that some people use cannabis or products containing cannabidiol (CBD) to help manage their seizures. […] However, larger scientific studies have not shown that cannabis and most CBD-based products are effective in treating epilepsy. […] There is some evidence to suggest that a ketogenic, or keto, diet which is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet could help prevent seizures in people who do not find antiepileptic drugs effective.

• #79 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  The diet causes ketosis, which is the chemical breakdown of proteins in the muscles. This suppresses seizure activity. […] Many people around the world use herbal remedies for epilepsy. […] However, there were no studies specifically showing an effect on epilepsy in humans. […] When antiepileptic drugs do not work, some people use biofeedback therapy to reduce seizures. […] Biofeedback is a medical technique that helps a person recognize changes in their body. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. […] The effect of VNS varies widely among people with epilepsy. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Certain events and activities can trigger such a shift. Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure.

• #80 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  The diet causes ketosis, which is the chemical breakdown of proteins in the muscles. This suppresses seizure activity. […] Many people around the world use herbal remedies for epilepsy. […] However, there were no studies specifically showing an effect on epilepsy in humans. […] When antiepileptic drugs do not work, some people use biofeedback therapy to reduce seizures. […] Biofeedback is a medical technique that helps a person recognize changes in their body. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. […] The effect of VNS varies widely among people with epilepsy. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Certain events and activities can trigger such a shift. Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure.

• #81 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  The diet causes ketosis, which is the chemical breakdown of proteins in the muscles. This suppresses seizure activity. […] Many people around the world use herbal remedies for epilepsy. […] However, there were no studies specifically showing an effect on epilepsy in humans. […] When antiepileptic drugs do not work, some people use biofeedback therapy to reduce seizures. […] Biofeedback is a medical technique that helps a person recognize changes in their body. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. […] The effect of VNS varies widely among people with epilepsy. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Certain events and activities can trigger such a shift. Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure.

• #82 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  The diet causes ketosis, which is the chemical breakdown of proteins in the muscles. This suppresses seizure activity. […] Many people around the world use herbal remedies for epilepsy. […] However, there were no studies specifically showing an effect on epilepsy in humans. […] When antiepileptic drugs do not work, some people use biofeedback therapy to reduce seizures. […] Biofeedback is a medical technique that helps a person recognize changes in their body. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves implanting a device in the chest that sends electrical signals to the brain. […] The effect of VNS varies widely among people with epilepsy. […] For people with epilepsy, stress and anxiety may increase the risk of having a seizure. […] Certain events and activities can trigger such a shift. Knowing and avoiding their triggers may help people reduce the risk of experiencing a seizure.

• #83 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  Learning about epilepsy may improve quality of life for people who have seizures and their families. […] Some of the ingredients in essential oils can cross the blood-brain barrier, which means that they may be either helpful or harmful, depending on the substance. […] There is some evidence to suggest that yoga, prayer, and other faith-based activities can help reduce stress, which can trigger seizures. […] For those who have access to medical care, it is best to start by visiting a doctor. […] Most importantly, people should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #84 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  If your child experiences a seizure, they should be seen by a pediatric neurologist or pediatric epileptologist (a pediatric neurologist specializing in epilepsy). […] If your child is diagnosed with epilepsy, the doctor may prescribe anti-seizure medication. This medicine helps control seizures. The doctor will choose the medicine based on your child’s age, weight, seizure type and physical condition. […] The goal of treatment is to achieve the best quality of life with no seizures and no side effects from the medicine. Sometimes the medicine will need to be changed if there are side effects that are too much to handle or if it doesn’t control the seizures. If a child is seizure-free after two years of being on medicine, the doctor may try to take them off their seizure medicine. […] Your child’s provider may prescribe anti-seizure medication. It is also important for you to be aware of situations that seem to lead to your child’s seizures. These are called seizure triggers. Some common seizure triggers include: Fatigue it is important to keep a good sleep schedule.

• #85 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  If your child experiences a seizure, they should be seen by a pediatric neurologist or pediatric epileptologist (a pediatric neurologist specializing in epilepsy). […] If your child is diagnosed with epilepsy, the doctor may prescribe anti-seizure medication. This medicine helps control seizures. The doctor will choose the medicine based on your child’s age, weight, seizure type and physical condition. […] The goal of treatment is to achieve the best quality of life with no seizures and no side effects from the medicine. Sometimes the medicine will need to be changed if there are side effects that are too much to handle or if it doesn’t control the seizures. If a child is seizure-free after two years of being on medicine, the doctor may try to take them off their seizure medicine. […] Your child’s provider may prescribe anti-seizure medication. It is also important for you to be aware of situations that seem to lead to your child’s seizures. These are called seizure triggers. Some common seizure triggers include: Fatigue it is important to keep a good sleep schedule.

• #86 Can Stress Cause Seizures? Understanding the Link

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/can-anxiety-cause-seizures

  Stress can cause seizures known as psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). […] Stress and anxiety can also trigger PNES in people without epilepsy. […] PNES can be an extreme response to stress and anxiety. […] PNES most often occur in people living with stress, anxiety, personality disorders, or other traumatic emotional conditions. […] While stress and anxiety are unlikely to trigger neurological seizures in people without epilepsy, they can trigger PNES in individuals with underlying mental health conditions.

• #87 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #88 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #89 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Seizures may be either provoked or unprovoked. […] Provoked seizures, also known as acute symptomatic seizures, may result from electrolyte disorders, toxins, head injury, infectious processes, vascular anomalies, tumors or other mass lesions, and many other causes. […] Epilepsy occurs because of a predisposition to seizures from genetic susceptibility or a chronic pathologic process. […] By definition, unprovoked seizures occur in the absence of provocative causes or more than seven days after an acute injury or insult such as stroke or brain hemorrhage. […] The concept of a seizure threshold means that each individual exists on a seizure susceptibility continuum with many factors influencing that susceptibility. […] Medications, genetic factors, electrolyte abnormalities, sleep state, infections, brain inflammation, or injury from many causes may lead to an individual crossing that threshold with a resulting seizure.

• #90 Febrile seizures | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/febrile-seizures/

  A febrile seizure is a fit that can happen when a child has a fever. […] If your child is having a febrile seizure, place them in the recovery position. Lay them on their side, on a soft surface, with their face turned to one side. This will stop them swallowing any vomit, keep their airway open and help prevent injury. […] If its your childs first seizure, or it lasts longer than five minutes, take them to the nearest hospital as soon as possible, or dial 999 for an ambulance. […] Febrile seizures are linked to fevers, but the exact cause is unknown. […] A high temperature is thought to be caused by a bacterial or viral infection that stimulates the release of cytokines. Cytokines are proteins that affect the parts of the brain and nervous system responsible for regulating the bodys temperature. Their release causes a rise in the bodys temperature. […] One theory is that in certain people, high levels of cytokines may temporarily scramble the workings of the brain and nervous system, triggering a seizure.

• #91 Why Seizures Happen After Head Trauma

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/seizures-after-head-trauma-3954717

  Drug and alcohol use greatly increases the likelihood of having a seizure. You may be more likely to vomit during the seizure, and you will not have adequate control over your gag and cough reflexes. This can lead to aspirating (inhaling) stomach contents into the lungs, which can be fatal. […] A traumatic brain injury increases your risk of seizures both immediately after the injury and, in some cases, across a lifetime. This is due to disruption of the normal electrical signals in the brain, caused by swelling or other conditions after the injury. […] Gunshot wounds, in particular, can lead to seizures and an epilepsy diagnosis after head injury. Other factors, including an underlying illness or alcohol and drug use, can increase the risk of seizures as well.

• #92 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  Knowing your child’s seizure triggers can help your child avoid situations that could lead to a seizure. This will help you be more aware during high risk times (such as when your child is sick). […] To identify seizure triggers, keep a seizure log. For each seizure, write down what time it is, what was happening and how your child felt before the seizure started. Look for patterns and connections. Talk to your child’s provider about what you learn.

• #93 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam are acceptable as the first-line medications for continuing seizures. […] The best second-line medication is unclear even after completing a highly anticipated randomized trial of benzodiazepine refractory status epilepticus. […] Should generalized convulsive status epilepticus continue, often advanced airway management is necessary. […] The prognosis of patients with seizures depends mostly on any underlying cause. […] The prognosis of a patient with a single unprovoked seizure has been well delineated. […] If basic investigations, including appropriate laboratory work, imaging, and perhaps EEG, are unremarkable, estimates of the recurrence rate of another unprovoked seizure within five years are between one-third and one-half.

• #94 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam are acceptable as the first-line medications for continuing seizures. […] The best second-line medication is unclear even after completing a highly anticipated randomized trial of benzodiazepine refractory status epilepticus. […] Should generalized convulsive status epilepticus continue, often advanced airway management is necessary. […] The prognosis of patients with seizures depends mostly on any underlying cause. […] The prognosis of a patient with a single unprovoked seizure has been well delineated. […] If basic investigations, including appropriate laboratory work, imaging, and perhaps EEG, are unremarkable, estimates of the recurrence rate of another unprovoked seizure within five years are between one-third and one-half.

• #95 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam are acceptable as the first-line medications for continuing seizures. […] The best second-line medication is unclear even after completing a highly anticipated randomized trial of benzodiazepine refractory status epilepticus. […] Should generalized convulsive status epilepticus continue, often advanced airway management is necessary. […] The prognosis of patients with seizures depends mostly on any underlying cause. […] The prognosis of a patient with a single unprovoked seizure has been well delineated. […] If basic investigations, including appropriate laboratory work, imaging, and perhaps EEG, are unremarkable, estimates of the recurrence rate of another unprovoked seizure within five years are between one-third and one-half.

• #96 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  However, if there is a second or third unprovoked seizure, the risk of further seizures increases to about three-quarters. […] Common complications may include traumatic injuries such as tongue lacerations or scalp lacerations. […] Monitoring is necessary to detect hypotension and hypoxia and steps taken to correct those conditions when recognized. […] Most generalized seizures terminate in less than five minutes, and a seizure of longer duration or serial seizures without regaining full consciousness in between defines status epilepticus. […] A benzodiazepine such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam is accepted as first-line medications. […] Outcomes following generalized convulsive status epilepticus depend on any underlying cause of the seizures and the duration of the status epilepticus.

• #97 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  However, if there is a second or third unprovoked seizure, the risk of further seizures increases to about three-quarters. […] Common complications may include traumatic injuries such as tongue lacerations or scalp lacerations. […] Monitoring is necessary to detect hypotension and hypoxia and steps taken to correct those conditions when recognized. […] Most generalized seizures terminate in less than five minutes, and a seizure of longer duration or serial seizures without regaining full consciousness in between defines status epilepticus. […] A benzodiazepine such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam is accepted as first-line medications. […] Outcomes following generalized convulsive status epilepticus depend on any underlying cause of the seizures and the duration of the status epilepticus.

• #98 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #99 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #100 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Seizures are the result of abnormal, excessive, and hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain. […] At a cellular level, they reflect a disruption of the normal balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. […] The generation of a seizure—the transition from an interictal to an ictal state—is known as ictogenesis. […] In provoked seizures (e.g., due to trauma, metabolic insults, or infections), acute disturbances in ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal membrane stability may transiently lower the threshold for seizure activity. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. […] Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. […] These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis.

• #101 Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430765/

  However, if there is a second or third unprovoked seizure, the risk of further seizures increases to about three-quarters. […] Common complications may include traumatic injuries such as tongue lacerations or scalp lacerations. […] Monitoring is necessary to detect hypotension and hypoxia and steps taken to correct those conditions when recognized. […] Most generalized seizures terminate in less than five minutes, and a seizure of longer duration or serial seizures without regaining full consciousness in between defines status epilepticus. […] A benzodiazepine such as diazepam, midazolam, or lorazepam is accepted as first-line medications. […] Outcomes following generalized convulsive status epilepticus depend on any underlying cause of the seizures and the duration of the status epilepticus.

• #102 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. […] This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] SE can involve widespread, uncontrolled muscle movements throughout your body. […] If SE continues for too long, it can affect the following systems and processes in your body: […] SE also disrupts how you breathe, starving your brain and body of oxygen, which is eventually deadly. […] SE lasts at least five minutes, and the longer a seizure lasts, the less likely it’ll stop on its own. […] SE is a medical emergency because it’s usually fatal without treatment. […] The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome.

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