Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neurological-disorders-assessing-fitness-to-drive

  A serious neurological disorder is considered as: any condition of the central or peripheral nervous system presently with, or at risk of progression to a condition with, functional (sensory (including special senses), motor and/or cognitive) effects likely to impact on safe driving. […] Epilepsy encompasses all seizure types, including major, minor and auras. […] From a licensing perspective, epilepsy means 2 or more unprovoked seizures over a period which exceeds 24 hours and less than five years apart. […] Epilepsy is prescribed in legislation as a relevant disability where there have been 2 or more epileptic seizures during the previous 5 year period. […] The following features, in both Group 1 car and motorcycle and Group 2 bus and lorry drivers, are considered to indicate a good prognosis for a person under care for a first unprovoked or isolated epileptic seizure: no relevant structural abnormalities on brain imaging, no definite epileptiform activity on EEG, support of a neurologist, annual risk of seizure considered to be 2% or lower for bus and lorry drivers.

• #2 Epilepsy: what are the chances of having a second seizure?

  https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/epilepsy-what-are-the-chances-of-having-a-second-seizure/

  Seizures are abnormal bursts of electrical activity in the brain that temporarily affect how it works. They can cause people to jerk or shake (’fit’), pass out, or stare blankly into space. A first seizure may be a one-off, but sometimes people go on to have another. […] A seizure without an obvious cause (such as head injury or fever, for example) is called unprovoked. Someone who has two or more unprovoked seizures more than one day apart is diagnosed with epilepsy. […] The researchers hope their results will help doctors counsel people on the risks of having a second seizure up to 2 years after their first. […] This study provides information that will help doctors to counsel people on their risk of having a second seizure. […] Understanding the risk of a second seizure is vital for anyone who has experienced a first unprovoked seizure. This study provides clear evidence that in the 2-year period following a first seizure, the risk of a second seizure should remain a serious consideration in discussions between doctors, epilepsy specialist nurses and the person affected. […] The research also highlights the importance of diagnostic tests (EEG and neuroimaging) following a first seizure.

• #3 Epilepsy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy

  The diagnosis of epilepsy typically requires at least two unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart. […] In some cases, however, it may be diagnosed after a single unprovoked seizure if clinical evidence suggests a high risk of recurrence. […] Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions that can resemble seizures, and may include neuroimaging, blood tests, and electroencephalography (EEG). […] The diagnosis of epilepsy is primarily clinical, based on a thorough evaluation of the person’s history, seizure features, and risk of recurrence. […] While diagnostic tests such as electroencephalograms and neuroimaging can support the diagnosis, there is no single test that can confirm or exclude epilepsy. […] Clinicians must also distinguish epileptic seizures from other conditions that can mimic them and determine whether the event was provoked by an acute, reversible cause or if it suggests a long-term tendency for unprovoked seizures.

• #4 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #5 After a first seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/after-a-first-seizure

  Having a single seizure does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy. It can be a difficult and uncertain time when you haven’t yet had a diagnosis. […] There is no single test that can diagnose epilepsy. So getting a diagnosis is not always straightforward or easy. […] If you went to hospital at the time of your seizure, they may have done some tests to see what caused the seizure. […] If you did not go to hospital, or if they did not refer you to a specialist, you should see your GP. […] At your first appointment with the specialist they will want to know as much as possible about what happened to you before, during, and after your seizure. […] The specialist may refer you for some tests, usually an MRI scan and an Electroencephalogram (EEG). […] At your first appointment, your specialist should assess your risk of having another seizure. You should be given information about first aid, safety, how to minimise any further risk, how to recognise another seizure, and what to do if another seizure happens.

• #6 After a first seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/after-a-first-seizure

  Having a single seizure does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy. It can be a difficult and uncertain time when you haven’t yet had a diagnosis. […] There is no single test that can diagnose epilepsy. So getting a diagnosis is not always straightforward or easy. […] If you went to hospital at the time of your seizure, they may have done some tests to see what caused the seizure. […] If you did not go to hospital, or if they did not refer you to a specialist, you should see your GP. […] At your first appointment with the specialist they will want to know as much as possible about what happened to you before, during, and after your seizure. […] The specialist may refer you for some tests, usually an MRI scan and an Electroencephalogram (EEG). […] At your first appointment, your specialist should assess your risk of having another seizure. You should be given information about first aid, safety, how to minimise any further risk, how to recognise another seizure, and what to do if another seizure happens.

• #7 After a first seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/after-a-first-seizure

  Having a single seizure does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy. It can be a difficult and uncertain time when you haven’t yet had a diagnosis. […] There is no single test that can diagnose epilepsy. So getting a diagnosis is not always straightforward or easy. […] If you went to hospital at the time of your seizure, they may have done some tests to see what caused the seizure. […] If you did not go to hospital, or if they did not refer you to a specialist, you should see your GP. […] At your first appointment with the specialist they will want to know as much as possible about what happened to you before, during, and after your seizure. […] The specialist may refer you for some tests, usually an MRI scan and an Electroencephalogram (EEG). […] At your first appointment, your specialist should assess your risk of having another seizure. You should be given information about first aid, safety, how to minimise any further risk, how to recognise another seizure, and what to do if another seizure happens.

• #8

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/seizures/Pages/Epilepsy-in-Children-Diagnosis-and-Treatment.aspx

  Epilepsy is often diagnosed if a child or teen: […] Any child without a known diagnosis of epilepsy who experiences a first-time seizure needs immediate emergency medical attention. They should also have a follow-up visit with their primary care pediatrician soon afterwards. If seizures happen again, they need to see a pediatric neurologist, a specialist who manages seizures and epilepsy. […] An epilepsy diagnosis varies for each child, but major steps in the process often include: […] Detailed accounts of the seizure: Whoever was with your child when they had a seizure should talk with the doctor. Videos taken of your child during their seizure also can be helpful as well. […] If your child is diagnosed with epilepsy, it is important to keep working with their doctor to classify the type of seizures and epilepsy they have. That will help guide treatment options.

• #9 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  Specialists at NYU Langones Comprehensive Epilepsy Center have the resources and experience to diagnose the various types of epilepsy and seizure disorders that occur in adults, as well as those seen in children. […] Because doctors seldom witness a persons seizures, they compile a detailed and accurate medical history to diagnose epilepsy and differentiate it from other conditions. […] Having a family member record information about a seizure can help your doctor to confirm that it was a seizure and determine the type. […] Because a seizure may be caused by a medical disorder, a physical exam is an important part of the first consultation. The exam and the results of certain laboratory tests can tell your doctor whether the liver, kidneys, and other organ systems are working as they should.

• #10 After a first seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/after-a-first-seizure

  Having a single seizure does not necessarily mean you have epilepsy. It can be a difficult and uncertain time when you haven’t yet had a diagnosis. […] There is no single test that can diagnose epilepsy. So getting a diagnosis is not always straightforward or easy. […] If you went to hospital at the time of your seizure, they may have done some tests to see what caused the seizure. […] If you did not go to hospital, or if they did not refer you to a specialist, you should see your GP. […] At your first appointment with the specialist they will want to know as much as possible about what happened to you before, during, and after your seizure. […] The specialist may refer you for some tests, usually an MRI scan and an Electroencephalogram (EEG). […] At your first appointment, your specialist should assess your risk of having another seizure. You should be given information about first aid, safety, how to minimise any further risk, how to recognise another seizure, and what to do if another seizure happens.

• #11 Diagnosis – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/diagnosis

  If you have a seizure, it’s important to see a doctor so they can find out why it happened. […] You should see your GP as soon as possible if you, or someone you care for, has had a suspected seizure and you did not go to the hospital at the time. Anyone who has had a suspected seizure should have an ECG (electrocardiogram) to exclude a heart problem. You will likely have other tests too. […] There is no single test that can confirm an epilepsy diagnosis. Your doctor will need to assess your symptoms thoroughly. You may also have several medical tests at AE or through your GP. […] Your doctor will refer you to a specialist if they think you have had an epileptic seizure. […] Your specialist will ask you about your symptoms and your general health. […] There are lots of tests that can help diagnose epilepsy. You might have some in hospital soon after your seizure, and your specialist may arrange for you to have others if needed.

• #12 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Tests also may show how likely it is that you’ll have another seizure. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam. This is to look at your behavior, motor abilities and how your brain works. Blood tests. A blood sample can show blood sugar levels and look for signs of infections or gene conditions. A health professional also may check the levels of salts in the body that manage the balance of fluids. These salts are called electrolytes. A spinal tap. This procedure collects a sample of fluid from the spine for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap may show whether an infection caused a seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG). In this test, electrodes are put on the scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again.

• #13 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Tests also may show how likely it is that you’ll have another seizure. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam. This is to look at your behavior, motor abilities and how your brain works. Blood tests. A blood sample can show blood sugar levels and look for signs of infections or gene conditions. A health professional also may check the levels of salts in the body that manage the balance of fluids. These salts are called electrolytes. A spinal tap. This procedure collects a sample of fluid from the spine for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap may show whether an infection caused a seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG). In this test, electrodes are put on the scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again.

• #14 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Tests also may show how likely it is that you’ll have another seizure. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam. This is to look at your behavior, motor abilities and how your brain works. Blood tests. A blood sample can show blood sugar levels and look for signs of infections or gene conditions. A health professional also may check the levels of salts in the body that manage the balance of fluids. These salts are called electrolytes. A spinal tap. This procedure collects a sample of fluid from the spine for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap may show whether an infection caused a seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG). In this test, electrodes are put on the scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again.

• #15 Epilepsy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/epilepsy

  The full extent of the seizure may not be completely understood immediately after onset of symptoms, but may be revealed with a comprehensive medical evaluation and diagnostic testing. […] The diagnosis of a seizure is made with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. During the examination, the physician obtains a complete medical history of the child and family and asks when the seizures occurred. Seizures may be due to neurological problems and require further medical follow up. […] Diagnostic tests may include: Blood tests, Electroencephalogram (EEG) – a procedure that records the brain’s continuous, electrical activity by means of electrodes attached to the scalp, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body, Computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) – a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays, Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – a special needle is placed into the lower back, into the spinal canal. This is the area around the spinal cord. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. A small amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) can be removed and sent for testing to determine if there is an infection or other problems. CSF is the fluid that bathes your child’s brain and spinal cord.

• #16 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Electroencephalography (EEG) is critical in the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, particularly of focal impaired-awareness seizures or absence status epilepticus, when EEG may be the most definitive indication of a seizure. EEG may detect epileptiform abnormalities (spikes, sharp waves, spike and slow-wave complexes, polyspike and slow-wave complexes). […] Inpatient combined video-EEG monitoring, usually for 2 to 7 days, records EEG activity and clinical behavior simultaneously. It is the most sensitive EEG testing available and is thus useful in differentiating epileptic from nonepileptic seizures.

• #17 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Tests also may show how likely it is that you’ll have another seizure. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam. This is to look at your behavior, motor abilities and how your brain works. Blood tests. A blood sample can show blood sugar levels and look for signs of infections or gene conditions. A health professional also may check the levels of salts in the body that manage the balance of fluids. These salts are called electrolytes. A spinal tap. This procedure collects a sample of fluid from the spine for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap may show whether an infection caused a seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG). In this test, electrodes are put on the scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again.

• #18 Epilepsy and Seizures: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-overview

  The clinical diagnosis can be confirmed by abnormalities on the interictal EEG, but these abnormalities could be present in otherwise healthy individuals, and their absence does not exclude the diagnosis of epilepsy. […] Video-EEG monitoring is the standard test for classifying the type of seizure or syndrome or to diagnose pseudoseizures (ie, to establish a definitive diagnosis of spells with impairment of consciousness). This technique is also used to characterize the type of seizure and epileptic syndrome to optimize pharmacologic treatment and for presurgical workup.

• #19 Tests and Investigation | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/testing-and-investigation/

  People sometimes think that imaging tests such as an EEG, CT scan or an MRI will determine that they have had a seizure. However, information from tests alone can’t always confirm that a seizure has occurred, or that the person has epilepsy. […] An EEG examines electrical activity in the brain. However, electrical changes are often only seen during a seizure. This means that when an EEG comes back normal, it could simply indicate that seizure activity was not occurring when the test was taken – it doesn’t mean that a seizure has not occurred at another time. An abnormal EEG can suggest that a person is more likely to have seizures which can be helpful to the doctor during the diagnosis period. However, an EEG can be abnormal for a variety of reasons unrelated to seizures. […] MRI and CT scans show how a person’s brain is structured and, sometimes, a possible cause for seizure activity can be seen on a scan. This may be small changes in how the brain tissue developed, blood vessel changes, or changes as a result of a tumour or traumatic brain injury. But, just like an EEG, the scans can show up as being normal in people who have had a witnessed or suspected seizure. It is also possible for a person to have an ‘abnormal’ CT or MRI and not have a diagnosis of epilepsy.

• #20 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor also uses other diagnostic tools, including the following, to determine if a person has epilepsy. […] If a doctor suspects epilepsy is causing your symptoms, he or she may order an electroencephalography, or EEG. This tool is the most specific test for diagnosing epilepsy because it records the electrical activity of the brain. […] Sometimes the results of a routine EEG are normal or reveal only minor, nonspecific findings. In some people, electrical activity that indicates epilepsy occurs only once every few hours or only after several hours of sleep, and a routine EEG may not capture it. […] Video EEG monitoring allows the doctor to view your behavior and brain activity. Having access to audiovideo and EEG data at the same time lets your doctor match seizure activity in the brain and your symptoms and actions during the seizure.

• #21 Tests and Investigation | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/testing-and-investigation/

  Additional tests such as SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans may also be recommended. A PET scan provides information about how an organ or system in the body is working, and a SPECT scan shows how blood flows to tissues and organs – both scan can assist helping to identify seizure onset zones in the brain. However, not everyone will need to undergo these tests, and sometimes they are only used as part of pre-surgical evaluation. […] Often, people who are being assessed for epilepsy undergo a number of diagnostic tests. […] Blood tests are usually ordered as this can check the overall health of a person. […] An EEG records electrical signals from the brain. […] During an EEG, patients are often asked to open and close their eyes, breathe deeply and look at flashing lights. Sometimes the doctor will request a ‘sleep-deprived’ EEG. This means the person will be asked to have fewer hours sleep the night before the test. A sleep deprived EEG is often ordered by the doctor if the person’s routine EEG was reported as normal. A person who is sleep deprived is more likely to have abnormal electrical activity recorded during the EEG that can help determine if the person has developed epilepsy.

• #22 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain through electrodes put on the scalp. EEG results show changes in brain activity. This may help diagnose brain conditions such as epilepsy and other seizure conditions. […] After a seizure, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and medical history and does a physical exam. You may have tests to find the cause of your seizure. Tests also may show how likely it is that you’ll have another seizure. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam. This is to look at your behavior, motor abilities and how your brain works. Blood tests. A blood sample can show blood sugar levels and look for signs of infections or gene conditions. A health professional also may check the levels of salts in the body that manage the balance of fluids. These salts are called electrolytes. A spinal tap. This procedure collects a sample of fluid from the spine for testing. Also called a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap may show whether an infection caused a seizure. An electroencephalogram (EEG). In this test, electrodes are put on the scalp to record the electrical activity of the brain. The electrical activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. The EEG may show a pattern that tells whether a seizure is likely to happen again.

• #23 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor also uses other diagnostic tools, including the following, to determine if a person has epilepsy. […] If a doctor suspects epilepsy is causing your symptoms, he or she may order an electroencephalography, or EEG. This tool is the most specific test for diagnosing epilepsy because it records the electrical activity of the brain. […] Sometimes the results of a routine EEG are normal or reveal only minor, nonspecific findings. In some people, electrical activity that indicates epilepsy occurs only once every few hours or only after several hours of sleep, and a routine EEG may not capture it. […] Video EEG monitoring allows the doctor to view your behavior and brain activity. Having access to audiovideo and EEG data at the same time lets your doctor match seizure activity in the brain and your symptoms and actions during the seizure.

• #24 Tests and Investigation | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/testing-and-investigation/

  Sometimes it is useful to perform an EEG over an extended period of time while a person is being monitored by a video camera. If an event is recorded, this allows the doctors to match the electrical activity recorded by the EEG with what the seizure looks like in real life. […] Ambulatory electroencephalography (AEEG) monitoring is a new technology that allows prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. […] A SPECT scan measures blood flow in the brain. […] SPECT scans can assist doctors to better understand which region/s in the brain a seizure is coming from. […] A PET scan test shows the energy usage of a person’s brain. […] PET scans can assist doctors to better understand which region/s in the brain a seizure is coming from.

• #25 Tests and Investigation | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/diagnosing-epilepsy/testing-and-investigation/

  Additional tests such as SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography) scans may also be recommended. A PET scan provides information about how an organ or system in the body is working, and a SPECT scan shows how blood flows to tissues and organs – both scan can assist helping to identify seizure onset zones in the brain. However, not everyone will need to undergo these tests, and sometimes they are only used as part of pre-surgical evaluation. […] Often, people who are being assessed for epilepsy undergo a number of diagnostic tests. […] Blood tests are usually ordered as this can check the overall health of a person. […] An EEG records electrical signals from the brain. […] During an EEG, patients are often asked to open and close their eyes, breathe deeply and look at flashing lights. Sometimes the doctor will request a ‘sleep-deprived’ EEG. This means the person will be asked to have fewer hours sleep the night before the test. A sleep deprived EEG is often ordered by the doctor if the person’s routine EEG was reported as normal. A person who is sleep deprived is more likely to have abnormal electrical activity recorded during the EEG that can help determine if the person has developed epilepsy.

• #26 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #27 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #28 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor may order an MRI scanin which a magnetic field and radio waves create computerized two- or three-dimensional imagesto better view the structure of the brain. […] A CT scan is a type of X-ray that creates detailed images of tissue and internal organs. CT scans can help doctors identify any brain abnormalities that might be causing seizures, such as scar tissue, tumors, or malformed blood vessels. […] Single-photon emission CT (SPECT) is an imaging tool that reveals blood flow in the brain. […] A PET scan uses small amounts of radioactive glucose, or sugar, is injected intravenously to create a detailed image of the brain. […] Magnetic resonance spectroscopy uses an MRI machine to analyze the molecular components of tissue in a particular area of the brain. […] Functional MRI uses a standard MRI machine to measure changes in oxygen and blood flow to a particular area of the brain while a person performs specific tasks. […] Magnetoencephalography is an imaging technique used to identify and analyze brain activity.

• #29 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #30 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor may order an MRI scanin which a magnetic field and radio waves create computerized two- or three-dimensional imagesto better view the structure of the brain. […] A CT scan is a type of X-ray that creates detailed images of tissue and internal organs. CT scans can help doctors identify any brain abnormalities that might be causing seizures, such as scar tissue, tumors, or malformed blood vessels. […] Single-photon emission CT (SPECT) is an imaging tool that reveals blood flow in the brain. […] A PET scan uses small amounts of radioactive glucose, or sugar, is injected intravenously to create a detailed image of the brain. […] Magnetic resonance spectroscopy uses an MRI machine to analyze the molecular components of tissue in a particular area of the brain. […] Functional MRI uses a standard MRI machine to measure changes in oxygen and blood flow to a particular area of the brain while a person performs specific tasks. […] Magnetoencephalography is an imaging technique used to identify and analyze brain activity.

• #31 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #32 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor may order an MRI scanin which a magnetic field and radio waves create computerized two- or three-dimensional imagesto better view the structure of the brain. […] A CT scan is a type of X-ray that creates detailed images of tissue and internal organs. CT scans can help doctors identify any brain abnormalities that might be causing seizures, such as scar tissue, tumors, or malformed blood vessels. […] Single-photon emission CT (SPECT) is an imaging tool that reveals blood flow in the brain. […] A PET scan uses small amounts of radioactive glucose, or sugar, is injected intravenously to create a detailed image of the brain. […] Magnetic resonance spectroscopy uses an MRI machine to analyze the molecular components of tissue in a particular area of the brain. […] Functional MRI uses a standard MRI machine to measure changes in oxygen and blood flow to a particular area of the brain while a person performs specific tasks. […] Magnetoencephalography is an imaging technique used to identify and analyze brain activity.

• #33 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #34 Diagnosing Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders/diagnosis

  A doctor may order an MRI scanin which a magnetic field and radio waves create computerized two- or three-dimensional imagesto better view the structure of the brain. […] A CT scan is a type of X-ray that creates detailed images of tissue and internal organs. CT scans can help doctors identify any brain abnormalities that might be causing seizures, such as scar tissue, tumors, or malformed blood vessels. […] Single-photon emission CT (SPECT) is an imaging tool that reveals blood flow in the brain. […] A PET scan uses small amounts of radioactive glucose, or sugar, is injected intravenously to create a detailed image of the brain. […] Magnetic resonance spectroscopy uses an MRI machine to analyze the molecular components of tissue in a particular area of the brain. […] Functional MRI uses a standard MRI machine to measure changes in oxygen and blood flow to a particular area of the brain while a person performs specific tasks. […] Magnetoencephalography is an imaging technique used to identify and analyze brain activity.

• #35 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  EEG testing also may help rule out other conditions that have symptoms like those of epilepsy. This test may be done at a clinic, overnight at home or over a few nights in the hospital. […] Imaging tests may include: MRI. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain. An MRI may show changes in the brain that could lead to seizures. CT scan. A CT scan uses X-rays to get cross-sectional images of the brain. CT scans can show changes in the brain that might cause a seizure. Those changes may include tumors, bleeding and cysts. Positron emission tomography (PET). A PET scan uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The material helps show active areas of the brain and brain changes. Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive material that’s put into a vein. The test creates a detailed 3D map of the blood flow in the brain that happens during a seizure.

• #36 How to Help Someone Having a Seizure: What to Do

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-seizure-what-to-do-in-an-emergency

  Witnessing someone with epilepsy having a seizure can be truly frightening. But most seizures aren’t an emergency. They stop on their own with no permanent ill effects. […] There are simple steps you can take to protect someone from harm during a seizure. It’s worth knowing some basic first aid — and when it’s time to call 911. […] Any generalized seizure can be dangerous because the person is unaware of their surroundings and can’t protect themselves from harm. The uncontrolled thrashing movements during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure increase the chances of injury. This type is most likely to result in a trip to the emergency room. […] Seizure first aid is a matter of taking precautions. You’re most likely to need it for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. […] Call 911 if the person has difficulty breathing or waking after the seizure or if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] Talk to your health care provider about a seizure action plan and what the best response should be for the type of seizures you experience. […] Call 911 if the person has difficulty breathing or waking after the seizure or if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

• #37 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  A healthcare professional also may do a type of SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM). The test may give results with even more detail. This test is usually done in a hospital with overnight EEG recording. […] To help someone during a seizure, take these steps: Carefully roll the person onto one side. Place something soft under the person’s head. Loosen tight neckwear. Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. Don’t try to restrain the person. Clear away dangerous objects if the person is moving. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Watch the person closely so that you can tell medical helpers what happened. Time the seizure. Stay calm.

• #38 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #39 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  A healthcare professional also may do a type of SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM). The test may give results with even more detail. This test is usually done in a hospital with overnight EEG recording. […] To help someone during a seizure, take these steps: Carefully roll the person onto one side. Place something soft under the person’s head. Loosen tight neckwear. Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. Don’t try to restrain the person. Clear away dangerous objects if the person is moving. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Watch the person closely so that you can tell medical helpers what happened. Time the seizure. Stay calm.

• #40 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  A healthcare professional also may do a type of SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM). The test may give results with even more detail. This test is usually done in a hospital with overnight EEG recording. […] To help someone during a seizure, take these steps: Carefully roll the person onto one side. Place something soft under the person’s head. Loosen tight neckwear. Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. Don’t try to restrain the person. Clear away dangerous objects if the person is moving. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Watch the person closely so that you can tell medical helpers what happened. Time the seizure. Stay calm.

• #41 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #42 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  A healthcare professional also may do a type of SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM). The test may give results with even more detail. This test is usually done in a hospital with overnight EEG recording. […] To help someone during a seizure, take these steps: Carefully roll the person onto one side. Place something soft under the person’s head. Loosen tight neckwear. Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. Don’t try to restrain the person. Clear away dangerous objects if the person is moving. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Watch the person closely so that you can tell medical helpers what happened. Time the seizure. Stay calm.

• #43 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #44 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  A healthcare professional also may do a type of SPECT test called subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered with MRI (SISCOM). The test may give results with even more detail. This test is usually done in a hospital with overnight EEG recording. […] To help someone during a seizure, take these steps: Carefully roll the person onto one side. Place something soft under the person’s head. Loosen tight neckwear. Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. Don’t try to restrain the person. Clear away dangerous objects if the person is moving. Stay with the person until medical help arrives. Watch the person closely so that you can tell medical helpers what happened. Time the seizure. Stay calm.

• #45 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  If you see someone having a seizure, there are some things you can do to help. It will not usually be necessary to call an ambulance after a seizure. […] When the convulsions have stopped, put them into the recovery position until theyve recovered. […] Status epilepticus is the name for any seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or a series of seizures where the person does not regain consciousness in between. This is a medical emergency and requires treatment as soon as possible. […] You can be trained to treat status epilepticus if you care for someone with epilepsy. Its important to phone 999 for an ambulance immediately if you suspect status epilepticus. […] The doctor will ask you what you can remember and any symptoms you may have had before it happened things like feeling strange before the seizure or experiencing any warning signs. It is extremely useful to talk to anyone who seen your seizure and ask them exactly what they saw, especially if you cannot remember. […] The doctor may be able to make a diagnosis of epilepsy from the information you give. They might run further tests like an electroencephalogram (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.

• #46 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #47 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #48 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #49 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #50 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #51 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #52 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #53 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  What Do You Do if a Child is Having a Seizure? […] Stay calm and stay with your child. […] Protect your child from getting hurt. Move objects away that may harm them. […] Place a soft object under your child’s head. […] Roll your child onto their side. […] Loosen tight clothes. […] Time the seizure when it starts. […] Be prepared to give seizure rescue medication based on your child’s individual seizure plan. […] Call 911 if seizure lasts five minutes or longer and you do not have a seizure rescue medication. […] Do not put anything in the child’s mouth. Your child cannot swallow their tongue. […] Do not try to keep your child from moving. This may cause you or your child to get hurt. […] Do not give liquids or medicine by mouth until your child is fully awake and alert.

• #54 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #55 How to Help Someone Having a Seizure: What to Do

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-seizure-what-to-do-in-an-emergency

  Witnessing someone with epilepsy having a seizure can be truly frightening. But most seizures aren’t an emergency. They stop on their own with no permanent ill effects. […] There are simple steps you can take to protect someone from harm during a seizure. It’s worth knowing some basic first aid — and when it’s time to call 911. […] Any generalized seizure can be dangerous because the person is unaware of their surroundings and can’t protect themselves from harm. The uncontrolled thrashing movements during a generalized tonic-clonic seizure increase the chances of injury. This type is most likely to result in a trip to the emergency room. […] Seizure first aid is a matter of taking precautions. You’re most likely to need it for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. […] Call 911 if the person has difficulty breathing or waking after the seizure or if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] Talk to your health care provider about a seizure action plan and what the best response should be for the type of seizures you experience. […] Call 911 if the person has difficulty breathing or waking after the seizure or if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.

• #56 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #57 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] Call triple zero (000) if: a seizure continues for more than 5 minutes, a second seizure quickly follows the first, the person doesn’t respond for more than 5 minutes after a seizure stops, the person has been injured, the person is swimming or in water at the time of the seizure, the person has diabetes or is pregnant, you know, or think it is the person’s first seizure. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over.

• #58 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] Seizures don’t usually require emergency medical attention. […] But you should call 911 if one or more of these things happen: The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure has never had a seizure before. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke.

• #59 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Find out what to do if someone has a seizure […] You think someone’s having a seizure and: […] Call 999 if: it’s the first time it’s happened […] it lasts longer than is usual for them, or longer than 5 minutes if you do not know how long their seizures usually last […] they do not recover as usual afterwards, or they have another seizure without recovering between seizures […] they’ve now had 3 or more seizures in 24 hours. […] If you or your child have had a seizure you’ll need to see a specialist doctor. They’ll check what caused it and whether you might have epilepsy. […] They’ll ask about what happened before, during and after the seizure. If someone else saw the seizure, it can help to bring them with you to your appointment. […] Having a seizure does not always mean you have epilepsy, as seizures can have other causes. You’ll usually be diagnosed with epilepsy if you’ve had more than 1 seizure, or if tests show you’re at risk of having more seizures.

• #60 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Find out what to do if someone has a seizure […] You think someone’s having a seizure and: […] Call 999 if: it’s the first time it’s happened […] it lasts longer than is usual for them, or longer than 5 minutes if you do not know how long their seizures usually last […] they do not recover as usual afterwards, or they have another seizure without recovering between seizures […] they’ve now had 3 or more seizures in 24 hours. […] If you or your child have had a seizure you’ll need to see a specialist doctor. They’ll check what caused it and whether you might have epilepsy. […] They’ll ask about what happened before, during and after the seizure. If someone else saw the seizure, it can help to bring them with you to your appointment. […] Having a seizure does not always mean you have epilepsy, as seizures can have other causes. You’ll usually be diagnosed with epilepsy if you’ve had more than 1 seizure, or if tests show you’re at risk of having more seizures.

• #61 Brain tumour seizure and epilepsy | The Brain Tumour Charity

  https://www.thebraintumourcharity.org/living-with-a-brain-tumour/side-effects/seizures-epilepsy-and-brain-tumours/

  Its important you know what to do to keep them safe when they have a seizure, but this will depend on the type of seizure theyre having. […] If a seizure continues for more than 5 minutes or occur repeatedly without time to recover in between, emergency (rescue) medication should be given and an ambulance should be called immediately.

• #62 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  First aid for epileptic seizures is mostly designed to keep the person safe. While there are different types of seizures with varying symptoms, first aid is most urgent for seizures that cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and falling. […] It’s not always necessary to call 911, but you should do so if the seizure is prolonged, if multiple seizures occur close together, or if the person is choking or otherwise in danger. […] When someone is having a seizure, your main goal is to keep them from being injured. […] If they’re sitting in a chair, gently guide them to the floor or try to prevent them from falling. Head injuries are common and usually result from the fall at the onset of the seizure. […] According to the Epilepsy Foundation, you should call 911 when: Someone without a history of seizures has one, A seizure lasts five minutes or longer, Seizures occur one after another without the person becoming conscious in between, Seizures occur closer together than is typical for that person, The person has trouble breathing or is choking, The person asks for medical attention.

• #63 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  First aid for epileptic seizures is mostly designed to keep the person safe. While there are different types of seizures with varying symptoms, first aid is most urgent for seizures that cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and falling. […] It’s not always necessary to call 911, but you should do so if the seizure is prolonged, if multiple seizures occur close together, or if the person is choking or otherwise in danger. […] When someone is having a seizure, your main goal is to keep them from being injured. […] If they’re sitting in a chair, gently guide them to the floor or try to prevent them from falling. Head injuries are common and usually result from the fall at the onset of the seizure. […] According to the Epilepsy Foundation, you should call 911 when: Someone without a history of seizures has one, A seizure lasts five minutes or longer, Seizures occur one after another without the person becoming conscious in between, Seizures occur closer together than is typical for that person, The person has trouble breathing or is choking, The person asks for medical attention.

• #64 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] Call triple zero (000) if: a seizure continues for more than 5 minutes, a second seizure quickly follows the first, the person doesn’t respond for more than 5 minutes after a seizure stops, the person has been injured, the person is swimming or in water at the time of the seizure, the person has diabetes or is pregnant, you know, or think it is the person’s first seizure. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over.

• #65 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If the person is known to you and you have access to their Epilepsy Management Plan (EMP) then follow any first aid advice provided in that document. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing ‘non-convulsive status epilepticus’. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The person is injured or has swallowed water. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows. […] A seizure in water (pool, bath, ocean) is a life threatening emergency and an ambulance (000) should always be called as soon as possible. Even if a person is breathing after the seizure, they may have inhaled water and be at significant risk.

• #66 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] Call triple zero (000) if: a seizure continues for more than 5 minutes, a second seizure quickly follows the first, the person doesn’t respond for more than 5 minutes after a seizure stops, the person has been injured, the person is swimming or in water at the time of the seizure, the person has diabetes or is pregnant, you know, or think it is the person’s first seizure. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over.

• #67 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] Call triple zero (000) if: a seizure continues for more than 5 minutes, a second seizure quickly follows the first, the person doesn’t respond for more than 5 minutes after a seizure stops, the person has been injured, the person is swimming or in water at the time of the seizure, the person has diabetes or is pregnant, you know, or think it is the person’s first seizure. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over.

• #68 First Aid For Seizures

  https://epilepsy.org.nz/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  If the person is known to you and you have access to their Epilepsy Management Plan (EMP) then follow any first aid advice provided in that document. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (111) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (111) IF: If the seizure activity lasts for more than 5 minutes, as this may indicate the person is experiencing non-convulsive status epilepticus. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (111) IF: The person is injured or has swallowed water. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (111) IF: The person is pregnant.

• #69 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Find out what to do if someone has a seizure […] You think someone’s having a seizure and: […] Call 999 if: it’s the first time it’s happened […] it lasts longer than is usual for them, or longer than 5 minutes if you do not know how long their seizures usually last […] they do not recover as usual afterwards, or they have another seizure without recovering between seizures […] they’ve now had 3 or more seizures in 24 hours. […] If you or your child have had a seizure you’ll need to see a specialist doctor. They’ll check what caused it and whether you might have epilepsy. […] They’ll ask about what happened before, during and after the seizure. If someone else saw the seizure, it can help to bring them with you to your appointment. […] Having a seizure does not always mean you have epilepsy, as seizures can have other causes. You’ll usually be diagnosed with epilepsy if you’ve had more than 1 seizure, or if tests show you’re at risk of having more seizures.

• #70 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  If you see someone having a seizure, there are some things you can do to help. It will not usually be necessary to call an ambulance after a seizure. […] When the convulsions have stopped, put them into the recovery position until theyve recovered. […] Status epilepticus is the name for any seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or a series of seizures where the person does not regain consciousness in between. This is a medical emergency and requires treatment as soon as possible. […] You can be trained to treat status epilepticus if you care for someone with epilepsy. Its important to phone 999 for an ambulance immediately if you suspect status epilepticus. […] The doctor will ask you what you can remember and any symptoms you may have had before it happened things like feeling strange before the seizure or experiencing any warning signs. It is extremely useful to talk to anyone who seen your seizure and ask them exactly what they saw, especially if you cannot remember. […] The doctor may be able to make a diagnosis of epilepsy from the information you give. They might run further tests like an electroencephalogram (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.

• #71 Status Epilepticus: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24729-status-epilepticus

  Status epilepticus (SE) is when a person has a continuous seizure or multiple seizures without enough time to recover between them. This condition is a life-threatening medical emergency and needs immediate medical care. […] If you or someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes, or has back-to-back seizures without becoming fully awake and alert between them, call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] A healthcare provider can tentatively diagnose SE based on a person’s seizure symptoms and how long they have a seizure or if they have more than one seizure without enough time to recover between them. […] An electroencephalogram (EEG) is the gold standard for any seizure diagnosis, including SE. […] If someone you’re with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or has more than one seizure without recovering between them, call 911, or your local emergency services number, immediately. The faster a person receives treatment for SE, the better the odds of a good outcome. […] Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening medical emergency that happens when a seizure lasts more than five minutes, or when you don’t have enough time to recover fully between seizures.

• #72 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #73 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  Try to time the seizure and keep a log. Timing the seizure is important because of a life-threatening condition called status epilepticus. […] Status epilepticus is an ongoing seizure that doesnt self-resolve, typically considered more than five minutes, says Dr. Peter Early, visiting clinical professor of neurology in the Department of Clinical Sciences. […] If a dog is in status epilepticus for too long, they could die. There is so much intense, violent physical activity that the core body temperature rises to life-threatening levels. Status epilepticus requires emergency veterinary intervention with intravenous medication, usually a benzodiazepine like diazepam (Valium), to break the seizure. […] Seizures can be caused by metabolic disorders like low blood sugar or low blood calcium, liver disease, liver shunts, kidney disease and others. These seizures are called reactive seizures. The brain is normal, and if the metabolic disorder can be corrected, the seizures go away.

• #74 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  Try to time the seizure and keep a log. Timing the seizure is important because of a life-threatening condition called status epilepticus. […] Status epilepticus is an ongoing seizure that doesnt self-resolve, typically considered more than five minutes, says Dr. Peter Early, visiting clinical professor of neurology in the Department of Clinical Sciences. […] If a dog is in status epilepticus for too long, they could die. There is so much intense, violent physical activity that the core body temperature rises to life-threatening levels. Status epilepticus requires emergency veterinary intervention with intravenous medication, usually a benzodiazepine like diazepam (Valium), to break the seizure. […] Seizures can be caused by metabolic disorders like low blood sugar or low blood calcium, liver disease, liver shunts, kidney disease and others. These seizures are called reactive seizures. The brain is normal, and if the metabolic disorder can be corrected, the seizures go away.

• #75 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  When the person wakes up after the seizure, they may be disoriented and not know what happened. Doctors call this the postictal state. Reassure the person that everything is OK and calmly let them know what happened. It’s important to make sure that any injuries are taken care of. […] If you have called for emergency help, the paramedics (and emergency physician) may ask you what the person was doing just prior to having the seizure. In some cases this information can be helpful in determining seizure triggers.

• #76 Simple seizure first-aid tips – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/how-to-help-someone-having-a-seizure

  Although quite common, seizures are not something people typically are used to seeing in person. Many people don’t know how to react when observing somebody having a seizure. […] Most seizures are self-limiting and will stop on their own. After the seizure has stopped, provide reassurance that the person is in a safe place. […] Call 911 if it’s the first time your loved one has had a seizure.

• #77 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  After the seizure is finished you should do the following: Talk to them calmly to reassure them, until they regain consciousness (are fully awake and aware of what’s going on). […] If it is your child’s first seizure, the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or your child does not wake up or looks sick when the seizure stops, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.

• #78 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  When the person wakes up after the seizure, they may be disoriented and not know what happened. Doctors call this the postictal state. Reassure the person that everything is OK and calmly let them know what happened. It’s important to make sure that any injuries are taken care of. […] If you have called for emergency help, the paramedics (and emergency physician) may ask you what the person was doing just prior to having the seizure. In some cases this information can be helpful in determining seizure triggers.

• #79 First Aid for Epilepsy Seizures

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/first-aid-for-epilepsy-and-seizures-1204473

  When the person wakes up after the seizure, they may be disoriented and not know what happened. Doctors call this the postictal state. Reassure the person that everything is OK and calmly let them know what happened. It’s important to make sure that any injuries are taken care of. […] If you have called for emergency help, the paramedics (and emergency physician) may ask you what the person was doing just prior to having the seizure. In some cases this information can be helpful in determining seizure triggers.

• #80 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  Most seizures will stop within minutes on their own. If your doctor has prescribed rescue medication for seizures lasting five minutes or longer, be prepared. Know where the medication is and how to give it to your child. Store the medications securely at room temperature. Avoid storing it in places such as a car’s glove compartment or a tote bag that will be out in the sun. […] After a seizure: […] Your child may be confused and sleepy. It is OK to let them sleep. […] Your child may have pee or poop in their pants. […] Any bleeding from the mouth may mean that your child bit their tongue or the inside of their cheek. Check the mouth only after the seizure is over. Put a clean cloth on the area and use gentle pressure to stop the bleeding. […] Most seizures are not emergencies. But you should call 911 if your child:

• #81 What to Do During and After a Seizure | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2021/02/what-do-during-and-after-seizure

  If you experience a seizure, it’s important to tell your primary care physician. They can help you determine if you need to see a neurologist and give you a referral if necessary. […] A neurology specialist will review your medical history, perform an exam, and use one or more diagnostic tools and tests to determine if you need ongoing treatment or are at higher risk for another seizure.

• #82 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  If someone around you has a seizure, first focus on making sure he is safe, she says. Put a pillow behind his head so he doesnt hurt himself. Dont hold him down and never put anything in his mouth. Once its over, the person may be very disoriented. […] Seizures are a clinical diagnosis, Kadiwala says. There are no blood tests to confirm them and they rarely happen in front of us. If people see it and their observations support a diagnosis, their input can help guide us as to what type it was and how to best move forward. […] Once the seizure is over, Kadiwala recommends the patient be taken to the emergency room to rule out any serious medical problems. […] Anyone who experiences their first seizure should be taken to the ER right away, he explains. The purpose of an ER visit is to rule out any immediate or life-threatening.

• #83 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A healthcare provider, usually a neurologist, will diagnose a seizure after a physical exam, neurological exam and testing. […] Tests may help confirm whether you had a seizure and if you did what might have caused it. […] A key part of diagnosing seizures is finding if there’s a focal point a specific area in your brain where your seizures start. Locating a focal point can help your provider plan for treatment. […] Seizure treatment varies based on the type, severity and cause. Your healthcare provider may recommend the following: Managing any underlying causes or conditions: Your provider will first treat any underlying conditions like a stroke or low blood sugar. This may prevent future seizures. […] Taking antiseizure medications: Medications may help prevent seizures or decrease how often they happen.

• #84 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A healthcare provider, usually a neurologist, will diagnose a seizure after a physical exam, neurological exam and testing. […] Tests may help confirm whether you had a seizure and if you did what might have caused it. […] A key part of diagnosing seizures is finding if there’s a focal point a specific area in your brain where your seizures start. Locating a focal point can help your provider plan for treatment. […] Seizure treatment varies based on the type, severity and cause. Your healthcare provider may recommend the following: Managing any underlying causes or conditions: Your provider will first treat any underlying conditions like a stroke or low blood sugar. This may prevent future seizures. […] Taking antiseizure medications: Medications may help prevent seizures or decrease how often they happen.

• #85 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  Try to time the seizure and keep a log. Timing the seizure is important because of a life-threatening condition called status epilepticus. […] Status epilepticus is an ongoing seizure that doesnt self-resolve, typically considered more than five minutes, says Dr. Peter Early, visiting clinical professor of neurology in the Department of Clinical Sciences. […] If a dog is in status epilepticus for too long, they could die. There is so much intense, violent physical activity that the core body temperature rises to life-threatening levels. Status epilepticus requires emergency veterinary intervention with intravenous medication, usually a benzodiazepine like diazepam (Valium), to break the seizure. […] Seizures can be caused by metabolic disorders like low blood sugar or low blood calcium, liver disease, liver shunts, kidney disease and others. These seizures are called reactive seizures. The brain is normal, and if the metabolic disorder can be corrected, the seizures go away.

• #86 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  Some drugs can cause seizures by lowering the seizure threshold in the brain. Discontinuing the drug resolves these reactive seizures. […] Toxins can also cause seizures. This is part of the risk of things like dark chocolate, caffeine, the sugar substitute xylitol, anti-freeze, rat poison and liquor. Eliminating exposure to the toxin and giving treatment for the toxin resolves the seizures. […] Additionally, seizures can be caused by abnormalities in the brain itself. Called structural seizures, theyre caused by things like tumors, head trauma, inflammatory diseases and infectious diseases, like rabies and canine distemper. […] However, the most common cause of seizures is idiopathic epilepsy, which is a seizure condition of unknown origin. A diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy is typically made after every other cause has been ruled out.

• #87 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. There are many different ways to successfully control seizures. There are several treatment approaches that can be used, depending on the individual and the type of epilepsy. […] The most common approach to treating epilepsy is to prescribe antiseizure medications. More than 40 different antiseizure medications are available today, all with different benefits and side effects. Most seizures can be controlled with one drug. […] It may take several months to determine the best drug and dosage. If one treatment is unsuccessful, another may work better. […] When starting any new antiseizure medication, a doctor will begin with a low dose and increase the dose as needed depending on how effective the drug is.

• #88 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. There are many different ways to successfully control seizures. There are several treatment approaches that can be used, depending on the individual and the type of epilepsy. […] The most common approach to treating epilepsy is to prescribe antiseizure medications. More than 40 different antiseizure medications are available today, all with different benefits and side effects. Most seizures can be controlled with one drug. […] It may take several months to determine the best drug and dosage. If one treatment is unsuccessful, another may work better. […] When starting any new antiseizure medication, a doctor will begin with a low dose and increase the dose as needed depending on how effective the drug is.

• #89 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. There are many different ways to successfully control seizures. There are several treatment approaches that can be used, depending on the individual and the type of epilepsy. […] The most common approach to treating epilepsy is to prescribe antiseizure medications. More than 40 different antiseizure medications are available today, all with different benefits and side effects. Most seizures can be controlled with one drug. […] It may take several months to determine the best drug and dosage. If one treatment is unsuccessful, another may work better. […] When starting any new antiseizure medication, a doctor will begin with a low dose and increase the dose as needed depending on how effective the drug is.

• #90 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. There are many different ways to successfully control seizures. There are several treatment approaches that can be used, depending on the individual and the type of epilepsy. […] The most common approach to treating epilepsy is to prescribe antiseizure medications. More than 40 different antiseizure medications are available today, all with different benefits and side effects. Most seizures can be controlled with one drug. […] It may take several months to determine the best drug and dosage. If one treatment is unsuccessful, another may work better. […] When starting any new antiseizure medication, a doctor will begin with a low dose and increase the dose as needed depending on how effective the drug is.

• #91 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A healthcare provider will offer regular follow-up appointments after you start taking a new medication to measure its effectiveness. […] If you had one seizure in the past, it’s important to watch for signs of another. If you have a second seizure, seeing a healthcare provider as soon as possible is very important. Seizures cause changes in your brain that make it easier to have more seizures, so early diagnosis and treatment are key.

• #92 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Discontinuing medication should always be done with supervision of a health care professional. It is very important to continue taking antiseizure medication for as long as it is prescribed. […] Surgery is typically only considered after a person with epilepsy has unsuccessfully tried at least two medications to prevent seizures, or when doctors have found a brain lesion (an area of abnormal brain tissue) believed to be causing the seizures. […] Some people may use neurostimulation devices to treat their epilepsy. These devices deliver electrical stimulation to the brain to reduce seizure frequency.

• #93 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #94 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  If your dog is between 6-months-old and 6-years-old, and their tests are normal, most veterinarians agree antiepileptic drug therapy is not necessary after the first seizure. […] A general rule is to start antiepileptic drugs if there is more than one seizure a month, Early says. Most veterinary professionals think that if a dog is seizing as much as once a month, its interfering too much with their quality of life and yours. Starting anticonvulsant therapy will likely be recommended in this case. […] The first time your dog has a seizure, remain calm, stay safe, time the seizure, and when your dog has recovered, schedule a veterinary exam as soon as possible. […] If your dog has been seizing for more than five minutes, go to the veterinary clinic immediately. If they are still seizing when you get there, they are in dire need of emergency help. If the seizure resolves while you are on your way, sit tight for a little bit. If your dog remains quiet, the life-threatening status epilepticus emergency is over. They still need to be seen by your veterinarian, but you dont necessarily have to incur an emergency fee.

• #95 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #96 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #97 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #98 First Seizure: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/first-seizure

  Children and adults who have had a suspected first seizure should be referred urgently (within 14 days) to an epilepsy specialist (children do not routinely require referral following a febrile convulsion). […] Treatment is usually not recommended until after a second epileptic seizure but may be indicated after a first seizure if the individual has a neurological deficit, brain imaging shows a structural abnormality, the electroencephalograph (EEG) shows unequivocal epileptic activity or the individual or their family considers the risk of having a further seizure unacceptable. […] A detailed history should be taken to exclude previous myoclonic, absence or focal seizures as patients with undiagnosed epilepsy may present with a single generalised tonic-clonic seizure. […] The clinical decision as to whether an epileptic seizure has occurred should be based on the combination of the description of the attack and different symptoms. Diagnosis should not be based on the presence or absence of single features.

• #99 The First Seizure

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-oct/the-first-seizure

  If a second unprovoked seizure occurs, the diagnosis of epilepsy is made, and ASMs should be initiated. […] The decision to start ASMs should be an integrative individualized discussion that considers personal preferences and lifestyle. […] Major depression and suicidality are frequent comorbidities of epilepsy. […] Seizure threshold can be lowered by stress, including sleep deprivation, nutrition deprivation, extreme heat, and extreme emotional distress. […] The psychosocial impact of seizures and epilepsy should be explored, including how seizures and/or epilepsy may affect their interpersonal relationships, education or employment, and lifestyle.

• #100 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  If your dog is between 6-months-old and 6-years-old, and their tests are normal, most veterinarians agree antiepileptic drug therapy is not necessary after the first seizure. […] A general rule is to start antiepileptic drugs if there is more than one seizure a month, Early says. Most veterinary professionals think that if a dog is seizing as much as once a month, its interfering too much with their quality of life and yours. Starting anticonvulsant therapy will likely be recommended in this case. […] The first time your dog has a seizure, remain calm, stay safe, time the seizure, and when your dog has recovered, schedule a veterinary exam as soon as possible. […] If your dog has been seizing for more than five minutes, go to the veterinary clinic immediately. If they are still seizing when you get there, they are in dire need of emergency help. If the seizure resolves while you are on your way, sit tight for a little bit. If your dog remains quiet, the life-threatening status epilepticus emergency is over. They still need to be seen by your veterinarian, but you dont necessarily have to incur an emergency fee.

• #101 Lifestyle changes with epilepsy diagnosis | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/brain-and-spine/epilepsy-lifestyle-changes

  If someone is still having seizures despite medication compliance and lifestyle changes, there are multiple non-pharmacologic treatment options available, including neuromodulation devices and possible surgery of the seizure focus. […] If, after trying two or three anti-seizure medications, your seizures remain poorly controlled, your neurologist may want to admit you to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) in a hospital setting to record a seizure on video and EEG. This can help you and your care team find out whether you’re having epileptic seizures versus non-epileptic events, since non-epileptic events shouldn’t be treated with anti-seizure medication. […] Admission to an EMU can also clarify the epileptic seizure type and determine if you might be a candidate for epilepsy surgery or an implantable neuromodulation device. In the last 10 years, there have been important advances in epilepsy surgery and devices that may reduce or completely control epileptic seizures.

• #102 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Discontinuing medication should always be done with supervision of a health care professional. It is very important to continue taking antiseizure medication for as long as it is prescribed. […] Surgery is typically only considered after a person with epilepsy has unsuccessfully tried at least two medications to prevent seizures, or when doctors have found a brain lesion (an area of abnormal brain tissue) believed to be causing the seizures. […] Some people may use neurostimulation devices to treat their epilepsy. These devices deliver electrical stimulation to the brain to reduce seizure frequency.

• #103 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Discontinuing medication should always be done with supervision of a health care professional. It is very important to continue taking antiseizure medication for as long as it is prescribed. […] Surgery is typically only considered after a person with epilepsy has unsuccessfully tried at least two medications to prevent seizures, or when doctors have found a brain lesion (an area of abnormal brain tissue) believed to be causing the seizures. […] Some people may use neurostimulation devices to treat their epilepsy. These devices deliver electrical stimulation to the brain to reduce seizure frequency.

• #104 Lifestyle changes with epilepsy diagnosis | Ohio State Health & Discovery

  https://health.osu.edu/health/brain-and-spine/epilepsy-lifestyle-changes

  If someone is still having seizures despite medication compliance and lifestyle changes, there are multiple non-pharmacologic treatment options available, including neuromodulation devices and possible surgery of the seizure focus. […] If, after trying two or three anti-seizure medications, your seizures remain poorly controlled, your neurologist may want to admit you to an epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) in a hospital setting to record a seizure on video and EEG. This can help you and your care team find out whether you’re having epileptic seizures versus non-epileptic events, since non-epileptic events shouldn’t be treated with anti-seizure medication. […] Admission to an EMU can also clarify the epileptic seizure type and determine if you might be a candidate for epilepsy surgery or an implantable neuromodulation device. In the last 10 years, there have been important advances in epilepsy surgery and devices that may reduce or completely control epileptic seizures.

• #105 Seizures | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/seizures

  An important part of caring for your child is treating not only the seizures themselves, but any complications they may cause. […] Treatments for seizures have expanded greatly in recent years and include a variety of medications, specialized diets, or, in serious cases, a variety of brain surgeries.

• #106 The First Seizure

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-oct/the-first-seizure

  Seizures need to be distinguished from other common differential diagnoses, and seizure type must be determined because it dictates management and counseling. […] The established definitions of seizures and epilepsy are listed in Box 1.6 Determining the underlying cause of a seizure and distinguishing a seizure from epilepsy determines treatment decisions, prognosis, and counseling. […] Distinguishing whether a seizure is an acute symptomatic seizure, unprovoked seizure, or an epilepsy syndrome helps determine treatment decisions, prognosis, and counseling. […] Acute symptomatic seizures occur at the time or within 7 days of an identifiable acute event. […] Unprovoked seizures can be remote symptomatic seizures with an underlying anatomic insult from more than 7 days earlier. […] Individuals who had a first unprovoked seizure should be informed they have a 21% to 45% chance of recurrent seizure within the next 2 years with higher likelihood in the first year.

• #107 The First Seizure

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-oct/the-first-seizure

  Seizures need to be distinguished from other common differential diagnoses, and seizure type must be determined because it dictates management and counseling. […] The established definitions of seizures and epilepsy are listed in Box 1.6 Determining the underlying cause of a seizure and distinguishing a seizure from epilepsy determines treatment decisions, prognosis, and counseling. […] Distinguishing whether a seizure is an acute symptomatic seizure, unprovoked seizure, or an epilepsy syndrome helps determine treatment decisions, prognosis, and counseling. […] Acute symptomatic seizures occur at the time or within 7 days of an identifiable acute event. […] Unprovoked seizures can be remote symptomatic seizures with an underlying anatomic insult from more than 7 days earlier. […] Individuals who had a first unprovoked seizure should be informed they have a 21% to 45% chance of recurrent seizure within the next 2 years with higher likelihood in the first year.

• #108

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Seizures can be controlled. Up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could become seizure free with appropriate use of antiseizure medicines. […] A documented etiology of the seizure and an abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern are the two most consistent predictors of seizure recurrence. […] It is possible to diagnose and treat most people with epilepsy at the primary health-care level without the use of sophisticated equipment. […] WHO pilot projects have indicated that training primary health-care providers to diagnose and treat epilepsy can effectively reduce the epilepsy treatment gap.

• #109 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #110 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #111

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Seizures can be controlled. Up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could become seizure free with appropriate use of antiseizure medicines. […] A documented etiology of the seizure and an abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern are the two most consistent predictors of seizure recurrence. […] It is possible to diagnose and treat most people with epilepsy at the primary health-care level without the use of sophisticated equipment. […] WHO pilot projects have indicated that training primary health-care providers to diagnose and treat epilepsy can effectively reduce the epilepsy treatment gap.

• #112 Epilepsy

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/epilepsy_an_overview/

  A video recording of your child’s seizures is very helpful if seizures happen often or are predictable. What happens during a seizure lets doctors know about what parts of the brain are involved. […] Your child’s doctor will help you prepare an epilepsy management plan, which details what happens during your child’s seizures, how to support your child during a seizure and any emergency procedures or medication. […] Any adult looking after your child should be aware of your child’s seizures and what to do if a seizure occurs.

• #113 Seizure Information – Epilepsy Queensland

  https://epilepsyqueensland.com.au/living-with-epilepsy/seizure-information/

  The key to staying safe is being prepared. That means understanding your condition and ensuring the people around you know what to do and when. […] A detailed EMP should include all the information an everyday person and a first responder needs to know if you’re having a seizure: Your medical history, including epilepsy diagnosis, Current medications, Seizure type/s and presentation/s, Seizure triggers, Seizure first aid measures, Post-seizure needs, Any emergency measures, including whether emergency medication is required and when/if to call 000. […] If it is safe for the person and yourself, you can put them in the recovery position. When the movements stop and seizure is ending, you may need to deliver some rescue breaths until help arrives. […] The key seizure first aid steps are: Time the seizure, Protect the person from injury, Roll onto side if unconscious, Support head if seated, Redirect if confused, Reassure and re-orientate, Stay with the person, DO NOT restrain the person, DO NOT put anything in their mouth, DO NOT give food or drink until they have recovered.

• #114 Seizure Information – Epilepsy Queensland

  https://epilepsyqueensland.com.au/living-with-epilepsy/seizure-information/

  The key to staying safe is being prepared. That means understanding your condition and ensuring the people around you know what to do and when. […] A detailed EMP should include all the information an everyday person and a first responder needs to know if you’re having a seizure: Your medical history, including epilepsy diagnosis, Current medications, Seizure type/s and presentation/s, Seizure triggers, Seizure first aid measures, Post-seizure needs, Any emergency measures, including whether emergency medication is required and when/if to call 000. […] If it is safe for the person and yourself, you can put them in the recovery position. When the movements stop and seizure is ending, you may need to deliver some rescue breaths until help arrives. […] The key seizure first aid steps are: Time the seizure, Protect the person from injury, Roll onto side if unconscious, Support head if seated, Redirect if confused, Reassure and re-orientate, Stay with the person, DO NOT restrain the person, DO NOT put anything in their mouth, DO NOT give food or drink until they have recovered.

• #115

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neurological-disorders-assessing-fitness-to-drive

  A serious neurological disorder is considered as: any condition of the central or peripheral nervous system presently with, or at risk of progression to a condition with, functional (sensory (including special senses), motor and/or cognitive) effects likely to impact on safe driving. […] Epilepsy encompasses all seizure types, including major, minor and auras. […] From a licensing perspective, epilepsy means 2 or more unprovoked seizures over a period which exceeds 24 hours and less than five years apart. […] Epilepsy is prescribed in legislation as a relevant disability where there have been 2 or more epileptic seizures during the previous 5 year period. […] The following features, in both Group 1 car and motorcycle and Group 2 bus and lorry drivers, are considered to indicate a good prognosis for a person under care for a first unprovoked or isolated epileptic seizure: no relevant structural abnormalities on brain imaging, no definite epileptiform activity on EEG, support of a neurologist, annual risk of seizure considered to be 2% or lower for bus and lorry drivers.

• #116

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neurological-disorders-assessing-fitness-to-drive

  Must not drive and must notify DVLA. Driving must cease for 12 months from the date of the most recent seizure, unless the seizure meets legal criteria to be considered as a permitted seizure. […] Must not drive and must notify DVLA. Driving must cease for 5 years from the date of the seizure. If, after 5 years, a neurologist has made a recent assessment and clinical factors or investigation results (for example, EEG or brain scan) indicate no annual risk greater than 2% of a further seizure, the licence may then be restored. […] If a licence is issued under considerations 3, 4 or 5 and the driver has a different type of seizure, they lose the concession, must stop driving, and must notify DVLA. […] An isolated seizure is an unprovoked seizure experienced by a person who has not had any other unprovoked seizures during the preceding 5 years.

• #117

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/neurological-disorders-assessing-fitness-to-drive

  Individuals should not drive whilst anti-epilepsy medication is being withdrawn and for 6 months after the last dose. […] If a seizure occurs within 6 months of, and because of a documented physician-advised substitution, reduction or withdrawal of anti-epilepsy medication, the regulations allow relicensing prior to the usual 12 month post-seizure period. […] Drivers of buses and lorries must satisfy all the following conditions under the regulations. They must hold a full ordinary driving licence, have been free of epileptic seizures for the last 10 years, not have taken any medication to treat epilepsy during these 10 years, have no continuing increased risk of epileptic seizures, not be a source of danger whilst driving. […] If seizures occur during an acute febrile illness, providing there is no previous history of unprovoked seizure or pre-existing cerebral pathology, a licence will be revoked or refused for 6 months. […] If seizures occur during or after convalescence, or if there is a previous history of unprovoked seizure or pre-existing cerebral pathology, a licence will be refused or revoked for 12 months.

• #118 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  While you are waiting for the appointment, its best to avoid any activities that could put you, or others, in danger if you have another seizure. For example, do not go swimming and have showers rather than baths. You must not drive if you have had a seizure. […] Keep a seizure diary recording the date and time of your seizures, what happened and any possible triggers, such as stress or drinking alcohol. The specialist will ask you questions about what happened. This may be enough to make a diagnosis. […] Further tests may be needed, particularly if the seizure did not involve convulsions (shaking movements). These tests do not prove whether you have epilepsy, but they can give information about the possible cause, and the type of epilepsy you have.

• #119 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  While you are waiting for the appointment, its best to avoid any activities that could put you, or others, in danger if you have another seizure. For example, do not go swimming and have showers rather than baths. You must not drive if you have had a seizure. […] Keep a seizure diary recording the date and time of your seizures, what happened and any possible triggers, such as stress or drinking alcohol. The specialist will ask you questions about what happened. This may be enough to make a diagnosis. […] Further tests may be needed, particularly if the seizure did not involve convulsions (shaking movements). These tests do not prove whether you have epilepsy, but they can give information about the possible cause, and the type of epilepsy you have.

• #120 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  If you are with someone having a tonic-clonic seizure (where the body stiffens, followed by general muscle jerking), try to: […] Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if: […] Seizures can affect your ability to drive safely. […] If a seizure happens in water, it can lead to a life-threatening situation. […] Most seizures last less than 2 minutes. However, some people with epilepsy tend to have severe or life-threatening seizures. […] These situations are considered seizure emergencies. […] Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is when a person with epilepsy dies suddenly and prematurely and no reason for death is found. […] Knowing about epilepsy-related risks of injury and death means you can act against them. Steps you can take to reduce seizure-related risks, injury or death are: […] Make sure those close to you know what to do in case of a seizure.

• #121 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  While you are waiting for the appointment, its best to avoid any activities that could put you, or others, in danger if you have another seizure. For example, do not go swimming and have showers rather than baths. You must not drive if you have had a seizure. […] Keep a seizure diary recording the date and time of your seizures, what happened and any possible triggers, such as stress or drinking alcohol. The specialist will ask you questions about what happened. This may be enough to make a diagnosis. […] Further tests may be needed, particularly if the seizure did not involve convulsions (shaking movements). These tests do not prove whether you have epilepsy, but they can give information about the possible cause, and the type of epilepsy you have.

• #122 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit/

  If you see someone having a seizure or fit, there are some simple things you can do to help. […] If you’re with someone having a seizure: only move them if they’re in danger, such as near a busy road or hot cooker. […] Call 999 and ask for an ambulance if: it’s the first time someone has had a seizure. […] If you see someone having a seizure, you may notice things that could be useful for the person or their doctor to know: What were they doing before the seizure? […] The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) also has useful leaflets you can download about a first seizure without a fever in children and young people. […] If you have epilepsy, it can be helpful to record the details of your seizures in a diary.

• #123 The First Seizure

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-oct/the-first-seizure

  If a second unprovoked seizure occurs, the diagnosis of epilepsy is made, and ASMs should be initiated. […] The decision to start ASMs should be an integrative individualized discussion that considers personal preferences and lifestyle. […] Major depression and suicidality are frequent comorbidities of epilepsy. […] Seizure threshold can be lowered by stress, including sleep deprivation, nutrition deprivation, extreme heat, and extreme emotional distress. […] The psychosocial impact of seizures and epilepsy should be explored, including how seizures and/or epilepsy may affect their interpersonal relationships, education or employment, and lifestyle.

• #124 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #125 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #126 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #127 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  A seizure is a provoked symptom of something wrong. A patient may have one and then everything looks okay after weve checked them out. […] If a person has one seizure and everything then everything checks out, the likelihood of having another is low. On the other hand, if a person has more than one seizure, they are very likely to continue having them, so medication is necessary. […] The cause and type of a persons seizures will determine how a physician will treat his condition and predict the likelihood of a recurrence. […] Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] Once a person has their first seizure, its common for people to have anxiety about having another one. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #128 The First Seizure

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-oct/the-first-seizure

  If a second unprovoked seizure occurs, the diagnosis of epilepsy is made, and ASMs should be initiated. […] The decision to start ASMs should be an integrative individualized discussion that considers personal preferences and lifestyle. […] Major depression and suicidality are frequent comorbidities of epilepsy. […] Seizure threshold can be lowered by stress, including sleep deprivation, nutrition deprivation, extreme heat, and extreme emotional distress. […] The psychosocial impact of seizures and epilepsy should be explored, including how seizures and/or epilepsy may affect their interpersonal relationships, education or employment, and lifestyle.

Zobacz więcej