Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit/

  If you see someone having a seizure or fit, there are some simple things you can do to help. […] If you’re with someone having a seizure: only move them if they’re in danger, such as near a busy road or hot cooker; cushion their head if they’re on the ground; loosen any tight clothing around their neck, such as a collar or tie, to aid breathing; turn them on to their side after their convulsions stop; stay with them and talk to them calmly until they recover; note the time the seizure starts and finishes. […] Do not put anything in their mouth, including your fingers. They should not have any food or drink until they have fully recovered. […] Call 999 and ask for an ambulance if: it’s the first time someone has had a seizure; the seizure lasts longer than is usual for them; the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, if you do not know how long their seizures usually last; the person does not regain full consciousness, or has several seizures without regaining consciousness; the person is seriously injured during the seizure; the person has difficulty breathing after the seizure.

• #2 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  Seizures are common, affecting 1 in 10 people. […] You can learn to recognize a seizure, keep someone safe during a seizure, and when to call 911 for help. […] There are easy steps to help someone during and after a seizure. […] Keep yourself and others calm. […] Stay with the person. […] Remove anything near them that can cause an injury. […] Check to see if they are wearing a medical bracelet for information about any medical conditions, medicines, and emergency contacts. […] If the person is lying down, turn them gently on their side, with their mouth pointing to the ground. This will keep their airway clear. […] Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911. […] When the seizure is over, help them sit in a safe place to recover.

• #3 What to do if someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures

  Knowing how to help someone during and after a seizure may help you to feel more confident if a seizure happens. […] This information gives some simple steps on how to help during and after a seizure. If it is someone you know, they may have told you how you can help them, or you might like to ask them how you can help. […] If it is someone you dont know, or you dont know about their epilepsy, follow our basic first aid message: Calm, Cushion, Call (CCC). […] After the seizure, they may feel tired and want to sleep. It might be helpful to remind them of where they are. […] Stay with them until they fully recover and can safely return to what they had been doing before the seizure. […] Some people recover quickly, but others may take longer to feel back to normal again. […] If you or the person is aware of the warning, they may need help to get to a safe place before the tonic clonic seizure happens.

• #4 First-Aid Dos and Don’ts When Helping Someone Having a Seizure

  https://www.summahealth.org/flourish/entries/2023/04/firstaid-dos-and-donts-when-helping-someone-having-a-seizure

  Do remain with the person until the seizure ends and the person fully awakes. […] Do help the person up and assist him in sitting in a safe place after the seizure. Comfort the person and speak calmly about what happened. […] For generalized (convulsive) seizures, do ease the person to the floor and turn him gently onto one side to help the person breathe. To prevent injury, clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp and put a soft object under the person’s head. […] Look at your watch to time the seizure. If it lasts more than five minutes, dial 9-1-1. […] In many cases, seizures do not require emergency medical attention. However, dial 9-1-1 if the person: Has never had a seizure before. […] Has difficulty breathing or waking after a seizure. […] Has a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes. […] Has a second seizure soon after the first one without regaining consciousness. […] Is hurt during the seizure. […] Has a seizure in water, such as a pool or bathtub. […] Has an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, heart disease or is pregnant.

• #5 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over. Roll them on their side in the recovery position during the seizure if they have fluid or vomit in their mouth. Put something soft under their head and shoulders. Remove any sharp or unstable objects from the area. Don’t try to hold the person down, or stop the jerking just try to stop them from injuring themselves. Don’t move the person unless they are in danger. Don’t put anything in their mouth. Notice how long the seizure lasts and watch their breathing, so you can tell the person’s doctor or emergency responder.

• #6 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  If you are with someone having a tonic-clonic seizure (where the body stiffens, followed by general muscle jerking), try to: […] Stay calm and remain with the person. […] Keep them safe and protect them from injury. […] Place something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing. […] After the seizure is over, roll them on their side (if they have food or fluid in their mouth, roll them onto their side immediately). […] Reassure the person until they recover. […] Time the seizure, if you can. […] Do not put anything into their mouth or restrain or move the person, unless they are in danger. […] Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if: […] the seizure lasts for 5 or more minutes or longer than what is normal for the person […] a second seizure quickly follows […] the person is not responding for more than 5 minutes after the seizure ends

• #7 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Types | Red Cross

  https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/resources/learn-first-aid/seizures?srsltid=AfmBOorDB2UhoPZx45nTdmhJpBV2Rdy7-xd-0hr2IgrLwIR14O-YfHZw

  Check for signs and symptoms. […] Note: Signs and symptoms with a * require immediate emergency medical treatment. […] Call 9-1-1 and get equipment if the person requires immediate emergency medical treatment. […] Let seizure run its course; do not try to hold the person down to stop it. […] Take steps to prevent injury; move objects that could cause injury. […] Turn them onto their side into a recovery position if possible to do so without injury to them or you. […] If person is unresponsive and not breathing (cardiac arrest), immediately begin CPR or compression-only CPR based on level of training and use an AED when available. […] Place person in recovery position if unresponsive and breathing, or responsive but not fully awake. […] Stay with them until they are fully recovered and aware of surroundings. […] Watch for changes in condition, including breathing and responsiveness, and give care as appropriate and trained.

• #8 First Aid for Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/index.html

  The seizure happens in water. […] It is also important to call 911 if the person having the seizure: Has never had a seizure before. […] Has diabetes and loses consciousness. […] Is pregnant. […] Don’t hold the person down or stop their movements. This could injure you or them. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw. […] Don’t give mouth-to-mouth breaths during the seizure. People usually start breathing again on their own after a seizure. […] Don’t offer water or food until they are fully alert. This is not necessary and could cause them to choke. […] Some people may need to know how to provide more detailed help, especially those who: Have loved ones with epilepsy. […] Coach or lead groups. […] Work in public settings such as schools.

• #9 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  Following a ketogenic diet can improve seizure management. A ketogenic diet is high in fat and very low in carbohydrates. […] If treatment with at least two antiseizure medicines doesn’t work, you might have surgery to stop the seizures. […] Surgeons find and remove the area of the brain where seizures begin. […] Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. […] Don’t try to restrain the person. […] Stay with the person until medical help arrives. […] Time the seizure. […] It’s helpful to know what to do if you see someone having a seizure. If you’re at risk of having seizures, give this information to family, friends and co-workers. Then they’ll know what to do if you have a seizure.

• #10 What to do if someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures

  If you are not able to put the tooth back in its socket, try to keep it wet, if possible by putting it in some milk. […] If you cant find the care plan, here is some general information about what to do if someone has a seizure while using their wheelchair. […] Do not try to restrain them or put anything in their mouth. […] Do not try to bring them round or give them anything to eat or drink until you are sure that they have completely recovered. […] When the seizure has stopped, place them in the recovery position and keep them warm. […] Stay with them until they have fully recovered.

• #11 First Aid quick guide | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures/first-aid-quick-guide

  This guide is particularly relevant for tonic clonic seizures where the person shakes or jerks. […] Although seizures can be frightening to see, they are not usually a medical emergency. Usually, once the seizure stops, the person recovers and their breathing goes back to normal. […] Try to stay calm. […] Look around is the person in a dangerous place? If not, don’t move them. Move objects like furniture away from them. […] Note the time the seizure starts. […] Cushion their head with something soft if they have collapsed to the ground. […] Look for medical jewellery or an ID card for information about how to help. […] Don’t hold them down. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. […] After the seizure has stopped, gently put them into the recovery position and check that their breathing is returning to normal. Gently check their mouth to see that nothing is blocking their airway such as food or false teeth. If their breathing sounds difficult after the seizure has stopped, call for an ambulance.

• #12 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] If someone near you has a seizure, there are things you should and shouldn’t do: Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over. Roll them on their side in the recovery position during the seizure if they have fluid or vomit in their mouth. Put something soft under their head and shoulders. Remove any sharp or unstable objects from the area. Don’t try to hold the person down, or stop the jerking just try to stop them from injuring themselves. Don’t move the person unless they are in danger. Don’t put anything in their mouth. Notice how long the seizure lasts and watch their breathing, so you can tell the person’s doctor or emergency responder.

• #13 What to do if someone has a seizure | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/first-aid-epileptic-seizures

  Usually, when a person has a seizure, there is no need to call 999 for an ambulance. However, always do call an ambulance if: you know it is the persons first seizure, they have injured themselves badly, they have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped, one seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between, the seizure lasts two minutes longer than is usual for them, or you do not know how long their seizures last. […] If this goes on for five minutes or more, it is called status epilepticus, or status. […] Some people are prescribed emergency medication, either buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam, to stop their seizures. […] Carers need training in giving emergency medication. […] If someone falls in a seizure, they may loosen or crack a tooth and will probably need to see a dentist quickly so the tooth can be repositioned or repaired.

• #14 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows, The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops, The person is injured or has swallowed water, The person is pregnant, You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure, The person asks for medical assistance, You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] During these seizures the person may appear confused and dazed, and may do strange and repetitive actions (such as fiddling with their clothes, making chewing movements with their mouth or uttering unusual sounds). […] DO: Gently guide the person past obstacles and away from dangerous places if required, Remove any harmful objects that could be nearby, Calmly talk to the person as they regain awareness and ask if they are OK, Reassure the person that they are safe and that you will stay with them while they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called.

• #15 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  Call 999 if any of these things happen: You think it is the persons first seizure. One seizure follows another without the person recovering in between. The seizure lasts for more than two minutes longer than is usual for them. The seizure lasts for more than five minutes. The person is injured, does not regain consciousness, has breathing problems after the seizure, or seems to need urgent medical attention.

• #16 Adult Seizures: What Causes Them for the First Time?

  https://www.health.com/mind-body/6-things-that-can-trigger-a-seizure-even-if-you-dont-have-epilepsy

  You want to ensure the affected person is safe when a seizure happens. Seizures can usually resolve on their own, but here’s what to do while it occurs: […] Keep the person unrestrained. […] Lay the person on their side carefully in a clear area on the ground. […] Make sure any tight clothing is loose, and remove eyeglasses. […] Put a cushion under the person’s head. […] Remain with the person until the seizure has resolved and the person is fully awake or medical professional assistance is available. […] While symptoms like convulsions and loss of consciousness can be alarming, not every seizure may be a medical emergency. However, it’s essential to get emergency help if you or someone you see experiences: […] A first seizure […] A second seizure shortly after the first […] Difficulty breathing or regaining consciousness

• #17 Status epilepticus and rescue medicine – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/emergency-treatment-seizures-last-long-time

  Call an ambulance if you think someone is in status epilepticus. […] You may be prescribed rescue medicine to treat status epilepticus if your doctor thinks you are at risk. […] This plan may include giving them their prescribed rescue medicine. You should only give someone rescue medicine if you have been trained to do so. […] Doctors in hospital can use several medicines to stop status epilepticus. These will likely be given through a drip in your arm (intravenously). […] If you are at risk of status epilepticus you may be prescribed emergency or rescue medicine. This is to stop the seizure before it causes any long-term complications. […] If you are in status epilepticus and you have an emergency management plan, someone needs to give you the medicine immediately. This person must be trained to administer this medicine.

• #18 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered […] Some people are prescribed emergency medicine to stop seizures that last too long […] Status epilepticus is when a seizure lasts a long time or when you have one seizure after another without recovering in between. It is a medical emergency […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #19 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  If you have epilepsy there are things you can do to keep yourself safe and reduce the risk of seizures, if they’re not completely controlled by your medicine. […] Make sure your family and friends know what to do if you have a seizure. […] Do not miss doses of your epilepsy medicine. […] Do not change your epilepsy treatment without getting advice from your GP or specialist. […] If you’ve had any type of seizure you must not drive, and you must tell the DVLA. […] An epileptic seizure usually stops by itself and does not cause any lasting problems. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain. […] If you’re planning to get pregnant or you find out you’re pregnant, keep taking your medicine but speak to your specialist team straight away to review your treatment.

• #20 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A healthcare provider can help you find the right treatment for your needs. […] Seizure treatment varies based on the type, severity and cause. Your healthcare provider may recommend the following: Managing any underlying causes or conditions: Your provider will first treat any underlying conditions like a stroke or low blood sugar. This may prevent future seizures. […] Taking antiseizure medications: Medications may help prevent seizures or decrease how often they happen. […] Surgery: Surgery may reduce seizure frequency and severity by addressing the area of your brain where seizures start (focal point). […] Brain stimulation: A surgeon will implant a device into your brain to deliver a mild electrical current. The current interferes with and tries to stop abnormal electrical activity. There are different types of brain stimulation available, like vagus nerve stimulation.

• #21 Epilepsy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350098

  Treatment can help people diagnosed with epilepsy have fewer seizures or even completely stop having seizures. Possible treatments include: […] Most people with epilepsy can become seizure-free by taking one anti-seizure medicine, which is also called an anti-epileptic medicine. Others may be able to decrease the number and intensity of their seizures by taking more than one medicine. […] When medicines do not provide enough control of seizures, epilepsy surgery may be an option. With epilepsy surgery, a surgeon removes the area of your brain that’s causing seizures. […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] Deep brain stimulation involves putting an electrode deep within the brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a device placed under the skin in the chest.

• #22 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  If certain types of treatment aren’t successful, your provider may recommend changing the foods you eat. A low- or no-carb (ketogenic) diet may reduce how often you have seizures. Studies are ongoing to learn more about the effectiveness of dietary changes in relation to seizures. […] Medications can help you manage seizures by: Stopping a seizure as it happens. Preventing future seizures. Reducing the severity of seizures. Reducing the frequency of seizures. […] Common medications for seizures include but aren’t limited to the following: Benzodiazepine. Carbamazepine. Diazepam. Gabapentin. Lamotrigine. Oxcarbazepine. Phenytoin. Pregabalin. Valproic acid. […] A healthcare provider will offer regular follow-up appointments after you start taking a new medication to measure its effectiveness. It could take several months before you and your provider find the medication and dosage that’s right for you. Always continue taking your medications as directed, even if you feel better. […] Studies show that an estimated 33% of people who take antiseizure medications notice that seizure symptoms completely stop. Another 33% say they see less frequent symptoms after taking antiseizure medications.

• #23 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a brain disease where nerve cells dont signal properly, which causes seizures. Although epilepsy cant be cured, many treatment options are available. Up to 70% of people with epilepsy can manage the disease with medications. […] Treatments to control epilepsy include anti-seizure medications, special diets (usually in addition to anti-seizure medications) and surgery. […] Anti-seizure medications can control seizures in about 60% to 70% of people with epilepsy. Anti-seizure medication treatment is individualized. […] If anti-seizure medications dont control your seizures, your healthcare provider will discuss other treatment options, including special diets, medical devices or surgery. […] The ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet diets high in fat, moderate in protein and low in carbohydrates are the two most common diets sometimes recommended for people with epilepsy.

• #24 Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Anticonvulsants for Specific Seizure Types

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

  The major unresolved question is how to treat patients with 1 abnormality, whose recurrence risk is 30-50%. One approach is to base the decision on a discussion with the patient that includes the risk of seizure recurrence, the risk of toxic effects from the anticonvulsant, and the benefits of avoiding another seizure. […] The mainstay of seizure treatment is anticonvulsant medication. The drug of choice depends on an accurate diagnosis of the epileptic syndrome, as response to specific anticonvulsants varies among different syndromes. […] Some anticonvulsants (eg, lamotrigine, topiramate, valproic acid, zonisamide) have multiple mechanisms of action, and some (eg, phenytoin, carbamazepine, ethosuximide) have only 1 known mechanism of action. […] If only absence seizures are present, most neurologists treat them with ethosuximide. If absence seizures are present along with other seizure types (eg, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures), the choices are valproic acid, lamotrigine, or topiramate.

• #25 Treatment of Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/treatment/index.html

  Anti-seizure medicines are used to stop seizures. […] Other treatments may help some people with epilepsy. […] See a neurologist or epileptologist (a neurologist who specializes in epilepsy) if your seizures don’t stop. […] The most common treatments for epilepsy are medicine, surgical procedures, seizure devices, and a special diet. […] Anti-seizure medicines limit the spread of seizures in the brain. […] It’s very important to take your medicine as prescribed. […] If your seizures continue while taking medicine, tell your health care provider right away. […] You should not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine without talking to your provider. […] Suddenly stopping your medicine might cause withdrawal symptoms, including life-threatening seizures. […] Taking your medicine is the most important thing you can do to prevent seizures.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Seizures can be controlled. Up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could become seizure free with appropriate use of antiseizure medicines. Discontinuing antiseizure medicine can be considered after 2 years without seizures and should take into account relevant clinical, social and personal factors. A documented etiology of the seizure and an abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern are the two most consistent predictors of seizure recurrence. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. A recent study found the average availability of generic antiseizure medicines in the public sector of low- and middle-income countries to be less than 50%. This may act as a barrier to accessing treatment.

• #27 Status epilepticus and rescue medicine – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/emergency-treatment-seizures-last-long-time

  Call an ambulance if you think someone is in status epilepticus. […] You may be prescribed rescue medicine to treat status epilepticus if your doctor thinks you are at risk. […] This plan may include giving them their prescribed rescue medicine. You should only give someone rescue medicine if you have been trained to do so. […] Doctors in hospital can use several medicines to stop status epilepticus. These will likely be given through a drip in your arm (intravenously). […] If you are at risk of status epilepticus you may be prescribed emergency or rescue medicine. This is to stop the seizure before it causes any long-term complications. […] If you are in status epilepticus and you have an emergency management plan, someone needs to give you the medicine immediately. This person must be trained to administer this medicine.

• #28 Status epilepticus and rescue medicine – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/emergency-treatment-seizures-last-long-time

  You may not need to go to hospital if this medicine works and you recover well. […] There are two main types of rescue medicine licensed for use in the UK in a status emergency. […] You need to be trained to give rescue medicine to someone in a status emergency. An epilepsy specialist nurse or community nurse will usually give you this training.

• #29 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Find out what to do if someone has a seizure […] You think someone’s having a seizure and: […] People with epilepsy do not always need to go to hospital when they have a seizure. […] Your team will work with you to agree a care plan that includes details of the care and support you need. The care plan will tell your family or carers what to do when you have a seizure. […] The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. […] You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. […] For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: surgery on your brain, putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation), a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet).

• #30 What to Do When Someone Has a Seizure: Epileptic Seizure First Aid

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/first-aid-seizures

  What not to do when someone is having a seizure: Don’t put anything in their mouth, like a spoon or tongue depressor. Don’t give them water or medication. Don’t restrain them. Don’t leave them alone. Stay with them until they’re awake and alert and can answer normally when you talk to them. […] Emergency Medication for Seizures: Not all seizures are the same, and neither are the people who have them. So, treatment plans vary from person to person. But there are medications, commonly referred to as „rescue medications,” that can be given to help stop a seizure quickly in emergencies. […] The most commonly used medications are from a group of medicines called benzodiazepines. They enter the bloodstream quickly and start working to stop the seizure. […] When to Call 911: When someone has a seizure, you usually don’t have to call for emergency help. But you should call 911 if: The seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Another seizure begins soon after the first. The person doesn’t „wake up” after the movements have stopped. The person gets injured during the seizure. The seizure happens in water. The person who has the seizure is pregnant. It’s the first time the person has had a seizure. […] If you’re concerned that something else may be wrong, or the person has another medical condition such as heart disease or diabetes, call a doctor.

• #31 What to Do During and After a Seizure | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2021/02/what-do-during-and-after-seizure

  If you notice these symptoms and believe you are about to experience a seizure, try to get someplace safe where you will not get injured if you lose consciousness. If you are around others, tell them you think you might be experiencing a seizure so they can look for warning signs and help you stay safe. […] Most of the time, a seizure does not require urgent medical attention. The best thing you can do is make sure the person is safe, comfortable, and will not get injured during the seizure by: Helping them move into a safe position on the floor or a chair, Rolling them onto their side, Loosening any clothing that is tight around their neck or could restrict breathing (buttons, ties, etc.), Removing eyeglasses, Moving them away from hard or sharp items that could cause injury, but only if you can do so safely, Staying with them until the seizure is over.

• #32 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Sometimes surgery can remove a small piece of brain tissue in the area that the seizures start from. This may be an option if your seizures don’t get better with other treatments, and if your seizures always happen in the same area in of the brain. […] Vagus nerve stimulation involves putting a small device in to the chest wall (similar to a pacemaker). The device sends out electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve. This can reduce the number and severity of seizures. Your doctor might recommend this if your seizures don’t respond to medicines and can’t be treated with surgery.

• #33 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An implanted vagus nerve stimulation […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] Deep brain stimulation involves putting an electrode deep within the brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a device placed under the skin in the chest. A wire that travels under the skin connects the device to the electrode. […] The goal in seizure treatment is to find the best therapy that stops seizures with the fewest side effects. […] Treatment of seizures often involves antiseizure medicines. There are many types of antiseizure medicine. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be hard. Some people try several medicines before finding the right one in the right dosage.

• #34 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Long-term management applies to individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. The goals are seizure control, minimizing adverse effects, and optimizing quality of life. It is recommended to start with one anti-seizure medication. Another may be added if one is not enough to control the seizure occurrence. Approximately 70% of people can obtain full control with continuous use of medication. […] In severe cases where seizures are uncontrolled by at least two anti-seizure medications, brain surgery can be a treatment option.

• #35 10 epilepsy treatments – from lowest to highest risk | Brain | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/epilepsy-treatments/

  Brain surgery to remove the seizure focus is the most effective method to completely stop seizures. […] About 60 percent to 80 percent of patients become seizure-free with this type of surgery. […] The goal is to stop all seizures and to avoid any side effects that would affect the quality or safety of the patients life.

• #36 Epilepsy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350098

  Treatment can help people diagnosed with epilepsy have fewer seizures or even completely stop having seizures. Possible treatments include: […] Most people with epilepsy can become seizure-free by taking one anti-seizure medicine, which is also called an anti-epileptic medicine. Others may be able to decrease the number and intensity of their seizures by taking more than one medicine. […] When medicines do not provide enough control of seizures, epilepsy surgery may be an option. With epilepsy surgery, a surgeon removes the area of your brain that’s causing seizures. […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] Deep brain stimulation involves putting an electrode deep within the brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a device placed under the skin in the chest.

• #37

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/seizures

  If the seizure lasts more than five minutes or the person has multiple seizures for more than five minutes also call for medical help immediately. This condition is called status epilepticus and its a medical emergency. Status epilepticus can cause permanent brain damage or death if its not treated right away. […] Dietary therapy and stress reduction can help seizure disorders in some people. In other cases, however, doctors will prescribe anti-seizure medication to help limit seizure frequency. […] If medications arent effective to control seizure disorders, your doctor may recommend a surgical treatment such as vagal nerve stimulation, laser ablation or surgical resection. […] Medication can be particularly effective in reducing the frequency and severity of seizures, while surgery may be an option for adults or children with a clearly defined focal point responsible for triggering seizures. Its a successful way to treat seizures in seven out of 10 people. If one medication doesnt stop your seizures, your doctor can try a variety of others.

• #38 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  An implanted vagus nerve stimulation […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] Deep brain stimulation involves putting an electrode deep within the brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a device placed under the skin in the chest. A wire that travels under the skin connects the device to the electrode. […] The goal in seizure treatment is to find the best therapy that stops seizures with the fewest side effects. […] Treatment of seizures often involves antiseizure medicines. There are many types of antiseizure medicine. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be hard. Some people try several medicines before finding the right one in the right dosage.

• #39 Epilepsy Treatment for Seizures. What to do for epileptic seizure

  https://www.eftx.org/seizure-treatment/

  In some cases, imaging tests show the area of the brain where the seizure starts. If this area is very small and well defined, doctors may perform surgery to remove the portions of the brain that are responsible for the seizures. If your seizures originate in a part of the brain that cannot be removed, your doctor may still perform a procedure to help prevent the seizures from spreading to other areas of the brain. […] A surgeon does an operation to put a battery in the upper left chest. The battery sends regular bursts of electric energy to the brain through a large nerve in the neck (the vagus nerve). […] For an RNS, a surgeon does an operation to put a battery-powered neurostimulator device in the skull. The device is attached to one or two wires implanted in the brain at the place where seizure activity starts.

• #40 Epilepsy Treatment for Seizures. What to do for epileptic seizure

  https://www.eftx.org/seizure-treatment/

  DBS may be used to treat people 18 years and older with uncontrolled focal seizures. Surgery is done to place the device, then it is programmed by an epilepsy specialist. DBS therapy is designed to change how brain cells or networks work by giving electrical stimulation to brain areas involved in seizures. […] A laser fiber is guided toward the source of a patients seizures through a small hole in the skull. The laser heats and destroys the small, well-defined area of abnormal brain tissue, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed. […] The classic ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, is prescribed and monitored by a physician and nutritionist to help control seizures in some people. It can help both children and adults with refractory seizures. […] The modified Atkins diet has some similarities to the traditional ketogenic diet, although it is less restrictive. It encourages eating fewer carbohydrates and more fats. Foods are not weighed and measured, but carbohydrates are monitored.

• #41

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/seizures

  With this treatment, the doctor implants a small device under the skin in the left chest area. An electrode or wire attached to the device is also placed under the skin and attached around the vagus nerve in the neck. The device is programmed to deliver pulses at regular intervals to prevent seizures. […] Laser ablation is a minimally invasive, robotic laser surgery for treating epilepsy or tumors. Using near-infrared lasers, neurosurgeons can directly target lesions deep in the brain that they believe may be causing seizures. […] In some cases, surgery is an option for stopping epileptic seizures. Finding the exact site of abnormal electrical activity is essential before surgical treatment can be considered. Abnormalities located in the temporal lobe of the brain can be treated most successfully with surgery. The surgeon removes brain tissue from the area of the brain where seizures occur, which usually contains a tumor, brain injury or malformation.

• #42 Seizures – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365730

  Following a ketogenic diet can improve seizure management. A ketogenic diet is high in fat and very low in carbohydrates. […] If treatment with at least two antiseizure medicines doesn’t work, you might have surgery to stop the seizures. […] Surgeons find and remove the area of the brain where seizures begin. […] Don’t put your fingers or other objects in the person’s mouth. […] Don’t try to restrain the person. […] Stay with the person until medical help arrives. […] Time the seizure. […] It’s helpful to know what to do if you see someone having a seizure. If you’re at risk of having seizures, give this information to family, friends and co-workers. Then they’ll know what to do if you have a seizure.

• #43 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a brain disease where nerve cells dont signal properly, which causes seizures. Although epilepsy cant be cured, many treatment options are available. Up to 70% of people with epilepsy can manage the disease with medications. […] Treatments to control epilepsy include anti-seizure medications, special diets (usually in addition to anti-seizure medications) and surgery. […] Anti-seizure medications can control seizures in about 60% to 70% of people with epilepsy. Anti-seizure medication treatment is individualized. […] If anti-seizure medications dont control your seizures, your healthcare provider will discuss other treatment options, including special diets, medical devices or surgery. […] The ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet diets high in fat, moderate in protein and low in carbohydrates are the two most common diets sometimes recommended for people with epilepsy.

• #44 Epilepsy Treatment for Seizures. What to do for epileptic seizure

  https://www.eftx.org/seizure-treatment/

  DBS may be used to treat people 18 years and older with uncontrolled focal seizures. Surgery is done to place the device, then it is programmed by an epilepsy specialist. DBS therapy is designed to change how brain cells or networks work by giving electrical stimulation to brain areas involved in seizures. […] A laser fiber is guided toward the source of a patients seizures through a small hole in the skull. The laser heats and destroys the small, well-defined area of abnormal brain tissue, leaving the surrounding tissue unharmed. […] The classic ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, is prescribed and monitored by a physician and nutritionist to help control seizures in some people. It can help both children and adults with refractory seizures. […] The modified Atkins diet has some similarities to the traditional ketogenic diet, although it is less restrictive. It encourages eating fewer carbohydrates and more fats. Foods are not weighed and measured, but carbohydrates are monitored.

• #45 Epilepsy Treatment for Seizures. What to do for epileptic seizure

  https://www.eftx.org/seizure-treatment/

  The LGIT for epilepsy was developed in 2002 as an alternative to the ketogenic diet (KD) for treatment of intractable epilepsy. The LGIT monitors not only the total amount of carbohydrates consumed daily, but focuses on carbohydrates that are less likely to raise your blood sugar quickly, like whole grains and berries.

• #46 First-Aid Dos and Don’ts When Helping Someone Having a Seizure

  https://www.summahealth.org/flourish/entries/2023/04/firstaid-dos-and-donts-when-helping-someone-having-a-seizure

  Do remain with the person until the seizure ends and the person fully awakes. […] Do help the person up and assist him in sitting in a safe place after the seizure. Comfort the person and speak calmly about what happened. […] For generalized (convulsive) seizures, do ease the person to the floor and turn him gently onto one side to help the person breathe. To prevent injury, clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp and put a soft object under the person’s head. […] Look at your watch to time the seizure. If it lasts more than five minutes, dial 9-1-1. […] In many cases, seizures do not require emergency medical attention. However, dial 9-1-1 if the person: Has never had a seizure before. […] Has difficulty breathing or waking after a seizure. […] Has a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes. […] Has a second seizure soon after the first one without regaining consciousness. […] Is hurt during the seizure. […] Has a seizure in water, such as a pool or bathtub. […] Has an underlying health condition, such as diabetes, heart disease or is pregnant.

• #47 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  After the seizure is finished you should do the following: Talk to them calmly to reassure them, until they regain consciousness (are fully awake and aware of what’s going on). If they fall asleep after the seizure don’t wake them, but watch their breathing. Don’t let them eat or drink until the seizure has completely stopped. […] Medicines are the usual treatment for epilepsy, however there are other options that your doctor may recommend. […] If your doctor diagnoses epilepsy, they will usually prescribe you medicines to control your seizures. These medicines are called antiepileptic drugs, and around 2 in every 3 people with epilepsy will be able to manage their seizures with medicines. […] Some adults and children whose seizures do not respond to medicines can try a special diet called the ketogenic diet to help with some types of seizures.

• #48 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit/

  People with epilepsy do not always need an ambulance or to go to hospital every time they have a seizure. […] They usually have a care plan agreed with doctors and their family or carers that says what to do when they have a seizure, such as giving emergency medicine. […] If you see someone having a seizure, you may notice things that could be useful for the person or their doctor to know: What were they doing before the seizure? Did the person mention any unusual sensations, such as an odd smell or taste? Did you notice any mood change, such as excitement, anxiety or anger? […] How long did the seizure last? […] The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) also has useful leaflets you can download about a first seizure without a fever in children and young people. […] If you have epilepsy, it can be helpful to record the details of your seizures in a diary.

• #49 Learn What to Do When Someone is Having a Seizure

  https://www.baystatehealth.org/articles/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure

  Knowing what happened during a seizure and talking about it may help make the seizures less scary. You also can help someone get the help they may need to stay safe, says Dr. Ian Goldsmith, Department of Neurology, Baystate Health. Some good advice: Tell them what happened very simply and matter-of-factly. The person may not remember, so write down what happened for them. They can then share this with their doctor to assist in their epilepsy care. This information can help the person and his/her healthcare providers determine the type of seizures, whether treatment is working, and any need for changes. […] While everyone should know basic seizure first aid, consider more in-depth training if you know someone with epilepsy.

• #50 Tips for Seizure Recovery | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/tips-for-seizure-recovery/

  It is a good idea to speak to your doctor about how to best manage your recovery period. This might be particularly important if your seizures lead to falls and injuries. While everyone is different, below are some common challenges and tips for managing the recovery period. If you experience: […] Lip or tongue biting, there are ointments and gels available from pharmacies that can speed up healing, clean the area, and reduce pain and inflammation. Rinsing your mouth out with salt water can also help with pain and healing. To make a saltwater solution, mix 1/2 teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of warm water. You can rinse with a saltwater solution every few hours while the wound is healing […] Anxiety and sadness after a seizure, remember this is not uncommon. However, if you would like to seek professional support, you can ask your doctor for a referral to see a psychologist or counsellor.

• #51 Tips for Seizure Recovery | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/tips-for-seizure-recovery/

  Forgetfulness during the recovery period, set reminders for important tasks, especially taking your anti-epileptic drugs (ASMs) […] Difficulties getting back to work or study, give yourself time to recover. You can ask your doctor for a medical certificate for the recovery period if you need one […] Concerns about repeat seizures or are having a difficult recovery period, ask a family member or trusted friend to check in on you while you recover. This is particularly important if you live alone […] Exhaustion following a seizure or seizure cluster, it is a good idea to have a break before you resume more challenging or risky activities. For example, you may need to stay off the computer for a period of time, or refrain from doing tasks that require too much concentration or alertness.

• #52 Seizure aftercare: What to do, foods, rest, mental well-being & more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-to-do-after-a-seizure-to-feel-better-2

  After a seizure, a person may be in an altered state of consciousness or feel dizzy or confused. It can help to take it easy and have strategies for dealing with common symptoms, such as headache or fatigue. […] A seizure is not usually a medical emergency, especially if a person has a history of seizures. However, some people may need medical care, particularly if they have never had a seizure. […] Many people feel fatigued or dizzy after a seizure, so lying down after a seizure might help ease symptoms. […] Avoiding activity can also reduce the risk of falls and accidents as a person’s mental activity returns to baseline. […] After a seizure, moving slowly and avoiding lifting heavy objects, driving, or operating other machinery until strength returns is a good idea. […] A seizure can be scary, and some people may feel anxious about it or its cause afterward.

• #53 Nursing interventions for seizures

  https://www.epsyhealth.com/seizure-epilepsy-blog/nursing-interventions-for-seizures

  There are several kinds of rescue medication that can be used to bring severe seizures under control. Most seizures last between 30 seconds and two minutes. If the person is having longer seizures, or cluster seizures, you may need to provide rescue medicines. These can be given intravenously, orally, nasally, or as rectal suppositories. […] One of the most important nursing interventions for seizures is helping people with epilepsy to feel empowered and confident. Feelings of anxiety or depression are common among people with epilepsy – its important to watch out for signs of mental health problems.

• #54 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  If you have epilepsy there are things you can do to keep yourself safe and reduce the risk of seizures, if they’re not completely controlled by your medicine. […] Make sure your family and friends know what to do if you have a seizure. […] Do not miss doses of your epilepsy medicine. […] Do not change your epilepsy treatment without getting advice from your GP or specialist. […] If you’ve had any type of seizure you must not drive, and you must tell the DVLA. […] An epileptic seizure usually stops by itself and does not cause any lasting problems. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain. […] If you’re planning to get pregnant or you find out you’re pregnant, keep taking your medicine but speak to your specialist team straight away to review your treatment.

• #55 What to Do after Experiencing a Seizure

  https://www.texashealth.org/Health-and-Wellness/Emergency-Services/What-to-Do-After-Experiencing-a-Seizure

  Medication is the common treatment for patients with epilepsy, but there are other treatments available if medication isnt effective, Kadiwala explains. […] The number one cause of re-occurrence is stress and a lack of sleep, so its important to not only take medication but handle lifestyle issues as well. […] The first thing to do is reach out to a support group of people who have been through something similar. The Epilepsy Foundation of Texas is a good resource. […] Talk to others, go for a walk, rely on your family and friends for support, and find ways to relieve your stress.

• #56 Natural remedies for epilepsy: Diet, herbs, vitamins, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317922

  According to the Epilepsy Society, some relaxation techniques that may help include: Indian head massage, which is a massage of the head, shoulders, and arms; whole or partial body massage; shiatsu; acupressure. […] Some common triggers include: a lack of sleep, stress, exposure to flashing lights, 3D films, or virtual reality, for people with photosensitive epilepsy, the use of alcohol or drugs, including medications, not taking medication for epilepsy. […] Learning about epilepsy may improve quality of life for people who have seizures and their families. […] Some of the ingredients in essential oils can cross the blood-brain barrier, which means that they may be either helpful or harmful, depending on the substance. […] People should always speak with a doctor before using them. […] For those who have access to medical care, it is best to start by visiting a doctor. […] Most importantly, people should always talk with a doctor before trying natural treatments to help ease their symptoms.

• #57 How to Prevent Seizures

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-seizures

  Alcohol isnt recommended for people with epilepsy, due to an increased risk of seizures. You may help prevent future episodes by avoiding alcohol. […] In addition to alcohol avoidance, its important to avoid substance misuse as part of your seizure management plan. […] Stress can be a trigger for seizures in epilepsy. It may help you reduce your risk of seizures if you manage your stress by: getting enough sleep, exercising, taking time to relax. […] Waking up and going to bed at the same time every day can help you maintain a sleep schedule. […] Hypoglycemia from skipping a meal can cause a seizure, particularly for people with diabetes. […] According to the Epilepsy Society, its estimated that about 3% of people with epilepsy have a rare form called photosensitive epilepsy. […] Head injuries can lead to a single seizure or recurrent seizures in someone who doesnt have epilepsy.

• #58 What to do if someone has a seizure (fit)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/what-to-do-if-someone-has-a-seizure-fit/

  People with epilepsy do not always need an ambulance or to go to hospital every time they have a seizure. […] They usually have a care plan agreed with doctors and their family or carers that says what to do when they have a seizure, such as giving emergency medicine. […] If you see someone having a seizure, you may notice things that could be useful for the person or their doctor to know: What were they doing before the seizure? Did the person mention any unusual sensations, such as an odd smell or taste? Did you notice any mood change, such as excitement, anxiety or anger? […] How long did the seizure last? […] The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) also has useful leaflets you can download about a first seizure without a fever in children and young people. […] If you have epilepsy, it can be helpful to record the details of your seizures in a diary.

• #59 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  Using certain medications or not taking anti-seizure medication as prescribed. […] Hormonal changes, such as those with the menstrual cycle […] Knowing your child’s seizure triggers can help your child avoid situations that could lead to a seizure. This will help you be more aware during high risk times (such as when your child is sick). […] To identify seizure triggers, keep a seizure log. For each seizure, write down what time it is, what was happening and how your child felt before the seizure started. Look for patterns and connections. Talk to your child’s provider about what you learn.

• #60 Treatment of Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/treatment/index.html

  Anti-seizure medicines are used to stop seizures. […] Other treatments may help some people with epilepsy. […] See a neurologist or epileptologist (a neurologist who specializes in epilepsy) if your seizures don’t stop. […] The most common treatments for epilepsy are medicine, surgical procedures, seizure devices, and a special diet. […] Anti-seizure medicines limit the spread of seizures in the brain. […] It’s very important to take your medicine as prescribed. […] If your seizures continue while taking medicine, tell your health care provider right away. […] You should not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine without talking to your provider. […] Suddenly stopping your medicine might cause withdrawal symptoms, including life-threatening seizures. […] Taking your medicine is the most important thing you can do to prevent seizures.

• #61 How to Prevent Seizures – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/how-to-prevent-seizures/

  Learning how to stop a seizure from happening can be crucial in providing timely assistance and ensuring the well-being of individuals experiencing seizures. Anti-epileptic medications can be very effective at helping some people reduce or even eliminate seizures. The problem is that, once the seizures stop happening people often stop taking their medicines. That can actually cause withdrawal seizures. Trying to self-medicate by increasing dosages can also cause toxicity. That is why it is important to take the prescribed dose at the same time or times each day, and to follow your doctor’s instructions about what to do if you miss a dose. […] Lifestyle changes such as getting regular sleep, maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding triggers like stress, alcohol, and drugs are some effective ways to prevent seizures.

• #62 Treatment of Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/treatment/index.html

  Anti-seizure medicines are used to stop seizures. […] Other treatments may help some people with epilepsy. […] See a neurologist or epileptologist (a neurologist who specializes in epilepsy) if your seizures don’t stop. […] The most common treatments for epilepsy are medicine, surgical procedures, seizure devices, and a special diet. […] Anti-seizure medicines limit the spread of seizures in the brain. […] It’s very important to take your medicine as prescribed. […] If your seizures continue while taking medicine, tell your health care provider right away. […] You should not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine without talking to your provider. […] Suddenly stopping your medicine might cause withdrawal symptoms, including life-threatening seizures. […] Taking your medicine is the most important thing you can do to prevent seizures.

• #63 Management of Seizures and Epilepsy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0401/p1589.html

  To achieve optimal treatment results, several strategies should be used. […] If satisfactory seizure control is not achieved, change to another agent appropriate for the epilepsy syndrome being treated; the goal should be antiepileptic drug monotherapy in each patient, when possible. […] If the patient eventually experiences a seizure when the serum level is at the reference point, the trial of medication can be considered a failure. […] We recommend that patients who fail to respond to two medications be promptly referred to an epileptologist for further evaluation. […] The vagus nerve stimulator is a novel, non-pharmacologic treatment for epileptic patients whose seizures are uncontrolled by medication. […] Seizure surgery should be considered for patients in whom antiepileptic drugs fail to completely control seizures. […] Most patients undergoing seizure surgery are young and otherwise healthy, which probably explains the low rates of surgical morbidity. […] Patients with epilepsy now have available to them more therapeutic options than ever before.

• #64 Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Anticonvulsants for Specific Seizure Types

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

  The goal of treatment in patients with epileptic seizures is to achieve a seizure-free status without adverse effects. This goal is accomplished in more than 60% of patients who require treatment with anticonvulsants. Many patients experience adverse effects from these drugs, however, and some patients have seizures that are refractory to medical therapy. […] Refer patients with intractable spells to a neurologist or an epileptologist for further workup, including video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, to characterize the etiology of their seizures. A neurosurgical consult is recommended when the possibility of surgical management is considered. […] For patients who have had more than 1 unprovoked seizure, treatment with an anticonvulsant is recommended. However, the standard of care for a single unprovoked seizure is avoidance of typical precipitants (eg, alcohol, sleep deprivation); anticonvulsants are not recommended unless the patient has risk factors for recurrence.

• #65 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Your healthcare provider will consider surgery if anti-seizure medications dont control your seizures, and if your seizures are severe and debilitating. Epilepsy surgery can be a safe and effective treatment option when more than two anti-seizure medication trials fail to control your seizures. […] It’s important to be evaluated at an epilepsy center to see if you’re a candidate for epilepsy surgery if anti-seizure medications dont control your seizures.

• #66 Management of Seizures and Epilepsy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1998/0401/p1589.html

  Electroencephalography (EEG) is often helpful in the evaluation of patients presenting with a seizure. […] While most physicians prefer not to prescribe ongoing antiepileptic therapy for patients with a single seizure, the decision to treat initial seizures with medication remains controversial. […] Recent studies have better defined some of these factors so that treatment decisions can be individualized. […] The finding that antiepileptic drugs are effective in preventing recurrent seizures is important in that patients with a very high risk of seizure recurrence may choose to take medication to lessen that risk. […] In addition to considering the probability of recurrence, one must also consider the potential psychologic, social and vocational consequences of further seizures. […] The goal of treating patients with epilepsy is to control seizures completely without causing unacceptable side effects.

• #67 Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Anticonvulsants for Specific Seizure Types

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

  The goal of treatment in patients with epileptic seizures is to achieve a seizure-free status without adverse effects. This goal is accomplished in more than 60% of patients who require treatment with anticonvulsants. Many patients experience adverse effects from these drugs, however, and some patients have seizures that are refractory to medical therapy. […] Refer patients with intractable spells to a neurologist or an epileptologist for further workup, including video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, to characterize the etiology of their seizures. A neurosurgical consult is recommended when the possibility of surgical management is considered. […] For patients who have had more than 1 unprovoked seizure, treatment with an anticonvulsant is recommended. However, the standard of care for a single unprovoked seizure is avoidance of typical precipitants (eg, alcohol, sleep deprivation); anticonvulsants are not recommended unless the patient has risk factors for recurrence.

• #68 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Find out what to do if someone has a seizure […] You think someone’s having a seizure and: […] People with epilepsy do not always need to go to hospital when they have a seizure. […] Your team will work with you to agree a care plan that includes details of the care and support you need. The care plan will tell your family or carers what to do when you have a seizure. […] The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. […] You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. […] For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: surgery on your brain, putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation), a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet).

• #69 First aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid

  Knowing what to do when someone has a seizure can help you feel prepared and less likely to panic when you see one […] When someone is having a seizure its important to stay with them until the seizure is over and they are fully recovered […] Some people are prescribed emergency medicine to stop seizures that last too long […] Status epilepticus is when a seizure lasts a long time or when you have one seizure after another without recovering in between. It is a medical emergency […] If you think someone is in status epilepticus you must call an ambulance immediately.

• #70 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  the person has breathing difficulties after the jerking stops […] it is the persons first known seizure […] the seizure occurs in water […] the person is injured […] you are in doubt. […] Knowing about epilepsy-related risks of injury and death means you can act against them. Steps you can take to reduce seizure-related risks, injury or death are: […] Get the best seizure control possible. […] Take your medication as prescribed. […] Speak to your doctor if you’re not happy with your current medication or side effects. […] Have regular reviews with your doctor. […] Be involved in self-management. […] Avoid any known seizure triggers for you. […] Avoid drinking too much alcohol. […] Know when your seizures are most likely to occur. […] Get enough sleep. […] Be healthy. […] Manage stress. […] Make sure those close to you know what to do in case of a seizure.

• #71 Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Anticonvulsants for Specific Seizure Types

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

  Several curative surgeries are possible, including lobectomy and lesionectomy. […] The major problem for patients with seizures is the unpredictability of the next seizure. Clinicians should discuss the following types of seizure precautions with patients who have epileptic seizures or other spells of sudden-onset seizures: Driving, Ascending heights, Working with fire or cooking, Using power tools or other dangerous equipment, Taking unsupervised baths, Swimming.

• #72 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  Long-term management applies to individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. The goals are seizure control, minimizing adverse effects, and optimizing quality of life. It is recommended to start with one anti-seizure medication. Another may be added if one is not enough to control the seizure occurrence. Approximately 70% of people can obtain full control with continuous use of medication. […] In severe cases where seizures are uncontrolled by at least two anti-seizure medications, brain surgery can be a treatment option.

• #73

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  Seizures can be controlled. Up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could become seizure free with appropriate use of antiseizure medicines. Discontinuing antiseizure medicine can be considered after 2 years without seizures and should take into account relevant clinical, social and personal factors. A documented etiology of the seizure and an abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) pattern are the two most consistent predictors of seizure recurrence. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] In many low- and middle-income countries, there is low availability of antiseizure medicines. A recent study found the average availability of generic antiseizure medicines in the public sector of low- and middle-income countries to be less than 50%. This may act as a barrier to accessing treatment.

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