Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  An estimated 25% of epilepsy cases are potentially preventable. […] Preventing head injury, for example by reducing falls, traffic accidents and sports injuries, is the most effective way to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. […] Adequate perinatal care can reduce new cases of epilepsy caused by birth injury. […] The use of drugs and other methods to lower the body temperature of a feverish child can reduce the chance of febrile seizures. […] The prevention of epilepsy associated with stroke is focused on cardiovascular risk factor reduction, e.g. measures to prevent or control high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity, and the avoidance of tobacco and excessive alcohol use. […] Central nervous system infections are common causes of epilepsy in tropical areas, where many low- and middle-income countries are concentrated. Elimination of parasites in these environments and education on how to avoid infections can be effective ways to reduce epilepsy worldwide, for example those cases due to neurocysticercosis.

• #1 The primary prevention of epilepsy: A report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7004820/

  Among the causes of epilepsy are several that are currently preventable. […] We summarize the public health burden of epilepsy arising from such causes and suggest priorities for primary epilepsy prevention. […] Public health interventions addressing maternal and child health care, immunizations, public sanitation, brain injury prevention, and stroke prevention have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of epilepsy. […] The purpose of this review is to summarize the public health burden of epilepsy arising from these specific causes and thereby to derive priorities for primary epilepsy prevention. […] A large proportion of the overall public health burden of epilepsy may be ascribed to preventable causes. […] Foremost among the attributed causes of epilepsy are pre- and perinatal brain insults.

• #1 Preventing Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/prevention/index.html

  Certain injuries, infections, and conditions can cause epilepsy. […] You can prevent some types of epilepsy by lowering your chances of getting those injuries, infections, and other conditions. […] Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion can cause epilepsy. […] Stroke can cause epilepsy. […] The most common cause of epilepsy globally is cysticercosis, a parasitic infection caused by the eggs of a tapeworm. […] Health screening and early treatment of cysticercosis can prevent epilepsy. […] Protect yourself and your family from infections that could cause seizures and lead to epilepsy by getting recommended vaccines and immunizations. […] Some problems during pregnancy and childbirth can lead to epilepsy.

• #1 3 Epidemiology and Prevention | Epilepsy Across the Spectrum: Promoting Health and Understanding | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13379/chapter/5

  Epidemiologic research assesses epilepsy’s risk factors, burden, comorbidities, and outcomes to identify opportunities for prevention efforts. […] Actions needed to prevent epilepsy and its consequences include interventions to reduce the occurrence of epilepsy’s known risk factors, to eliminate seizures in people with epilepsy and mental health comorbidities, and to decrease felt stigma and epilepsy-related causes of death. […] To improve knowledge regarding preventing epilepsy and its outcomes, the committee’s vision is for well-designed epidemiologic studies that highlight areas ripe for preventive efforts. […] Primary prevention is the prevention of a disease or disorder before it begins, with the goal of decreasing its incidence in a population. […] In looking forward, future advances in biomedical research hold the promise of greater understanding of epileptogenesis or possibly a cure; meanwhile, it may be possible to prevent some known causes of epilepsy, such as neurocysticercosis through education and sanitary measures, other brain infections through vaccines, traumatic brain injury (TBI) through seatbelt and helmet use, and stroke through reduction of known risk factors.

• #1 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Although many causes of epilepsy are out of your control and unpreventable, you can reduce your chance of developing a few conditions that might lead to epilepsy, such as: […] To lower your risk of traumatic brain injury (from blows to your head), always wear your seatbelt when driving and drive defensively; wear a helmet when biking; clear your floors of clutter and power cords to prevent falls; and stay off ladders. […] To lower your risk of stroke, eat a healthy diet (such as the Mediterranean diet), maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly. […] Seek therapy for substance abuse. Alcohol and other illegal drugs can damage your brain, which can then lead to epilepsy.

• #1 Epilepsy Prevention: Several Strategies and Precautions

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/epilepsy-prevention-strategies-and-approaches/

  Epilepsy, a neurological disorder that manifests through recurrent seizures, impacts millions of people worldwide. […] While its diverse causes and presentations vary significantly, consistent education and awareness can help reduce potential triggers and foster supportive environments for affected individuals. […] Although complete prevention isn’t possible, there are several strategies and precautions that can minimize risk factors and aid in managing the condition: […] Many epilepsy cases are linked to factors affecting brain development during pregnancy or early childhood. […] Expectant mothers should undergo regular prenatal care, including vaccinations, to prevent infections that could harm fetal brain development. […] Since head injuries can lead to epilepsy, especially among younger populations, taking safety measures is vital, including the following:

• #1 How to Prevent Seizures

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-seizures

  While theres no one way to prevent a seizure, following a well-rounded treatment and management plan can help. […] If you have epilepsy, or another condition that puts you at risk of recurring seizures, its important to take preventive measures to stop them from occurring. […] Seizure prevention is dependent on an overall management and treatment plan, such as taking your prescribed medications and making lifestyle changes. […] Talk with a doctor about incorporating the following measures into your overall treatment and management plan to help prevent seizures. […] Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are prescription medications designed to help prevent seizures. Its important to never stop taking these medications without a doctors approval even if your condition seems to be improving. […] Alcohol isnt recommended for people with epilepsy, due to an increased risk of seizures. You may help prevent future episodes by avoiding alcohol.

• #1 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/treatment/

  The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. […] You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. […] For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: surgery on your brain, putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation), a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet). […] If you have epilepsy there are things you can do to keep yourself safe and reduce the risk of seizures, if they’re not completely controlled by your medicine. […] Make sure your family and friends know what to do if you have a seizure. […] Do not miss doses of your epilepsy medicine. […] Do not change your epilepsy treatment without getting advice from your GP or specialist. […] If you take medicines for epilepsy you’re entitled to free prescriptions for all your medicines.

• #1 List of 27 Seizure Prevention (Seizure Prophylaxis) Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/seizure-prophylaxis.html

  Measures taken to prevent a seizure – an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain where a person’s body may shake rapidly and uncontrollably. […] The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. […] 56 reviews for Lamictal to treat Seizure Prevention […] 95 reviews for lamotrigine to treat Seizure Prevention […] 43 reviews for Topamax to treat Seizure Prevention […] 59 reviews for clonazepam to treat Seizure Prevention […] 70 reviews for topiramate to treat Seizure Prevention […] 25 reviews for Klonopin to treat Seizure Prevention […] 6 reviews for diazepam to treat Seizure Prevention […] 3 reviews for Lamictal XR to treat Seizure Prevention […] 5 reviews for valproic acid to treat Seizure Prevention […] 2 reviews for magnesium sulfate to treat Seizure Prevention

• #1 How to Prevent Seizures – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/how-to-prevent-seizures/

  Lack of sleep is a big contributing factor to seizures. […] Enforcing an early bedtime for you or your kids may seem difficult, but it could help reduce seizures. […] Skipping meals can lead to hypoglycemia, which can trigger seizures in some people. […] Eating meals at regular times and having healthy snacks between meals can help with seizure prevention. […] You need to make sure your children are aware that alcohol and drug use can contribute to seizures. […] However, they simply are not worth risking triggering a seizure. […] Exercise may be the single most-effective “medicine” that a doctor can suggest. […] While exercise is not directly linked to a reduction in seizures, it is linked to reducing stress levels. […] If your child is experiencing a high fever, contact a medical professional for help on how to bring down body temperature.

• #1 Seizure Management and Prophylaxis Considerations in Patients with Brain Tumors

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10256653/

  Prophylactic treatment is recommended in all brain tumor patients after the first seizure. […] ASM is recommended for all brain tumor patients who have experienced at least one seizure. […] According to the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines, patients with a structural abnormality that increases the risk of new seizures fulfill the criteria for epilepsy after one episode only. […] Recent studies have shown that patients with newly diagnosed brain tumors who have not ever experienced seizures do not benefit from antiseizure medication (ASM). […] A consensus statement thus discourages the use of primary prophylactic use of ASM. […] Patients whose epilepsy develops to drug-refractory seizures should be monitored closely for tumor progression as, in our experience, re-emergence of seizures sometimes herald radiological findings of tumor growth. […] Withdrawal of ASM in glioma patients is a debated issue where no consensus exists. […] The IDH1 mutation may represent a new therapeutic target.

• #1 Post-Traumatic Seizure Prophylaxis in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Practice Guideline

  https://med.uth.edu/surgery/post-traumatic-seizure-prophylaxis-in-patients-with-traumatic-brain-injury-clinical-practice-guideline/

  Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an anatomical and functional insult to the brain. Post-traumatic seizure (PTS) is a known sequela of TBI and can be categorized as immediate (occurring within 24 hours of injury), early (within 24 hours to seven days after injury), or late (occurring greater than seven days after injury). Early PTS increases the risk of late PTS (associated with development of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)) as well as overall morbidity and mortality in TBI patients. Based on the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) recommendations, using anti-seizure drugs during the first seven days after an injury has become the standard of care for PTS prophylaxis in severe TBI patients. […] The use of levetiracetam for post-traumatic seizure prophylaxis is somewhat more common, presumably due to the ease of dosing, fewer interactions with other drugs, and lack of need for frequent blood level monitoring.

• #1 Seizure prophylaxis in the neuroscience intensive care unit | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-018-0288-6

  Seizure prophylaxis with anti-epileptic drugs is a common practice in neurosciences intensive care unit. […] Based on the current evidence and guidelines, we have proposed a presumptive protocol for seizure prophylaxis in neurosciences intensive care unit. Patients with severe traumatic brain injury and possible subarachnoid hemorrhage seem to benefit with a short course of anti-epileptic drug. […] AED prophylaxis for aSAH is somewhat controversial. […] Given its relatively safer profile, there is a growing interest in support of using levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis. […] AED are not recommended for routine prophylactic use in patients with newly diagnosed brain neoplasm, as they are not effective in preventing first seizure and have potential side effects. […] In patients with brain neoplasm, who never had seizure, discontinuation or taper of AED after first postoperative week is recommended.

• #1 Seizure prophylaxis in the neuroscience intensive care unit | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-018-0288-6

  Prophylactic use of AED is not recommended in patients with ischemic stroke. […] In absence of seizure, routine use of AED in patients with CVT is not recommended. […] The data for prophylactic use of AEDS in neuro critically ill patients lacks robustness. Patients with severe TBI and possible SAH seem to benefit with a short course of AED. In patients with injury to their brain, the use of CEEG would make sense rather than indiscriminately administering AED. Only observed seizures should be treated in such patients.

• #1

  https://aesnet.org/abstractslisting/duration-of-seizure-prophylaxis-in-focal-circumscribed-intracranial-infections

  Focal circumscribed intracranial infections have been associated with increased risk of seizures and subsequent epilepsy in 30-32% of cases. There are no clear existing guidelines on the type or duration of prophylaxis of seizures resulting from these infections. […] The median duration of seizure prophylaxis and treatment were 2 months and 32 months, respectively.

• #1 Prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/epilepsy-center/sudden-unexpected-death-in-epilepsy-sudep/prevention

  To avoid SUDEP, manage epilepsy and minimize the associated risk factors. The main approach involves properly managing seizures and epilepsy care. […] Take prescribed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) as directed. […] Strive for optimal seizure management. […] Follow up with your neurologist to monitor treatment effectiveness and adjust medication doses if needed. […] Maintain a healthy lifestyle. This includes: […] Getting enough sleep […] Managing stress […] Avoiding triggers that may provoke seizures […] Avoid alcohol and illicit drug use as they can increase your risk of seizures. […] For some people, seizures are not well controlled with medication alone. In such cases, epilepsy surgery may be considered. By reducing the frequency and severity of seizures, the risk of SUDEP may also be decreased.

• #1 Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (PTE) Prevention Could be Possible with Signaling Pathways

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/research-discoveries/preventing-post-traumatic-epilepsy-may-be-possible-by-inhibiting-two-inflammation-based-signaling-pathways/

  For his CURE Epilepsy Prevention of Acquired Epilepsies grant, Dr. Xiaoming Jin and his team sought to understand the role of two related signaling pathways called TLR4 and RAGE, in the development of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) following brain injury in mice. […] The team found that inhibiting either of these two inflammatory pathways soon after injury decreased seizure susceptibility as well as frequency. […] These results suggest that inhibiting either of these inflammatory pathways may impede the development of PTE. […] Importantly, there is often a span of time between the injury and the onset of epilepsy, known as the latent period, during which treatments could be initiated to either reduce the chance of or completely prevent PTE. […] With funding from CURE Epilepsy, Dr. Jin and his team at the Stark Neurosciences Institute of the Indiana University School of Medicine sought to determine if these proteins also played a role in PTE and whether inhibiting these pathways could represent an approach for reducing the likelihood of epileptogenesis and PTE following TBI.

• #1 How to Prevent Seizures: 11 Techniques for Seizure Prevention

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/how-to-prevent-seizures

  Effective treatment can help manage seizures. However, additional steps to prevent seizures may further reduce health risks and improve quality of life. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of epilepsy cases are preventable with appropriate care. […] This article discusses how to prevent seizures and, in some cases, reduce the risk of epilepsy. […] Following your prescribed treatment plan can be the most effective way to prevent seizures. […] Skipping medication and other factors that compromise treatment may put you at risk of experiencing more seizures. […] Stress is a common trigger for seizures. As a result, finding a way to appropriately manage and reduce stress can help prevent seizures. […] A high intake of alcohol over a short time may cause some people to experience a seizure. Additionally, high levels of alcohol can reduce the effectiveness of antiepileptic medications, further increasing the risk of seizure.

• #1 Epilepsy Prevention: Several Strategies and Precautions

  https://orlando-epilepsy.com/epilepsy-prevention-strategies-and-approaches/

  Infections like meningitis and encephalitis can heighten epilepsy risk, to prevent this you should consider the following: […] Certain medical conditions can heighten the risk of epilepsy if not managed well. […] Various lifestyle factors can trigger seizures in susceptible individuals, including the following: […] Individuals with a family history of epilepsy might consider genetic counseling to assess the risk of inheriting or passing on the condition. […] Those with a known seizure disorder can prevent future episodes through consistent medication use and regular healthcare follow-ups. […] Though epilepsy prevention is challenging due to its complex nature, proactive measures can minimize risks and improve outcomes. […] Early detection, medical care, and lifestyle adjustments can significantly reduce the impact of this condition.

• #2 How to Prevent Seizures: 11 Techniques for Seizure Prevention

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/how-to-prevent-seizures

  Effective treatment can help manage seizures. However, additional steps to prevent seizures may further reduce health risks and improve quality of life. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of epilepsy cases are preventable with appropriate care. […] This article discusses how to prevent seizures and, in some cases, reduce the risk of epilepsy. […] Following your prescribed treatment plan can be the most effective way to prevent seizures. […] Skipping medication and other factors that compromise treatment may put you at risk of experiencing more seizures. […] Stress is a common trigger for seizures. As a result, finding a way to appropriately manage and reduce stress can help prevent seizures. […] A high intake of alcohol over a short time may cause some people to experience a seizure. Additionally, high levels of alcohol can reduce the effectiveness of antiepileptic medications, further increasing the risk of seizure.

• #2 The primary prevention of epilepsy: A report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7004820/

  CNS infections, particularly malaria, NCC, meningitides, and encephalitides, are important causes of epilepsy. […] TBI likewise represents a substantial fraction of preventable epilepsy, and again the burden appears higher in LMIC, at least in children. […] Finally, an appreciable fraction of preventable epilepsy may be attributable to stroke. […] The data we have reviewed clearly establish that a substantial proportion of epilepsy is potentially preventable. Therefore, the primary prevention of epilepsy warrants critical attention and action from the community of epilepsy care providers, researchers, advocates, and policymakers through ministries of health, and other public and private health organizations.

• #2 Posttraumatic Epilepsy Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184178-treatment

  Prevention of PTE starts with prevention of head trauma. Clinicians should encourage preventive strategies, such as use of child seats and the use of helmets when cycling. Sports head injury guidlines should be followed to prevent recurrent head injury. […] A guideline from the American Academy of Neurology notes that in adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury, prophylaxis with phenytoin is effective in decreasing the risk of early PTS; however, AED prophylaxis is probably not effective in decreasing the risk of late PTS (ie, PTS occurring beyond 7 days after injury). […] Similarly, a 2001 Cochrane Review concluded that although prophylactic use of AEDs soon after head injury reduces early seizures, there is no evidence that it reduces late seizures or has any effect on death or neurological disability.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  An estimated 25% of epilepsy cases are potentially preventable. […] Preventing head injury, for example by reducing falls, traffic accidents and sports injuries, is the most effective way to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. […] Adequate perinatal care can reduce new cases of epilepsy caused by birth injury. […] The use of drugs and other methods to lower the body temperature of a feverish child can reduce the chance of febrile seizures. […] The prevention of epilepsy associated with stroke is focused on cardiovascular risk factor reduction, e.g. measures to prevent or control high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity, and the avoidance of tobacco and excessive alcohol use. […] Central nervous system infections are common causes of epilepsy in tropical areas, where many low- and middle-income countries are concentrated. Elimination of parasites in these environments and education on how to avoid infections can be effective ways to reduce epilepsy worldwide, for example those cases due to neurocysticercosis.

• #2 How to Prevent Seizures

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-seizures

  In addition to alcohol avoidance, its important to avoid substance misuse as part of your seizure management plan. […] Stress can be a trigger for seizures in epilepsy. It may help you reduce your risk of seizures if you manage your stress by: […] Waking up and going to bed at the same time every day can help you maintain a sleep schedule. […] Its a good practice to keep a consistent meal schedule and have fast-acting sources of glucose on you at all times if you have diabetes. […] According to the Epilepsy Society, its estimated that about 3% of people with epilepsy have a rare form called photosensitive epilepsy. […] A head injury can also trigger a seizure in someone who already has epilepsy. So, its important to protect yourself from future head injuries and the possibility of more related seizures.

• #2 How to Prevent Seizures

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-seizures

  Some children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years may be at risk of developing febrile seizures. […] Prescription AEDs are first-line treatments for seizures. […] AEDs cant cure epilepsy, but they may help prevent future seizures. […] For these people, implanting devices that send small electric currents to the brain may help prevent seizures. […] If youve tried medications, devices, and other lifestyle changes but your seizures arent well-controlled, undergoing brain surgery may be an option. […] A neurologist or epileptologist can help you come up with a seizure treatment and management plan. […] But taking AEDs and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are strategies that can help.

• #2 List of 27 Seizure Prevention (Seizure Prophylaxis) Medications Compared

  https://www.drugs.com/condition/seizure-prophylaxis.html

  3 reviews for Valium to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Trokendi XR to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Qudexy XR to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Tranxene to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Eprontia to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Tranxene T-Tab to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for Valproate Sodium to treat Seizure Prevention […] 1 review for vigabatrin to treat Seizure Prevention.

• #2 Epilepsy: Treatment Options | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0715/p87.html

  Delaying therapy until a second seizure does not affect one- to two-year remission rates. […] Treatment should begin with monotherapy. […] The appropriate choice of medication varies depending on seizure type. […] When patients have been seizure free for two to five years, discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs may be considered. […] For patients with seizures that are not controlled with these agents, alternative treatments include surgical resection of the seizure focus, ketogenic diets, vagus nerve stimulators, and implantable brain neurostimulators. […] Patients who have had a recent seizure within the past three months or whose seizures are poorly controlled should refrain from driving and certain high-risk physical activities. […] Patients planning for pregnancy should know that antiepileptic drugs are possibly teratogenic.

• #2 How to Prevent Seizures – Neurology Center For Epilepsy & Seizures

  https://www.neurocenternj.com/blog/how-to-prevent-seizures/

  Flashing lights are a commonly known seizure symptom trigger. […] If you have photosensitive epilepsy, you need to limit exposure to flashing lights. […] If you have epilepsy or another seizure-disorder, you need a pediatric neurologist to manage your care. […] This is one of the key ways to prevent seizures and how to stop seizures in adults. […] Lifestyle changes such as getting regular sleep, maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding triggers like stress, alcohol, and drugs are some effective ways to prevent seizures. […] Learning how to stop a seizure from happening mainly involves managing triggers and taking prescribed medications consistently. […] If possible, avoid common triggers such as flashing lights, lack of sleep, stress, and alcohol. […] A neurologist plays a crucial role in seizure prevention by investigating the cause of the seizures and creating a personalized treatment plan.

• #2 Seizure prophylaxis in the neuroscience intensive care unit | Journal of Intensive Care | Full Text

  https://jintensivecare.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40560-018-0288-6

  Seizure prophylaxis with anti-epileptic drugs is a common practice in neurosciences intensive care unit. […] Based on the current evidence and guidelines, we have proposed a presumptive protocol for seizure prophylaxis in neurosciences intensive care unit. Patients with severe traumatic brain injury and possible subarachnoid hemorrhage seem to benefit with a short course of anti-epileptic drug. […] AED prophylaxis for aSAH is somewhat controversial. […] Given its relatively safer profile, there is a growing interest in support of using levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis. […] AED are not recommended for routine prophylactic use in patients with newly diagnosed brain neoplasm, as they are not effective in preventing first seizure and have potential side effects. […] In patients with brain neoplasm, who never had seizure, discontinuation or taper of AED after first postoperative week is recommended.

• #2 Prevention of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy | [current-page:pager]touchNEUROLOGY

  https://touchneurology.com/epilepsy/journal-articles/prevention-of-sudden-unexpected-death-in-epilepsy/

  Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common cause of death related to epilepsy and is associated with treatment resistance and the presence of generalised tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS, of either focal or generalised onset). […] Research into SUDEP has identified several risk factors (including frequency of GTCS and male gender) but has also indicated proven or potential preventive strategies, including more effective seizure control. […] More research is needed into the pathophysiology of SUDEP and to identify predictive biomarkers. […] Furthermore, clinical trials are warranted to assess outcomes with preventive interventions. […] Risk reduction measures should be targeted at the known risk factors. […] It is important that patients and their families are aware of the risk of SUDEP and of the lifestyle factors that can reduce the risk of seizures, in addition to medical interventions that aim to control seizures.

• #2 Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (PTE) Prevention Could be Possible with Signaling Pathways

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/research-discoveries/preventing-post-traumatic-epilepsy-may-be-possible-by-inhibiting-two-inflammation-based-signaling-pathways/

  The team found that when either substance (TAK242 or RAGE mAb) was administered to mice one week after injury, the treated PTE mice were less prone to having tonic-clonic seizures and remained seizure-free for a longer period of time. […] The fact that similar results were obtained from two different, but complementary, types of experiments (pharmacological and genetic) provide corroboration for the critical roles that RAGE and TLR4 play in the onset of PTE. […] Research to assess what happens in the brain after TBI is crucial to discovering possible therapeutic options to prevent epilepsy from developing. […] Data from Dr. Jins lab further validate the roles of HMGB1, its receptors TLR4 and RAGE, and their downstream inflammatory pathways in the PTE process itself, including cellular level changes, and how blocking either of these pathways may one day prevent PTE.

• #2 How to Prevent Seizures: 11 Techniques for Seizure Prevention

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/epilepsy/how-to-prevent-seizures

  Certain drugs and intoxication from drugs are common causes of seizures. Seizures can occur with the misuse of substances including recreational drugs and prescription drugs. […] People commonly report sleep deprivation and tiredness as a trigger for seizures. Good quality sleep can reduce the risk of a seizure. […] Not eating enough or regularly enough can lead to hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. Hypoglycemia can induce seizures. […] Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can trigger seizures in both people already diagnosed with epilepsy and people who have never had a seizure before. […] Being unwell may trigger a seizure in people with or without epilepsy. […] You can also lower the risks of epilepsy as a result of illness by getting vaccinated, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, washing your hands regularly, preparing food hygienically, and not smoking. […] For some people, strong stimuli trigger seizures. This is photosensitive epilepsy. […] Seizure prevention methods include taking treatment as prescribed, tracking and avoiding triggers, and supporting your health.

• #3 Seizure Prophylaxis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/Neuro/Seizure/SzrPrphylxs.htm

  Seizure Prophylaxis medication is definite for individuals with structural lesions such as brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and infections like brain abscess or herpes encephalitis. […] Seizure Prophylaxis medication is possible for individuals with unprovoked seizures who do not have any of the above risk factors. […] Seizure Prophylaxis is not recommended for individuals experiencing seizures in the context of acute illness, such as high fever, hypoglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities, or hypoxia. […] Antiepileptic medications used for prophylaxis include carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lacosamide, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin, and zonisamide. […] Lacosamide is considered a well-tolerated, first-line agent in seizure prophylaxis.

• #3 How to Prevent Seizures

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-prevent-seizures

  In addition to alcohol avoidance, its important to avoid substance misuse as part of your seizure management plan. […] Stress can be a trigger for seizures in epilepsy. It may help you reduce your risk of seizures if you manage your stress by: […] Waking up and going to bed at the same time every day can help you maintain a sleep schedule. […] Its a good practice to keep a consistent meal schedule and have fast-acting sources of glucose on you at all times if you have diabetes. […] According to the Epilepsy Society, its estimated that about 3% of people with epilepsy have a rare form called photosensitive epilepsy. […] A head injury can also trigger a seizure in someone who already has epilepsy. So, its important to protect yourself from future head injuries and the possibility of more related seizures.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12028-023-01907-x

  There is practice heterogeneity in the use, type, and duration of prophylactic antiseizure medications (ASMs) in patients with moderatesevere traumatic brain injury (TBI). […] Based on GRADE criteria, we suggest that ASM or no ASM may be used in patients hospitalized with moderatesevere TBI (weak recommendation, low quality of evidence). […] If used, we suggest LEV over PHT/fPHT (weak recommendation, very low quality of evidence) for a short duration (7 days, weak recommendation, low quality of evidence).

• #3 Optimization of Seizure Prevention by Cannabidiol (CBD) | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.24.609518v1

  Objective Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most prominent non-psychotropic cannabinoids with known therapeutic potentials. Based on its anti-seizure efficacy, the first cannabis derived, pharmaceutical grade CBD-based medication was approved in the USA in 2018 for the treatment of seizures in patients 2 years and older. Despite the effectiveness in reducing seizures, there remain several major questions on the optimization of CBD therapy for epilepsy such as the optimal dosage, composition, and route of delivery, which are the main objective of this current study. […] Our findings showed that all forms of CBD reduced seizures severity. Among the combination of CBD tested. CBD broad spectrum via inhalation was the most effective in the treatment of epileptic seizures (p<0.05) compared to other forms of CBD treatments. [...] Our data suggest that route and CBD formulations affect its efficacy in the prevention of epileptic seizures. Inhaled broad spectrum CBD showed a potential superior effect compared to other delivery routes and CBD formulations in the prevention of epileptic seizures, warrants further research.

• #4 Pioneering CBD for epilepsy treatment and prevention – Vital Record

  https://vitalrecord.tamu.edu/pioneering-cbd-for-epilepsy-treatment-and-prevention/

  Pharmacology research team reveals breakthrough findings on cannabinoid therapy for preventing epilepsy and refractory seizure disorders. A team led by D. Samba Reddy, PhD, RPh, a Regents Professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics at the Texas AM University School of Medicine, has made progress in determining efficacy, safety and new applications of cannabinoid therapeutics. Reddy’s work establishes a foundation for tailored and effective epilepsy treatments, offering hope to those facing its challenges. […] Comprehensive research endeavors led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approving CBD for treating childhood epilepsy in 2018. However, Reddy says the exact functions of endocannabinoids, the spectrum effects and the mechanisms through which CBD counteracts seizures still require further investigation.

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