Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Epilepsy is common. Around 3 million people in the U.S. have epilepsy, making it the fourth most common neurological disease after migraine, stroke and Alzheimer’s. Epilepsy happens as a result of abnormal electrical brain activity, also known as a seizure, kind of like an electrical storm inside your head. And because your brain controls so much, a lot of different things can go wrong. You may have periods of unusual behaviors, feelings and sometimes loss of awareness. There are many types of seizures, including two main categories: focal, meaning they start in a particular part of your brain, or generalized, meaning the seizures initially involve all areas of the brain. […] Because they happen in the brain, seizures can affect any process your brain handles. Therefore, symptoms can vary. Many individuals with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure each time. However, some will have more than one type. So, how do you recognize a seizure? Keep an eye out for temporary confusion, a staring spell, uncontrollable jerking, loss of consciousness, fear, anxiety or deja vu.

• #2 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a long-term (chronic) disease that causes repeated seizures due to abnormal electrical signals produced by damaged brain cells. A burst of uncontrolled electrical activity within brain cells causes a seizure. Seizures can include changes to your awareness, muscle control (your muscles may twitch or jerk), sensations, emotions and behavior. […] The main symptom of epilepsy is recurring seizures. Your symptoms, however, vary depending on the type of seizure you have. […] Most people with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure, so have similar symptoms with each seizure. […] About 70% of people become seizure-free with proper treatment within a few years. The remaining 30% are considered to have drug-resistant epilepsy. These people should go to an epilepsy center to determine if they’re candidates for epilepsy surgery. […] There’s no cure for epilepsy. But there are many options to treat epilepsy.

• #3 Epilepsy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/epilepsy

  Epilepsy is a neurological condition involving the brain that makes people more susceptible to having recurrent unprovoked seizures. […] According to the CDC, almost 3 million Americans live with epilepsy and nearly 200,000 people in the U.S. develop this condition annually. […] However, when a person has two or more recurrent unprovoked seizures, he or she is considered to have epilepsy. […] The following are general symptoms of a seizure or warning signs that your child may be experiencing seizures. Symptoms or warning signs may include: Staring, Jerking movements of the arms and legs, Stiffening of the body, Loss of consciousness, Breathing problems or breathing stops, Loss of bowel or bladder control, Falling suddenly for no apparent reason, especially when associated with loss of consciousness, Not responding to noise or words for brief periods, Appearing confused or in a haze, Nodding the head rhythmically, when associated with loss of awareness or even loss of consciousness, Periods of rapid eye blinking and staring.

• #4 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  A seizure is a sudden, brief disruption of brain activity caused by abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal firing. Depending on the regions of the brain involved, seizures can lead to changes in movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, or consciousness. Symptoms vary widely. Some seizures involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention or awareness (as seen in absence seizures), while others cause generalized convulsions with loss of consciousness (tonic-clonic seizures). Most seizures last less than two minutes and are followed by a postictal period of confusion, fatigue, or other symptoms. A seizure lasting longer than five minutes is a medical emergency known as status epilepticus. […] Seizures are classified as provoked, when triggered by a known cause such as fever, head trauma, or metabolic imbalance, or unprovoked, when no immediate trigger is identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures define the neurological condition epilepsy.

• #5 Seizure Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Many people have unusual sensations just before a seizure starts. […] Some seizures cause uncontrollable shaking and loss of consciousness, but sometimes people simply stop moving or become unaware of what is happening. […] About 2% of adults have a seizure at some time during their life. Two thirds of these people never have another one. Seizure disorders commonly begin in early childhood or in late adulthood. […] Seizures may result when the brain’s electrical activity is disrupted. […] Seizures with no identifiable cause are called idiopathic. […] People with a seizure disorder are more likely to have a seizure when they are under excess physical or emotional stress. […] Most seizures last 1 to 2 minutes. […] Occasionally, seizures recur repeatedly, as occurs in status epilepticus.

• #6 Epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20350093

  Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people may lose awareness during a seizure while others don’t. Some people stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure. Others may repeatedly twitch their arms or legs, movements known as convulsions. […] Most people with epilepsy tend to have the same type of seizure each time. Symptoms are usually similar from episode to episode. […] Seizures are classified as either focal or generalized, based on how and where the brain activity causing the seizure begins. […] Generalized seizures include: Absence seizures, Tonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Clonic seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Tonic-clonic seizures. […] Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain are called generalized seizures. Generalized seizures include: Absence seizures, Tonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Clonic seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Tonic-clonic seizures.

• #7 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  When an epileptic seizure starts in one side of the brain, its called a focal onset seizure or a focal seizure. […] During a focal aware seizure, you stay fully aware of whats happening around you, even if you cant move or respond. […] Some people with epilepsy use the word aura to describe the feeling they get that warns them theyre about to have a tonic-clonic seizure. […] If your awareness of whats happening around you is affected at any time during your seizure, its called a focal impaired awareness seizure. […] Doctors may also use the words motor or non-motor to describe focal seizures. […] What happens during a focal seizure depends on which area (lobe) of the brain is affected, and whether the seizure spreads to affect other areas. […] Symptoms of seizures in the frontal lobes can include: Pelvic thrusting, kicking, pedalling, thrashing or rocking movements.

• #8 Focal seizures – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/544

  Focal seizures are the transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain originating within networks limited to one hemisphere. […] Focal seizures can be caused by overt brain lesions (e.g., stroke, tumor), but neuroimaging studies often do not identify any underlying pathology. […] Patients in whom seizure remission is not achieved with two monotherapy trials followed by dual therapy are considered to have refractory focal seizures. They should be evaluated to confirm the diagnosis and for consideration of resective epilepsy surgery and/or neuromodulation therapies. […] Focal seizures may evolve into bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures). The clinical manifestations of a particular seizure depend on the clinically eloquent structures of the brain that are activated.

• #9 Seizures – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20365711

  Focal seizures result from electrical activity in one area of the brain. This type of seizure can happen with or without passing out, called losing consciousness. […] Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain from the time they start are called generalized seizures. […] Seizures can have a beginning phase, a middle phase and an end phase. These phases also are called prodrome, ictal and postictal. […] The ictal phase lasts from the first symptom, including the aura, to the end of the seizure. Symptoms of the ictal phase depend on the type of seizure. […] The postictal stage can last minutes or hours. Some people recover quickly, while others take hours. The length of the postictal phase depends on the type of seizure and what part of the brain was affected. […] Seek medical help right away if you have a seizure or if you see someone have a seizure and any of the following happens: The seizure lasts more than five minutes. The person isn’t breathing after the seizure stops. A second seizure follows right away. […] Epilepsy is a common cause of seizures. But not everyone who has a seizure has epilepsy.

• #10 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  A seizure is an electrical disturbance that interferes with normal brain function. The way that a seizure presents itself can vary a lot between people with epilepsy, depending upon the type of seizures they experience and their particular form of epilepsy. […] The four phases of seizure are: Prodromal, Early ictal (the aura), Ictal, Postictal. […] The most common symptoms of a prodrome include confusion, anxiety, irritability, headache, tremor, and anger or other mood disturbances. About 20% of individuals with epilepsy experience this stage, which may serve as a warning sign of seizure onset for those who experience it. […] For many people with epilepsy, the earliest sign of seizure activity is an aura. Although it has traditionally been thought of as a warning of an oncoming seizure, an aura is the earliest sign of seizure activity and the beginning of the ictal phase.

• #11 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  The three seizure phases are defined as: […] During the prodromal stage some people can tell when a seizure is on its way. They may notice some early signs hours or even days before the seizure starts. Not all people experience this stage. Some common signs can include: Mood changes, Anxiety, Feeling lightheaded, Difficulty sleeping, Difficulty staying focused, Behaviour changes. […] Auras are generally considered an early part of the seizure. Symptoms of an aura may include: Déjà vu (a sense that something has happened before when in fact it hasn’t), Jamais vu (a feeling that you’re seeing something you know well for the first time), Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Dizziness, Vision difficulties, Numbness or ‘pins and needles’ in parts of the body, Nausea, Headache, Panic, Feelings of intense fear.

• #12 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  The middle (ictal) stage of a seizure is called the ictal phase. It’s the time from the first symptom to the end of the seizure activity. It is during this time that intense electrical activity is occurring in the brain. Some common signs of this phase include: Loss of awareness, Memory lapse, Feeling confused, Difficulty hearing, Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Difficulty speaking or saying strange words, Twitching, Loss of muscle control, Repeated movements (such as lip smacking or chewing), Body convulsions, Racing heart, Trouble breathing. […] The final post-ictal stage occurs after the active (ictal) part of the seizure. This is the recovery stage and during this phase any physical after effects of the seizure are felt. The type of seizure and the part of the brain involved will determine how long it takes for a person to return to their usual self. Some common signs of this phase include: Confusion, Lack of consciousness, Tiredness (fatigue), Exhaustion, Headache, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Fear and anxiety, Frustration, Shame or embarrassment, Thirst, Nausea, Sore muscles, Weakness in parts of the body, Injury (head, cuts, broken bones).

• #13 Warning Signs of a Seizure: What to Look For, What to Do

  https://www.healthline.com/health/warning-signs-of-a-seizure

  Seizures occur when there is a misfiring, or malfunctioning signal in the electrical system of your brain. This signal disrupts your normal brain function, and can have effects like impaired movements or loss of consciousness. […] People with recurrent seizures are diagnosed with a condition called epilepsy. […] Seizures can be a dangerous medical condition, especially if you dont know when one is coming. […] Fortunately, many people who experience seizures have warning signs that one is coming. […] The prodromal phase can last anywhere from 10 minutes to several days before the onset of a seizure. Common symptoms include: a funny feeling, confusion, anxiety, irritability, headache. […] Auras can be another warning sign of a seizure itself or signal the start of a seizure. […] Symptoms during an aura, or focal seizure, include: muscle twitches or jerking movements on one side of the body, a feeling of déjà vu, intense anxiety or fear, hallucinations in the form of visions, sounds, or smells, changes in blood pressure or heart rates, loss of bowel or bladder control, numbness or tingling, confusion, nausea or butterflies in your stomach.

• #14 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Seizure symptoms vary based on the type and severity, but may include: Loss of consciousness. Uncontrollable movements (convulsions, muscle spasms, jerking). Staring. […] Other symptoms may include: Sudden emotional changes (confusion, fear, joy, anxiety). Teeth clenching. Drooling. Abnormal eye movements. Loss of bladder or bowel control. Noise making (grunting or snorting). […] The stages or phases of a seizure include: Prodrome phase: Before a seizure, you may notice mood or behavioral changes, feel lightheaded or have trouble focusing. Days before a seizure, you may have trouble sleeping. Aura phase: Right before the first symptoms of a seizure start, you may notice vision changes, a headache, dizziness, nausea, anxiety or fear, and changes to your senses (like taste, sound, smell and feeling). Ictal phase: This is when a seizure happens. You’ll experience seizure symptoms. Postictal phase: Immediately after a seizure ends, you may feel confused, exhausted, sore, strong emotions and more.

• #15 What Are the Warning Signs of Epilepsy? Types, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_warning_signs_of_epilepsy/article.htm

  The warning signs of epilepsy are different for everyone, however, here are the most commonly reported symptoms of seizure disorder. […] The warning signs of epilepsy are different for everyone, but some of the commonly reported symptoms are: […] Prodrome (early signs): Odd feelings, Confusion or feeling fuzzy, Irritability, Headache, Mood swings, Unable to concentrate. […] Aura (late signs): A feeling before the onset of partial seizures, A feeling of deja vu (feeling like you are experiencing something that has occurred before), Butterflies in the stomach, Nausea, Numbness, Unusual smells, tastes, sounds, or sensations, Unable to speak, Dizziness, Anxiety, Jerky movements of arms and legs, Loss of bowel or bladder control, Tingling sensation like pins and needles, Loss of consciousness or awareness.

• #16 Seizure stages: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-seizures

  The phases of a seizure may occur in a sequence, with the prodrome and aura at the beginning, the ictal stage usually in the middle, and the post-ictal stage after the seizure has ended. […] Each stage has certain symptoms, although these may vary for each person, depending on the type of seizure. […] Symptoms of the prodromal stage may include: changes in mood and behavior, anxiety, confusion, irritability, anger, difficulty focusing, headache, feeling lightheaded, trouble sleeping, tremor. […] According to Cure Epilepsy, around 65% of people with epilepsy may experience aura as part of their seizures. […] Symptoms of the ictal stage vary with the type of seizure but may include: loss of awareness, loss of muscle control, stiffening of arms and legs, confusion, distractedness or sense of detachment, chewing, lip-smacking, repetitive movements, drooling, sweating, tremors, numbness, difficulty speaking or moving, lapses in memory, unusual physical activity, dilated pupils, loss of bladder or bowel control, twitching movements, increased heart rate, changes in vision or hearing, changes in taste or smell, difficulty breathing, convulsions.

• #17 Epilepsy: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/symptoms-of-epilepsy-1204509

  Weakness: Weakness can occur in any area of your body. For instance, you may have weakness in one arm, one leg, or both. […] Anxiety: Before a seizure, often a focal seizure, some people feel anxious. This can be its own symptom and/or a signal that a seizure is about to occur (i.e., aura). […] Staring: Staring into space is a symptom when you have absence seizures. […] Some symptoms, including automatisms and aura, can help identify on which side of the brain the seizures originate and possibly even the type of epilepsy. […] An epileptic aura is a distinct perceptioneither visual, motor, sensory, or psychologicalthat you get around the time a seizure occurs. […] In people with focal epilepsy, auras may be an early warning sign because they often occur less than two minutes before seizures that cause loss of consciousness.

• #18 Epilepsy Symptoms | doctors | Jay Harvey, D.O. | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/doctors/jay-harvey/epilepsy-symptoms/

  Although convulsions often come to mind when people think of epileptic seizures, convulsions are actually relatively uncommon when epilepsy is effectively managed. […] Epileptic seizures can manifest themselves in a number of ways, including visual or auditory hallucinations, odd sensations, anxiety, staring or „zoning out,” and the perception of smells or tastes that aren’t there. […] Patients commonly talk about having a very strong sense of familiarity (dj vu) – or a sudden sense of unfamiliarity (jamais vu) – before a seizure. Seizures can also cause people to experience brief alterations of awareness. […] Typically, seizures manifest themselves the same way in people – meaning that the symptoms someone has during one seizure will be the same with the next one. […] We also treat many of the peripheral symptoms that go with having seizures. Two comorbidities are depression and anxiety. People with epilepsy have three times the risk of developing depression and anxiety than people without the disorder.

• #19 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  Focal aware seizures are where you remain fully conscious throughout. Symptoms of a focal aware seizure can include: a general strange feeling that is hard to describe, a rising feeling in your tummy sometimes likened to the sensation in your stomach when on a fairground ride, an intense feeling that events have happened before (déjà vu), experiencing an unusual smell or taste, a tingling sensation, or pins and needles, in your arms and legs, a sudden intense feeling of fear or joy, stiffness or twitching in part of the body, such as an arm or hand. […] Focal impaired awareness seizures are when you lose your sense of awareness. You won’t remember what happened after this type of seizure. The symptoms of a focal impaired awareness seizure can involve random bodily behaviour, like: smacking your lips, rubbing your hands, making random noises, moving your arms around, picking at clothes, fiddling with objects, adopting an unusual posture, chewing or swallowing.

• #20 Focal seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000697.htm

  Focal seizures occur when this electrical activity is in a limited area of the brain. Sometimes the seizures stay only in one part of the brain, while at other times, the seizures can turn into bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, which affect the whole brain. This is called secondary generalization. […] People with focal, awareness impaired seizures may or may not remember any or all of the symptoms or events during the seizure. […] Depending on where in the brain the seizure starts, symptoms may include: Abnormal muscle contraction, such as abnormal head or limb movements, Staring spells, sometimes with repetitive movements such as picking at clothes or lip smacking, Eyes moving from side to side, Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, tingling, crawling sensation (like ants crawling on the skin), Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations), Abdominal pain or discomfort, Nausea, Sweating, Flushed face, Dilated pupils, Rapid heart rate/pulse. […] Other symptoms may include: Blackout spells, periods of time lost from memory, Changes in vision, Sensation of déjà vu (feeling like current place and time have been experienced before), Changes in mood or emotion, Temporary inability to speak.

• #21 Seizure Onset Information | Focal & Generalized Onset Seizures | Epilepsy Foundation New England

  https://epilepsynewengland.org/knowledge-center/types-of-seizures/seizure-onset

  Seizures can begin in one or both hemispheres of the brain, alter an individuals awareness of their surroundings, or cause an individual to experience motor symptoms. […] An accurate diagnosis can play a large role in identifying the specific symptoms, risks, and treatment options for an individuals specific type of seizure or epilepsy. […] Generally, the most common types of seizures can be distinguished by where they begin within the brain. […] In most cases, Focal Onset Awareness Seizures can be further classified by the level of awareness a person has when they are experiencing the symptoms of a seizure, and on the seizure causes the individual to experience motor symptoms. […] Focal seizures are subdivided into categories depending on the persons level of awareness: Aware vs. Impaired Awareness.

• #22 Focal aware seizures (auras) | Epilepsy Society

  https://epilepsysociety.org.uk/about-epilepsy/epileptic-seizures/focal-aware-seizures-auras

  In focal aware seizures (FAS), previously called simple partial seizures, the person is conscious (aware and alert) and will usually know that something is happening and will remember the seizure afterwards. […] Some focal seizures involve movements, called motor symptoms, and some involve unusual feelings or sensations called non-motor symptoms. […] Motor symptoms can include: making lip-smacking or chewing movements, repeatedly picking up objects or pulling at clothes; suddenly losing muscle tone and limbs going limp or floppy, or limbs suddenly becoming stiff; repetitive jerking movements that affect one or both sides of the body; making a loud cry or scream; or making strange postures or repetitive movements such as cycling or kicking. […] Non-motor symptoms can include: a rising feeling in the stomach; deja vu (feeling like you’ve 'been here before’); getting an unusual smell or taste; a sudden intense feeling of fear or joy; a strange feeling like a wave going through the head; stiffness or twitching in part of the body (such as an arm or hand); a feeling of numbness or tingling; a sensation that an arm or leg feels bigger or smaller than it actually is; visual disturbances such as coloured or flashing lights; or hallucinations (seeing something that isn’t actually there).

• #23 Focal Aware Seizures (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/focal-aware-seizures.html

  Focal seizures affect only one side of the brain. Focal aware seizures (also called focal onset aware or simple partial seizures) is a seizure that happens while a person is awake and alert and aware of what is going on. During a focal aware seizure, someone may have changes in their senses, such as smell, taste, or feeling […] After a seizure, the person may feel confused or tired, or have a headache or other symptoms. This is called the postictal (post-IK-tul) phase. It usually lasts just a few minutes, but can be longer. Many times, the cause of focal aware seizures is not known. Anyone can have focal aware seizures. Sometimes they run in families. Other causes include brain injury or infection. People with some types of medical conditions also can have focal aware seizures. Not everyone who has focal aware seizures will need treatment. If they do, medicine is the most common treatment. Some children outgrow focal aware seizures.

• #24

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/seizures

  Epileptic seizures can cause involuntary movements, changes in behavior and sometimes a loss of consciousness. […] A first seizure requires careful diagnostic evaluation to determine the cause of the event and the most appropriate treatment. Recurrent epileptic seizures can affect neural development in young children and present special challenges to patients and their families. […] Depending on what area of the brain is affected, focal onset seizure symptoms may include: Rhythmic jerking movements confined to a specific body part, such as a hand or arm; A sudden change in sensory awareness or strange sensations such as tingling or flashing lights, often referred to as an aura; Compulsive hand-rubbing, swallowing, picking at clothing or other repetitive movement with no purpose (called automatisms).

• #25 Partial (focal) seizure Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/partial-focal-seizure

  Focal seizures occur when this electrical activity is in a limited area of the brain. […] Sometimes the seizures stay only in one part of the brain, while at other times, the seizures can turn into bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, which affect the whole brain. This is called secondary generalization. […] People with focal, awareness impaired seizures may or may not remember any or all of the symptoms or events during the seizure. […] Depending on where in the brain the seizure starts, symptoms may include: Abnormal muscle contraction, such as abnormal head or limb movements, Staring spells, sometimes with repetitive movements such as picking at clothes or lip smacking, Eyes moving from side to side, Abnormal sensations, such as numbness, tingling, crawling sensation (like ants crawling on the skin), Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations), Abdominal pain or discomfort, Nausea, Sweating, Flushed face, Dilated pupils, Rapid heart rate/pulse. […] Other symptoms may include: Blackout spells, periods of time lost from memory, Changes in vision, Sensation of déjà vu (feeling like current place and time have been experienced before), Changes in mood or emotion, Temporary inability to speak.

• #26 Complex Partial Seizures | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/complex-partial-seizures.html

  Complex partial seizures (CPS) are the most common type of epilepsy in adults. These seizures can last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. […] Someone experiencing CPS will often have a blank stare while the seizure is occurring. Other symptoms include: Lip smacking, Eyelid flutters, Chewing, Finger rubbing, Small movements of both hands. Other less common symptoms may include: Repeating words or phrases, Laughing, Screaming, Crying. […] Many children who begin having seizures by the age of 9 will grow out of the condition by the time they are 18. If the patient is free of seizures for two years, their doctor may slowly reduce the amount of medication they are taking until no more medication is needed.

• #27 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  Absence seizures mainly affect children, but they also occur in adults. They cause the person to lose awareness of their surroundings, usually for up to 15 seconds. The person will seem to stare vacantly into space. Some people will flutter their eyes or smack their lips. The person will have no memory of the seizure. Myoclonic seizures cause your arms, legs or upper body to jerk or twitch, as if you have received an electric shock. Clonic seizures cause the same sort of twitching as myoclonic jerks, except the symptoms will last longer, normally up to 2 minutes. Atonic seizures cause all your muscles to relax suddenly. Tonic seizures cause all your muscles to suddenly become stiff. Tonic-clonic seizures or convulsions have 2 stages. Your body will initially become stiff and then your arms and legs will begin twitching.

• #28 Generalized Seizure: Symptoms, Types & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/generalized-seizure/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure begins with what is known as the tonic phase, during which the following symptoms typically occur: All muscles stiffen, the affected person generally falls and loses consciousness, air is forced out of the lungs, often causing a groan, the jaw contracts, saliva may escape from the mouth, the affected person may bite their cheek or tongue. […] This is followed by the clonic phase, during which the affected persons limbs begin to jerk rapidly about. […] During a tonic seizure, the affected persons muscle tone increases greatly, leading the body to tense up and become stiff. […] An atonic seizure causes a rapid decrease in muscle strength. […] Myoclonic seizures occur when the body jerks for a very short period, usually less than a second. […] Clonic seizures are a rare type of seizure, most common in infant children.

• #28 Generalized Seizure: Symptoms, Types & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/generalized-seizure/

  A generalized seizure occurs when there is a disturbance in the electrical activity on both sides of the brain, potentially resulting in a loss of bodily control and, usually, consciousness. […] The tendency to have repeated seizures is known as epilepsy, a condition that affects around 1 in 100 people in the US. […] Epilepsy with generalized seizures is mostly idiopathic, meaning there is no definitive cause. […] In most cases, generalized seizures will begin during childhood or adolescence. […] There is no cure for epilepsy, but seizures may stop or reduce as a person gets older. […] A person affected by epilepsy with generalized seizures may experience one or more of several different types of seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure.

• #29 Epilepsy | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/epilepsy

  The body will at first become stiff and then their arms and legs will begin twitching. […] They will lose consciousness. […] Sometimes the person will wet themselves or be injured while unconscious. […] This type of seizure is what most people think of as an epileptic fit. […] Status epilepticus is the name for any seizure that lasts longer than 30 minutes, or a series of seizures where the person does not regain consciousness in between for longer than 30 minutes. […] This is a medical emergency and requires treatment as soon as possible. […] For most people with epilepsy, treatment with medications called anti-epileptic drugs is recommended. […] These medications cannot cure epilepsy, but they are often very effective in controlling seizures. […] It can take some time to find the right type and correct dose of anti-epileptic drugs before your seizures can be controlled.

• #30 Seizures — Know When to Go to the ER

  https://www.emergencyphysicians.org/article/know-when-to-go/seizures

  Seizures are common in persons who have epilepsy and can last from a few seconds to more than five minutes. […] The symptoms of a seizure includes: A preceding warning or aura (in some cases). A complex partial seizure or a convulsion involving rhythmic jerking. A loss of responsiveness or alertness, with the eyes generally remaining open. Barely detectable breathing during the seizure followed by deep breathing during recovery. Incontinence or loss of urine (in some cases). A transition back to the persons normal state known as the post-ictal period; this is a recovery period for the brain, which may last anywhere from a few seconds to several hours and may involve combativeness. […] In some cases, seizures may also involve isolated abnormal movements of a limb, periods of staring or abnormal stiffening without rhythmic jerking.

• #31 What are the symptoms of epilepsy? | Paris Brain Institute

  https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/epilepsy/what-are-symptoms-epilepsy

  Symptoms of epilepsy are the clinical signs described by the patient and those around him during an attack. The clinical signs depend on the area of the brain affected by the abnormal electrical activity (epileptogenic focus) and the extent of the area of the brain affected. […] Focal seizures may be accompanied by a loss of contact (or loss of consciousness), during which the patient does not interact with others and exposes him or her to serious trauma. Sometimes focal seizures can engulf the entire cortex: the patient loses consciousness, falls, convulses (secondarily generalized or bilateralized seizures). […] Epileptic seizures usually combine several of these symptoms, the most spectacular and well-known being the tonic-clonic seizure. During this epileptic episode, one observes a sequence of tonic and then clonic motor signs and a loss of consciousness. These attacks are often accompanied by tongue biting, loss of urine, screaming and hypersalivation.

• #32 Epilepsy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/epilepsy

  During the seizure, the child’s lips may become bluish and breathing may not be normal. The movements are often followed by a period of sleep or disorientation. […] The symptoms of a seizure may resemble other problems or medical conditions. Always consult your child’s doctor for a diagnosis. […] The goal of seizure management is to control, stop, or decrease the frequency of the seizures without interfering with the child’s normal growth and development. […] Specific treatment for a seizure will be determined by your child’s doctor based on: Your child’s age, overall health, and medical history, Extent of the condition, Type of seizure, Your child’s tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies, Expectations for the course of the condition, Your opinion or preference.

• #33 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  The recovery period following a seizure is called the post-ictal phase. Some people recover immediately, while others may require minutes, hours or days to feel like they’re back at their baseline. The length of the post-ictal stage depends directly on the seizure type, severity, and region of the brain affected. Typical symptoms include: Arm or leg weakness, Body soreness, Confusion, Difficulty finding names or words, Drowsiness, Feelings of fear, embarrassment, or sadness, General malaise, Headaches/migraines, Hypertension, Memory loss, Nausea, Thirst. […] Seizure signs and symptoms can vary widely depending on the individual, as well as the type, severity, and stage of the seizure. Some seizures are noticeable to others, while some are not. Typically, seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. However, if a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, seeking medical attention is crucial.

• #34 5 Signs of Epilepsy in Older Adults | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/5-signs-epilepsy-older-adults

  Epilepsy is prevalent in people age 60 and older, according to Rebecca O’Dwyer, MD, a neurologist and head of the Older Adult Epilepsy Clinic at Rush University Medical Center, part of the nationally renowned Rush Epilepsy Center. […] And left untreated, epileptic seizures have been shown to lead to faster cognitive decline. According to O’Dwyer’s colleague, Epilepsy Center Director Michael Smith, MD, „Uncontrolled seizures are a treatable cause of dementia.” […] „If we can diagnose and treat the epilepsy earlier, we may be able to slow down the cognitive decline,” O’Dwyer says. Seizures can also pose a safety risk (e.g., falls, driving accidents) and contribute to mood disorders such as anxiety and depression, and treatment can improve both mood and quality of life. […] The period after a seizure, called the post-ictal period, tends to last longer in older adults than in younger people many hours, or even days. During this period, people are dazed or confused, and afterward they often have no memory of anything that occurred.

• #35 Epilepsy Symptoms, Types of Seizures, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/epilepsy-seizure-symptoms

  While many types of repetitive behavior may represent a neurological problem, a doctor needs to establish whether or not they are seizures. […] All areas of the brain (the cortex) are involved in a generalized seizure. Sometimes these are referred to as grand mal seizures. […] The person experiencing such a seizure may cry out or make some sound, stiffen for several seconds to a minute, and then have rhythmic movements of the arms and legs. Often the rhythmic movements slow before stopping. […] The return to consciousness is gradual and the person may be confused for quite some time — minutes to hours. […] Loss of urine is common. […] The person will frequently be confused after a generalized seizure. […] Only part of the brain is involved, so only part of the body is affected. Depending on the part of the brain having abnormal electrical activity, symptoms may vary.

• #36 Focal seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/focal-seizures

  Seizures starting in the occipital lobe often spread to involve other lobes. […] Seizures starting in the parietal lobe often spread to involve other lobes. […] If you have been diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy it means you have seizures starting in one or other of the temporal lobes. […] Seizures starting in the temporal lobes are usually, but not always, focal impaired awareness seizures. […] After a temporal lobe seizure you are likely to be confused or may find it hard to speak for a short time. […] Most focal aware seizures are short, lasting between a few seconds and two minutes. […] Focal impaired awareness seizures usually last between one and two minutes, but may be shorter or longer for some people. […] What happens after a focal seizure varies from person to person. […] Some people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. This is called Todds Paralysis (or Todds paresis).

• #37 Seizure stages: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stages-of-seizures

  Symptoms of the post-ictal stage may include: weakness in the arms or legs, fatigue, malaise, or a general feeling of discomfort or illness, headache, sore muscles, confusion, drowsiness, memory difficulties, feelings of fear, anxiety, shame, frustration, embarrassment, or sadness, nausea, thirst, high blood pressure, loss of bladder or bowel control, lack of consciousness, injury, such as cuts, broken bones, or head injury. […] Sometimes, there can be temporary paralysis after a focal onset seizure. Experts refer to this as Todds paralysis. […] Recovery from a seizure may depend on the type of seizure a person had, seizure severity, and the area of the brain where it took place. […] People may experience each stage differently depending on the type and severity of the seizure and which area of the brain it affects.

• #38 The progression of epilepsy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17044831/

  Prognosis for seizure control and cognitive development varies considerably among syndromes. […] Several factors may interact to influence outcome of an epilepsy including a causative etiology, ictal and interictal discharges, seizure-related trauma or systemic perturbations, and antiepileptic drug (AED) effects. […] Malignant epilepsy syndromes usually begin in infancy or childhood, have a high seizure frequency, resist the initial AED, and are often associated with progressive cognitive dysfunction. […] However, aggressive AEDs therapy must be balanced against the potential for cognitive side effects, particularly if multiple AEDs are used. […] Substantial clinical and experimental evidence indicates some cognitive regression and focal atrophy with time for TLE and other intractable syndromes. […] However, seizure frequency and severity, established early in the disorder, appear stable in most patients, and even regress in benign syndromes.

• #39 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  Fewer than half of people who have a single, unprovoked seizure will have another. If a second seizure happens, healthcare providers may recommend starting antiseizure medications. […] Medications may prevent seizures or reduce how often they happen. However, it sometimes takes trying multiple medications (or combinations of them) to find one that works best. […] Each person’s experience with seizures is different, so the outlook can vary widely. Your outlook may depend on several factors.

• #40 Epilepsy (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/epilepsy.html

  Epilepsy is a nervous system condition that causes seizures. But having a seizure doesn’t always mean that someone has epilepsy; many people who have one seizure never have another. But it’s considered epilepsy when a person keeps having seizures for no clear reason. […] For some people with epilepsy (especially kids), the seizures can happen less often over time or stop altogether. […] Seizures happen when electrical signals in the brain misfire. These overactive electrical discharges disrupt the brain’s normal electrical activity and cause a temporary communication problem among nerve cells. […] It can be hard to know if someone is having an epileptic seizure. […] Seizures may look frightening, but they’re not painful and most last only a few seconds or minutes. After a seizure, they might feel tired, weak, or confused for a few minutes or even an hour or more.

• #41 Generalized Seizure: Symptoms, Types & Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/generalized-seizure/

  If a person is affected by symptoms consistent with a seizure, then it is recommended that they visit a medical professional. […] Several tests can be run to check whether a person may be epileptic. […] A doctor will typically be unable to confirm a diagnosis of epilepsy until at least a second seizure has taken place. […] Treatment for generalized seizures depends on the diagnosis that has been made. […] If the affected person has epilepsy, then in most situations medication can be used to control their condition. […] Following two to five years of seizure-free treatment with medication, 70 percent of children and 60 percent of adults with epilepsy can have their drugs withdrawn with no subsequent relapse of symptoms. […] Many different types of medication are used to control seizures.

• #42 Seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure

  They typically reflect an underlying neurological predisposition and are associated with a higher risk of recurrence, meeting the diagnostic criteria for epilepsy when there are either two or more unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, or one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure with a recurrence risk of at least 60% over the next 10 years based on clinical and diagnostic findings. […] Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage. Scarring of brain tissue (gliosis), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (atrophy) are linked to recurrent seizures. These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy, in a process called epileptogenesis. […] The prognosis after a first seizure depends on the underlying cause, seizure type, and patient-specific factors. In general, individuals who experience a single provoked seizure due to an acute and reversible cause (such as hypoglycemia or head trauma) have a low risk of recurrence once the underlying issue is treated. Following a first unprovoked seizure, the risk of more seizures in the next two years is around 40%. Starting anti-seizure medications reduces recurrence of seizures by 35% within the first two years. The greatest predictors of more seizures are problems either on the EEG or on imaging of the brain. Those with normal EEG and normal physical exam following a first unprovoked seizure had less risk of recurrence in the next two years, with a risk of 25%. In adults, after 6 months of being seizure-free after a first seizure, the risk of a subsequent seizure in the next year is less than 20% regardless of treatment. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures.

• #43 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A surge of electrical activity in your brain causes a seizure. […] Seizures can happen for many different reasons. […] Seizures happen spontaneously (randomly). They may happen often. These seizures are the primary symptom of epilepsy. […] Seizures often involve losing consciousness and passing out. When this happens, there’s a risk of injuries from falling or suddenly stopping what you’re doing at the time (like driving, operating machinery or climbing heights). […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes or you have more than one seizure without enough time between them to recover. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency because it can cause brain damage or even death. […] Seizures can significantly impact your mental health. It’s also common to have symptoms of anxiety and depression with seizures.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/epilepsy

  People with epilepsy tend to have more physical problems (such as fractures and bruising from injuries related to seizures), as well as higher rates of psychological conditions, including anxiety and depression. […] The risk of premature death in people with epilepsy is up to three times higher than in the general population, with the highest rates of premature mortality found in low- and middle-income countries and in rural areas. […] A great proportion of the causes of death related to epilepsy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, are potentially preventable, such as falls, drowning, burns and prolonged seizures. […] Seizures can be controlled. Up to 70% of people living with epilepsy could become seizure free with appropriate use of antiseizure medicines. […] In low-income countries, about three quarters of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need. This is called the treatment gap. […] An estimated 25% of epilepsy cases are potentially preventable.

• #45 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  An epileptic seizure usually stops by itself and does not cause any lasting problems. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain. […] There’s also a small risk of dying suddenly, called sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). But this is rare, and epilepsy treatment can reduce the risk.

• #46 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  Seizures most often occur when the child is waking up or falling asleep. At first, these symptoms may be subtle. Over time, they become more noticeable. […] Infantile spasms are a medical emergency. They do not pose an immediate danger, but children with infantile spasms are at high risk for developmental delays. The child may lose skills, such as crawling and walking, if left untreated. They need immediate treatment for the seizures to minimize their risk for long-term problems. […] Status epilepticus is a medical emergency. It involves convulsive seizures lasting more than five minutes. If the seizures last longer than 30 minutes, serious problems could occur, including permanent brain damage. […] Febrile seizures can be simple or complex. To be considered complex, febrile seizures must last longer than 15 minutes or occur more than once in 24 hours or affect one part of the body.

• #47 What are the symptoms of epilepsy? | Paris Brain Institute

  https://parisbraininstitute.org/disease-files/epilepsy/what-are-symptoms-epilepsy

  A rare (1 patient / 1,000 patients) and tragic consequence of epilepsy is sudden and unexpected death (SUDEP for Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy) that occurs at the scene of a seizure. […] Epileptic status is defined as the persistence of a seizure after a delay of several minutes. […] Generalized seizures usually stop spontaneously after 1 or 2 minutes. In exceptional cases, such a seizure may persist for more than 5 minutes: a state of generalized convulsive sickness. This is a life-saving emergency because the patient is no longer breathing and is at risk of cardiopulmonary arrest. […] any other type of crisis can also evolve into a state of sickness: this defines states of focal sickness, with for example a motor activity of an arm when it lasts longer than 10 minutes. This type of condition does not commit the vital prognosis, but can lead to neurological sequelae, through damage to neurons subjected to hyperstimulation.

• #48 Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures

  Generalized seizures are a result of abnormal neuronal activity that rapidly emerges on both sides of the brain. These seizures may cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle contractions. […] Seizures are divided into two broad categories: focal seizures and generalized seizures. There are many different types of seizures within each of these categories. […] Some people with treatment-resistant epilepsy may have as many as hundreds of seizures a day or they may have one seizure a year with sometimes disabling consequences. Having treatment-resistant epilepsy is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment, particularly if the seizures developed in early childhood. […] Status epilepticus is a potentially life-threatening condition in which a person either has an abnormally prolonged seizure (over five minutes) or does not fully regain consciousness between recurring seizures. […] SUDEP (Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy) refers to deaths in people with epilepsy that are not from injury, drowning, or other known causes. Most, but not all, cases of SUDEP happen during or right after a seizure.

• #49 Seizures and epilepsy after stroke | Stroke Association

  https://www.stroke.org.uk/stroke/effects/physical/seizures-and-epilepsy-after-stroke

  Overall, stroke is the cause in around 11 in 100 adults (11%) newly diagnosed with epilepsy, and the figure is higher in adults aged over 60. […] Epilepsy means a tendency to have repeated seizures. People can develop epilepsy at any age. […] Seizures can vary, ranging from tingling sensations or going blank for a few seconds, to shaking and losing consciousness. […] Surgery may be an option if medication does not help you, and if your epilepsy is due to certain causes in your brain, such as scarring or stroke damage. […] Taking anti-seizure medication as prescribed can reduce or prevent seizures, and reduce the chance of SUDEP.

• #50 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-oct/late-onset-epilepsy

  As the population ages, late-onset epilepsy is becoming a major public health issue with effective treatments and modifiable risk factors. It is somewhat underappreciated that there is a marked increase in the incidence of epilepsy after age 60, termed late-onset epilepsy (LOE). Epilepsy at age 75 is twice as prevalent as epilepsy in other periods of adulthood. There is a question of whether someone who had epilepsy in childhood but has been in remission for decades might be considered as having new LOE, but typically, onset of LOE is defined as a first seizure or episode of seizure activity. Considering the increase in our aging population, LOE is becoming a major public health issue. […] For approximately two-thirds of LOE, a structural cause can be identified, most commonly, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and brain tumors. Drug intoxication, drug or alcohol withdrawal, neurologic infections, and autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can also cause seizures in the elderly.

• #51 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-oct/late-onset-epilepsy

  Seizures are the most common presenting symptom of brain tumors and brain metastases, both of which increase in incidence with age. […] Over one-third of LOE has no structural cause identified. There is evidence suggesting that LOUE may be related to cerebrovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and sleep disorders, which are all known to interact with one another. […] In people over age 60 with LOE, there tend to be fewer convulsions, more confusion, and longer recovery times. Focal seizures, which are more common in LOE, may mimic confusional states, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or fluctuations seen in dementia. […] Neuroimaging should be done to evaluate for structural causes including brain tumors, prior strokes, small vessel cerebrovascular disease, or atrophy patterns suggestive of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. EEG may help to confirm the diagnosis and localize seizure foci, and temporal lobe epilepsy is seen more often in LOE and especially in LOUE.

• #52 5 Signs of Epilepsy in Older Adults | Rush

  https://www.rush.edu/news/5-signs-epilepsy-older-adults

  Since memory loss, confusion and searching for words are also common symptoms of dementia, epilepsy may be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease. […] „The main difference with epilepsy is that the symptoms are episodic you’ll notice them happening multiple times over the course of several months,” O’Dwyer says. „Seizures can be quite infrequent at the beginning, though, so pay attention to how often the symptoms occur and whether they’re more frequent than the last time you saw the person.”

• #53 Late-Onset Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2022-oct/late-onset-epilepsy

  LOE is common after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, and hypertension, even in the absence of stroke, is known to be correlated with the development of LOE. A study of people from diverse communities who had LOE showed that having ever smoked, diabetes, and hypertension were risk factors for LOE. […] Cortical atrophy and the APOE 4 gene variant are both associated with both LOE and Alzheimer disease (AD), and the incidence of LOE in AD is as high as 10% to 20%, compared with approximately 1% in the general population over age 65. Higher rates of LOE are also seen in people with dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia. […] TBI is a known risk factor for the development of LOE and dementia, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The incidence of TBI increases with age and is highest in those over age 80 in the US.

• #54 Types of Epilepsy & Seizure Disorders in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/epilepsy-seizure-disorders-in-children/types

  Epilepsy is a medical condition that affects nearly half a million children in the United States. It can affect children at any age, from birth through adolescence. Some children outgrow it, and for others its a lifelong condition. […] A seizure is an excessive surge of electrical activity in the brain that can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on which parts of the brain are involved. […] When a child has two or more unprovoked seizures, epilepsy is often the diagnosis. […] Epilepsy and seizure disorders in adults and children can differ. Regardless of a persons age, however, seizures are categorized into two main types: focal, which are also called partial seizures, and generalized. […] Focal seizures begin with an abnormal electrical discharge in one region of the brain. […] Symptoms can include changes in behavior, thinking, or movement.

• #55 Epilepsy – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/epilepsy

  If someone has a seizure that lasts for more than 5 minutes, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. […] Generalised tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as 'grand mal seizures’, start with a sudden loss of consciousness. The person’s body then becomes stiff, followed by jerking of the muscles. […] Absence seizures, previously known as 'petit mal seizures’, usually start in childhood, but can happen in adults. […] Focal seizures, previously known as 'partial seizures’, start in one area of the brain and affect the parts of the body controlled by that area of the brain. […] Febrile convulsions are seizures associated with an illness causing a fever, such as a viral infection. […] The cause of epilepsy is unknown in half of all cases. […] Seizures or epilepsy can also be caused by anything that damages the brain, including head injury or trauma, stroke or brain haemorrhage, brain infection or inflammation, brain malformations or tumours, brain diseases, alcohol or drug use, and high or low blood sugar and other biochemical imbalances.

• #56 Seizures in Children | Causes, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/seizures

  The most common symptoms include: […] Some people experience an „aura” (warning). This is part of the seizure. Auras usually last seconds to minutes. They occur before the person has visible signs of a seizure. […] If your child is diagnosed with epilepsy, the doctor may prescribe anti-seizure medication. This medicine helps control seizures. […] If a child still has seizures after taking two different epilepsy medications, their epilepsy is called intractable. This is the case for about 30% of children with epilepsy. […] Knowing your child’s seizure triggers can help your child avoid situations that could lead to a seizure. This will help you be more aware during high risk times (such as when your child is sick).

• #57 Catamenial Epilepsy – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatmentphone iconGroup 9phone iconphone iconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/catamenial-epilepsy/

  Catamenial epilepsy is a subtype of epilepsy where hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle influence seizure activity. It affects women and is considered a form of hormone-sensitive epilepsy. Women with catamenial epilepsy generally experience seizures throughout their monthly menstrual cycle. However, the number of seizures tends to increase during certain phases of their cycle. A drop in progesterone levels—most notably during menstruation or ovulation—or when estrogen is relatively high are the most common triggers, although seizures are known to increase during any of the following phases: […] The symptoms of catamenial epilepsy overlap with those of general epilepsy, but they increase and decrease with the phases of your menstrual cycle. If you or someone you know has catamenial epilepsy, you might experience the following symptoms: Auras, a sensation or perceptual disturbance that’s often experienced before a seizure; Loss of consciousness or awareness; Staring off into the distance, which can coincide with repetitive actions like lip-smacking; Confusion; Jerking, twitching, or other involuntary movements; Stiffening of the body, arms, and legs; Abrupt loss in muscle tone, which can lead to falling.

• #58 Catamenial Epilepsy – Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatmentphone iconGroup 9phone iconphone iconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/catamenial-epilepsy/

  In addition to general symptoms of epilepsy, the hormonally-related symptoms of catamenial epilepsy can include: Premenstrual (PMS) symptoms: An increase in irritability, mood fluctuations, headaches, or other PMS symptoms can accompany increased seizure activity; Cognitive and emotional symptoms: A heightening of anxiety or depression related to menstrual changes and seizure patterns can also occur; Seizure triggers: Stress, sleep disturbances, or other factors commonly exacerbating seizures may be more pronounced during vulnerable phases of the menstrual cycle. […] Other periods of marked and prolonged hormone fluctuations—puberty, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause—may also lead to changes in seizure patterns. In each of these seasons, significant changes occur to the relative levels of estrogen and progesterone. During perimenopause, the levels of estrogen can rise and fall dramatically and unevenly, meaning that seizures can become much more frequent for a prolonged amount of time.

• #59 Symptoms and Triggers of Epilepsy | Summa Health

  https://www.summahealth.org/medicalservices/neuroscienceservices/aboutourservices/epilepsy-center/symptoms-and-triggers

  The main symptom of epilepsy is repeated seizures. These sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain temporarily affect how it works. Seizures can affect people in different ways, depending on which part of the brain is involved. Some seizures cause the body to jerk and shake, while others cause problems like loss of awareness or unusual sensations. They typically pass in a few seconds or minutes. […] Seizure symptoms include: Sensations such as tingling, dizziness, and feeling full in the stomach, Sudden changes in emotions, Altered senses, Crying out or making a noise, Stare off, Confusion, Loss of consciousness, Stiffening, Jerky, rhythmic or twitching motions, Convulsions, Falling down, Confusion after returning to consciousness, Loss of bladder control, Biting the tongue. […] If you have any of the symptoms listed above, it is important to determine if the seizures you are experiencing are epileptic or non-epileptic. […] For many people with epilepsy, seizures seem to happen randomly. Other times they can have a trigger, such as: Stress, Lack of sleep, Waking up, Drinking alcohol, Some medications and substance use, Menstrual cycles, Flashing lights (this is an uncommon trigger).

• #60 Seizure Disorders – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Many people have unusual sensations just before a seizure starts. […] Some seizures cause uncontrollable shaking and loss of consciousness, but sometimes people simply stop moving or become unaware of what is happening. […] About 2% of adults have a seizure at some time during their life. Two thirds of these people never have another one. Seizure disorders commonly begin in early childhood or in late adulthood. […] Seizures may result when the brain’s electrical activity is disrupted. […] Seizures with no identifiable cause are called idiopathic. […] People with a seizure disorder are more likely to have a seizure when they are under excess physical or emotional stress. […] Most seizures last 1 to 2 minutes. […] Occasionally, seizures recur repeatedly, as occurs in status epilepticus.

• #61 Epilepsy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/brain-nerves-and-spinal-cord/epilepsy/

  In some cases of epilepsy a cause cannot be found. If there’s an identifiable cause, it usually involves the brain being affected by a condition. The brain is a delicate mix of nerve cells, electrical impulses and chemicals, known as neurotransmitters. Any damage has the potential to disrupt the workings of the brain and cause seizures. […] For many people with epilepsy, seizures can occur without any obvious trigger. However, certain circumstances or the use of certain substances can sometimes come before a seizure. These include: stress, lack of sleep, withdrawal from alcohol following heavy drinking, some medications, illegal drugs, your menstrual cycle or period, flashing lights. […] Epilepsy is usually difficult to diagnose quickly. In most cases, it cannot be confirmed until you have had more than one seizure. It can be difficult to diagnose because many other conditions, like fainting, migraines and panic attacks, can cause similar symptoms. If you’ve had a seizure, you’ll be referred to a specialist in epilepsy.

• #62 What Are the Warning Signs of Epilepsy? Types, Symptoms, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_warning_signs_of_epilepsy/article.htm

  Focal seizures: Also called partial seizures, they affect a localized area of the brain. […] Most seizure episodes stop on their own and cause minimal concerns. […] If you experience warning signs, the following tips may help to get through the episode safely: Get to a safe place and alert someone about the condition. […] Seizures are unpredictable, episodic, and stereotypic (similar symptoms in every episode) and can be caused by various conditions, including: Stroke, Brain tumors, Brain infections, Traumatic brain or head injury, Injury at the time of birth, Genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, Other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, Lack of oxygen to the brain, Low blood sugar, Idiopathic (unknown). […] Epilepsy can be diagnosed based on physical symptoms, medical history, and certain diagnostic tests.

• #63 Seizure: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22789-seizure

  A seizure is abnormal electrical activity in your brain. It causes changes in awareness and muscle control. It also causes symptoms that affect your behavior and senses. Seizures can affect anyone at any age and there are a lot of possible causes, from an underlying medical condition to an injury or illness. Treatment options are available to help you manage the frequency and severity of seizure symptoms. […] The most recognizable symptoms of a seizure are a temporary loss of consciousness and uncontrollable movements (convulsions). […] Not all seizures look the same. You might stop what you’re doing and stare off into space for a few seconds. You might jerk your arm or feel your muscles twitch. You might only have one seizure in your life or have multiple seizures per day. Your experience with seizures can be very different from someone else’s.

• #64 Seizures – Types, Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-is-seizure/

  Its important to remember that some seizures are visible to others, whereas others are not. Most seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes; if a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, you should seek medical care immediately. […] Effective management of seizures often involves a combination of medication, lifestyle modifications, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. […] Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed to control seizures by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain and preventing recurrent episodes. […] Certain diets, such as the ketogenic diet, have been shown to be effective in reducing seizure frequency, particularly in children with epilepsy.

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