Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #2 Mpox | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/mpox

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola virus (the cause of smallpox), vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. […] Two types of the virus that causes mpox have been identified. Clade I is endemic in Central Africa and can cause severe illness. Clade II, historically endemic in West Africa, tends to result in milder illness. […] The virus that causes mpox is still classified as monkeypox virus (MPXV) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

• #3 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #4 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #5 About Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/about/index.html

  Mpox is a disease caused by a virus in the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. […] Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with a virus, known as Monkeypox virus. This virus is part of the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. […] The virus that causes mpox was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. […] Scientists suspect African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) might harbor the virus and infect people. […] The virus that causes it still has its historic name, however. […] There is no treatment specifically for mpox.

• #6 What Is Monkeypox: Symptoms, Pictures, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/monkeypox

  Mpox is caused by the mpox virus. The virus is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which includes the virus that causes smallpox. […] Scientists first identified the disease in 1958. There were two outbreaks among monkeys used for research. Thats why the condition is called monkeypox. […] The first case of mpox in a human happened in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

• #7 Monkeypox virus: Symptoms, outbreaks, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/monkeypox

  Mpox (monkeypox) is a disease that causes fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and skin lesions. The virus that causes it is related to the smallpox virus, but it is much less severe. […] Mpox virus is endemic to West and Central Africa, but outbreaks can also happen elsewhere. In May 2022, mpox outbreaks occurred in several countries in Europe and North America. […] Mpox is a viral illness. Its cause mpox virus is a type of orthopoxvirus. This group of viruses also includes cowpox and smallpox. However, mpox has a much lower death rate than smallpox. […] The mortality rate from mpox depends on which type of mpox virus a person has. While the West African clade has a death rate below 1%, the Central African variety has a death rate of up to 11% in unvaccinated children. […] The CDC also reports that scientists first discovered the mpox infection in 1958, when two outbreaks occurred in monkey colonies that they kept for research. Initially, the virus only affected animals.

• #8 Monkeypox Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/monkeypox

  Mpox was first detected in Denmark in 1958 in a colony of monkeys used for research. This is how it first came to be called „monkeypox.” The name was changed to mpox to reduce the stigma associated with the previous name. The first human case of mpox occurred in 1970 in the DRC. […] Mpox is caused by Orthopoxvirus. It is similar to the virus that causes smallpox. There are two types of mpox virus: clade I and clade II. […] Clade I is endemic to Central Africa (including the DRC). Endemic means it is always present in some members of the population. Clade I is more severe and causes serious illness and death. It has killed as many as 10% of those infected. Recent death rates have been lower. Currently, there are no cases of Clade I mpox outside of central and eastern Africa. […] Clade II is endemic to West Africa. It is the type of mpox that caused the 2022 global outbreak. This type of mpox is much less severe, with nearly all people recovering from the illness. Clade II mpox is still spreading in small clusters in urban areas in the United States, but at much lower numbers than in 2022. […] Both types of the Mpox virus are transmitted in the same way. Mpox can spread when a person comes into close contact with an infected animal, human, or material contaminated with the virus. […] A pregnant woman can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta.

• #9 Mpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpox

  Mpox in both humans and animals is caused by infection with Orthopoxvirus monkeypox, a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae, making it closely related to the smallpox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. […] The two major subtypes of virus are clade I and clade II. In April 2024, after detection of a new variant, clade I was split into subclades designated Ia and Ib. Clade II is similarly divided into subclades: clade IIa and clade IIb. […] Clade I is estimated to cause more severe disease and higher mortality than clade II. […] The virus is considered to be endemic in tropical rainforest regions of Central and West Africa. In addition to monkeys, the virus has been identified in Gambian pouched rats, dormice, and African squirrels. The use of these animals as food may be an important source of transmission to humans.

• #10

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/diseasesaz/pages/mpox.aspx

  Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a disease caused by monkeypox virus. Mpox is a DNA virus related to smallpox. […] Mpox was originally named monkeypox because it was first found in a colony of monkeys. The animal reservoir for the virus, or the main animal species that the virus usually spreads in, is not known. However, it is believed that small mammals, such as rope and sun squirrels, giant-pouched rats, and African dormice may carry the virus, particularly in West and Central Africa. Mpox has not been found in wild animals outside of Africa. […] There are two subtypes of the mpox virus: clade I and clade II. Clade is the name for a subtype of a virus. Historically, we have found clade I mpox in certain countries in Central Africa and the Congo Basin and clade II mpox in certain countries in Western Africa. Clade I has caused more severe disease than clade II. The global outbreak of mpox in 2022 was caused by the milder subtype, clade II.

• #11 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; family Poxviridae; genus Orthopoxvirus), a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus was first isolated in 1958 following an investigation into a pox-like disease occurring in monkeys. It was first detected in humans in 1970. […] There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). […] Clade Ia demonstrates limited human-to-human transmission, primarily in close-contact settings. However, sustained transmission has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). […] Clade Ib is a new lineage first identified in 2023 in an outbreak in the DRC where sexual transmission was a key driver of transmission. Clade Ib demonstrates sustained human-to-human transmission. There is evidence of sexual and nonsexual contact transmission, with high infection rates in children in certain areas.

• #12 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; family Poxviridae; genus Orthopoxvirus), a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus was first isolated in 1958 following an investigation into a pox-like disease occurring in monkeys. It was first detected in humans in 1970. […] There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). […] Clade Ia demonstrates limited human-to-human transmission, primarily in close-contact settings. However, sustained transmission has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). […] Clade Ib is a new lineage first identified in 2023 in an outbreak in the DRC where sexual transmission was a key driver of transmission. Clade Ib demonstrates sustained human-to-human transmission. There is evidence of sexual and nonsexual contact transmission, with high infection rates in children in certain areas.

• #13 Mpox (monkeypox): What is it and how can it be prevented?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/monkeypox-faq/faq-20533608

  Mpox is an illness caused by the monkeypox virus. The virus can spread to humans from an animal host, such as rodents or nonhuman primates such as monkeys. The virus also can spread between people. […] The virus that causes mpox can spread to humans from animals or from person to person. There are two types of virus: Clade 1 and clade 2. These clades also are called clade I and clade II. The term „clade” is the name for a group of related viruses. […] Clade 1 tends to spread regularly in Central Africa. It tends to cause more-serious illness with mpox and is linked to more deaths from mpox. It may spread more easily than clade 2. […] Clade 2 tends to spread regularly in West Africa. Clade II causes less severe disease and is less likely to cause death than clade I. […] Both types of the virus may spread in other places around the world, often linked to international travel or animal trade.

• #14 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; family Poxviridae; genus Orthopoxvirus), a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus was first isolated in 1958 following an investigation into a pox-like disease occurring in monkeys. It was first detected in humans in 1970. […] There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). […] Clade Ia demonstrates limited human-to-human transmission, primarily in close-contact settings. However, sustained transmission has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). […] Clade Ib is a new lineage first identified in 2023 in an outbreak in the DRC where sexual transmission was a key driver of transmission. Clade Ib demonstrates sustained human-to-human transmission. There is evidence of sexual and nonsexual contact transmission, with high infection rates in children in certain areas.

• #15 Mpox (monkeypox): What is it and how can it be prevented?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/monkeypox-faq/faq-20533608

  Mpox is an illness caused by the monkeypox virus. The virus can spread to humans from an animal host, such as rodents or nonhuman primates such as monkeys. The virus also can spread between people. […] The virus that causes mpox can spread to humans from animals or from person to person. There are two types of virus: Clade 1 and clade 2. These clades also are called clade I and clade II. The term „clade” is the name for a group of related viruses. […] Clade 1 tends to spread regularly in Central Africa. It tends to cause more-serious illness with mpox and is linked to more deaths from mpox. It may spread more easily than clade 2. […] Clade 2 tends to spread regularly in West Africa. Clade II causes less severe disease and is less likely to cause death than clade I. […] Both types of the virus may spread in other places around the world, often linked to international travel or animal trade.

• #16 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; family Poxviridae; genus Orthopoxvirus), a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus was first isolated in 1958 following an investigation into a pox-like disease occurring in monkeys. It was first detected in humans in 1970. […] There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). […] Clade Ia demonstrates limited human-to-human transmission, primarily in close-contact settings. However, sustained transmission has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). […] Clade Ib is a new lineage first identified in 2023 in an outbreak in the DRC where sexual transmission was a key driver of transmission. Clade Ib demonstrates sustained human-to-human transmission. There is evidence of sexual and nonsexual contact transmission, with high infection rates in children in certain areas.

• #17 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV; family Poxviridae; genus Orthopoxvirus), a double-stranded DNA virus. The virus was first isolated in 1958 following an investigation into a pox-like disease occurring in monkeys. It was first detected in humans in 1970. […] There are two distinct clades of the virus: clade I (formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). […] Clade Ia demonstrates limited human-to-human transmission, primarily in close-contact settings. However, sustained transmission has been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). […] Clade Ib is a new lineage first identified in 2023 in an outbreak in the DRC where sexual transmission was a key driver of transmission. Clade Ib demonstrates sustained human-to-human transmission. There is evidence of sexual and nonsexual contact transmission, with high infection rates in children in certain areas.

• #18 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) [1,2]. […] The first outbreak of mpox reported outside of Africa [3,4] was linked to an importation of infected mammals to the United States (US) in 2003. […] The outbreak was driven by human-to-human MPXV transmission via close contact with infected individuals. […] The majority of cases have been among men who have sex with men. […] There are two genetically distinct clades described for MPXV: clade I, formerly called the Congo Basin (Central African) clade, and clade II, formerly called the West African clade. […] Genetic differences between the viral genomes of the two clades might explain differences in viral clearance and pathogenesis. […] Clade I has been associated with more severe disease and higher mortality.

• #19 Mpox (monkeypox): What is it and how can it be prevented?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/monkeypox-faq/faq-20533608

  Mpox is an illness caused by the monkeypox virus. The virus can spread to humans from an animal host, such as rodents or nonhuman primates such as monkeys. The virus also can spread between people. […] The virus that causes mpox can spread to humans from animals or from person to person. There are two types of virus: Clade 1 and clade 2. These clades also are called clade I and clade II. The term „clade” is the name for a group of related viruses. […] Clade 1 tends to spread regularly in Central Africa. It tends to cause more-serious illness with mpox and is linked to more deaths from mpox. It may spread more easily than clade 2. […] Clade 2 tends to spread regularly in West Africa. Clade II causes less severe disease and is less likely to cause death than clade I. […] Both types of the virus may spread in other places around the world, often linked to international travel or animal trade.

• #20 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is a disease similar to smallpox caused by a virus. […] Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by a virus. […] An infection with monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus monkeypox) causes mpox. Viruses are small pieces of genetic information in a protective coating. The virus that causes mpox is a pox virus, and a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The global outbreak appears to be disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). […] The fatality (death) rate for clade I has historically been around 10%. But during recent outbreaks, its been less than 3.3%.

• #21 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Clade II is historically associated with milder disease, fewer deaths, and limited human-to-human transmission compared with clade Ia. […] Zoonotic transmission was the predominant route of transmission (occurring in 62% of cases), particularly in endemic countries, prior to the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak. […] The virus can be transmitted to humans from wild animals, such as monkeys and rodents, although its natural host reservoir is unknown. […] Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with infectious skin or mucocutaneous lesions and respiratory droplets (possibly short-range aerosols requiring prolonged close contact). […] Sexual contact has been a key driver of transmission in more recent outbreaks. […] Available evidence suggests that the principal mode of transmission in the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak has been close contact with skin or mucosal lesions during sexual activity.

• #22 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) [1,2]. […] The first outbreak of mpox reported outside of Africa [3,4] was linked to an importation of infected mammals to the United States (US) in 2003. […] The outbreak was driven by human-to-human MPXV transmission via close contact with infected individuals. […] The majority of cases have been among men who have sex with men. […] There are two genetically distinct clades described for MPXV: clade I, formerly called the Congo Basin (Central African) clade, and clade II, formerly called the West African clade. […] Genetic differences between the viral genomes of the two clades might explain differences in viral clearance and pathogenesis. […] Clade I has been associated with more severe disease and higher mortality.

• #23 What you need to know about the latest mpox outbreak

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-mpox-outbreak/2024/09

  Mpox clade I, one of two types of the virus formerly called monkeypox, is spreading quickly in Africa. Mpox clade I causes more severe illness and death than the other type mpox clade 2. […] Mpox clade 1 is believed to be more infectious and more deadly than mpox clade 2, which caused the global outbreak in 2022 and 2023. […] Mpox clade 2 is what caused the global outbreak of mpox in 2022 and 2023. […] Mpox clade 1 is what is circulating now in Africa including African countries that haven’t reported cases of mpox in the past.

• #24 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #25 How Mpox Spreads | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/causes/index.html

  Mpox is a viral disease that can be spread between people or between people and certain animals. […] Mpox can spread from animals to people in a few ways: […] Mpox spreads from animals to people via scratches, bites, or as food, then people spread it to other people by close contact including sex, massages, kissing, day-to-day household contact, and caring for people with mpox. […] Currently, no evidence suggests that people who never have symptoms can spread the virus to someone else.

• #26 Mpox (monkeypox): What is it and how can it be prevented?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/monkeypox-faq/faq-20533608

  A pregnant person who gets mpox can pass the virus to the unborn baby. […] The virus also can spread to humans from direct contact with an infected animal, which includes: Animal bites or scratches. Contact with the animal’s waste or body fluids. In places where mpox spreads regularly, processing animals for food, including hunting or trapping, skinning, cooking, or eating. […] Rodents, such as gerbils, hamsters or guinea pigs can be infected with viruses in the same family as the monkeypox virus. But to date, no cases of these animals getting mpox have been reported. […] An infection with the clade 1 virus is more likely to cause serious disease than is infection with clade 2.

• #27 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Clade II is historically associated with milder disease, fewer deaths, and limited human-to-human transmission compared with clade Ia. […] Zoonotic transmission was the predominant route of transmission (occurring in 62% of cases), particularly in endemic countries, prior to the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak. […] The virus can be transmitted to humans from wild animals, such as monkeys and rodents, although its natural host reservoir is unknown. […] Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with infectious skin or mucocutaneous lesions and respiratory droplets (possibly short-range aerosols requiring prolonged close contact). […] Sexual contact has been a key driver of transmission in more recent outbreaks. […] Available evidence suggests that the principal mode of transmission in the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak has been close contact with skin or mucosal lesions during sexual activity.

• #28 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #29 Mpox (monkeypox) – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/monkeypox-mpox-symptoms-causes-treatment-and-preventions

  Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a rare viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus, which is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus. This genus also includes the variola virus (the cause of smallpox) and the vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine). Although mpox is less severe than smallpox, it exhibits some similarities in symptoms and transmission. […] Understanding the causes of mpox involves exploring several aspects, including the virus’s origin, transmission pathways, and factors that contribute to its spread. The causes of mpox are segregated into: […] Animal to human (Animal reservoir) […] Human to Human […] Bodily fluids […] Sexual transmission. […] Mpox is a zoonotic virus that is spread from animals to humans. These animals are primarily found in African regions where mpox was previously widely reported. The animal reservoir for mpox includes:

• #30 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #31 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Clade II is historically associated with milder disease, fewer deaths, and limited human-to-human transmission compared with clade Ia. […] Zoonotic transmission was the predominant route of transmission (occurring in 62% of cases), particularly in endemic countries, prior to the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak. […] The virus can be transmitted to humans from wild animals, such as monkeys and rodents, although its natural host reservoir is unknown. […] Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with infectious skin or mucocutaneous lesions and respiratory droplets (possibly short-range aerosols requiring prolonged close contact). […] Sexual contact has been a key driver of transmission in more recent outbreaks. […] Available evidence suggests that the principal mode of transmission in the 2022 global clade II mpox outbreak has been close contact with skin or mucosal lesions during sexual activity.

• #32 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  MPXV is transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected animal or human, or contact with materials contaminated with the virus. […] Human-to-human transmission of mpox occurs through close contact with infectious materials from the skin or mucosal lesions of an infected person, respiratory droplets in prolonged face-to-face contact, and fomites. […] In 2022, cases were identified primarily, but not exclusively, among men who have sex with men. […] The risk of infection following sexual exposure was found to be high. […] Emerging evidence indicates that infected people may transit MPXV up to four days prior to symptom onset. […] The infectious period lasts until all skin lesions have scabbed over and re-epithelialisation has occurred. […] Asymptomatic mpox infections have been reported as well.

• #33 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  The virus has been detected in several body fluids including semen, seminal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, feces, urine, and saliva. […] More information is needed to better understand transmission via contact with bodily fluids. […] Transmission may occur from contact with infectious respiratory particles (e.g., speaking, eating, and other close proximity activities). […] Airborne transmission is a theoretical concern, but no confirmed cases of airborne transmission have been reported. […] Fomite transmission is infrequent but possible. […] Peripartum transmission has been reported. […] The extent to which asymptomatic or presymptomatic transmission may occur is unknown. […] Replication-competent viral shedding has been documented in the presymptomatic phase, and presymptomatic transmission has been documented.

• #34 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  Mpox belongs to the family: Poxviridae, subfamily: chordopoxvirinae, genus: orthopoxvirus, and species: mpox virus. On electron microscopy, the mpox virus is relatively large (200 to 250 nanometers). Poxviruses are brick-shaped, surrounded by a lipoprotein envelope with a linear double-stranded DNA genome. Aside from their reliance on host ribosomes for mRNA translation, poxviruses include all necessary replication, transcription, assembly, and egress proteins in their genome. […] Mpox is a zoonosis and is spread from animals to humans. The animal reservoir for the disease is thought to include squirrels, rats, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, pigs, and mice found in the African regions from where mpox was previously widely reported. The ongoing epidemic is, however, primarily driven by human-to-human transmission through respiratory droplets, fomites, and direct contact with lesions of an infected individual. Recent analysis has found that viral loads are high in bodily fluids, including urine, saliva, semen, and feces, as well as in swabs taken from the oropharynx and rectum, suggesting that sexual transmission is a major driver of transmission.

• #35 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  The virus has been detected in several body fluids including semen, seminal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, feces, urine, and saliva. […] More information is needed to better understand transmission via contact with bodily fluids. […] Transmission may occur from contact with infectious respiratory particles (e.g., speaking, eating, and other close proximity activities). […] Airborne transmission is a theoretical concern, but no confirmed cases of airborne transmission have been reported. […] Fomite transmission is infrequent but possible. […] Peripartum transmission has been reported. […] The extent to which asymptomatic or presymptomatic transmission may occur is unknown. […] Replication-competent viral shedding has been documented in the presymptomatic phase, and presymptomatic transmission has been documented.

• #36 Mpox (monkeypox): What is it and how can it be prevented?

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/expert-answers/monkeypox-faq/faq-20533608

  A pregnant person who gets mpox can pass the virus to the unborn baby. […] The virus also can spread to humans from direct contact with an infected animal, which includes: Animal bites or scratches. Contact with the animal’s waste or body fluids. In places where mpox spreads regularly, processing animals for food, including hunting or trapping, skinning, cooking, or eating. […] Rodents, such as gerbils, hamsters or guinea pigs can be infected with viruses in the same family as the monkeypox virus. But to date, no cases of these animals getting mpox have been reported. […] An infection with the clade 1 virus is more likely to cause serious disease than is infection with clade 2.

• #37 Mpox | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/mpox

  Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola virus (the cause of smallpox), vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus. […] Two types of the virus that causes mpox have been identified. Clade I is endemic in Central Africa and can cause severe illness. Clade II, historically endemic in West Africa, tends to result in milder illness. […] The virus that causes mpox is still classified as monkeypox virus (MPXV) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

• #38 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  The spread of infectious diseases requires a susceptible population and opportunities for transmission. Individual and herd immunity to mpox, previously achieved through widespread vaccinia vaccination, has declined since the 1980s, increasing human susceptibility to outbreaks. In addition, interim sociopolitical and ecological changes in endemic regions likely increased human exposure to animal reservoirs.

• #39 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  The spread of infectious diseases requires a susceptible population and opportunities for transmission. Individual and herd immunity to mpox, previously achieved through widespread vaccinia vaccination, has declined since the 1980s, increasing human susceptibility to outbreaks. In addition, interim sociopolitical and ecological changes in endemic regions likely increased human exposure to animal reservoirs.

• #40 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Although the previous name of the disease (monkeypox) suggested that monkeys are the primary host, the specific animal reservoir of MPXV remains unknown. […] Some evidence suggests that native African rodents such as Gambian pouched rats and rope squirrels might be a natural reservoir of the virus. […] Following the declaration of the eradication of smallpox in 1980 by the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored enhanced mpox surveillance efforts in the central regions of DRC, for which some limited animal and human ecological studies were undertaken. […] This increase may be partly attributable to decreasing herd immunity in the populations following the cessation of the smallpox vaccination programme in the early 1980s. […] Other explanatory factors may be changes in the virus itself and modifications to the ecosystems that may have caused the population density of the natural reservoirs to rise and led to more frequent human-wildlife interactions.

• #41 Mpox (Monkeypox) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/

  The spread of infectious diseases requires a susceptible population and opportunities for transmission. Individual and herd immunity to mpox, previously achieved through widespread vaccinia vaccination, has declined since the 1980s, increasing human susceptibility to outbreaks. In addition, interim sociopolitical and ecological changes in endemic regions likely increased human exposure to animal reservoirs.

• #42 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Although the previous name of the disease (monkeypox) suggested that monkeys are the primary host, the specific animal reservoir of MPXV remains unknown. […] Some evidence suggests that native African rodents such as Gambian pouched rats and rope squirrels might be a natural reservoir of the virus. […] Following the declaration of the eradication of smallpox in 1980 by the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored enhanced mpox surveillance efforts in the central regions of DRC, for which some limited animal and human ecological studies were undertaken. […] This increase may be partly attributable to decreasing herd immunity in the populations following the cessation of the smallpox vaccination programme in the early 1980s. […] Other explanatory factors may be changes in the virus itself and modifications to the ecosystems that may have caused the population density of the natural reservoirs to rise and led to more frequent human-wildlife interactions.

• #43 Monkeypox : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/mpox-formerly-monkeypox

  This pattern of transmission can be partly explained by the global decline in immunity conferred by the smallpox vaccine following the discontinuation of the vaccination program in the 1980s. […] But there are also other contributory factors which have intensified over the past 30 years, including major changes in land use, mass deforestation, growing urbanization, destruction of wildlife habitats and a loss of biodiversity. These ecosystem pressures caused by human activity are leading to an increase in human-wildlife interactions and are changing structures and dynamics among animal communities.

• #44 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is a disease similar to smallpox caused by a virus. […] Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by a virus. […] An infection with monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus monkeypox) causes mpox. Viruses are small pieces of genetic information in a protective coating. The virus that causes mpox is a pox virus, and a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The global outbreak appears to be disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). […] The fatality (death) rate for clade I has historically been around 10%. But during recent outbreaks, its been less than 3.3%.

• #45 About Mpox | LA County Department of Public Health

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/monkeypox/about.htm

  Mpox can be spread by direct skin-to-skin contact with the sores or scabs from a person with mpox. Direct contact with the body fluids or respiratory secretions from a person with mpox, such as drainage from skin sores or saliva that was in contact with mouth sores. […] A pregnant person with mpox can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta. The virus can also be spread to the baby by close contact during and after birth. […] People living with uncontrolled or advanced HIV are at high risk for becoming severely ill if they get mpox. Other people who are very immunosuppressed are also considered high risk for becoming very ill. […] There are no FDA approved medicines to specifically treat mpox. But an FDA approved antiviral medicine used to treat smallpox called tecovirimat (or TPOXX) can be used to treat people with mpox.

• #46 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Mpox, formerly called monkeypox, is a disease similar to smallpox caused by a virus. […] Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by a virus. […] An infection with monkeypox virus (Orthopoxvirus monkeypox) causes mpox. Viruses are small pieces of genetic information in a protective coating. The virus that causes mpox is a pox virus, and a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus. […] The global outbreak appears to be disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). […] The fatality (death) rate for clade I has historically been around 10%. But during recent outbreaks, its been less than 3.3%.

• #47 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Human mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) [1,2]. […] The first outbreak of mpox reported outside of Africa [3,4] was linked to an importation of infected mammals to the United States (US) in 2003. […] The outbreak was driven by human-to-human MPXV transmission via close contact with infected individuals. […] The majority of cases have been among men who have sex with men. […] There are two genetically distinct clades described for MPXV: clade I, formerly called the Congo Basin (Central African) clade, and clade II, formerly called the West African clade. […] Genetic differences between the viral genomes of the two clades might explain differences in viral clearance and pathogenesis. […] Clade I has been associated with more severe disease and higher mortality.

• #48 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  MPXV is transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected animal or human, or contact with materials contaminated with the virus. […] Human-to-human transmission of mpox occurs through close contact with infectious materials from the skin or mucosal lesions of an infected person, respiratory droplets in prolonged face-to-face contact, and fomites. […] In 2022, cases were identified primarily, but not exclusively, among men who have sex with men. […] The risk of infection following sexual exposure was found to be high. […] Emerging evidence indicates that infected people may transit MPXV up to four days prior to symptom onset. […] The infectious period lasts until all skin lesions have scabbed over and re-epithelialisation has occurred. […] Asymptomatic mpox infections have been reported as well.

• #49 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  The virus has been detected in several body fluids including semen, seminal fluid, blood, serum, plasma, feces, urine, and saliva. […] More information is needed to better understand transmission via contact with bodily fluids. […] Transmission may occur from contact with infectious respiratory particles (e.g., speaking, eating, and other close proximity activities). […] Airborne transmission is a theoretical concern, but no confirmed cases of airborne transmission have been reported. […] Fomite transmission is infrequent but possible. […] Peripartum transmission has been reported. […] The extent to which asymptomatic or presymptomatic transmission may occur is unknown. […] Replication-competent viral shedding has been documented in the presymptomatic phase, and presymptomatic transmission has been documented.

• #50 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Asymptomatic infections may play a role in sustaining circulation of the virus resulting in sporadic cases and clusters. […] The incubation period: typically 6-13 days (range 1-21 days), and is thought to be similar between virus clades. […] R (number of secondary cases expected to arise from a single primary case in a naive population): historically estimated to be 0.8, based on limited data, meaning a human-to-human epidemic is always likely to die out because transmission is inefficient.

• #51 How Mpox Spreads | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/causes/index.html

  Mpox is a viral disease that can be spread between people or between people and certain animals. […] Mpox can spread from animals to people in a few ways: […] Mpox spreads from animals to people via scratches, bites, or as food, then people spread it to other people by close contact including sex, massages, kissing, day-to-day household contact, and caring for people with mpox. […] Currently, no evidence suggests that people who never have symptoms can spread the virus to someone else.

• #52 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Asymptomatic infections may play a role in sustaining circulation of the virus resulting in sporadic cases and clusters. […] The incubation period: typically 6-13 days (range 1-21 days), and is thought to be similar between virus clades. […] R (number of secondary cases expected to arise from a single primary case in a naive population): historically estimated to be 0.8, based on limited data, meaning a human-to-human epidemic is always likely to die out because transmission is inefficient.

• #53 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  MPXV is transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected animal or human, or contact with materials contaminated with the virus. […] Human-to-human transmission of mpox occurs through close contact with infectious materials from the skin or mucosal lesions of an infected person, respiratory droplets in prolonged face-to-face contact, and fomites. […] In 2022, cases were identified primarily, but not exclusively, among men who have sex with men. […] The risk of infection following sexual exposure was found to be high. […] Emerging evidence indicates that infected people may transit MPXV up to four days prior to symptom onset. […] The infectious period lasts until all skin lesions have scabbed over and re-epithelialisation has occurred. […] Asymptomatic mpox infections have been reported as well.

• #54 Mpox – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/aetiology

  Asymptomatic infections may play a role in sustaining circulation of the virus resulting in sporadic cases and clusters. […] The incubation period: typically 6-13 days (range 1-21 days), and is thought to be similar between virus clades. […] R (number of secondary cases expected to arise from a single primary case in a naive population): historically estimated to be 0.8, based on limited data, meaning a human-to-human epidemic is always likely to die out because transmission is inefficient.

• #55 Mpox – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpox

  Mpox in both humans and animals is caused by infection with Orthopoxvirus monkeypox, a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae, making it closely related to the smallpox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. […] The two major subtypes of virus are clade I and clade II. In April 2024, after detection of a new variant, clade I was split into subclades designated Ia and Ib. Clade II is similarly divided into subclades: clade IIa and clade IIb. […] Clade I is estimated to cause more severe disease and higher mortality than clade II. […] The virus is considered to be endemic in tropical rainforest regions of Central and West Africa. In addition to monkeys, the virus has been identified in Gambian pouched rats, dormice, and African squirrels. The use of these animals as food may be an important source of transmission to humans.

• #56 MPOX Virus Outbreak: Mpox declared a health emergency: Here are causes, symptoms, and prevention of this highly infectious disease – The Economic Times

  https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/mpox-declared-a-health-emergency-here-are-causes-symptoms-and-prevention-from-this-highly-infectious-disease/articleshow/112541148.cms

  Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, was first discovered in 1958 during outbreaks among monkeys. Historically, human cases were limited to central and west Africa, usually linked to contact with infected animals. […] In 2022, mpox was identified as a sexually transmitted virus, leading to outbreaks in over 70 countries that had not previously reported the disease. Mpox is part of the same virus family as smallpox but typically causes milder symptoms, including fever, chills, and body aches. […] The new variant of mpox discovered in Congo has a higher fatality rate and may spread more easily. […] Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that causes painful skin lesions, fever, headaches, and muscle aches. It can be transmitted from animals to humans and between people through close contact.

• #57 Mpox (monkeypox)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/mpox-monkeypox

  Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with the monkeypox virus and is an urgent notifiable condition in Victoria. […] Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a poxvirus of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family. […] A subclade known as Clade IIb, has been largely circulating since 2022 in the global mpox outbreak, mostly impacting gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). All cases detected in Australia since 2022 have been caused by this clade. […] Person-to-person transmission occurs with prolonged physical or intimate contact with infected people (such as skin-to skin contact during sexual contact) and can also spread through respiratory droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and objects (such as contaminated clothing, towels, or bedding).

• #58 What to know about the mpox global health emergency | PBS News

  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/what-to-know-about-the-mpox-public-health-emergency-in-africa

  Mpox, also known as monkeypox, was first identified by scientists in 1958 when there were outbreaks of a pox-like disease in monkeys. Until recently, most human cases were seen in people in central and West Africa who had close contact with infected animals. […] In 2022, the virus was confirmed to spread via sex for the first time and triggered outbreaks in more than 70 countries across the world that had not previously reported mpox. […] Earlier this year, scientists reported the emergence of a new form of mpox in a Congolese mining town that can kill up to 10% of people and may spread more easily. […] Unlike in previous mpox outbreaks, where lesions were mostly seen on the chest, hands and feet, the new form of mpox causes milder symptoms and lesions on the genitals. […] Dr. Boghuma Titanji, an infectious diseases expert at Emory University, said it was unclear why children were so disproportionately hit by mpox in Congo. She said it might be because kids are more susceptible to the virus or that social factors, like overcrowding and exposure to parents who caught the disease, might explain it.

• #59 Why is mpox spreading more rapidly?

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220801-what-is-monkeypox-and-why-is-it-spreading

  Some genetic analysis although still preliminary and yet to be peer-reviewed has indicated that the West African mpox virus (clade II) may have picked up the ability to spread from human to human as early as it could have been as early as 2017. […] The new cluster of patients with the clade Ib mpox variant in the DRC suggests the virus has been evolving rapidly. It showed a high mutation rate, including some changes in its genetic code that could have helped the virus spread more easily from human to human. […] The WHO briefly declared mpox to be a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022 but it was then declared over by May 2023 due to progress in tackling the disease. However, the risk posed by mpox has grown, and in August 2024, the Africa CDC declared a public health emergency on the continent due to the rapid spread of new variants of the virus. […] A 2020 United Nations report warned of the growing risk of new diseases passing from animals to humans, exacerbated by our encroachment on natural habitats and the effects of climate change.

• #60 MPOX Virus Outbreak: Mpox declared a health emergency: Here are causes, symptoms, and prevention of this highly infectious disease – The Economic Times

  https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/mpox-declared-a-health-emergency-here-are-causes-symptoms-and-prevention-from-this-highly-infectious-disease/articleshow/112541148.cms

  The WHO reports that mpox can cause severe complications, such as pneumonia, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, eye infections leading to vision loss, and inflammation of the brain, heart, and rectum. […] The 2022 global mpox outbreak primarily affected gay and bisexual men and was spread through close contact, including sex. However, the current outbreak in Africa is different, with over 70 percent of cases and 85 percent of deaths occurring in children under 15 in Congo. […] Dr. Boghuma Titanji from Emory University suggested that children’s higher susceptibility might be due to factors like overcrowding and exposure to infected family members.

• #61 Mpox (monkeypox) and children | UNICEF

  https://www.unicef.org/stories/mpox-and-children

  Across the most impacted countries, wide-spread malnutrition, crowded living conditions, the presence of other infectious diseases, and limited access to healthcare make the spread of mpox a perilous situation for children. […] Overwhelmed and weakened healthcare systems, a shortage of diagnostic test kits and low community awareness are further complicating the situation for children and their families.

• #62 Why is mpox spreading more rapidly?

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220801-what-is-monkeypox-and-why-is-it-spreading

  Some genetic analysis although still preliminary and yet to be peer-reviewed has indicated that the West African mpox virus (clade II) may have picked up the ability to spread from human to human as early as it could have been as early as 2017. […] The new cluster of patients with the clade Ib mpox variant in the DRC suggests the virus has been evolving rapidly. It showed a high mutation rate, including some changes in its genetic code that could have helped the virus spread more easily from human to human. […] The WHO briefly declared mpox to be a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022 but it was then declared over by May 2023 due to progress in tackling the disease. However, the risk posed by mpox has grown, and in August 2024, the Africa CDC declared a public health emergency on the continent due to the rapid spread of new variants of the virus. […] A 2020 United Nations report warned of the growing risk of new diseases passing from animals to humans, exacerbated by our encroachment on natural habitats and the effects of climate change.

• #63 Why is mpox spreading more rapidly?

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220801-what-is-monkeypox-and-why-is-it-spreading

  Some genetic analysis although still preliminary and yet to be peer-reviewed has indicated that the West African mpox virus (clade II) may have picked up the ability to spread from human to human as early as it could have been as early as 2017. […] The new cluster of patients with the clade Ib mpox variant in the DRC suggests the virus has been evolving rapidly. It showed a high mutation rate, including some changes in its genetic code that could have helped the virus spread more easily from human to human. […] The WHO briefly declared mpox to be a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022 but it was then declared over by May 2023 due to progress in tackling the disease. However, the risk posed by mpox has grown, and in August 2024, the Africa CDC declared a public health emergency on the continent due to the rapid spread of new variants of the virus. […] A 2020 United Nations report warned of the growing risk of new diseases passing from animals to humans, exacerbated by our encroachment on natural habitats and the effects of climate change.

• #64 Monkeypox : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/mpox-formerly-monkeypox

  This pattern of transmission can be partly explained by the global decline in immunity conferred by the smallpox vaccine following the discontinuation of the vaccination program in the 1980s. […] But there are also other contributory factors which have intensified over the past 30 years, including major changes in land use, mass deforestation, growing urbanization, destruction of wildlife habitats and a loss of biodiversity. These ecosystem pressures caused by human activity are leading to an increase in human-wildlife interactions and are changing structures and dynamics among animal communities.

• #65 Mpox: What You Need to Know > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/monkeypox-mpox-symptoms-treatment

  Additional transmission can occur from touching clothing, linens, or other items that came in contact with an infectious rash or body fluids. […] With regards to mpox previously, the vast majority of cases were from contact with animals, usually rodents. I believe our encroachment on the natural world has brought us into closer contact with animal species we had never been close to before, Dr. Azar says. And when animals ecosystems are destroyed, they move closer to urban environments. That has facilitated the transfer of viruses that mostly circulate in animal species. And since humans have not been exposed to them, there is very little pre-existing immunity to these viruses, which makes us more susceptible.

• #66 Mpox: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcome — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/mpox

  Smallpox vaccination offers significant protection (85%) against the related monkeypox virus; the risk-benefit of vaccination should be considered for high-risk contacts. […] In recent years, the mortality of mpox has ranged from 36%, with infants and the immunocompromised having higher mortality.

• #67 Mpox | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/mpox

  Mpox is in the same class of viruses as smallpox, which had similar but more severe symptoms before its eradication in the late 1970s. […] The mpox virus is primarily spread through close human-to-human contact, including in the respiratory droplets and contact with skin lesions of someone who has the disease. The virus can enter a persons body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, and the eyes, nose, mouth, or through sexual contact. […] The current outbreak has disproportionately affected men who have sex with men, but anyone can become infected if exposed to the virus. […] Data from studies conducted in Africa show that the smallpox vaccine may be up to 85 percent effective in preventing mpox infection. […] The preferred vaccine to protect against mpox is JYNNEOS, but supply of this vaccine is much more limited, especially in countries where mpox is endemic.

• #68 Factsheet for health professionals on mpox

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/monkeypox/factsheet-health-professionals

  Although the previous name of the disease (monkeypox) suggested that monkeys are the primary host, the specific animal reservoir of MPXV remains unknown. […] Some evidence suggests that native African rodents such as Gambian pouched rats and rope squirrels might be a natural reservoir of the virus. […] Following the declaration of the eradication of smallpox in 1980 by the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored enhanced mpox surveillance efforts in the central regions of DRC, for which some limited animal and human ecological studies were undertaken. […] This increase may be partly attributable to decreasing herd immunity in the populations following the cessation of the smallpox vaccination programme in the early 1980s. […] Other explanatory factors may be changes in the virus itself and modifications to the ecosystems that may have caused the population density of the natural reservoirs to rise and led to more frequent human-wildlife interactions.

• #69 Mpox | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/monkeypox-mpox

  Transmission can occur through intimate physical contact during sex. In this case, it is likely that infectious skin rashes, blisters or sores are the mode of transmission. […] The virus can also pass to the foetus via the placenta during pregnancy. […] Cases of mpox in some countries, including Australia, have mostly been identified in the gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men population, although anyone can be affected. […] If infected, infants, young children, pregnant women and people who are immunocompromised are at higher risk of becoming severely unwell. […] Most people require no, or only supportive, treatment for mpox. This may include simple pain relief. Antiviral treatment may be needed in patients with more severe disease. […] Vaccines can be given either before or after a person is exposed to the virus, but before exposure is recommended for the best protection.

• #70 Mpox | Doctors Without Borders – USA

  https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/medical-issues/mpox

  Mpox is in the same class of viruses as smallpox, which had similar but more severe symptoms before its eradication in the late 1970s. […] The mpox virus is primarily spread through close human-to-human contact, including in the respiratory droplets and contact with skin lesions of someone who has the disease. The virus can enter a persons body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, and the eyes, nose, mouth, or through sexual contact. […] The current outbreak has disproportionately affected men who have sex with men, but anyone can become infected if exposed to the virus. […] Data from studies conducted in Africa show that the smallpox vaccine may be up to 85 percent effective in preventing mpox infection. […] The preferred vaccine to protect against mpox is JYNNEOS, but supply of this vaccine is much more limited, especially in countries where mpox is endemic.

• #71 Mpox (monkeypox)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/mpox-monkeypox

  In the international outbreak of Clade IIb, the highest risk of transmission has been associated with direct and close contact, particularly sexual contact, among GBMSM. […] Most people are not at risk of mpox. […] In recent outbreaks of Clade IIb, in Australia and globally, those most at risk have been GBMSM, particularly those who have multiple sexual partners or attend sex on premises venues, and are travelling to outbreak areas. […] People who have previously been vaccinated against smallpox may have some immunity against mpox, however, may still benefit from receiving mpox vaccine.

• #72 Mpox (monkeypox) | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/mpox-monkeypox

  Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious disease that is caused by the monkeypox virus. […] The virus that causes mpox has 2 known subtypes, clade I and clade II. […] The current subtype of mpox with cases in Ontario, clade II, is associated with less severe illness and deaths and primarily affects adults who identify as men who have sex with other men. […] Although the risk for mpox is low, anyone who has had close physical contact with someone who has mpox or a contaminated surface or is concerned about symptoms they are experiencing should self-isolate and contact a health care provider. […] For those at high-risk, vaccination is the best defense against Mpox and is shown to reduce severe outcomes including hospitalization. […] Symptoms usually go away on their own without the need for any treatment.

• #73 About Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/about/index.html

  Mpox is a disease caused by a virus in the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. […] Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with a virus, known as Monkeypox virus. This virus is part of the same family as the virus that causes smallpox. […] The virus that causes mpox was discovered in 1958, when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. […] Scientists suspect African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) might harbor the virus and infect people. […] The virus that causes it still has its historic name, however. […] There is no treatment specifically for mpox.

• #74 Mpox – NFID

  https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/mpox/

  Mpox (previously known as monkeypox) virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus which also includes variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus, among others. […] The natural reservoir of mpox remains unknown. However, African rodents and non-human primates (like monkeys) may harbor the virus and infect people. […] Mpox was first discovered in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colonies of monkeys kept for research. […] In Africa, mpox has been shown to cause death in as many as 1 in 10 persons who contract the disease. […] Currently, there is no proven, safe treatment for mpox virus infection, and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms.

• #75 Mpox (monkeypox) | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/mpox-monkeypox

  Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious disease that is caused by the monkeypox virus. […] The virus that causes mpox has 2 known subtypes, clade I and clade II. […] The current subtype of mpox with cases in Ontario, clade II, is associated with less severe illness and deaths and primarily affects adults who identify as men who have sex with other men. […] Although the risk for mpox is low, anyone who has had close physical contact with someone who has mpox or a contaminated surface or is concerned about symptoms they are experiencing should self-isolate and contact a health care provider. […] For those at high-risk, vaccination is the best defense against Mpox and is shown to reduce severe outcomes including hospitalization. […] Symptoms usually go away on their own without the need for any treatment.

• #76 Mpox (monkeypox) | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/mpox-monkeypox

  For individuals who are severely ill due to mpox, there is an antiviral medication, Tecovirmat (TPoxx), that your healthcare provider may recommend. […] Limited research exists regarding susceptibility in other animal species, therefore precautions should be taken to prevent infected humans from exposing domestic and wild animals, including pets (such as cats, dogs, hamsters, gerbils), livestock and wildlife, to the virus.

• #77 Mpox – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/mpoxdisease

  The virus can also spread from someone who is pregnant to the fetus from the placenta, or from an infected parent to child during or after birth through skin-to-skin contact. […] There are no specific treatments for monkeypox virus infection. Mpox symptoms often resolve on their own without the need for treatment. […] An antiviral that was developed to treat smallpox (tecovirimat, commercialized as TPOXX) was also approved for the treatment of mpox in January 2022.

• #78 Mpox: Symptoms, Treatment, and Outcome — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/mpox

  Mpox, formerly monkeypox, is a rare disease caused by the DNA monkeypox virus (MPV). […] The monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus the same family of viruses as cowpox and smallpox. […] In endemic areas, most sufferers are thought to acquire the disease from exposure to infected animal carcasses, meat, or blood (animal-to-human transmission). […] Isolated outbreaks outside Africa have mostly been related to infected animal importation but person-to-person spread has increased via direct contact with body fluids, large respiratory droplets, and contaminated linen and bedding being implicated in transmission. […] The disease may become more common since administration of the smallpox vaccine, which confers cross-protection, was discontinued in the 1970s. […] Specific antiviral therapy with cidofovir or a newer agent, tecovirimat may be indicated in those at high risk, or those with severe disease.

• #79 Mpox (Monkeypox): Symptoms, Picture, How It’s Spread, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/monkeypox-5324619

  Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a rare disease caused by a zoonotic virus. This means it can be spread from animals to humans. […] Mpox is caused by a virus that is closely linked to the virus that causes smallpox. […] The mpox virus is spread through close contact with a diseased person, diseased animal, or objects that contain the virus. […] Mpox is a rare disease that can be spread through close contact with a diseased person, diseased animal, or objects that contain the virus. […] There is no known cure for mpox. Treatment often includes the same antiviral drugs used for smallpox.

• #80 Mpox Main Information

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/epidemiology-and-emerging-infections/ct-mpox/mpox-main-information

  Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a disease caused by infection with the mpoxvirus. […] People who are immunocompromised, including people living with HIV who are not on treatment, are at increased risk of severe mpox, or even death, if they become infected. […] A person with mpox can spread it to others until the rash has fully healed and new skin has formed. In some instances, people can also spread mpox from one to four days before their symptoms appear. […] Most people get well from mpox without needing specific medicines or treatment. People who have severe mpox or are at risk of severe mpox, including people living with untreated HIV, may need treatment.

Zobacz więcej