Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551575/

  Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. […] Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission.

• #1 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Effective pain and symptom management are critical components of care for patients with mpox. By administering appropriate medications and continuously monitoring patient comfort, nurses play a vital role in improving patient outcomes and quality of life during the treatment process. […] Effective infection control is crucial in managing mpox and preventing its spread to healthcare workers, other patients, and visitors. This section outlines key strategies for infection prevention, from environmental cleaning to patient and healthcare worker education, to promote safety and containment within healthcare settings. […] Managing pruritus and skin lesions is vital for patient comfort and healing. Regular skin assessments, topical treatments, and patient education help prevent infections and complications.

• #1 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  Immediately notify infection prevention and control personnel if a patient is suspected to have mpox. […] Place suspected mpox patients in a single-person room. […] Use personal protective equipment when entering the patient’s room. […] Infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare settings are provided in the Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (2007). Recommendations and practices described in this 2007 guideline are intended to be used when providing care for any patient in a healthcare setting, including those with mpox virus (MPXV) infection. […] A patient with suspected or confirmed MPXV infection should be placed in a single-person room; special air handling is not required. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher.

• #1 Mpox: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/mpox-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Mpox requires airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Nurses and other health care workers should have the highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Infectious mpox virus can be resuspended in aerosols when contaminated objects (e.g., bedding, clothing, or PPE) are shaken or moved. […] Strict procedures for donning and doffing PPE upon entry and exit from the patients isolation room must be followed. […] Cleaning protocols must be observed after each doffing for PPE designed to be reused (e.g., PAPRs). […] Tight control of patient transport and health care worker movement through the facility must also be implemented to prevent transmission or contamination of mpox. […] For nurses who work in California, the Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requires that health care facilities implement airborne precautions for mpox cases, including: Placement of patients with suspected or confirmed mpox in a negative pressure room. […] Use of an N95 or more protective respirator, in combination with other required PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection) for any encounter with a patient with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Use of a PAPR for aerosol-generating procedures performed on patients with suspected or confirmed mpox.

• #1 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  Waste management (i.e., handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of soiled PPE, patient dressings, etc.) should be performed in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR parts 171-180.) […] Standard cleaning and disinfection procedures should be performed using an EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant with an emerging viral pathogen claim. […] For patients with suspected or confirmed MPXV infection in a healthcare setting: Those with suspected MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until MPXV infection is ruled out. […] Those with confirmed MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until all lesions have crusted, those crusts have separated, and a fresh layer of healthy skin has formed underneath.

• #1 Mpox for Healthcare Providers

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/zoonoses/mpox/providers/

  If you suspect a patient has mpox, immediately notify infection prevention and control personnel. […] Apply standard precautions for all patient care, including for patients with suspected mpox. […] Standard cleaning and disinfection procedures should be done using an EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant with an emerging viral pathogen claim.

• #1 Mpox Information For Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mpox/hcp.html

  Mpox (monkeypox) is caused by an Orthopoxvirus. All suspected cases of orthopox virus must be reported to MDH immediately 24 hours a day, seven days a week. […] Clinical disease may start with a prodrome lasting one to four days prior to rash. Prodrome often includes lymphadenopathy, malaise, headache, myalgia, fever, and fatigue. The rash can be deep-seated, vesicular, or pustular with lesions that are well circumscribed and umbilicate. The evolution of the rash usually progresses through four stages: macular, papular, vesicular, to pustular before scabbing over and resolving. […] Mpox should be suspected in a person with a new unexplained acute rash AND who within 21 days of symptoms has had contact with a person or people with a similar appearing rash or who received a diagnosis of confirmed or probable mpox.

• #1 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Nurses play a critical role in identifying monkeypox, managing symptoms, and preventing the spread of infection. Care involves both clinical management and education on isolation practices and hygiene. […] […] Monitor vital signs: Regularly check temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure to identify early signs of complications, such as dehydration or secondary infection. […] […] Assess skin integrity: Monitor the progression of the rash and check for signs of secondary bacterial infections, such as increased redness, warmth, or purulent discharge. […] […] Lymph node evaluation: Palpate lymph nodes to assess for enlargement, which is common in monkeypox. […] […] Fluid balance: Monitor intake and output to assess hydration status, particularly in patients with mouth lesions or significant discomfort. […]

• #1 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #1 Mpox Information For Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mpox/hcp.html

  Patient should be sent home and told to isolate until mpox is ruled out. […] Health care providers entering the room of individuals for suspected or confirmed mpox should wear the following PPE: Gown, gloves, eye protection and NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher. […] There is currently no specific treatment that is either FDA approved or has an emergency use authorization (EUA) for mpox infection. However, antivirals developed for use in the treatment of smallpox, such as tecovirimat (TPOXX), may prove beneficial for some individuals. […] For patients with intact immune systems, supportive care and pain control may be enough. However, in certain individuals, including those that are immunocompromised, who have severe disease or are at risk for severe disease based on underlying conditions, supportive care and pain control may not be enough. In these cases, treatment should be considered.

• #1 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Management strategies depend on disease severity and focus on the following principles: Infection prevention and control, Symptomatic treatment, Optimized supportive care, Management of skin lesions and wound care, Management of complications, Antiviral therapy. […] Most patients without severe immunocompromise will recover with only supportive care and pain control that is implemented early in the disease course. However, this may not be adequate in some patients (e.g., patients who are severely ill or have other high-risk conditions), and mpox-directed antiviral therapy may be required. […] There is a lack of high-quality evidence-based clinical management guidelines to guide clinical decision-making. Recommendations across guidelines vary, and there are limited recommendations for different risk groups and complications.

• #1 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Consider consultation with specialists in infectious diseases, dermatology, wound care, gastroenterology, neurology, ophthalmology, urology, critical care, and surgery as appropriate. […] Most cases are mild and self-limited and patients recover generally within 2-4 weeks. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed infection and with mild or uncomplicated disease and who are not at high risk for severe or complicated disease may be isolated at home for the duration of the infectious period, provided that a home assessment determines that infection prevention and control conditions can be met in the home setting. […] Appropriate symptomatic treatment (with attention to pain control) and supportive care are recommended, and are usually sufficient for most patients. […] Pain management is an important part of treatment as pain is common and may be severe (e.g., rectal pain/proctitis, pain from lesions, pain from mucosal lesions not evident on physical exam, pain from lymphadenopathy, headache, muscle aches).

• #1 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  A multimodal approach including nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies is recommended. […] Despite pain management being a key consideration of management (over half of patients report some degree of pain), there is currently no high-quality evidence to guide clinical decision-making. […] A conservative approach to the management of skin lesions is recommended, with the aim to relieve discomfort, speed healing, and prevent complications. […] Hospital admission may be required for a small proportion of patients with painful or infected skin or mucosal lesions for pain management and/or antibiotic therapy. […] Monitor patients for deterioration of their clinical condition. […] Patients with severe disease, or those who are at increased risk of severe disease, typically require hospitalization, supportive care, and antiviral therapy.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Mpox/Supportive-Care-Suggestions.aspx

  The prognosis for mpox depends on multiple factors, such as mpox vaccination status, initial health status, concurrent illnesses, and comorbidities among others. Supportive care and treatment of symptoms should be initiated for all patients who have mpox infection. This may include different topical, systemic medications, or other clinical interventions to control pain, itching, nausea and vomiting. […] Mpox lesions can be painful, especially when they involve mucosal sites such as the oropharynx, rectum, or urogenital region. Pain control should be individualized and include the use of a multimodal approach, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods. […] For general mild to moderate pain: oral over-the-counter medications (such as NSAIDs or acetaminophen) are recommended. […] Targeted pain relief associated with skin lesions: topical steroids or anesthetics like lidocaine can be considered.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Mpox/Supportive-Care-Suggestions.aspx

  In cases of severe pain not improved by NSAIDs and/or topical agents: consider a short course of gabapentin or opiates. […] Skin rash: Avoid scratching lesions and keep lesions clean and dry. […] Patients with pruritis: Consider calamine lotion, petroleum jelly, colloidal oatmeal or cooling lotions (such as camphor or menthol lotion). […] If uncontrolled pruritis despite topical therapy: Consider oral antihistamines (e.g. loratadine). […] General pain management strategies, as discussed above, should be considered for painful lesions to the anorectal or genital regions. […] Warm sitz baths lasting 10 minutes several times a day. Disinfect bath in between uses. […] Stool softeners should be prescribed early. […] If pain is not improving with over-the-counter medications and with topical remedies mentioned above, consider prescription medications (e.g., gabapentin or opioids.)

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Mpox/Supportive-Care-Suggestions.aspx

  Consider antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, promethazine) and ensure adequate hydration. […] Trifluridine is a topical antiviral medication that can be used for ocular complications of mpox in consultation with an ophthalmologist. […] Ensure adequate hydration and nutrition. If it is not adequate, evaluate whether therapies for pain/nausea are needed. […] Isolation can be associated with anxiety and depression. First line therapy is to connect the patient with a mental health counselor. Consider telehealth mental health services if available in your area. […] In addition to the above supportive therapies, tecovirimat (TPOXX) antiviral therapy should be considered particularly for patients at high risk for severe disease, for patients with severe disease, or patients with protracted or life-threatening manifestations of mpox.

• #1 Mpox: Treating severe lesions

  https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/severe-lesions

  Accurate diagnosis of lesions is crucial and should start with an assessment of the patient and potential risk factors for mpox (monkeypox), disease severity, and complications. […] Wound bed preparation will depend on the pathogens involved and severity of lesions. […] Wounds should be cleansed with gentle soap and water. Routine care may include a broad-spectrum antimicrobial soak to remove biofilms and surface colonizing organisms; use a dilute (0.25%) acetic acid solution or one tablespoon of plain white vinegar mixed with one cup of tap water as a cost-effective alternative. […] As keratinocytes migrate best in a moist environment, most wounds would benefit from application of topical plain white petrolatum. Occlusive non-stick dressings (e.g., Telfa, Xeroform, or Vaseline-impregnated gauze) should be used to promote an optimal healing environment.

• #1 Mpox: Treating severe lesions

  https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/severe-lesions

  It is important to properly care for skin to promote skin healing and minimize scarring. […] Pain management should be considered for both immediate and longer-term pain; NSAIDs may be used for acute pain, but opioids may be needed in more severe cases. […] Treatments that have been used for mpox include the antivirals tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir and vaccinia immune globulin. […] Prescribers should follow best practices in terms of monitoring patients for drug side effects and toxicity.

• #1 Mpox: Treating severe lesions

  https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/severe-lesions

  For large or highly exudative wounds, intact skin at wound edges can be protected from exudates and trauma by applying a protective coating such as white petrolatum, zinc oxide paste, or a silicone film. […] In addition to creating a moist wound healing environment and protecting the borders at the edge of large wounds as above, an adult incontinence pad may be helpful if discharge or exudate is observed between dressing changes. […] Routine use of topical antimicrobial agents, particularly over-the-counter options, is not indicated and may result in irritation, contact dermatitis, or delayed wound healing. […] Consultation with an experienced dermatologist, wound care clinic, infectious disease specialist, plastic or burn surgeon, or other complex wound care specialist should be sought for severe wounds with significant involvement of high-risk anatomic sites (e.g., eyelids/periocular, perioral, ear, genitalia, and perianal).

• #1 Clinical Treatment of Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most mpox patients without severe immunocompromise will recover with supportive care and pain control only. […] Patients who are severely ill from mpox or have high-risk conditions that put them at risk for more severe mpox may benefit from mpox-directed treatment. […] Interim clinical guidance developed by CDC may assist clinicians in managing patients with protracted or life-threatening manifestations of mpox. […] Treatment for these patients involves Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated drugs and biologics that are primarily stockpiled by the U.S. government. […] Tecovirimat is typically the first therapeutic that is considered if patients with mpox require more than supportive care. […] Additional therapeutics can be considered in combination with tecovirimat or as an alternative therapy for treating MPXV infections in certain situations.

• #1 Mpox Information (formerly known as Monkeypox) | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/monkeypox/

  Effective communication and precautionary measures between specimen collection teams and laboratory staff are essential to maximizing safety when manipulating specimens suspected to contain mpox virus. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher. […] Mpox can commonly cause severe pain and can affect vulnerable anatomic sites, including the genitals and oropharynx, which can lead to other complications. […] Treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis for children and adolescents with suspected or confirmed mpox who are at risk of severe disease or who develop complications of mpox. Tecovirimat is the first-line medication to treat mpox, including in children and adolescents.

• #1 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Antiviral therapy is recommended in patients with (or at high risk of) severe disease or protracted or life-threatening sickness, including severely immunocompromised patients, people with atopic dermatitis and other conditions that affect skin integrity, children, and pregnant/breastfeeding women. […] Tecovirimat is generally recommended as the first-line treatment for patients who require antiviral therapy. […] Antiviral therapies should be used with caution in pregnant (or recently pregnant) and breastfeeding women, and only under the guidance of a local public health authority due to limited data in this population.

• #1 Clinical Treatment of Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Decisions on whether and when to use these additional or alternative therapeutics must be made individually for each person and can depend on a variety of clinical and other parameters. […] The role of tecovirimat in treatment of mpox in patients with severe immunocompromise, including advanced HIV, has not been determined and requires additional clinical trials. […] VIGIV can also be considered for prophylactic use to prevent mpox in persons with MPXV exposure who are either severely immunocompromised or have a contraindication to receipt of mpox vaccination. […] Data are not available on the effectiveness of VIGIV in treatment of MPXV infection in humans. […] It is unknown whether a person with severe mpox will benefit from treatment with cidofovir, although its use may be considered in such patients.

• #1 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that poses significant health challenges worldwide. With symptoms ranging from painful rashes to fever and muscle aches, mpox requires comprehensive nursing care to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and curb the spread of the virus. Effective nursing care plans and accurate nursing diagnoses are essential for delivering high-quality care to affected individuals. This guide provides valuable insights into nursing interventions and strategies tailored for patients with mpox, empowering nurses to make a positive impact on patient outcomes. […] Following a thorough assessment, a nursing diagnosis is formulated to specifically address the challenges associated with Mpox based on the nurses clinical judgement and understanding of the patients unique health condition. While nursing diagnoses serve as a framework for organizing care, their usefulness may vary in different clinical situations. In real-life clinical settings, it is important to note that the use of specific nursing diagnostic labels may not be as prominent or commonly utilized as other components of the care plan. It is ultimately the nurses clinical expertise and judgment that shape the care plan to meet the unique needs of each patient, prioritizing their health concerns and priorities.

• #1 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #1 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance is essential for mpox recovery. […] Provide counseling, active listening, and emotional reassurance to address the patients mental health concerns, anxiety, and stress related to the diagnosis of mpox. Create a supportive environment where the patient feels comfortable sharing their emotions and concerns. […] Mpox home care focuses on isolation, hygiene, and symptom management. Patients should stay isolated, practice good hand hygiene, disinfect surfaces, and wear masks and cover lesions when around others. Warm baths and saltwater rinses can help soothe sores, while sexual activity should be avoided until fully recovered. […] Educating individuals at high risk (e.g., healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, sex workers) about preventive strategies, including vaccination and reducing exposure. Awareness and preventive actions in high-risk groups can significantly reduce the incidence of mpox during outbreaks.

• #1 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Psychosocial support: Provide emotional support to patients who may be experiencing anxiety or fear due to isolation and visible skin lesions. Involve family members through virtual communication if necessary. […] […] The patient will maintain intact skin, free from secondary infections. […] […] The patient will remain hydrated, as evidenced by stable vital signs and adequate urine output. […] […] The patient will follow infection control protocols to prevent the spread of the virus. […] […] The patient will demonstrate an understanding of home isolation practices and infection prevention measures. […] […] Isolation at home: Teach patients and caregivers the importance of isolation until all lesions have crusted over and fallen off. Educate them on how to clean and disinfect surfaces to prevent transmission. […]

• #1 If you have mpox or are a close contact | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/diseases-a-to-z/if-you-have-mpox

  If you have been diagnosed with mpox, someone from public health will contact you. They will also provide information about what to do while you are recovering from your infection. […] You can use an online tool to anonymously notify your close contacts of mpox exposure. Notifying contacts is important so they can quickly get a vaccine to prevent mpox from developing and avoid spreading the infection to other people if they do develop mpox. […] If you have mpox, you should stay home (isolate) until your mpox rash has completely healed and a new layer of skin has formed (this can take 2-4 weeks), unless you have an emergency or to get follow-up medical care. Staying away from other people and not sharing things you have touched with others will help prevent the spread of mpox. […] When you have mpox, you should avoid contact with animals, including pets.

• #1 Mpox: Symptoms, testing, care and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/mpox/symptoms-management.html

  Providing care at home to someone with mpox is crucial to reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others. […] The caregiver should not be someone who is at risk of more severe disease from mpox, including someone who is pregnant, a young child, or immunocompromised. […] If you’re caring for someone with mpox, contact your local public health authority about getting vaccinated against mpox. […] To lower your risk of getting mpox from the person you’re caring for, avoid close physical contact with them, even if you’re fully vaccinated against mpox. […] You should also wear a well-fitting medical mask when you’re with them, clean your hands properly and often, and clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces and objects frequently, especially if the person you’re caring for has had contact with them. […] If you can’t avoid close contact with someone you’re caring for, wear disposable gloves and cover exposed skin with long clothing when in direct contact with lesions.

• #1 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Washing your hands frequently with soap and water. […] Practicing safe sex, including the use of condoms and dental dams. […] Wearing a mask that covers your mouth and nose when around others. […] Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces. […] Using personal protective equipment (PPE), like gloves and a mask, when caring for people with mpox. […] Avoiding contact with infected animals or wild animals. […] Thoroughly cooking all foods that contain meat and not eating the meat of wild animals. […] If you have mpox symptoms, you can take care of yourself at home with: […] Over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Medicines like ibuprofen and acetaminophen can help relieve your symptoms. […] Colloidal oatmeal baths. Soaking in a warm bath with colloidal oatmeal products can relieve the dry, itchy feeling that comes with skin rashes.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=acn6764

  Mpox often causes a painful rash along with other symptoms. […] Most people can treat their symptoms at home. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Get rest. And drink plenty of fluids. […] Cover the rash with clothing or bandages. […] Try not to scratch the rash or pop any blisters. […] Take a warm bath or apply calamine lotion or a prescription cream to soothe any itching. […] Wear a mask when around others until your rash and other symptoms are gone. […] Avoid contact with other people until you no longer have symptoms. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your rash gets much worse or starts spreading. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you are not getting better as expected.

• #1 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  There arent any approved antiviral treatments for mpox. If youre very sick or if youre pregnant, your provider might treat you with antiviral drugs, like tecovirimat (TPOXX) or cidofovir/brincidofovir. Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG-IV), a type of antibody treatment, is also sometimes an option. […] The best way to reduce your risk of mpox is to get vaccinated if youre at a higher risk of exposure. Its important to get vaccinated before, or as soon as possible after, exposure. […] In addition to vaccines, other ways to help prevent the spread of mpox include: […] Avoiding close contact in social situations (like clubs, raves or parties), especially if you or other people have a lot of exposed skin. […] Not touching mpox rashes, blisters or scabs. […] Avoiding contact with bedding and other materials that could be contaminated with mpox.

• #1 Advice for people with mpox | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/mpox-advice-for-cases

  For most people with mpox, symptoms can be managed through staying hydrated and taking over-the-counter pain medication. […] Please continue to follow the same advice as when you were tested, and also: Do not have close or intimate contact with others, including all sexual activity. […] Do not share items or utensils, including clothing, bedding, towels, cutlery or crockery, and do your own laundry if you can. […] Limit close contact with household members, such as sleeping in a separate room and using a separate bathroom if possible. […] After clearance by your doctor, you can go back to your normal activities, but you should: use condoms for any sexual activity for 12 weeks after symptoms have gone away. […] not donate blood, cells, human tissue, breast milk, semen or organs for 12 weeks. […] thoroughly clean and disinfect your home. This is particularly important if you had scabs that may have fallen off in the home.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox

  Mpox is treated with supportive care for symptoms such as pain and fever, with close attention to nutrition, hydration, skin care, prevention of secondary infections and treatment of co-infections, including HIV where present. […] The goal of treating mpox is to take care of the rash, manage pain and prevent complications. Early and supportive care is important to help manage symptoms and avoid further problems. […] Getting an mpox vaccine can help prevent infection (pre-exposure prophylaxis). It is recommended for people at high-risk of getting mpox, especially during an outbreak. […] Health workers should follow infection prevention and control measures to protect themselves while caring for patients with mpox by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (i.e. gloves, gown, eye protection and respirator) and adhering to protocol for safely swabbing lesions for diagnostic testing and handling sharp objects such as needles.

• #1 Mpox – Fenway Health

  https://fenwayhealth.org/care/medical/mpox/

  Mpox primarily spreads through close, skin-to-skin contact, often during intimate activities. […] If MPox is confirmed, supportive care is advised, with TPOXX treatment available under specific criteria. […] Mpox is a rare disease that can make you sick, including a rash, which may look like pimples or blisters, often with an earlier flu-like illness. Mpox can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact. […] When properly administered before or soon after exposure, vaccines can help protect against mpox illness. The JYNNEOS vaccine is effective at reducing the risk of mpox disease, with two doses providing the best protection, regardless of how the vaccine was administered. […] Vaccinations will be available to individuals who live or work in Massachusetts and meet the CDCs current eligibility criteria.

• #1

  https://www.utmb.edu/hce/pathogens/mpox

  Mpox can be spread from the time symptoms start until the rash has healed, the scabs have fallen off and a fresh layer of skin is formed. The illness usually lasts 2-4 weeks. An individual is no longer contagious when all scabs have fallen off and fresh skin is formed. […] Many people with mpox will require no specific therapy. However, some individuals will require medication for control of symptoms or an antiviral. Speak with your healthcare provider about what treatments might be appropriate for you. […] People with mpox should adhere to these recommendations until cleared by public health: Do not leave the home except as required for emergencies or follow-up medical care. […] Limit exposure to others: Avoid contact with unaffected individuals until lesions have resolved, the scabs have fallen off, and a fresh layer of intact skin has formed. […] When possible, the person with mpox should change their own bandages and handle contaminated linens while wearing disposable gloves, followed by immediate handwashing after removing gloves.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/mpox-Questions-and-Answers.aspx

  A public health worker from the health department may contact you about your positive test result to discuss mpox, help notify any potential contacts confidentially, explain home isolation and how to prevent spread to others, and make sure you have important health information. […] The JYNNEOS vaccine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent both mpox and smallpox. CDC and CDPH recommend vaccination to people who may be at risk for mpox and for certain people who have been exposed to mpox, like recent partners, household members, and certain healthcare workers. […] Vaccination is an important tool in preventing mpox. It also provides protection against severe illness from mpox. […] If you have mpox symptoms, get tested. Visit your primary doctor, an urgent care, or see CDC | GetTested to find a clinic near you.

• #1 Mpox (monkeypox) resources for health care professionals | ontario.ca

  http://www.ontario.ca/page/mpox-monkeypox-resources-health-care-professionals

  Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus, typically transmitted from animals to humans, that causes a disease with symptoms similar to, but less severe, than smallpox. […] Mpox has a broad range of clinical presentations with common symptoms that include: fever, new rash/lesions in the mouth, genital or peri-anal region, rectal pain, lymphadenopathy. […] Clinicians should keep mpox on their differential diagnosis and have a low threshold to test in risk groups with compatible signs and symptoms. Mpox is typically mild and self-limiting, with most people recovering within 2 to 4 weeks. However, severe illness can occur in some individuals. […] Imvamune is authorized in Canada for protection against mpox. Imvamune is a third generation smallpox vaccine. It is a two-dose series, given 28 days apart. Booster doses are not recommended.

• #1 Mpox | Health

  https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/health/monkeypox

  If you have mpox, you are advised to stay at home (isolate) until your mpox rash has healed and a new layer of skin has formed. Staying away from other people and not sharing things you have touched with others will help prevent the spread of mpox. […] There are no treatments specifically for mpox virus infections. However, mpox and smallpox viruses are genetically similar, which means that antiviral drugs and vaccines developed to protect against smallpox may be used to prevent and treat mpox virus infections. […] The mpox vaccine is recommended for individuals who have been exposed, or are at high risk of exposure, to the virus. […] The mpox vaccine is recommended for individuals who have been exposed, or are at high risk of exposure to the mpox virus. […] It is important to get both doses of vaccine for the best protection against mpox. Even if it has been longer than 28 days since you received the first dose, it is not too late to get the second dose. You do not have to restart the vaccination series.

• #1 Mpox | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/monkeypox-mpox

  Most people require no, or only supportive, treatment for mpox. This may include simple pain relief. Antiviral treatment may be needed in patients with more severe disease. Guidance on the use of treatments for mpox in Australia is available in the mpox treatment guidelines. […] Vaccines can be given either before or after a person is exposed to the virus, but before exposure is recommended for the best protection. […] People at risk of exposure to mpox are recommended to receive the mpox vaccine.

• #1 Mpox: Information for Health Care Professionals | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/mpox/hcp.htm

  The smallpox vaccine can protect people from getting mpox because the mpox virus is closely related to the virus that causes smallpox. […] The CDC recommends that the vaccine be given within four days from the date of exposure to prevent the onset of disease. […] The majority of people infected with mpox virus have a mild, self-limited course of disease without the use of specific medical countermeasures or treatments. […] People diagnosed with mpox may experience severe pain from mucosal or genital lesions that are not evident during a physical examination. […] Infection prevention and control recommendations for mpox in health care settings are available from the CDC. […] Most people who have mpox recover without needing treatment within two to four weeks. […] While there is no specific treatment for mpox, antiviral medications that have been used to treat smallpox can also be used.

• #1 What you need to know about the latest mpox outbreak

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-latest-mpox-outbreak/2024/09

  If the vaccine is given within four days of exposure, it protects about 85% of the time. […] In addition, there are some antivirals and immunoglobulins that are available to treat mpox. […] Tecovirimat is an antiviral therapy that is available for mpox treatment. […] Antiviral treatment is generally given for patients with severe disease such as infection of the eye, neurologic complications, heart inflammation, mucosal lesions, or uncontrolled viral spread. […] Most patients recover with supportive care and pain control.

• #1 Healthcare Providers – Mpox

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/monkeypox/healthcare-providers/

  To date, there have been more clade II mpox cases reported to the Virginia Department of Health this year than in all of 2023. This serves as a reminder for providers to continue to keep mpox in mind when evaluating patients and recommend JYNNEOS vaccine for people at risk. […] Mpox screening, prevention, and treatment should be incorporated into routine sexual health and HIV services to ensure all patients are screened for mpox, assessed for risk factors, counseled on prevention measures, and evaluated for testing and treatment, if indicated. […] Supportive care for mpox includes pain management, skin and wound care, maintenance of fluid balance, and treatment of co-occurring sexually transmitted infections or bacterial superinfections. […] Tecovirimat or TPOXX is considered as first line treatment of mpox in people who have advanced or poorly controlled HIV or are otherwise immunocompromised, as they may be at high risk for severe disease. It is important to begin tecovirimat as early as possible in such patients. […] Additional treatment details, including other therapeutics (e.g., cidofovir, brincidofovir, and VIGIV) are available on CDCs Clinical Treatment of Mpox webpage.

• #1 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Infection control practices for the care of patients who are pregnant with mpox infection are the same as those for patients who are not pregnant with mpox infection. This includes appropriate isolation of patients with mpox; training for health care personnel on maternity and newborn care units on correct adherence to infection control practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) use and handling. […] Pregnant, recently pregnant, and breastfeeding people should be prioritized for medical treatment if needed. Pregnancy alone is an indication for offering treatment in patients with mpox. Treatment for mpox should be offered to people who are pregnant, recently pregnant, or breastfeeding; however, given the limited data on treatment efficacy, treatment decisions will depend on the stage and severity of illness.

• #1 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Because of the limited data on mpox and pregnancy, the exact risk to the fetus, when vertical transmission is most likely to occur, and what additional fetal surveillance may be needed are unclear. […] In the absence of obstetric indications, preterm or early term delivery is currently not recommended for pregnant patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] The benefits of skin-to-skin contact and rooming-in on breastfeeding and infant physiology are well known; however, given the risk of neonatal transmission of monkeypox virus with close contact and potential for severe disease in newborns, direct contact between a patient in isolation for mpox and their newborn is not advised until the criteria for discontinuing isolation have been met. […] Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for most newborns, and it provides protection against many illnesses. However, given that mpox virus is spread by close contact and neonatal mpox infection may be severe, breastfeeding should be delayed until criteria for discontinuing isolation have been met.

• #1 Chicago Department of Public Health

  https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/cdph/provdrs/infectious_disease/supp_info/mpox-home/mpox-testing-treatment.html

  Mpox on hand If you think you have symptoms that could be mpox (monkeypox), seek advice from your healthcare provider. […] If you dont have a doctor or insurance, contact HIV/STI Resource Hub at 844.482.4040 / hivhub.org or visit FindAHealthCenter.hrsa.gov for free or low-cost care. […] Mpox symptoms usually start several days to 2 weeks after exposure but may not appear for up to 21 days. The virus can spread from the time symptoms start until the rash has fully healed and a fresh layer of skin has formed. This process will vary from person to person but typically takes about 2-4 weeks. […] If you have been tested and diagnosed with mpox, you will be required to isolate at home until all your rash lesions have resolved, the scabs have fallen off, and a fresh layer of skin has formed. This process will vary from person to person but typically takes about 2-4 weeks.

• #1 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  In general, patients in healthcare facilities who have had an MPXV exposure and are asymptomatic do not need to be isolated, but they should be monitored. […] If a rash occurs, patients should: Be placed on empiric isolation precautions for mpox until (1) the rash is evaluated, (2) testing is performed, if indicated, and (3) the results of testing are available and are negative. […] If other symptoms of mpox are present, but there is no rash, patients should: Be placed on empiric isolation precautions for mpox for 5 days after the development of any new symptom, even if this 5-day period extends beyond the original 21-day monitoring period. […] HCP with confirmed mpox infection should be excluded from work until all lesions have crusted, those crusts have separated, and a fresh layer of healthy skin has formed underneath.

• #1 Mpox: Be prepared for the next outbreak

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mpox-be-prepared-for-the-next-outbreak/

  Knowledge can help reduce stigmatization and improve access to care. […] Nurses have a role to play in identifying patients whove been infected, ensuring proper testing, providing care, and advocating to prevent stigmatization. […] Although the recent Mpox outbreak appears to have slowed, nurses should be familiar with its symptoms so they can promptly isolate potentially infected individuals, ensure proper testing, and provide care. […] Nurses and other healthcare providers caring for anyone suspected of having or at risk of Mpox should use appropriate personal protective equipmentincluding N95 masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protectionto prevent contamination of clothing, skin, and mucous membranes. […] Advocate for appropriate care to address painful Mpox lesions. […] Nurses must advocate on behalf of this marginalized population, but ultimately providers decide what to prescribe. […] The Mpox outbreak evolved quickly but has since stabilized, even in the states with the highest number of reported cases.

• #1 Mpox: Information for Health Care Professionals | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/mpox/hcp.htm

  Clinicians must report suspected and confirmed mpox cases immediately by telephone to the patients local or tribal health department. […] Patients must have lesions and symptoms consistent with mpox to be eligible for testing at any laboratory. […] Clinicians should suspect mpox in any patient who presents with a compatible rash-associated illness regardless of the patients travel or social history, sexual orientation, or the presence of risk factors for mpox virus infection. […] Clinicians should advise any patient being tested for mpox to isolate at home until results are returned. […] Patients must have lesions and symptoms consistent with mpox and meet one or more of the following criteria to qualify for fee-exempt testing at WSLH: Patient is uninsured or underinsured (for whom cost would pose a barrier to getting tested).

• #1 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37809174/

  Nurses are at the forefront of enforcing these measures, educating patients, families, and healthcare staff about their significance, and ensuring strict adherence. Therapeutic interventions in monkeypox largely focus on supportive care and symptom management. Nurses occupy a central role in administering antiviral medications, providing wound care for skin lesions, and monitoring patients for potential complications such as secondary bacterial infections. […] Nursing professionals offer compassionate care, address patients’ emotional needs, and facilitate communication between patients and their families. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox entails a multifaceted approach involving differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. Nursing professionals serve as frontline caregivers, pivotal in early diagnosis, effective prevention strategies, and comprehensive patient management.

• #1 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Skin care: Instruct on proper wound care, including keeping lesions clean and covered if necessary. Advise against scratching to avoid secondary infections. […] […] Symptom management: Educate patients on how to manage fever and pain with over-the-counter medications and the importance of staying hydrated. […] […] Vaccination information: Inform patients about the smallpox vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis if they are eligible. Explain the benefits and potential side effects of the vaccine.

• #1 Resources for Providers

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/mpox/provider-resources.html

  Proper hand hygiene after all contact with an infected patient and/or their environment during care. […] Health care providers should report by telephone to their local health departments immediately. […] Health care workers who have cared for an mpox patient should be alert to the development of symptoms that could suggest mpox infection, especially within the 21-day period after the last date of care, and should notify infection control, occupational health, and the health department to be guided about a medical evaluation. […] Many people infected with mpox virus have a mild, self-limiting disease course in the absence of specific therapy. However, the prognosis for mpox depends on multiple factors, such as previous vaccination status, initial health status, concurrent illnesses, and comorbidities among others.

• #2 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Mpox Nursing, Care […] Mpox can spread through: […] Direct contact with mpox sores or scabs (from an animal or person). […] Contact with saliva (spit), respiratory secretions from your nose or mouth (mucus), blood or other bodily fluids (from an animal or person). […] Contact with materials like clothing, bedding and towels used by a person or animal whos infected. […] Vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to the fetus during pregnancy or at birth. […] Specific situations that can spread mpox include: […] Close, intimate contact, like cuddling, kissing or sex. Its possible, though less likely, that you could spread mpox by talking, sneezing or coughing very close to others. […] Skin-to-skin contact. […] Sharing personal items, like towels, bedding or sex toys. […] Bites or scratches from an infected animal.

• #2 Mpox Information (formerly known as Monkeypox) | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/monkeypox/

  Effective communication and precautionary measures between specimen collection teams and laboratory staff are essential to maximizing safety when manipulating specimens suspected to contain mpox virus. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher. […] Mpox can commonly cause severe pain and can affect vulnerable anatomic sites, including the genitals and oropharynx, which can lead to other complications. […] Treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis for children and adolescents with suspected or confirmed mpox who are at risk of severe disease or who develop complications of mpox. Tecovirimat is the first-line medication to treat mpox, including in children and adolescents.

• #2 Mpox: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/mpox-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Mpox requires airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Nurses and other health care workers should have the highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Infectious mpox virus can be resuspended in aerosols when contaminated objects (e.g., bedding, clothing, or PPE) are shaken or moved. […] Strict procedures for donning and doffing PPE upon entry and exit from the patients isolation room must be followed. […] Cleaning protocols must be observed after each doffing for PPE designed to be reused (e.g., PAPRs). […] Tight control of patient transport and health care worker movement through the facility must also be implemented to prevent transmission or contamination of mpox. […] For nurses who work in California, the Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requires that health care facilities implement airborne precautions for mpox cases, including: Placement of patients with suspected or confirmed mpox in a negative pressure room. […] Use of an N95 or more protective respirator, in combination with other required PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection) for any encounter with a patient with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Use of a PAPR for aerosol-generating procedures performed on patients with suspected or confirmed mpox.

• #2 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  Waste management (i.e., handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of soiled PPE, patient dressings, etc.) should be performed in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR parts 171-180.) […] Standard cleaning and disinfection procedures should be performed using an EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant with an emerging viral pathogen claim. […] For patients with suspected or confirmed MPXV infection in a healthcare setting: Those with suspected MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until MPXV infection is ruled out. […] Those with confirmed MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until all lesions have crusted, those crusts have separated, and a fresh layer of healthy skin has formed underneath.

• #2 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551575/

  Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. […] Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission.

• #2 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37809174/

  Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. […] Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission.

• #2 Mpox Information For Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mpox/hcp.html

  Mpox (monkeypox) is caused by an Orthopoxvirus. All suspected cases of orthopox virus must be reported to MDH immediately 24 hours a day, seven days a week. […] Clinical disease may start with a prodrome lasting one to four days prior to rash. Prodrome often includes lymphadenopathy, malaise, headache, myalgia, fever, and fatigue. The rash can be deep-seated, vesicular, or pustular with lesions that are well circumscribed and umbilicate. The evolution of the rash usually progresses through four stages: macular, papular, vesicular, to pustular before scabbing over and resolving. […] Mpox should be suspected in a person with a new unexplained acute rash AND who within 21 days of symptoms has had contact with a person or people with a similar appearing rash or who received a diagnosis of confirmed or probable mpox.

• #2 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Consider consultation with specialists in infectious diseases, dermatology, wound care, gastroenterology, neurology, ophthalmology, urology, critical care, and surgery as appropriate. […] Most cases are mild and self-limited and patients recover generally within 2-4 weeks. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed infection and with mild or uncomplicated disease and who are not at high risk for severe or complicated disease may be isolated at home for the duration of the infectious period, provided that a home assessment determines that infection prevention and control conditions can be met in the home setting. […] Appropriate symptomatic treatment (with attention to pain control) and supportive care are recommended, and are usually sufficient for most patients. […] Pain management is an important part of treatment as pain is common and may be severe (e.g., rectal pain/proctitis, pain from lesions, pain from mucosal lesions not evident on physical exam, pain from lymphadenopathy, headache, muscle aches).

• #2 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Mpox/Supportive-Care-Suggestions.aspx

  In cases of severe pain not improved by NSAIDs and/or topical agents: consider a short course of gabapentin or opiates. […] Skin rash: Avoid scratching lesions and keep lesions clean and dry. […] Patients with pruritis: Consider calamine lotion, petroleum jelly, colloidal oatmeal or cooling lotions (such as camphor or menthol lotion). […] If uncontrolled pruritis despite topical therapy: Consider oral antihistamines (e.g. loratadine). […] General pain management strategies, as discussed above, should be considered for painful lesions to the anorectal or genital regions. […] Warm sitz baths lasting 10 minutes several times a day. Disinfect bath in between uses. […] Stool softeners should be prescribed early. […] If pain is not improving with over-the-counter medications and with topical remedies mentioned above, consider prescription medications (e.g., gabapentin or opioids.)

• #2 Mpox: Treating severe lesions

  https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/severe-lesions

  For large or highly exudative wounds, intact skin at wound edges can be protected from exudates and trauma by applying a protective coating such as white petrolatum, zinc oxide paste, or a silicone film. […] In addition to creating a moist wound healing environment and protecting the borders at the edge of large wounds as above, an adult incontinence pad may be helpful if discharge or exudate is observed between dressing changes. […] Routine use of topical antimicrobial agents, particularly over-the-counter options, is not indicated and may result in irritation, contact dermatitis, or delayed wound healing. […] Consultation with an experienced dermatologist, wound care clinic, infectious disease specialist, plastic or burn surgeon, or other complex wound care specialist should be sought for severe wounds with significant involvement of high-risk anatomic sites (e.g., eyelids/periocular, perioral, ear, genitalia, and perianal).

• #2 Clinical Treatment of Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Decisions on whether and when to use these additional or alternative therapeutics must be made individually for each person and can depend on a variety of clinical and other parameters. […] The role of tecovirimat in treatment of mpox in patients with severe immunocompromise, including advanced HIV, has not been determined and requires additional clinical trials. […] VIGIV can also be considered for prophylactic use to prevent mpox in persons with MPXV exposure who are either severely immunocompromised or have a contraindication to receipt of mpox vaccination. […] Data are not available on the effectiveness of VIGIV in treatment of MPXV infection in humans. […] It is unknown whether a person with severe mpox will benefit from treatment with cidofovir, although its use may be considered in such patients.

• #2 Mpox: Treating severe lesions

  https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/severe-lesions

  It is important to properly care for skin to promote skin healing and minimize scarring. […] Pain management should be considered for both immediate and longer-term pain; NSAIDs may be used for acute pain, but opioids may be needed in more severe cases. […] Treatments that have been used for mpox include the antivirals tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir and vaccinia immune globulin. […] Prescribers should follow best practices in terms of monitoring patients for drug side effects and toxicity.

• #2 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #2 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Effective pain and symptom management are critical components of care for patients with mpox. By administering appropriate medications and continuously monitoring patient comfort, nurses play a vital role in improving patient outcomes and quality of life during the treatment process. […] Effective infection control is crucial in managing mpox and preventing its spread to healthcare workers, other patients, and visitors. This section outlines key strategies for infection prevention, from environmental cleaning to patient and healthcare worker education, to promote safety and containment within healthcare settings. […] Managing pruritus and skin lesions is vital for patient comfort and healing. Regular skin assessments, topical treatments, and patient education help prevent infections and complications.

• #2 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance is essential for mpox recovery. […] Provide counseling, active listening, and emotional reassurance to address the patients mental health concerns, anxiety, and stress related to the diagnosis of mpox. Create a supportive environment where the patient feels comfortable sharing their emotions and concerns. […] Mpox home care focuses on isolation, hygiene, and symptom management. Patients should stay isolated, practice good hand hygiene, disinfect surfaces, and wear masks and cover lesions when around others. Warm baths and saltwater rinses can help soothe sores, while sexual activity should be avoided until fully recovered. […] Educating individuals at high risk (e.g., healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, sex workers) about preventive strategies, including vaccination and reducing exposure. Awareness and preventive actions in high-risk groups can significantly reduce the incidence of mpox during outbreaks.

• #2 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Psychosocial support: Provide emotional support to patients who may be experiencing anxiety or fear due to isolation and visible skin lesions. Involve family members through virtual communication if necessary. […] […] The patient will maintain intact skin, free from secondary infections. […] […] The patient will remain hydrated, as evidenced by stable vital signs and adequate urine output. […] […] The patient will follow infection control protocols to prevent the spread of the virus. […] […] The patient will demonstrate an understanding of home isolation practices and infection prevention measures. […] […] Isolation at home: Teach patients and caregivers the importance of isolation until all lesions have crusted over and fallen off. Educate them on how to clean and disinfect surfaces to prevent transmission. […]

• #2 Mpox: Symptoms, testing, care and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/mpox/symptoms-management.html

  Providing care at home to someone with mpox is crucial to reduce the risk of spreading the virus to others. […] The caregiver should not be someone who is at risk of more severe disease from mpox, including someone who is pregnant, a young child, or immunocompromised. […] If you’re caring for someone with mpox, contact your local public health authority about getting vaccinated against mpox. […] To lower your risk of getting mpox from the person you’re caring for, avoid close physical contact with them, even if you’re fully vaccinated against mpox. […] You should also wear a well-fitting medical mask when you’re with them, clean your hands properly and often, and clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces and objects frequently, especially if the person you’re caring for has had contact with them. […] If you can’t avoid close contact with someone you’re caring for, wear disposable gloves and cover exposed skin with long clothing when in direct contact with lesions.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=acn6764

  Mpox often causes a painful rash along with other symptoms. […] Most people can treat their symptoms at home. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Get rest. And drink plenty of fluids. […] Cover the rash with clothing or bandages. […] Try not to scratch the rash or pop any blisters. […] Take a warm bath or apply calamine lotion or a prescription cream to soothe any itching. […] Wear a mask when around others until your rash and other symptoms are gone. […] Avoid contact with other people until you no longer have symptoms. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your rash gets much worse or starts spreading. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you are not getting better as expected.

• #2 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Washing your hands frequently with soap and water. […] Practicing safe sex, including the use of condoms and dental dams. […] Wearing a mask that covers your mouth and nose when around others. […] Cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces. […] Using personal protective equipment (PPE), like gloves and a mask, when caring for people with mpox. […] Avoiding contact with infected animals or wild animals. […] Thoroughly cooking all foods that contain meat and not eating the meat of wild animals. […] If you have mpox symptoms, you can take care of yourself at home with: […] Over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Medicines like ibuprofen and acetaminophen can help relieve your symptoms. […] Colloidal oatmeal baths. Soaking in a warm bath with colloidal oatmeal products can relieve the dry, itchy feeling that comes with skin rashes.

• #2 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Antiviral therapy is recommended in patients with (or at high risk of) severe disease or protracted or life-threatening sickness, including severely immunocompromised patients, people with atopic dermatitis and other conditions that affect skin integrity, children, and pregnant/breastfeeding women. […] Tecovirimat is generally recommended as the first-line treatment for patients who require antiviral therapy. […] Antiviral therapies should be used with caution in pregnant (or recently pregnant) and breastfeeding women, and only under the guidance of a local public health authority due to limited data in this population.

• #2 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  A multimodal approach including nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies is recommended. […] Despite pain management being a key consideration of management (over half of patients report some degree of pain), there is currently no high-quality evidence to guide clinical decision-making. […] A conservative approach to the management of skin lesions is recommended, with the aim to relieve discomfort, speed healing, and prevent complications. […] Hospital admission may be required for a small proportion of patients with painful or infected skin or mucosal lesions for pain management and/or antibiotic therapy. […] Monitor patients for deterioration of their clinical condition. […] Patients with severe disease, or those who are at increased risk of severe disease, typically require hospitalization, supportive care, and antiviral therapy.

• #2 Healthcare Providers – Mpox

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/monkeypox/healthcare-providers/

  To date, there have been more clade II mpox cases reported to the Virginia Department of Health this year than in all of 2023. This serves as a reminder for providers to continue to keep mpox in mind when evaluating patients and recommend JYNNEOS vaccine for people at risk. […] Mpox screening, prevention, and treatment should be incorporated into routine sexual health and HIV services to ensure all patients are screened for mpox, assessed for risk factors, counseled on prevention measures, and evaluated for testing and treatment, if indicated. […] Supportive care for mpox includes pain management, skin and wound care, maintenance of fluid balance, and treatment of co-occurring sexually transmitted infections or bacterial superinfections. […] Tecovirimat or TPOXX is considered as first line treatment of mpox in people who have advanced or poorly controlled HIV or are otherwise immunocompromised, as they may be at high risk for severe disease. It is important to begin tecovirimat as early as possible in such patients. […] Additional treatment details, including other therapeutics (e.g., cidofovir, brincidofovir, and VIGIV) are available on CDCs Clinical Treatment of Mpox webpage.

• #2 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Infection control practices for the care of patients who are pregnant with mpox infection are the same as those for patients who are not pregnant with mpox infection. This includes appropriate isolation of patients with mpox; training for health care personnel on maternity and newborn care units on correct adherence to infection control practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) use and handling. […] Pregnant, recently pregnant, and breastfeeding people should be prioritized for medical treatment if needed. Pregnancy alone is an indication for offering treatment in patients with mpox. Treatment for mpox should be offered to people who are pregnant, recently pregnant, or breastfeeding; however, given the limited data on treatment efficacy, treatment decisions will depend on the stage and severity of illness.

• #2 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Because of the limited data on mpox and pregnancy, the exact risk to the fetus, when vertical transmission is most likely to occur, and what additional fetal surveillance may be needed are unclear. […] In the absence of obstetric indications, preterm or early term delivery is currently not recommended for pregnant patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] The benefits of skin-to-skin contact and rooming-in on breastfeeding and infant physiology are well known; however, given the risk of neonatal transmission of monkeypox virus with close contact and potential for severe disease in newborns, direct contact between a patient in isolation for mpox and their newborn is not advised until the criteria for discontinuing isolation have been met. […] Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for most newborns, and it provides protection against many illnesses. However, given that mpox virus is spread by close contact and neonatal mpox infection may be severe, breastfeeding should be delayed until criteria for discontinuing isolation have been met.

• #2 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #2 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Nurses play a critical role in identifying monkeypox, managing symptoms, and preventing the spread of infection. Care involves both clinical management and education on isolation practices and hygiene. […] […] Monitor vital signs: Regularly check temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure to identify early signs of complications, such as dehydration or secondary infection. […] […] Assess skin integrity: Monitor the progression of the rash and check for signs of secondary bacterial infections, such as increased redness, warmth, or purulent discharge. […] […] Lymph node evaluation: Palpate lymph nodes to assess for enlargement, which is common in monkeypox. […] […] Fluid balance: Monitor intake and output to assess hydration status, particularly in patients with mouth lesions or significant discomfort. […]

• #2 Advice for people with mpox | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/mpox-advice-for-cases

  For most people with mpox, symptoms can be managed through staying hydrated and taking over-the-counter pain medication. […] Please continue to follow the same advice as when you were tested, and also: Do not have close or intimate contact with others, including all sexual activity. […] Do not share items or utensils, including clothing, bedding, towels, cutlery or crockery, and do your own laundry if you can. […] Limit close contact with household members, such as sleeping in a separate room and using a separate bathroom if possible. […] After clearance by your doctor, you can go back to your normal activities, but you should: use condoms for any sexual activity for 12 weeks after symptoms have gone away. […] not donate blood, cells, human tissue, breast milk, semen or organs for 12 weeks. […] thoroughly clean and disinfect your home. This is particularly important if you had scabs that may have fallen off in the home.

• #2 Mpox: Be prepared for the next outbreak

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mpox-be-prepared-for-the-next-outbreak/

  Knowledge can help reduce stigmatization and improve access to care. […] Nurses have a role to play in identifying patients whove been infected, ensuring proper testing, providing care, and advocating to prevent stigmatization. […] Although the recent Mpox outbreak appears to have slowed, nurses should be familiar with its symptoms so they can promptly isolate potentially infected individuals, ensure proper testing, and provide care. […] Nurses and other healthcare providers caring for anyone suspected of having or at risk of Mpox should use appropriate personal protective equipmentincluding N95 masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protectionto prevent contamination of clothing, skin, and mucous membranes. […] Advocate for appropriate care to address painful Mpox lesions. […] Nurses must advocate on behalf of this marginalized population, but ultimately providers decide what to prescribe. […] The Mpox outbreak evolved quickly but has since stabilized, even in the states with the highest number of reported cases.

• #2 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Skin care: Instruct on proper wound care, including keeping lesions clean and covered if necessary. Advise against scratching to avoid secondary infections. […] […] Symptom management: Educate patients on how to manage fever and pain with over-the-counter medications and the importance of staying hydrated. […] […] Vaccination information: Inform patients about the smallpox vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis if they are eligible. Explain the benefits and potential side effects of the vaccine.

• #2 Resources for Providers

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/mpox/provider-resources.html

  If you encounter a patient with symptoms consistent with Mpox or have had exposure to Mpox, standard precautions should be implemented for all patient care. All health care personnel including administrative staff should be masked as Infection Prevention and Control for COVID-19. […] Patient should be placed in a single-person room. Door kept closed if able to do so safely. Again, do not put the patient in the general waiting area. […] Any health care personnel that encounter a patient suspected of mpox infection should have the following personal protective equipment (PPE): Gown, Gloves, Eye Protection, NIOSH approved N95 filtering facepiece of equivalent, or higher level respirator. […] Pregnant or immune-compromised staff should avoid interacting with suspect patients. […] In addition to isolating infectious patients and use of PPE when caring for patients, other standard precautions can limit the transmission of mpox virus.

• #2 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Management strategies depend on disease severity and focus on the following principles: Infection prevention and control, Symptomatic treatment, Optimized supportive care, Management of skin lesions and wound care, Management of complications, Antiviral therapy. […] Most patients without severe immunocompromise will recover with only supportive care and pain control that is implemented early in the disease course. However, this may not be adequate in some patients (e.g., patients who are severely ill or have other high-risk conditions), and mpox-directed antiviral therapy may be required. […] There is a lack of high-quality evidence-based clinical management guidelines to guide clinical decision-making. Recommendations across guidelines vary, and there are limited recommendations for different risk groups and complications.

• #2 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  Immediately notify infection prevention and control personnel if a patient is suspected to have mpox. […] Place suspected mpox patients in a single-person room. […] Use personal protective equipment when entering the patient’s room. […] Infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare settings are provided in the Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (2007). Recommendations and practices described in this 2007 guideline are intended to be used when providing care for any patient in a healthcare setting, including those with mpox virus (MPXV) infection. […] A patient with suspected or confirmed MPXV infection should be placed in a single-person room; special air handling is not required. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher.

• #2 Clinical Treatment of Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Most mpox patients without severe immunocompromise will recover with supportive care and pain control only. […] Patients who are severely ill from mpox or have high-risk conditions that put them at risk for more severe mpox may benefit from mpox-directed treatment. […] Interim clinical guidance developed by CDC may assist clinicians in managing patients with protracted or life-threatening manifestations of mpox. […] Treatment for these patients involves Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated drugs and biologics that are primarily stockpiled by the U.S. government. […] Tecovirimat is typically the first therapeutic that is considered if patients with mpox require more than supportive care. […] Additional therapeutics can be considered in combination with tecovirimat or as an alternative therapy for treating MPXV infections in certain situations.

• #2 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Mpox/Supportive-Care-Suggestions.aspx

  Consider antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, promethazine) and ensure adequate hydration. […] Trifluridine is a topical antiviral medication that can be used for ocular complications of mpox in consultation with an ophthalmologist. […] Ensure adequate hydration and nutrition. If it is not adequate, evaluate whether therapies for pain/nausea are needed. […] Isolation can be associated with anxiety and depression. First line therapy is to connect the patient with a mental health counselor. Consider telehealth mental health services if available in your area. […] In addition to the above supportive therapies, tecovirimat (TPOXX) antiviral therapy should be considered particularly for patients at high risk for severe disease, for patients with severe disease, or patients with protracted or life-threatening manifestations of mpox.

• #2 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37809174/

  Nurses are at the forefront of enforcing these measures, educating patients, families, and healthcare staff about their significance, and ensuring strict adherence. Therapeutic interventions in monkeypox largely focus on supportive care and symptom management. Nurses occupy a central role in administering antiviral medications, providing wound care for skin lesions, and monitoring patients for potential complications such as secondary bacterial infections. […] Nursing professionals offer compassionate care, address patients’ emotional needs, and facilitate communication between patients and their families. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox entails a multifaceted approach involving differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. Nursing professionals serve as frontline caregivers, pivotal in early diagnosis, effective prevention strategies, and comprehensive patient management.

• #3 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Mpox Nursing, Care […] Mpox can spread through: […] Direct contact with mpox sores or scabs (from an animal or person). […] Contact with saliva (spit), respiratory secretions from your nose or mouth (mucus), blood or other bodily fluids (from an animal or person). […] Contact with materials like clothing, bedding and towels used by a person or animal whos infected. […] Vertical transmission from a pregnant woman to the fetus during pregnancy or at birth. […] Specific situations that can spread mpox include: […] Close, intimate contact, like cuddling, kissing or sex. Its possible, though less likely, that you could spread mpox by talking, sneezing or coughing very close to others. […] Skin-to-skin contact. […] Sharing personal items, like towels, bedding or sex toys. […] Bites or scratches from an infected animal.

• #3 Mpox: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/mpox-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Mpox requires airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Nurses and other health care workers should have the highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Infectious mpox virus can be resuspended in aerosols when contaminated objects (e.g., bedding, clothing, or PPE) are shaken or moved. […] Strict procedures for donning and doffing PPE upon entry and exit from the patients isolation room must be followed. […] Cleaning protocols must be observed after each doffing for PPE designed to be reused (e.g., PAPRs). […] Tight control of patient transport and health care worker movement through the facility must also be implemented to prevent transmission or contamination of mpox. […] For nurses who work in California, the Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requires that health care facilities implement airborne precautions for mpox cases, including: Placement of patients with suspected or confirmed mpox in a negative pressure room. […] Use of an N95 or more protective respirator, in combination with other required PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection) for any encounter with a patient with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Use of a PAPR for aerosol-generating procedures performed on patients with suspected or confirmed mpox.

• #3 Mpox Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/infection-control/healthcare-settings.html

  Waste management (i.e., handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of soiled PPE, patient dressings, etc.) should be performed in accordance with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR parts 171-180.) […] Standard cleaning and disinfection procedures should be performed using an EPA-registered hospital-grade disinfectant with an emerging viral pathogen claim. […] For patients with suspected or confirmed MPXV infection in a healthcare setting: Those with suspected MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until MPXV infection is ruled out. […] Those with confirmed MPXV infection should have recommended isolation precautions for mpox maintained until all lesions have crusted, those crusts have separated, and a fresh layer of healthy skin has formed underneath.

• #3 Mpox Information For Health Professionals – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/mpox/hcp.html

  Mpox (monkeypox) is caused by an Orthopoxvirus. All suspected cases of orthopox virus must be reported to MDH immediately 24 hours a day, seven days a week. […] Clinical disease may start with a prodrome lasting one to four days prior to rash. Prodrome often includes lymphadenopathy, malaise, headache, myalgia, fever, and fatigue. The rash can be deep-seated, vesicular, or pustular with lesions that are well circumscribed and umbilicate. The evolution of the rash usually progresses through four stages: macular, papular, vesicular, to pustular before scabbing over and resolving. […] Mpox should be suspected in a person with a new unexplained acute rash AND who within 21 days of symptoms has had contact with a person or people with a similar appearing rash or who received a diagnosis of confirmed or probable mpox.

• #3 Clinical Treatment of Mpox | Mpox | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Decisions on whether and when to use these additional or alternative therapeutics must be made individually for each person and can depend on a variety of clinical and other parameters. […] The role of tecovirimat in treatment of mpox in patients with severe immunocompromise, including advanced HIV, has not been determined and requires additional clinical trials. […] VIGIV can also be considered for prophylactic use to prevent mpox in persons with MPXV exposure who are either severely immunocompromised or have a contraindication to receipt of mpox vaccination. […] Data are not available on the effectiveness of VIGIV in treatment of MPXV infection in humans. […] It is unknown whether a person with severe mpox will benefit from treatment with cidofovir, although its use may be considered in such patients.

• #3 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #3 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Infection control practices for the care of patients who are pregnant with mpox infection are the same as those for patients who are not pregnant with mpox infection. This includes appropriate isolation of patients with mpox; training for health care personnel on maternity and newborn care units on correct adherence to infection control practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) use and handling. […] Pregnant, recently pregnant, and breastfeeding people should be prioritized for medical treatment if needed. Pregnancy alone is an indication for offering treatment in patients with mpox. Treatment for mpox should be offered to people who are pregnant, recently pregnant, or breastfeeding; however, given the limited data on treatment efficacy, treatment decisions will depend on the stage and severity of illness.

• #3 Mpox Information (formerly known as Monkeypox) | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/monkeypox/

  Effective communication and precautionary measures between specimen collection teams and laboratory staff are essential to maximizing safety when manipulating specimens suspected to contain mpox virus. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher. […] Mpox can commonly cause severe pain and can affect vulnerable anatomic sites, including the genitals and oropharynx, which can lead to other complications. […] Treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis for children and adolescents with suspected or confirmed mpox who are at risk of severe disease or who develop complications of mpox. Tecovirimat is the first-line medication to treat mpox, including in children and adolescents.

• #3 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #3 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Nurses play a critical role in identifying monkeypox, managing symptoms, and preventing the spread of infection. Care involves both clinical management and education on isolation practices and hygiene. […] […] Monitor vital signs: Regularly check temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure to identify early signs of complications, such as dehydration or secondary infection. […] […] Assess skin integrity: Monitor the progression of the rash and check for signs of secondary bacterial infections, such as increased redness, warmth, or purulent discharge. […] […] Lymph node evaluation: Palpate lymph nodes to assess for enlargement, which is common in monkeypox. […] […] Fluid balance: Monitor intake and output to assess hydration status, particularly in patients with mouth lesions or significant discomfort. […]

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?HwId=acn6764

  Mpox often causes a painful rash along with other symptoms. […] Most people can treat their symptoms at home. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. […] Get rest. And drink plenty of fluids. […] Cover the rash with clothing or bandages. […] Try not to scratch the rash or pop any blisters. […] Take a warm bath or apply calamine lotion or a prescription cream to soothe any itching. […] Wear a mask when around others until your rash and other symptoms are gone. […] Avoid contact with other people until you no longer have symptoms. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if your rash gets much worse or starts spreading. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you are not getting better as expected.

• #3 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Psychosocial support: Provide emotional support to patients who may be experiencing anxiety or fear due to isolation and visible skin lesions. Involve family members through virtual communication if necessary. […] […] The patient will maintain intact skin, free from secondary infections. […] […] The patient will remain hydrated, as evidenced by stable vital signs and adequate urine output. […] […] The patient will follow infection control protocols to prevent the spread of the virus. […] […] The patient will demonstrate an understanding of home isolation practices and infection prevention measures. […] […] Isolation at home: Teach patients and caregivers the importance of isolation until all lesions have crusted over and fallen off. Educate them on how to clean and disinfect surfaces to prevent transmission. […]

• #3 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Skin care: Instruct on proper wound care, including keeping lesions clean and covered if necessary. Advise against scratching to avoid secondary infections. […] […] Symptom management: Educate patients on how to manage fever and pain with over-the-counter medications and the importance of staying hydrated. […] […] Vaccination information: Inform patients about the smallpox vaccine for post-exposure prophylaxis if they are eligible. Explain the benefits and potential side effects of the vaccine.

• #3 Mpox: Be prepared for the next outbreak

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/mpox-be-prepared-for-the-next-outbreak/

  Knowledge can help reduce stigmatization and improve access to care. […] Nurses have a role to play in identifying patients whove been infected, ensuring proper testing, providing care, and advocating to prevent stigmatization. […] Although the recent Mpox outbreak appears to have slowed, nurses should be familiar with its symptoms so they can promptly isolate potentially infected individuals, ensure proper testing, and provide care. […] Nurses and other healthcare providers caring for anyone suspected of having or at risk of Mpox should use appropriate personal protective equipmentincluding N95 masks, gloves, gowns, and eye protectionto prevent contamination of clothing, skin, and mucous membranes. […] Advocate for appropriate care to address painful Mpox lesions. […] Nurses must advocate on behalf of this marginalized population, but ultimately providers decide what to prescribe. […] The Mpox outbreak evolved quickly but has since stabilized, even in the states with the highest number of reported cases.

• #3 Mpox – Management Approach | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1611/management-approach

  Consider consultation with specialists in infectious diseases, dermatology, wound care, gastroenterology, neurology, ophthalmology, urology, critical care, and surgery as appropriate. […] Most cases are mild and self-limited and patients recover generally within 2-4 weeks. […] Patients with suspected or confirmed infection and with mild or uncomplicated disease and who are not at high risk for severe or complicated disease may be isolated at home for the duration of the infectious period, provided that a home assessment determines that infection prevention and control conditions can be met in the home setting. […] Appropriate symptomatic treatment (with attention to pain control) and supportive care are recommended, and are usually sufficient for most patients. […] Pain management is an important part of treatment as pain is common and may be severe (e.g., rectal pain/proctitis, pain from lesions, pain from mucosal lesions not evident on physical exam, pain from lymphadenopathy, headache, muscle aches).

• #3 9 Mpox (Monkeypox) Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/mpox-monkeypox-nursing-care-plans/

  Maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance is essential for mpox recovery. […] Provide counseling, active listening, and emotional reassurance to address the patients mental health concerns, anxiety, and stress related to the diagnosis of mpox. Create a supportive environment where the patient feels comfortable sharing their emotions and concerns. […] Mpox home care focuses on isolation, hygiene, and symptom management. Patients should stay isolated, practice good hand hygiene, disinfect surfaces, and wear masks and cover lesions when around others. Warm baths and saltwater rinses can help soothe sores, while sexual activity should be avoided until fully recovered. […] Educating individuals at high risk (e.g., healthcare workers, people with multiple sexual partners, sex workers) about preventive strategies, including vaccination and reducing exposure. Awareness and preventive actions in high-risk groups can significantly reduce the incidence of mpox during outbreaks.

• #4 Obstetric Care Considerations for Mpox | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/physician-faqs/obstetric-care-considerations-mpox

  Mpox is caused by infection with the Monkeypox virus. Mpox symptoms are similar to smallpox symptoms and usually include fever, headache, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, respiratory symptoms, and a rash that can look like pimples or blisters or vesicles that can appear on the face, hands, feet, chest, genitals, or anus, or inside the mouth. The mortality rate of the currently circulating monkeypox virus clade is low with prompt supportive care. To date, there have been very few deaths worldwide. […] Pregnant people can spread the virus to their fetus through the placenta and through close contact with the newborn. […] There are limited data on mpox infection during pregnancy. It is unknown whether pregnant people are more susceptible to mpox virus or whether infection is more severe in pregnancy. Monkeypox virus can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy or to the newborn by close contact during and after birth. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous pregnancy loss and stillbirth, have been reported in cases of confirmed mpox infection during pregnancy. Preterm delivery and neonatal mpox infection have also been reported. The risk factors associated with severe infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes are not known.

• #4 Mpox: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/mpox-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Mpox requires airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Nurses and other health care workers should have the highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Infectious mpox virus can be resuspended in aerosols when contaminated objects (e.g., bedding, clothing, or PPE) are shaken or moved. […] Strict procedures for donning and doffing PPE upon entry and exit from the patients isolation room must be followed. […] Cleaning protocols must be observed after each doffing for PPE designed to be reused (e.g., PAPRs). […] Tight control of patient transport and health care worker movement through the facility must also be implemented to prevent transmission or contamination of mpox. […] For nurses who work in California, the Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requires that health care facilities implement airborne precautions for mpox cases, including: Placement of patients with suspected or confirmed mpox in a negative pressure room. […] Use of an N95 or more protective respirator, in combination with other required PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection) for any encounter with a patient with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Use of a PAPR for aerosol-generating procedures performed on patients with suspected or confirmed mpox.

• #4 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #4 Mpox Information (formerly known as Monkeypox) | ANA

  https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster-preparedness/monkeypox/

  Effective communication and precautionary measures between specimen collection teams and laboratory staff are essential to maximizing safety when manipulating specimens suspected to contain mpox virus. […] PPE used by healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room should include: Gown, Gloves, Eye protection (i.e., goggles or a face shield that covers the front and sides of the face), NIOSH-approved particulate respirator equipped with N95 filters or higher. […] Mpox can commonly cause severe pain and can affect vulnerable anatomic sites, including the genitals and oropharynx, which can lead to other complications. […] Treatment should be considered on a case-by-case basis for children and adolescents with suspected or confirmed mpox who are at risk of severe disease or who develop complications of mpox. Tecovirimat is the first-line medication to treat mpox, including in children and adolescents.

• #4 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #4 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Nurses play a critical role in identifying monkeypox, managing symptoms, and preventing the spread of infection. Care involves both clinical management and education on isolation practices and hygiene. […] […] Monitor vital signs: Regularly check temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure to identify early signs of complications, such as dehydration or secondary infection. […] […] Assess skin integrity: Monitor the progression of the rash and check for signs of secondary bacterial infections, such as increased redness, warmth, or purulent discharge. […] […] Lymph node evaluation: Palpate lymph nodes to assess for enlargement, which is common in monkeypox. […] […] Fluid balance: Monitor intake and output to assess hydration status, particularly in patients with mouth lesions or significant discomfort. […]

• #5 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10551575/

  Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. […] Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission.

• #5 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #5 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #5 Mpox: What nurses need to know | National Nurses United

  https://www.nationalnursesunited.org/mpox-what-nurses-need-to-know

  Mpox requires airborne, contact, and droplet precautions. […] Nurses and other health care workers should have the highest level of personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Infectious mpox virus can be resuspended in aerosols when contaminated objects (e.g., bedding, clothing, or PPE) are shaken or moved. […] Strict procedures for donning and doffing PPE upon entry and exit from the patients isolation room must be followed. […] Cleaning protocols must be observed after each doffing for PPE designed to be reused (e.g., PAPRs). […] Tight control of patient transport and health care worker movement through the facility must also be implemented to prevent transmission or contamination of mpox. […] For nurses who work in California, the Cal/OSHA Aerosol Transmissible Diseases Standard requires that health care facilities implement airborne precautions for mpox cases, including: Placement of patients with suspected or confirmed mpox in a negative pressure room. […] Use of an N95 or more protective respirator, in combination with other required PPE (gown, gloves, eye protection) for any encounter with a patient with suspected or confirmed mpox. […] Use of a PAPR for aerosol-generating procedures performed on patients with suspected or confirmed mpox.

• #6 Enhancing Nursing Care in Monkeypox (Mpox) Patients: Differential Diagnoses, Prevention Measures, and Therapeutic Interventions – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37809174/

  Monkeypox (Mpox), a rare zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, has been gaining attention due to its potential for human-to-human transmission and its clinical resemblance to other poxvirus infections, such as smallpox and chickenpox. Enhancing nursing care for monkeypox patients is imperative to manage and contain its spread effectively. This review analyzes the key aspects of enhancing nursing care in monkeypox patients, focusing on differential diagnoses, prevention measures, and therapeutic interventions. […] Nursing professionals play a pivotal role in eliciting comprehensive patient histories and relaying this information to the medical team for accurate diagnosis. Prevention measures constitute a vital component of nursing care in monkeypox management. Implementing stringent infection prevention and control practices, including isolation protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, and hand hygiene, is imperative to curbing nosocomial transmission.

• #6 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

• #6 Mpox (Monkeypox): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22371-monkeypox

  Eating the meat of an infected animal. […] You might be more likely to get severely ill with mpox if you: […] Have a weakened immune system, especially if its caused by HIV. […] Have a history of eczema. […] Are pregnant. […] Babies younger than 1 year old are also at a higher risk for severe illness. […] Complications caused by mpox can include: […] Bacterial infections, which can lead to sepsis. […] Loss of vision or eye damage from mpox ocular infections. […] Myopericarditis (inflammation around your heart). […] Encephalitis (inflammation in your brain). […] Pneumonia. […] Respiratory distress (extreme difficulty breathing and getting oxygen to your body). […] Severe scarring. […] To diagnose mpox, your healthcare provider will swab two to three sores (lesions). Theyll send the samples to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. They may also do blood tests.

• #7 Monkey Pox: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/monkey-pox/?srsltid=AfmBOopd0AImLphSxnb0nTZHFPocpqsbExuYO6l5bc5puX2Fi-yIkhb8

  Risk for infection related to open skin lesions and viral shedding. […] […] Impaired skin integrity related to the vesicular and pustular rash. […] […] Risk for dehydration related to fever, difficulty swallowing due to oral lesions, and fluid loss through the skin. […] […] Social isolation related to infectious disease precautions and fear of spreading the virus to others. […] […] Infection control measures: Implement airborne and contact precautions, including isolation in a single room, and ensure proper use of PPE to prevent the spread of monkeypox. […] […] Skin care: Clean lesions with gentle antiseptic solutions and cover them with sterile dressings if necessary to reduce the risk of secondary infections. […] […] Hydration support: Encourage oral fluids or administer intravenous fluids if necessary to maintain hydration, especially in patients with significant oral discomfort. […]

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