Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Nose and sinus cancers occur when cancerous cells form in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. […] Early symptoms often mimic those of more common conditions, such as sinus infections and allergies. As a result, these cancers are often misdiagnosed. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, you should see an ENT doctor for imaging as well as a biopsy, if needed. […] You’ll have a full examination of your head and neck, and your doctor will pay particular attention to your nose, mouth and eyes. Your doctor may perform a nasal endoscopy, a non-invasive procedure in which an endoscope is placed up the nose to inspect the nasal passage. […] If there is any suspicion of a tumor or lump inside the nose, then you’ll have a CT scan or MRI to look into the internal structures. If imaging confirms the presence of a mass, you’ll have a biopsy where a pathologist will examine the cells tissue and ultimately determine whether you have cancer.

• #2 What you should know about sinus cancer and nose cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-you-should-know-about-sinus-cancer-and-nose-cancer.h00-158991390.html

  Cancers of the nose and sinuses account for less than 1% of all tumors, but the nose and sinus give rise to a greater variety of tumors than any other site in the body. […] How are these cancers typically diagnosed? Diagnosis requires a biopsy and having the specimen examined by a pathologist. Having an experienced pathologist look at the biopsy is critical. […] In fact, up to 30% of patients who come to MD Anderson for a second opinion have a change in diagnosis after we review the biopsy, so you can see how difficult it is to come to a correct diagnosis. […] Why are nose and sinus cancers typically hard to treat? Coming to the correct diagnosis is the first hurdle. […] Given how rare these tumors are, it’s really important to find an experienced team to treat this condition.

• #3 Tests for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-nasal-sinus-cancer

  You will have tests to check for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. You might not need all of these tests. It will depend on your individual situation. […] Most people start by seeing their GP. They can do some tests to help them decide whether you need a referral to a specialist. Your GP might: do a physical examination, feeling around your face and neck; do blood tests; arrange a chest x-ray. […] Depending on the results of your tests, your GP might refer you to a head and neck specialist. Your specialist usually does more tests. This might include: a nasoendoscopy; a biopsy; a neck ultrasound; a fine needle aspiration; a CT scan; an MRI scan; a PET-CT scan; tests for gene changes. […] A biopsy means removing a sample of tissue and looking at it under a microscope. This is the only certain way to tell whether a growth or an abnormal area is a cancer or not. There are different ways of taking a biopsy from the lining of the nose.

• #4 How is Nasal Cancer and Sinus Cancer Diagnosed? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are usually found because of signs or symptoms a person is having. If cancer is suspected, tests will be done, sometimes by specialists, to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor thinks you might have cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses, you’ll be sent to see an otolaryngologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat; also called an ENT doctor). This doctor will carefully check your nasal passages and the rest of your head and neck. […] A biopsy (a piece of tissue) may be removed during the endoscopy if an abnormal area is seen. […] In a biopsy, a doctor takes out a small piece of tissue (a sample) from the suspicious area to be checked closely in the lab. It’s the only way to know for sure if you have nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. If cancer is found, testing in the lab can also show what kind of cancer it is and how aggressive it is (how fast it will grow and spread). This information is needed to help plan the best treatment.

• #5 Diagnosis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor will refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has spread). Your doctor may also order other tests, including a dental exam, to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A nasal endoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the nose, nasopharynx and throat.

• #6 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354137

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose nasal and paranasal tumors include: […] Nasal endoscopy is a procedure to look inside the nose. It uses a thin tube with a light and camera. The tube is inserted into your nose. The camera sends pictures to a computer for your healthcare team to look at. These pictures help your team look for any signs of a tumor. […] A biopsy is a procedure to collect a sample of tissue for testing. For nasal and paranasal tumors, the procedure involves taking a sample of cells from inside the nose or sinuses. Often a healthcare professional gets the sample during a nasal endoscopy. Special tools can go through the tube to take the cells. Another type of biopsy uses a thin needle that’s inserted directly into the suspicious area to collect a sample of cells. The samples are sent to a lab to be tested. In the lab, tests can show whether the cells are cancerous.

• #7 Diagnosing Sinonasal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/sinonasal-cancer/diagnosis

  Nasal endoscopy allows doctors to examine the nasal and paranasal cavities. During the procedure, the doctor inserts a nasal endoscope a thin, lighted tube with a lens at the tip that transmits images to a monitor through the nose to look for tumors. […] If your doctor identifies a suspicious growth during a nasal endoscopy, he or she may perform a biopsy sometimes on the same day. A biopsy can often be performed in the doctor’s office. […] After you have received a diagnosis, your NYU Langone doctor may use CT scans and MRI scans to determine the extent of the tumor and whether sinonasal cancer has spread.

• #8 Nasal and Sinus Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose nasal and sinus cancer include: Physical exam and history, Physical exam of the nose, face and neck, X-rays of the head and neck, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Biopsy, nasoscopy or laryngoscopy. […] Clinical evaluation by a head and neck surgeon is required to accurately outline the stage of cancer. This includes a fiberoptic endoscopy in the office to assess the location and extent of tumor within the nose and sinuses. […] A biopsy is necessary to confirm the tissue diagnosis. Often this can be performed in the office. However, sometimes a trip to the operating room may be necessary with the procedure performed under anesthesia. […] Imaging studies, including a CT scan, MRI and a PET-CT scan, may be ordered to fully determine the anatomic extent of cancer at the primary site, and lymph nodes as well as to rule out any spread beyond the head and neck region into the lungs or bones.

• #9 Sinus Cancer Detection & Diagnosis | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/head-neck-institute/cancer/sinus/detection-diagnosis

  Diagnosis begins with a thorough office examination. Your doctor may choose to examine your sinonasal tract and nasopharynx using an endoscope — a long, thin tube with a light and camera that takes pictures of internal structures. These pictures are displayed on a computer monitor for analysis and diagnosis. […] Ultimately, your doctor will need to take a tissue sample (biopsy) to confirm diagnosis. After numbing the area that will be biopsied, the surgeon will remove a small piece of tissue. He or she will send the sample to a pathologist for examination under a microscope for identification. This information is essential to determine the best treatment plan.

• #10 How is Nasal Cancer and Sinus Cancer Diagnosed? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are usually found because of signs or symptoms a person is having. If cancer is suspected, tests will be done, sometimes by specialists, to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor thinks you might have cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses, you’ll be sent to see an otolaryngologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat; also called an ENT doctor). This doctor will carefully check your nasal passages and the rest of your head and neck. […] A biopsy (a piece of tissue) may be removed during the endoscopy if an abnormal area is seen. […] In a biopsy, a doctor takes out a small piece of tissue (a sample) from the suspicious area to be checked closely in the lab. It’s the only way to know for sure if you have nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. If cancer is found, testing in the lab can also show what kind of cancer it is and how aggressive it is (how fast it will grow and spread). This information is needed to help plan the best treatment.

• #11 Tests for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-nasal-sinus-cancer

  You will have tests to check for nasal and paranasal sinus cancer. You might not need all of these tests. It will depend on your individual situation. […] Most people start by seeing their GP. They can do some tests to help them decide whether you need a referral to a specialist. Your GP might: do a physical examination, feeling around your face and neck; do blood tests; arrange a chest x-ray. […] Depending on the results of your tests, your GP might refer you to a head and neck specialist. Your specialist usually does more tests. This might include: a nasoendoscopy; a biopsy; a neck ultrasound; a fine needle aspiration; a CT scan; an MRI scan; a PET-CT scan; tests for gene changes. […] A biopsy means removing a sample of tissue and looking at it under a microscope. This is the only certain way to tell whether a growth or an abnormal area is a cancer or not. There are different ways of taking a biopsy from the lining of the nose.

• #12 How is Nasal Cancer and Sinus Cancer Diagnosed? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Often, biopsies are done in the doctors office or clinic. Drugs are used to numb the area. If the tumor is in a place that is hard to get to or may bleed a lot, the biopsy will be done in an operating room. Many types of biopsies can be used to diagnose nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer and are described below. […] Biopsy samples (from endoscopy or surgery) are sent to a lab where they are looked at closely. If cancer is found, more lab tests may be done on the biopsy samples to help better classify the cancer and possibly find specific treatment options.

• #13 Sinus Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/sinus-cancer

  Some evaluations designed for diagnosing sinus cancer include: Biopsy, including incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, fine-needle aspiration (FNA), endoscopic biopsy or open biopsy, A physical exam with an endoscope (endoscopy), Imaging tests, such as a computed tomography scan (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan or X-ray.

• #14 How is Nasal Cancer and Sinus Cancer Diagnosed? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Often, biopsies are done in the doctors office or clinic. Drugs are used to numb the area. If the tumor is in a place that is hard to get to or may bleed a lot, the biopsy will be done in an operating room. Many types of biopsies can be used to diagnose nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer and are described below. […] Biopsy samples (from endoscopy or surgery) are sent to a lab where they are looked at closely. If cancer is found, more lab tests may be done on the biopsy samples to help better classify the cancer and possibly find specific treatment options.

• #15 How is Nasal Cancer and Sinus Cancer Diagnosed? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are usually found because of signs or symptoms a person is having. If cancer is suspected, tests will be done, sometimes by specialists, to confirm the diagnosis. […] If your doctor thinks you might have cancer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses, you’ll be sent to see an otolaryngologist (a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat; also called an ENT doctor). This doctor will carefully check your nasal passages and the rest of your head and neck. […] A biopsy (a piece of tissue) may be removed during the endoscopy if an abnormal area is seen. […] In a biopsy, a doctor takes out a small piece of tissue (a sample) from the suspicious area to be checked closely in the lab. It’s the only way to know for sure if you have nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. If cancer is found, testing in the lab can also show what kind of cancer it is and how aggressive it is (how fast it will grow and spread). This information is needed to help plan the best treatment.

• #16 What are the Stages of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with a nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. Doctors also use a cancer’s stage when talking about survival statistics. […] The staging system most often used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: […] Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are typically given a clinical stage based on the results of any exams, biopsies, and imaging tests that might have been done. If surgery has been done, the pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage) can be determined.

• #17 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Reaching the correct diagnosis is critically important to choosing the right treatment. But because nose and sinus cancers are so rare, the average pathologist may only see a handful of cases in their lifetime, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis. […] In a study of 400 sinus cancer patients who came to MD Anderson with a diagnosis already, 25% were given a different diagnosis after MD Anderson pathologists examined their biopsy slides. […] The study also revealed that patients who did not have their diagnosis revised had higher curability and survival rates. […] In other words, getting the diagnosis right from the beginning saves lives, says Hanna.

• #18 Diagnosis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Doctors can also use a CT scan to see if the tumour has grown into the bones around the paranasal sinuses or the base of the skull. A CT scan can also find cancer that has spread to the lungs or lymph nodes. […] An MRI is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. An MRI can show if the tumour has grown into other structures around the sinuses, the base of the skull, nearby nerves and blood vessels, the eye, the brain or the coverings of the brain. It can also find cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. […] A PET scan may be used to look for cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.

• #19 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Paranasal sinus cancer is cancer originating in the paranasal sinuses, usually occurring in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. […] Doctors do imaging studies (typically computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) to locate the tumor and describe its extent. To confirm the cancer, a doctor will do a biopsy by removing some tissue and examining it under a microscope. Doctors use a flexible viewing tube called an endoscope to see, biopsy, and sometimes remove a tumor.

• #20 Diagnosis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Doctors can also use a CT scan to see if the tumour has grown into the bones around the paranasal sinuses or the base of the skull. A CT scan can also find cancer that has spread to the lungs or lymph nodes. […] An MRI is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. An MRI can show if the tumour has grown into other structures around the sinuses, the base of the skull, nearby nerves and blood vessels, the eye, the brain or the coverings of the brain. It can also find cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. […] A PET scan may be used to look for cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.

• #21 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-workup

  As with other head and neck cancers, additional tests are usually obtained to evaluate for distant organ disease (eg, liver enzymes) or pulmonary metastasis (eg, chest radiographs, computed tomography [CT] scans). […] In the case of a nasal cavity or paranasal sinus mass or erosion, an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) test for possible granulomatosis with polyangiitis should be considered. […] Imaging studies depend on the differential diagnosis. Plain radiography, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) all provide information. […] MRI is vital in the establishing the presence or absence of factors that determine resectability, such as orbital invasion, perineural spread, skull base invasion, intracranial extension, and invasion of the masticator and parapharyngeal spaces by tumor.

• #22 Diagnosis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Doctors can also use a CT scan to see if the tumour has grown into the bones around the paranasal sinuses or the base of the skull. A CT scan can also find cancer that has spread to the lungs or lymph nodes. […] An MRI is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. An MRI can show if the tumour has grown into other structures around the sinuses, the base of the skull, nearby nerves and blood vessels, the eye, the brain or the coverings of the brain. It can also find cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. […] A PET scan may be used to look for cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.

• #23 Nasal and Sinus Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose nasal and sinus cancer include: Physical exam and history, Physical exam of the nose, face and neck, X-rays of the head and neck, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Biopsy, nasoscopy or laryngoscopy. […] Clinical evaluation by a head and neck surgeon is required to accurately outline the stage of cancer. This includes a fiberoptic endoscopy in the office to assess the location and extent of tumor within the nose and sinuses. […] A biopsy is necessary to confirm the tissue diagnosis. Often this can be performed in the office. However, sometimes a trip to the operating room may be necessary with the procedure performed under anesthesia. […] Imaging studies, including a CT scan, MRI and a PET-CT scan, may be ordered to fully determine the anatomic extent of cancer at the primary site, and lymph nodes as well as to rule out any spread beyond the head and neck region into the lungs or bones.

• #24 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-workup

  The authors opinion is that both CT scanning and MRI should be performed prior to surgical intervention to help assist in preliminary staging, surgical planning, and defining respectability in close consultation with the neuroradiologist. […] Biopsy is the only 100% accurate means of obtaining a tissue diagnosis. […] A biopsy should be performed on highly suspicious vascular tumors in the OR under controlled conditions where bleeding can be more safely controlled. […] Staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinomas is not as well established as for other head and neck tumors. […] The Kadish staging system is used specifically for esthesioneuroblastoma because this malignancy often involves the skull base and intracranial extension. […] For cancer of the maxillary sinus, the nasal cavity, and the ethmoid sinus, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM classification.

• #25 Nasal and Sinus Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  You may also require an evaluation by a neurosurgeon (if the tumor extends into the cranial cavity) or an oculoplastic surgeon (if tumor extends into the eye cavity) for purposes of surgical planning. […] For patients with tumor of the maxillary sinus that requires removal of portions of the hard palate, an evaluation by a prosthodontist for creating a dental and palatal obturator (an appliance that fits in the mouth to restore a defect) and a reconstructive surgeon (for consideration of repairing the defect with plastic surgery) may be necessary.

• #26 Diagnosis of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. Doctors can also use a CT scan to see if the tumour has grown into the bones around the paranasal sinuses or the base of the skull. A CT scan can also find cancer that has spread to the lungs or lymph nodes. […] An MRI is used to find a tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. An MRI can show if the tumour has grown into other structures around the sinuses, the base of the skull, nearby nerves and blood vessels, the eye, the brain or the coverings of the brain. It can also find cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. […] A PET scan may be used to look for cancer that has spread to other areas of the body.

• #27 What are the Stages of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with a nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. Doctors also use a cancer’s stage when talking about survival statistics. […] The staging system most often used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: […] Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are typically given a clinical stage based on the results of any exams, biopsies, and imaging tests that might have been done. If surgery has been done, the pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage) can be determined.

• #28 What are the Stages of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with a nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. Doctors also use a cancer’s stage when talking about survival statistics. […] The staging system most often used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: […] Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are typically given a clinical stage based on the results of any exams, biopsies, and imaging tests that might have been done. If surgery has been done, the pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage) can be determined.

• #29 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Cancer

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/nasal-paranasal-tumors/

  In order to make a definitive diagnosis, a tissue sample must be taken and examined under a microscope by a neuropathologist (biopsy). If cancer is found, the neuropathologist who examines the tissue sample will be able to discern the type and aggressiveness of the cancer. This information helps the patients medical team devise the best treatment. […] Part of the diagnosis process is staging. This indicates how advanced and aggressive the cancer is, and it helps your medical team come up with the best treatment plan for you. Cancer stages go from 1 to 4, with 1 being the earliest stage and 4 being the most advanced. In stage 1, the tumor is contained in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus and has not spread. In stage 2, the tumor has spread regionally, and in stage 3, the tumor has spread to the bone or eye socket and possibly the lymph nodes. In the final stage, the tumor has spread further and may have a larger presence in the lymph nodes of the neck.

• #30 What are the Stages of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  After someone is diagnosed with a nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread, and if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much cancer is in the body. It helps determine how serious the cancer is and how best to treat it. Doctors also use a cancer’s stage when talking about survival statistics. […] The staging system most often used for nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system, which is based on 3 key pieces of information: […] Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are typically given a clinical stage based on the results of any exams, biopsies, and imaging tests that might have been done. If surgery has been done, the pathologic stage (also called the surgical stage) can be determined.

• #31 Paranasal Sinus & Nasal Cavity Cancer | Huntsman Cancer Institute | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/huntsmancancerinstitute/head-neck-cancer/paranasal-sinus-nasal-cavity-cancer

  Staging is the process that shows whether cancer has spread within or around the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body. […] These are the stages used for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer: […] Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ): Abnormal cells are in the innermost lining of the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, or ethmoid sinus. […] Stage 1: Cancer has formed in only one area of the mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, or ethmoid sinus. […] Stage 2: Cancer has spread to bone around the maxillary sinus (roof of the mouth and the nose) but not to the back of the maxillary sinus or the base of the skull, or the cancer is in two areas of the nasal cavity or ethmoid sinus. […] Stage 3: Cancer has spread to any of these areas: base of skull, eye socket, tissues under the skin, or ethmoid sinuses; or the cancer has spread to one lymph node smaller than 3 centimeters. […] Stage 4 (4A, 4B, and 4C): Cancer has spread to other parts of the body or more than one lymph node. […] When cancer spreads from where it started to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. These metastatic cancer cells are the same type of cancer as the primary tumor.

• #32 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] After paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity or to other parts of the body. […] There is no standard staging system for cancer of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses. […] After surgery, the stage of the cancer may change and more treatment may be needed. […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer can recur (come back) after it has been treated. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

• #33 Nasal Cavity and Sinus Cancers | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/nasal-cavity-and-sinus

  Nasal cavity and sinus cancers are diseases in which cells in and around the nose grow and multiply abnormally, forming a tumor. You may have symptoms such as nasal congestion or headaches. Your doctor may discover the tumor during treatment for a sinus infection. […] Learning as much as you can about your diagnosis can help you feel better prepared to speak with your doctor about your possible treatment options and care. If you or a loved one have been told that you have nasal cavity or sinus cancer, here is some information to help get you started. […] A biopsy is the first step in the diagnosis of nasal cavity or sinus cancer. During a biopsy, a small amount of the tumor is removed. A pathologist then examines the sample to determine what type of tumor you have. […] Special X-rays, such as CT scans, MRIs, or PET/CT scans, may provide more details about how deep the cancer is and if it has spread. […] The information from your biopsy and imaging scans allows your doctor to tell you the stage of the cancer. The stage measures how widespread or advanced the cancer is. It guides the recommendations for your treatment.

• #34 What are the Stages of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer staging can be complex. If you have questions about the stage of your cancer and what it might mean for you, ask your doctor to explain it to you in a way you understand. […] The following additional categories are not listed in the table above: TX: Main tumor cannot be assessed due to lack of information. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed due to lack of information.

• #35 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Reaching the correct diagnosis is critically important to choosing the right treatment. But because nose and sinus cancers are so rare, the average pathologist may only see a handful of cases in their lifetime, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis. […] In a study of 400 sinus cancer patients who came to MD Anderson with a diagnosis already, 25% were given a different diagnosis after MD Anderson pathologists examined their biopsy slides. […] The study also revealed that patients who did not have their diagnosis revised had higher curability and survival rates. […] In other words, getting the diagnosis right from the beginning saves lives, says Hanna.

• #36 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Nose and sinus cancers occur when cancerous cells form in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. […] Early symptoms often mimic those of more common conditions, such as sinus infections and allergies. As a result, these cancers are often misdiagnosed. […] If you experience any of these symptoms, you should see an ENT doctor for imaging as well as a biopsy, if needed. […] You’ll have a full examination of your head and neck, and your doctor will pay particular attention to your nose, mouth and eyes. Your doctor may perform a nasal endoscopy, a non-invasive procedure in which an endoscope is placed up the nose to inspect the nasal passage. […] If there is any suspicion of a tumor or lump inside the nose, then you’ll have a CT scan or MRI to look into the internal structures. If imaging confirms the presence of a mass, you’ll have a biopsy where a pathologist will examine the cells tissue and ultimately determine whether you have cancer.

• #37 What you should know about sinus cancer and nose cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-you-should-know-about-sinus-cancer-and-nose-cancer.h00-158991390.html

  Cancers of the nose and sinuses account for less than 1% of all tumors, but the nose and sinus give rise to a greater variety of tumors than any other site in the body. […] How are these cancers typically diagnosed? Diagnosis requires a biopsy and having the specimen examined by a pathologist. Having an experienced pathologist look at the biopsy is critical. […] In fact, up to 30% of patients who come to MD Anderson for a second opinion have a change in diagnosis after we review the biopsy, so you can see how difficult it is to come to a correct diagnosis. […] Why are nose and sinus cancers typically hard to treat? Coming to the correct diagnosis is the first hurdle. […] Given how rare these tumors are, it’s really important to find an experienced team to treat this condition.

• #38 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Reaching the correct diagnosis is critically important to choosing the right treatment. But because nose and sinus cancers are so rare, the average pathologist may only see a handful of cases in their lifetime, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis. […] In a study of 400 sinus cancer patients who came to MD Anderson with a diagnosis already, 25% were given a different diagnosis after MD Anderson pathologists examined their biopsy slides. […] The study also revealed that patients who did not have their diagnosis revised had higher curability and survival rates. […] In other words, getting the diagnosis right from the beginning saves lives, says Hanna.

• #39 Malignant Tumors of the Sinuses Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Diagnostic Procedures

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/847189-workup

  The authors opinion is that both CT scanning and MRI should be performed prior to surgical intervention to help assist in preliminary staging, surgical planning, and defining respectability in close consultation with the neuroradiologist. […] Biopsy is the only 100% accurate means of obtaining a tissue diagnosis. […] A biopsy should be performed on highly suspicious vascular tumors in the OR under controlled conditions where bleeding can be more safely controlled. […] Staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinomas is not as well established as for other head and neck tumors. […] The Kadish staging system is used specifically for esthesioneuroblastoma because this malignancy often involves the skull base and intracranial extension. […] For cancer of the maxillary sinus, the nasal cavity, and the ethmoid sinus, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM classification.

• #40 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Reaching the correct diagnosis is critically important to choosing the right treatment. But because nose and sinus cancers are so rare, the average pathologist may only see a handful of cases in their lifetime, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis. […] In a study of 400 sinus cancer patients who came to MD Anderson with a diagnosis already, 25% were given a different diagnosis after MD Anderson pathologists examined their biopsy slides. […] The study also revealed that patients who did not have their diagnosis revised had higher curability and survival rates. […] In other words, getting the diagnosis right from the beginning saves lives, says Hanna.

• #41 How Fast Does Nasal Cancer Grow?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/how-fast-does-nasal-cancer-grow

  Nasal cancer is rare, but it can be aggressive. Early diagnosis and treatment can often help keep it from spreading. […] Doctors will not usually be able to detect nasal cancer until there have been noticeable symptoms. Diagnosing nasal cancer usually starts with a physical examination of your head and neck. Your doctor will look and feel for any lumps, masses, or signs of suspicious tissue in your nose, sinuses, ears, and mouth. […] The most accurate diagnostic tool is a biopsy of tissue that may be cancerous. Your doctor will remove a small amount of tissue that they will send to a lab to determine if it is cancerous and to identify the cancer type. […] As with any cancer, the faster the diagnosis and treatment of nasal cancer, the better your outlook. The American Cancer Society reports that even though there is currently an overall relative 5-year survival rate of 59% for all stages of nasal cancer, the 5-year relative survival rate for nasal cancer localized to just the nasal cavity is 86%.

• #42 Sinus Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment, Prognosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/sinus-cancer-5197527

  If your doctor suspects sinus cancer, he or she will perform an endoscopy to access whether or not there are cancerous growths in your nasal and paranasal passageways. […] If your healthcare provider suspects sinus cancer, they will refer you to an otolaryngologist, a doctor who specializes in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. More commonly referred to as ENTs, these specialists will perform an endoscopy, a procedure using a thin tube with a tiny light and a video camera on the end called an endoscope to look at the nose and nasal passages. […] The sooner you get a diagnosis and start treatment, the better your chances of beating the cancer are likely to be. […] Early detection and treatment increases the likelihood of complete removal of the tumor and decreases the chances of the cancer returning.

• #43 Nose and sinus tumours: red flags and referral | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/68/670/247

  Sinonasal tumours are rare, accounting for 3% of all head and neck malignancies and 1% of all malignancies. In addition to rarity, they present with nonspecific and often seemingly benign symptoms, which makes them difficult to diagnose early. Awareness of sinonasal tumours as an entity and familiarity with the key and often misinterpreted symptoms is essential for early diagnosis. […] There are key indicators that should act as triggers for early referral. In general, unilateral nasal symptoms (for example, unilateral nasal obstruction), especially if the symptoms are grouped (for example, unilateral nasal obstruction, unilateral blood-stained discharge, and unilateral pain or orbital symptoms), should be seen as red flags. […] A high level of clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis, and therefore when unsure a referral of a patient with sinonasal symptoms may be the safest option.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-024-01566-x

  The purpose of this review is to analyze the diagnosis and treatments of the sinonasal malignant tumors throw systematic reviewed literature. […] The diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal cancers require a interdisciplinary approach and multimodality treatment.

• #45 Nasal and Sinus Cancer Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/head-and-neck-cancers/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/causes-and-diagnoses

  You may also require an evaluation by a neurosurgeon (if the tumor extends into the cranial cavity) or an oculoplastic surgeon (if tumor extends into the eye cavity) for purposes of surgical planning. […] For patients with tumor of the maxillary sinus that requires removal of portions of the hard palate, an evaluation by a prosthodontist for creating a dental and palatal obturator (an appliance that fits in the mouth to restore a defect) and a reconstructive surgeon (for consideration of repairing the defect with plastic surgery) may be necessary.

• #46 Nasal and Sinus Cancers – Barrow Neurological Institutephone iconphone iconGroup 9Group 49Group 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/nasal-and-sinus-cancer/

  This treatment uses high-energy beams to target and kill cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy involves using special medicines to fight cancer. […] These newer types of treatments work by targeting specific parts of cancer cells or boosting your body’s immune system to help fight the cancer. […] Often, a combination of these treatments is the best approach. […] The prognosis, or outlook, for someone with nasal or sinus cancer varies greatly depending on several critical factors, including the type of cancer, its stage (how advanced it is), the location, whether it has spread, and your overall health. […] The best source of information about your prognosis is your medical team. […] Nasal and sinus cancer is quite rare. […] Given their rarity, awareness and early detection can be challenging but are crucial for improving outcomes.

• #47 Nose and Sinus Cancers | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/treatments/cancer/nose-and-sinus-cancers

  Because of the complexity of these procedures, various specialty surgeons may be involved, including head and neck surgeons, sinus specialists, neurosurgeons, and oculoplastic surgeons. […] Used to destroy cancer cells, shrink tumors, and reduce the risk of recurrence, radiation therapy may be recommended before or after surgery. […] Chemotherapy can be offered alone or before surgery to shrink the tumor or to determine how the tumor responds to chemotherapy, since not all tumors are affected by it. […] Immunotherapy uses your bodys own immune system to fight cancer cells. […] Determining the exact type of nose or sinus tumor is critical to creating a treatment plan that gives you the best chance of success. […] Our skull base tumor patient navigators guide you through your treatment step-by-step. […] Nasal and paranasal tumors affect more than just the nose and sinuses. […] Research shows that hospitals and surgeons who perform more surgeries tend to have better outcomes.

• #48 Paranasal sinus cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523040/

  Paranasal sinus cancers are rare, aggressive tumours that are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. […] The diagnosis should be suspected in the presence of unilateral and continuous nasal sinus symptoms or bone lysis or a heterogeneous opacity on imaging. […] The definitive positive diagnosis is based on histological examination. […] Staging must comprise face, brain, neck and chest CT as well as face and brain MRI. […] These tumours must be managed in reference centres experienced in all of the various treatment modalities. […] Treatment decisions must be based on a multidisciplinary approach comprising local, regional and national REFCOR expertise (French rare head and neck cancer network).

• #49 Nose and sinus tumours: red flags and referral | British Journal of General Practice

  https://bjgp.org/content/68/670/247

  If the clinical presentations discussed in this article are kept in mind, this rare and difficult diagnosis may be more easily spotted at an earlier stage, with resulting improved patient outcomes. In particular we recommend that recent-onset unilateral nasal symptoms be considered as potentially important.

• #50 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  These tests may be used to help diagnose nasal and sinus cancer or to check whether it has spread. […] The results of your tests help your doctors find out more about the size and position of the cancer and whether it has spread. This is called staging. […] Knowing the stage and grade of the cancer helps your doctors plan the best treatment for you. […] Treatment for nasal and sinus cancers include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Sometimes immunotherapies may be used. […] Your treatment will depend on: the position of the cancer, the stage and grade of the cancer, type of cell the cancer started in, your general health. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for nasal and sinus cancer. If the area is small and has not spread, the surgeon may be able to remove just the tumour and a small margin around it.

• #51 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  If tests show that surgery may not be able to remove all the cancer, you may have radiotherapy as the main treatment for nasal sinus cancer. […] Chemotherapy may be used if a nasal and sinus cancer has spread or come back after previous treatment. […] Immunotherapies are treatments that use the immune system to find and attack cancer cells. An immunotherapy drug may be used to treat some nasal and sinus cancers in certain situations.

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