Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and the Role of Human Papilloma Virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7314379/

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is a rare disease with considerable histologic diversity. Currently, there is a poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of SNSCC. […] High risk HPV appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of SNSCCs. […] While not definitively proven, evidence supports a role for high-risk HPV in a subset of SNSCC, and low-risk HPV in a subset of inverted papillomas which transform to SNSCC. […] The role of HPV in SNSCC is not established; however, emerging epidemiologic and molecular literature supports a potential role for HPV in a subset of SNSCC. […] The genomic landscape of SNSCC is poorly defined. […] Unlike the remainder of mucosal HNSCCs (oral, oropharynx, larynx), in which the genomic landscape is well described, in large part, through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the pathogenesis and genomic underpinnings of SNSCC remains poorly defined.

• #1 Nasal and paranasal tumors – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasal-paranasal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20354136

  Nasal and paranasal tumors happen when cells in the nasal cavity or chambers around the nose develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions also tell the cells to die at a set time. In tumor cells, the changes give different instructions. The changes tell the tumor cells to make many more cells quickly. Tumor cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Sometimes the changes in the DNA turn the cells into cancer cells. Cancer cells can invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer.

• #2 Tumors of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Promoting Factors and Molecular Mechanisms-A Systematic Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36768990/

  Sinonasal neoplasms are uncommon diseases, characterized by heterogeneous biological behavior, which frequently results in challenges in differential diagnosis and treatment choice. […] The aim of this review was to examine the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumor initiation and growth, in order to better define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as the prognostic impact of these rare neoplasms. […] The genetic and epigenetic changes underlying the oncogenic process were discussed, through a qualitative synthesis of the included studies. […] The identification of a comprehensive model of carcinogenesis for each sinonasal cancer subtype is needed, in order to pave the way toward tailored treatment approaches and improve survival for this rare and challenging group of cancers.

• #2 What Causes Nasal Cancer? | What Causes Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. But we do know some of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. For example, some risk factors, such as workplace exposure to certain chemicals, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the nose and sinuses. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as workplace exposures to certain chemicals and tobacco use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

• #3 Tumors of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Promoting Factors and Molecular Mechanisms-A Systematic Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36768990/

  Sinonasal neoplasms are uncommon diseases, characterized by heterogeneous biological behavior, which frequently results in challenges in differential diagnosis and treatment choice. […] The aim of this review was to examine the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumor initiation and growth, in order to better define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as the prognostic impact of these rare neoplasms. […] The genetic and epigenetic changes underlying the oncogenic process were discussed, through a qualitative synthesis of the included studies. […] The identification of a comprehensive model of carcinogenesis for each sinonasal cancer subtype is needed, in order to pave the way toward tailored treatment approaches and improve survival for this rare and challenging group of cancers.

• #3 What Causes Nasal Cancer? | What Causes Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  We dont know what causes each case of nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. But we do know some of the risk factors for these cancers and how some of them cause normal cells to become cancer. For example, some risk factors, such as workplace exposure to certain chemicals, may cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of cells that line the inside of the nose and sinuses. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA changes that turn on proto-oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer. […] Scientists believe that some risk factors, such as workplace exposures to certain chemicals and tobacco use, cause these cancers by damaging the DNA of the cells that line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

• #4 What Causes Nasal Cancer? | What Causes Paranasal Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Gene changes related to these cancers usually develop during life rather than being inherited. These acquired mutations are often the result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals like those found in the workplace or in tobacco smoke. Acquired mutations probably cause most nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers, but sometimes they happen for no apparent reason.

• #5 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and the Role of Human Papilloma Virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7314379/

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is a rare disease with considerable histologic diversity. Currently, there is a poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of SNSCC. […] High risk HPV appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of SNSCCs. […] While not definitively proven, evidence supports a role for high-risk HPV in a subset of SNSCC, and low-risk HPV in a subset of inverted papillomas which transform to SNSCC. […] The role of HPV in SNSCC is not established; however, emerging epidemiologic and molecular literature supports a potential role for HPV in a subset of SNSCC. […] The genomic landscape of SNSCC is poorly defined. […] Unlike the remainder of mucosal HNSCCs (oral, oropharynx, larynx), in which the genomic landscape is well described, in large part, through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the pathogenesis and genomic underpinnings of SNSCC remains poorly defined.

• #6 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and the Role of Human Papilloma Virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7314379/

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is a rare disease with considerable histologic diversity. Currently, there is a poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of SNSCC. […] High risk HPV appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of a subset of SNSCCs. […] While not definitively proven, evidence supports a role for high-risk HPV in a subset of SNSCC, and low-risk HPV in a subset of inverted papillomas which transform to SNSCC. […] The role of HPV in SNSCC is not established; however, emerging epidemiologic and molecular literature supports a potential role for HPV in a subset of SNSCC. […] The genomic landscape of SNSCC is poorly defined. […] Unlike the remainder of mucosal HNSCCs (oral, oropharynx, larynx), in which the genomic landscape is well described, in large part, through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the pathogenesis and genomic underpinnings of SNSCC remains poorly defined.

• #7 Cancer of the nose: Facts about nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-nose-cancer.h00-159619434.html

  Nose and sinus cancers occur when cancerous cells form in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. […] Some strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) may be associated with sinus cancer. While smoking cigarettes is more closely associated with throat, lung and oral cancers, it can also increase a persons chances of developing sinus cancer as well. Some nose and sinus cancers are caused by a mutation in a persons genetic DNA structure that causes cancer. […] The goal is to eradicate the cancer and protect the eye and brain, says Hanna. Proton therapy, together with minimally invasive surgery, has revolutionized the ability to protect and preserve these precious structures.

• #8 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and the Role of Human Papilloma Virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7314379/

  The presence of transcriptionally active HR-HPV varies for the various SCC subtypes in the sinonasal tract and is more frequently detected in nonkeratinizing SCC (NKSCC) compared with keratinizing (KSCC) but is lower than in non-keratinizing OPSCC. […] HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features (HMSC) is a newly described entity under the category of NKSCC in the latest WHO classification. […] The molecular underpinnings, etiology, and pathogenesis of SNSCC is significantly understudied and remains poorly understood compared with other HNSCCs.

• #9 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Several aspects of this disease, ranging from epidemiology to biology, pathology, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance are controversial, and consensus on how to manage this sinonasal cancer is lacking. […] The review has highlighted several advances in molecular definition of epithelial cancers of the sinonasal tract. […] Interestingly, approximately 20–25% of SNSCCs test positive for HPV. […] The majority of these are in the NKSCC cohort, which is histomorphologically similar to HPV-positive SCC of the oropharynx. […] The implications of this association are not clear yet. However, recent studies suggested a more favorable outcome in HPV-positive SNSCCs.

• #10 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Several aspects of this disease, ranging from epidemiology to biology, pathology, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance are controversial, and consensus on how to manage this sinonasal cancer is lacking. […] The review has highlighted several advances in molecular definition of epithelial cancers of the sinonasal tract. […] Interestingly, approximately 20–25% of SNSCCs test positive for HPV. […] The majority of these are in the NKSCC cohort, which is histomorphologically similar to HPV-positive SCC of the oropharynx. […] The implications of this association are not clear yet. However, recent studies suggested a more favorable outcome in HPV-positive SNSCCs.

• #11 Sinus Cancer | Cancer of the Sinuses | Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Nasal Cavity Cancer | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/head-and-neck-cancer/sinus

  The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] U-M researchers are at the forefront of understanding how HPV, or human papillomavirus, plays a role in the recent increase in head and neck cancers. We know patients with HPV-related tumors respond differently to treatment, and our clinical trials seek to understand how we can deliver the most effective treatments with the fewest side effects.

• #12 Paranasal Sinus Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/mouth-nose-and-throat-cancers/paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Doctors are not sure what causes these cancers, but they are more common among people who smoke tobacco or regularly inhale certain types of wood and metal dust. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may sometimes play a role. […] Doctors treat paranasal sinus cancer with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy.

• #13 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-overview

  The detection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen and viral DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has revealed that EBV can infect epithelial cells and is associated with their malignant transformation. […] Copies of the EBV genome have been found in cells of preinvasive lesions, suggesting that it is directly related to the process of transformation. […] Viral DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect epithelial cells and is associated with their transformation to cancer. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of this disease. […] A genetic etiology has been considered due to the higher rates of disease within specific ethnic groups, patients with first-degree relatives with the disease, patients with A2 HLA haplotypes, and cytogenetic abnormalities identified within tumor samples. […] Environmental causes must be considered due to the geographical distribution of the disease, bimodal age distribution, and association seen in patients who consume a large amount of preserved foods and/or salted fish.

• #14 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-overview

  The detection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen and viral DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has revealed that EBV can infect epithelial cells and is associated with their malignant transformation. […] Copies of the EBV genome have been found in cells of preinvasive lesions, suggesting that it is directly related to the process of transformation. […] Viral DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma has revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can infect epithelial cells and is associated with their transformation to cancer. […] Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development of this disease. […] A genetic etiology has been considered due to the higher rates of disease within specific ethnic groups, patients with first-degree relatives with the disease, patients with A2 HLA haplotypes, and cytogenetic abnormalities identified within tumor samples. […] Environmental causes must be considered due to the geographical distribution of the disease, bimodal age distribution, and association seen in patients who consume a large amount of preserved foods and/or salted fish.

• #15 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. […] Different types of cells in the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity may become malignant. […] Being exposed to certain chemicals or dust in the workplace can increase the risk of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. […] The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the thin, flat cells lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs: Furniture-making, Sawmill work, Woodworking (carpentry), Shoemaking, Metal-plating, Flour mill or bakery work.

• #16 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  Nasal and sinus cancer are rare types of head and neck cancer that develop inside the nose or paranasal sinuses. […] The exact causes of nasal and sinus cancer are not known but there are risk factors that can increase the chances of developing it. Nasal and sinus cancer is more common in people who handle or breathe in certain chemicals or dust for many years because of their job. These include formaldehyde, wood dust and leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco may also increase the risk of nasal and sinus cancer. […] Some cases of nasal and sinus cancer may be linked to an infection called human papilloma virus (HPV). HPVs are a group of common infections that can affect areas such as the inside of the mouth, the throat, genital area or anus. Some types of high-risk HPV can increase the risk of certain cancers.

• #17 Nasal & Sinus Cancer | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/head-neck-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer

  Cancer cells can form in almost any part of your body, even in your nose or sinuses. Medical experts call this paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Melanoma: Cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes, the cells that give skin its natural color. Sarcoma: Cancer that starts in muscle or connective tissue. Inverting papilloma: Benign tumors that form inside the nose. A small number of these change into cancer. Midline granulomas: Cancer of tissues in the middle part of the face. […] Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs: Furniture-making, Sawmill work, Woodworking (carpentry), Shoemaking, Metal-plating, Flour mill or bakery work. Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Being male and older than 40 years. Smoking.

• #18 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread, The size of the tumor, The type of cancer, The patient’s age and general health, Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.

• #19 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  Nasal and sinus cancer are rare types of head and neck cancer that develop inside the nose or paranasal sinuses. […] The exact causes of nasal and sinus cancer are not known but there are risk factors that can increase the chances of developing it. Nasal and sinus cancer is more common in people who handle or breathe in certain chemicals or dust for many years because of their job. These include formaldehyde, wood dust and leather dust. […] Smoking tobacco may also increase the risk of nasal and sinus cancer. […] Some cases of nasal and sinus cancer may be linked to an infection called human papilloma virus (HPV). HPVs are a group of common infections that can affect areas such as the inside of the mouth, the throat, genital area or anus. Some types of high-risk HPV can increase the risk of certain cancers.

• #20 Nasal & Sinus Cancer | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/head-neck-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer

  Cancer cells can form in almost any part of your body, even in your nose or sinuses. Medical experts call this paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Melanoma: Cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes, the cells that give skin its natural color. Sarcoma: Cancer that starts in muscle or connective tissue. Inverting papilloma: Benign tumors that form inside the nose. A small number of these change into cancer. Midline granulomas: Cancer of tissues in the middle part of the face. […] Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs: Furniture-making, Sawmill work, Woodworking (carpentry), Shoemaking, Metal-plating, Flour mill or bakery work. Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Being male and older than 40 years. Smoking.

• #21 Sinonasal Cancer | Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/head-and-neck-cancers/sinonasal-cancer

  These air-filled spaces (paranasal sinuses) around the nose rarely develop tumors or cancers. […] Some of them are slow growing tumors that stay close to where they started (inverted papilloma) and others are aggressive cancer (SNUC: sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma) that grows rapidly and has a tendency to spread into other tissues nearby and to more distant parts of the body (metastasis). […] In general, squamous cell carcinomas are the most common malignant type of tumor, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. […] Exposure to industrial environmental fumes from nickel refining process, chromium compounds, wood dust, leather tanning can cause certain types of sinonasal cancers. […] Tobacco smoke also can cause nasal cancers. […] Certain Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) are associated with various types of benign and malignant tumors of the sinonasal cavity.

• #22 Sinus Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/sinus-cancer

  Sinus cancer occurs in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus spaces behind the nose through which air passes on its way to the throat. Cancer that occurs in the sinus is categorized as head and neck cancer. Cancer occurs when malignant (cancerous) cells form. The most common type of sinus cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, likely because squamous cells are the most common cell type in the head and neck. […] Certain lifestyle behaviors and environmental factors, such as smoking and exposure to carcinogens, may increase the risk of developing sinus cancer. Risk factors for sinus cancer also depend on the locationas with nasal cavity cancer or paranasal sinus cancerand the types of cancer involved. […] Factors that increase the risk of sinus cancer may include: Workplace exposure to certain chemicals and substances, including woodworking (exposure to wood dust) and working with nickel and other heavy metals, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), known for causing mono (mononucleosis) in young adults, Smoking and tobacco use, Alcohol abuse, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Exposure to high doses of radiation therapy, particularly in the head or neck region, including radiation for retinoblastoma.

• #23 Nasal and Sinus Tumors | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/n/nasal-and-sinus-tumors.html

  Nasal and sinus tumors are benign or cancerous tumors that occur in the nose or sinuses. […] Cancer is extremely rare in the sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoid sinuses and in the frontal sinuses in the forehead. […] Several types of cancer can occur in the nasal cavity or the sinuses, including: Squamous cell carcinoma (about 70 percent of such cancers) occurs in the respiratory tract. […] Although the cause of sinus and nasal cancers is unknown, they occur when the genes that control cell growth become defective. […] Smoking and tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for nose and sinus cancer, as well as other cancers of the respiratory tract. Exposure to dusts from wood, leather or textiles, as well as inhaling vapors from glue, formaldehyde, solvents, nickel, chromium, rubbing alcohol and radium appears to increase the risk of such cancers. […] These cancers are treated with radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, which can be minimally invasive depending on the size of the tumor.

• #24 Nasal & Sinus Cancer | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/head-neck-cancer/nasal-sinus-cancer

  Cancer cells can form in almost any part of your body, even in your nose or sinuses. Medical experts call this paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] Other types of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Melanoma: Cancer that starts in cells called melanocytes, the cells that give skin its natural color. Sarcoma: Cancer that starts in muscle or connective tissue. Inverting papilloma: Benign tumors that form inside the nose. A small number of these change into cancer. Midline granulomas: Cancer of tissues in the middle part of the face. […] Risk factors for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include: Being exposed to certain workplace chemicals or dust, such as those found in the following jobs: Furniture-making, Sawmill work, Woodworking (carpentry), Shoemaking, Metal-plating, Flour mill or bakery work. Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Being male and older than 40 years. Smoking.

• #25 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread, The size of the tumor, The type of cancer, The patient’s age and general health, Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.

• #26 Cancerous tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/cancerous-tumours

  A cancerous tumour of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Cancerous tumours are also called malignant tumours. […] About 70% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers start in the maxillary sinus. Tumours can also start in the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses. Cancerous tumours of the frontal sinus or sphenoid sinus are very rare. […] Over 80% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are SCC. […] Adenocarcinoma starts in gland cells in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. This type of tumour is most often found in the upper part of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses. […] Some of these tumours diagnosed in men are strongly linked to breathing in wood dust. […] Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive type of neuroendocrine cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. It grows very quickly and spreads to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lungs.

• #27 Nasal and Sinus Tumors | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/n/nasal-and-sinus-tumors.html

  Nasal and sinus tumors are benign or cancerous tumors that occur in the nose or sinuses. […] Cancer is extremely rare in the sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoid sinuses and in the frontal sinuses in the forehead. […] Several types of cancer can occur in the nasal cavity or the sinuses, including: Squamous cell carcinoma (about 70 percent of such cancers) occurs in the respiratory tract. […] Although the cause of sinus and nasal cancers is unknown, they occur when the genes that control cell growth become defective. […] Smoking and tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for nose and sinus cancer, as well as other cancers of the respiratory tract. Exposure to dusts from wood, leather or textiles, as well as inhaling vapors from glue, formaldehyde, solvents, nickel, chromium, rubbing alcohol and radium appears to increase the risk of such cancers. […] These cancers are treated with radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, which can be minimally invasive depending on the size of the tumor.

• #28 Sinus cancer and nasal cavity cancer | Conditions, Treatments & Specialty | Geisinger

  https://www.geisinger.org/patient-care/conditions-treatments-specialty/sinus-cancer-and-nasal-cavity-cancer

  Nasal and sinus cancers originate in the nasal or sinus passages and can form in one of two places — the space around your nose where mucus is produced, or the space behind your nose where air travels to your lungs. Sinus/nasal cancer develops when normal, healthy cells in the sinus and nasal region begin to grow and function differently. These cancerous cells can begin to build up and form a mass called a tumor, which exists as a lump inside the body and can spread. […] Tobacco use: 85% percent of head and neck cancers, including sinus and nasal cavity cancer, are linked to tobacco use. This includes smokeless tobacco, cigarettes and pipes. Tobacco use is the single largest risk factor for cancers of the head and neck. […] Chemotherapy is a drug-based treatment designed to slow the growth of or shrink tumors located in the sinus/nasal region. […] This treatment involves the use of medicines that help a person’s own immune system find and destroy cancer cells. It can be used to treat some people with nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer.

• #29 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #30 What Is Nasal Cavity (Nose) Cancer? | What Is Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/what-is-nasal-paranasal.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are types of head and neck cancers. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are lined by a layer of mucus-producing tissue (mucosa). The mucosa has many types of cells, including: […] Other types of cells in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, including bone and cartilage cells, can also become cancer. […] Cancer can start from any type of cell that makes up the mucosa, and each type of cancer acts and grows differently. […] Each of these types of cancer has a distinct behavior and outlook. They cannot all be treated the same way. Many of them rarely affect the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, so they’ve been hard to study. Because of this, doctors must base treatment decisions on their experience with similar cancers in other parts of the head and neck.

• #31 What Is Nasal Cavity (Nose) Cancer? | What Is Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/about/what-is-nasal-paranasal.html

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are types of head and neck cancers. Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. […] The nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses are lined by a layer of mucus-producing tissue (mucosa). The mucosa has many types of cells, including: […] Other types of cells in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, including bone and cartilage cells, can also become cancer. […] Cancer can start from any type of cell that makes up the mucosa, and each type of cancer acts and grows differently. […] Each of these types of cancer has a distinct behavior and outlook. They cannot all be treated the same way. Many of them rarely affect the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, so they’ve been hard to study. Because of this, doctors must base treatment decisions on their experience with similar cancers in other parts of the head and neck.

• #32

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  Cancers of the maxillary sinus are the most common of the paranasal sinus cancers. Tumours of the ethmoid sinuses, nasal vestibule, and nasal cavity are less common, and tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are rare. The majority of tumours of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and often are asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both nasal cavity and paranasal sinus may occur, but most deaths are due to direct extension into vital areas of the skull or loco-regional recurrences. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of malignant tumour in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Inverted papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration.

• #33 Nasal Cavity and Sinus Cancers | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/nasal-cavity-and-sinus

  Nasal cavity and sinus cancers are diseases in which cells in and around the nose grow and multiply abnormally, forming a tumor. […] Certain types of tumors that aren’t cancerous to start with can become cancerous if they go untreated. […] Tobacco use is a risk factor for nasal cavity and sinus cancers. […] If you have a noncancerous tumor called an inverted papilloma in your nasal passages or sinuses, you are at a greater risk. Up to 10 percent of all inverted papillomas become cancerous if left untreated. […] The most common type of nasal cavity or sinus cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. […] Determining the type of nasal cavity or sinus cancer helps doctors predict how the disease will respond to specific treatments. […] The goals for the treatment of nasal cavity or sinus cancer are to cure the cancer, preserve your appearance, and preserve normal function.

• #34 What is nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer? | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer

  Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer starts in the cells in the nose or a sinus around the nose. A cancerous (malignant) tumour is a group of cancer cells that can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. […] But in some cases, changes to nasal cavity or paranasal cavity cells can cause cancer. Most often, nasal cavity or paranasal sinus cancer starts in flat, thin cells called squamous cells. These cells line the inside of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. This type of cancer is called squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Sometimes cancer can start in the gland cells of the nose or sinuses. This type of cancer is called adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus. […] Rare types of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer can also develop. These include esthesioneuroblastoma and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC).

• #35 Cancerous tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/cancerous-tumours

  A cancerous tumour of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Cancerous tumours are also called malignant tumours. […] About 70% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers start in the maxillary sinus. Tumours can also start in the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses. Cancerous tumours of the frontal sinus or sphenoid sinus are very rare. […] Over 80% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are SCC. […] Adenocarcinoma starts in gland cells in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. This type of tumour is most often found in the upper part of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses. […] Some of these tumours diagnosed in men are strongly linked to breathing in wood dust. […] Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive type of neuroendocrine cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. It grows very quickly and spreads to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lungs.

• #36 Cancerous tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/cancerous-tumours

  A cancerous tumour of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Cancerous tumours are also called malignant tumours. […] About 70% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers start in the maxillary sinus. Tumours can also start in the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses. Cancerous tumours of the frontal sinus or sphenoid sinus are very rare. […] Over 80% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are SCC. […] Adenocarcinoma starts in gland cells in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. This type of tumour is most often found in the upper part of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses. […] Some of these tumours diagnosed in men are strongly linked to breathing in wood dust. […] Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive type of neuroendocrine cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. It grows very quickly and spreads to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lungs.

• #37 Sinonasal Cancer | Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/head-and-neck-cancers/sinonasal-cancer

  Prior irradiation for other cancers has also been associated with the development of a sinonasal cancer. […] Sinonasal tumors are rare, making up only about three percent of tumors in the upper respiratory tract. […] Exposure to industrial fumes, tobacco, and radiation exposure can all increase ones risk of getting sinonasal cancers. […] A risk factor is anything that may increase a person’s chance of developing a disease. […] Although these factors can increase a person’s risk, they do not necessarily cause the disease. […] Patients with sinonasal cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of experts in treating head and neck cancer including Brigham and Womens Hospital (BWH) head and neck surgeons and radiation oncologists and Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center medical oncologists. […] Surgery is the main treatment for sinonasal tumors. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays that damage cancer cells and halts the spread of cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses medications that go throughout the entire body to kill cancer cells.

• #38 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  To understand these cancers, it is important to have some knowledge about the nasal cavity, the sinuses and the type of cells present in these areas – which can develop cancer. […] The nasal cavity and sinuses are lined with a layer of mucus-producing tissue (mucosa). The mucosa has many types of cells, including squamous epithelial, glandular, nerve, infection-fighting cells, blood vessel cells, and other supporting cells. Other cell types in the nasal cavity and sinuses, including bone and cartilage cells, can also develop into cancer. […] Any cell that makes up the mucosa can develop into cancer with its own characteristics, which means that they cannot all be treated in the same way. […] The following are the main types of cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are: Squamous cell cancer – occurs when there is a change in squamous epithelial cells. It is the most common type of cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

• #39 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue.

• #40 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue.

• #41 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue.

• #42 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue.

• #43 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Oncoclínicas Group

  https://grupooncoclinicas.com/en/all-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinuses/

  Adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoeidermoid cancer – are formed when cells in the minor salivary glands begin to grow out of control. […] Undifferentiated carcinoma – type of cancer that can come from the cells of the mucosa. […] Melanoma – the cells that give skin its color are called melanocytes, and melanoma is a type of cancer that starts in these cells. […] Esthesioneuroblastoma – also called olfactory neuroblastoma, is a cancer that starts in the olfactory nerve (the nerve for the sense of smell). […] Lymphoma – starts in immune system cells (called lymphocytes) and can occur in the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Sarcoma – is a cancer of muscles, bones, cartilage and fibrous cells that can start anywhere in the body, including the nasal cavity and sinuses. […] Papillomas – are warts that can grow inside the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses and destroy healthy tissue.

• #44 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #45 Nasal Cavity and Sinus Cancers | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/nasal-cavity-and-sinus

  Nasal cavity and sinus cancers are diseases in which cells in and around the nose grow and multiply abnormally, forming a tumor. […] Certain types of tumors that aren’t cancerous to start with can become cancerous if they go untreated. […] Tobacco use is a risk factor for nasal cavity and sinus cancers. […] If you have a noncancerous tumor called an inverted papilloma in your nasal passages or sinuses, you are at a greater risk. Up to 10 percent of all inverted papillomas become cancerous if left untreated. […] The most common type of nasal cavity or sinus cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. […] Determining the type of nasal cavity or sinus cancer helps doctors predict how the disease will respond to specific treatments. […] The goals for the treatment of nasal cavity or sinus cancer are to cure the cancer, preserve your appearance, and preserve normal function.

• #46

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  Cancers of the maxillary sinus are the most common of the paranasal sinus cancers. Tumours of the ethmoid sinuses, nasal vestibule, and nasal cavity are less common, and tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are rare. The majority of tumours of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and often are asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both nasal cavity and paranasal sinus may occur, but most deaths are due to direct extension into vital areas of the skull or loco-regional recurrences. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of malignant tumour in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Inverted papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration.

• #47 Cancerous tumours of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasal-and-paranasal-sinus/what-is-nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/cancerous-tumours

  A cancerous tumour of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinus can grow into nearby tissue and destroy it. The tumour can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Cancerous tumours are also called malignant tumours. […] About 70% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers start in the maxillary sinus. Tumours can also start in the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinuses. Cancerous tumours of the frontal sinus or sphenoid sinus are very rare. […] Over 80% of all nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers are SCC. […] Adenocarcinoma starts in gland cells in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. This type of tumour is most often found in the upper part of the nasal cavity and the ethmoid sinuses. […] Some of these tumours diagnosed in men are strongly linked to breathing in wood dust. […] Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive type of neuroendocrine cancer in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. It grows very quickly and spreads to other parts of the body, such as the liver and lungs.

• #48

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  Cancers of the maxillary sinus are the most common of the paranasal sinus cancers. Tumours of the ethmoid sinuses, nasal vestibule, and nasal cavity are less common, and tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are rare. The majority of tumours of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and often are asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both nasal cavity and paranasal sinus may occur, but most deaths are due to direct extension into vital areas of the skull or loco-regional recurrences. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of malignant tumour in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Inverted papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration.

• #49 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Tumor Treatment NYC | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/skull-base-surgery-center/conditions/paranasal-sinus-sinonasal

  Sinus cancers, nasal cancers and skull base cancers usually originate in the maxillary sinus, the nasal cavity, and the ethmoid sinus, in that order. […] Cancers that originate at the top of your maxillary sinus, located between the eyes and the upper jaw, can invade your eyes and affect your vision. Those that invade through the back wall can access the nerves and vessels at the base of your skull and move directly into your brain. Those tumors represent extremely advanced disease. […] Tumors arising in the ethmoid sinus, between the eye sockets and the nose, and the nasal cavity can also spread to an eye or the optic nerve. They can also invade the thin bone at the base of your skull and spread within your brain. […] Paranasal sinus tumors refer to either malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous) tumors that are found in this area. These tumors can be further classified into their exact location and the type of cell that comprises this tumor. Both location and cell type can influence the prognosis and type of treatment for the tumor.

• #50

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  Cancers of the maxillary sinus are the most common of the paranasal sinus cancers. Tumours of the ethmoid sinuses, nasal vestibule, and nasal cavity are less common, and tumours of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses are rare. The majority of tumours of the paranasal sinuses present with advanced disease. The cancers grow within the bony confines of the sinuses and often are asymptomatic until they erode and invade adjacent structures. Nodal involvement is infrequent. Metastases from both nasal cavity and paranasal sinus may occur, but most deaths are due to direct extension into vital areas of the skull or loco-regional recurrences. […] Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent type of malignant tumour in the nose and paranasal sinuses (70%-80%). Inverted papillomas are distinct entities that may undergo malignant degeneration.

• #51 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – University of Mississippi Medical Center

  https://www.umc.edu/Healthcare/ENT/Patient-Handouts/Adult/Head_Neck/Paranasal.html

  There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body. […] Prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following: Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread. […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. […] Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer. […] Three types of standard treatment are used: Surgery is a common treatment for all stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

• #52 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #53 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and the Role of Human Papilloma Virus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7314379/

  The presence of transcriptionally active HR-HPV varies for the various SCC subtypes in the sinonasal tract and is more frequently detected in nonkeratinizing SCC (NKSCC) compared with keratinizing (KSCC) but is lower than in non-keratinizing OPSCC. […] HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features (HMSC) is a newly described entity under the category of NKSCC in the latest WHO classification. […] The molecular underpinnings, etiology, and pathogenesis of SNSCC is significantly understudied and remains poorly understood compared with other HNSCCs.

• #54 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Data indicate that various industrial exposures may be related to cancer of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity. The risk of a second primary head and neck tumor is considerably increased. […] A study has shown that a subgroup of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity SCCs are associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and that HPV-positive patients may have a better prognosis than those who are HPV negative.

• #55 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare tumor affecting the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. […] Several aspects of this disease, ranging from epidemiology to biology, pathology, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance are controversial, and consensus on how to manage this sinonasal cancer is lacking. […] The review has highlighted several advances in molecular definition of epithelial cancers of the sinonasal tract. […] Interestingly, approximately 20–25% of SNSCCs test positive for HPV. […] The majority of these are in the NKSCC cohort, which is histomorphologically similar to HPV-positive SCC of the oropharynx. […] The implications of this association are not clear yet. However, recent studies suggested a more favorable outcome in HPV-positive SNSCCs.

• #56 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancers

  Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers arise in the paranasal sinuses or the nose. Many types of cancer can originate in the paranasal sinuses and nose. These include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, lymphomas, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, melanoma, and esthesioneuroblastoma, as well as metastatic lesions from cancers of the kidney, lung, and breast. […] Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the sinuses’ epithelial (skin) cells and are the most common type of paranasal sinus tumor. Adenocarcinoma usually arises in the mucus-producing glands of the upper nasal cavity. […] Mutations (genetic changes) in the TP53 (also known as p53) tumor-suppressor gene and the NUTM1 gene contribute to the development of many head and neck cancers, including nasal and paranasal sinus cancers. The human papillomavirus (HPV) likely contributes to some nasal cancers, and a family history of retinoblastoma increases an individual’s risk.

• #57 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #58 Sinus Cancer | Cancer of the Sinuses | Paranasal Sinus Cancer | Nasal Cavity Cancer | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/head-and-neck-cancer/sinus

  The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. This type of cancer forms in the squamous cells (thin, flat cells) lining the inside of the paranasal sinuses and the nasal cavity. […] U-M researchers are at the forefront of understanding how HPV, or human papillomavirus, plays a role in the recent increase in head and neck cancers. We know patients with HPV-related tumors respond differently to treatment, and our clinical trials seek to understand how we can deliver the most effective treatments with the fewest side effects.

• #59 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #60

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  The importance of adequate pretreatment evaluation and staging, as well as the need for multidisciplinary pretreatment assessment must be stressed. […] Staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinomas is not as well established as for other head and neck tumours. Only the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus have a staging system (TNM) agreed on by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC).American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). […] Treatment of tumours of the paranasal sinuses and of the nasal cavity should be planned on an individual basis because of the complexity involved. […] Except for T1 mucosal or early carcinomas of the maxillary infrastructure, the accepted method of treatment is a combination of radiation therapy and surgery. […] Chemotherapy for recurrent squamous cell cancer of the head and neck has been shown to be efficacious as palliation and may improve quality of life and length of survival.

• #61

  http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/books/head-neck/management/nasal-cavity

  The importance of adequate pretreatment evaluation and staging, as well as the need for multidisciplinary pretreatment assessment must be stressed. […] Staging of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus carcinomas is not as well established as for other head and neck tumours. Only the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus have a staging system (TNM) agreed on by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC).American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). […] Treatment of tumours of the paranasal sinuses and of the nasal cavity should be planned on an individual basis because of the complexity involved. […] Except for T1 mucosal or early carcinomas of the maxillary infrastructure, the accepted method of treatment is a combination of radiation therapy and surgery. […] Chemotherapy for recurrent squamous cell cancer of the head and neck has been shown to be efficacious as palliation and may improve quality of life and length of survival.

• #62 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancers

  Chemotherapy before surgery may decrease the size of the tumor to make surgical removal more manageable. Chemotherapy administered after surgery is intended to destroy any remaining cancer cells. […] Prognosis depends on the tumor’s stage and location and the patient’s age and condition. Patients with cancer localized to the nasal cavity have a five-year survival rate of 86 percent.

• #63 Nasal Cavity and Sinus Cancers | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/head-neck/nasal-cavity-and-sinus

  Surgery is the most common treatment for nasal cavity and sinus cancers. […] A type of radiation treatment called proton therapy has been shown to be particularly effective for nasal cavity and sinus tumors. […] Like other types of radiation therapy, proton therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their DNA. […] This is an important benefit because the optic nerves and brain stem are very near the nasal cavity and sinuses. Proton therapy is less likely to damage the surrounding healthy tissue of the eyes, the optic nerves, and the brain.

• #64 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread, The size of the tumor, The type of cancer, The patient’s age and general health, Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.

• #65 Nasal and sinus cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasal-and-sinus-cancer

  The results of your tests help your doctors find out more about the size and position of the cancer and whether it has spread. This is called staging. […] The grade of the cancer gives an idea how quickly it may develop. […] Knowing the stage and grade of the cancer helps your doctors plan the best treatment for you. […] Treatment for nasal and sinus cancers include surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Sometimes immunotherapies may be used. […] Surgery is usually the main treatment for nasal and sinus cancer. […] Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. […] Immunotherapies are treatments that use the immune system to find and attack cancer cells.

• #66 Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/paranasal-sinus-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer include sinus problems and nosebleeds. […] Tests that examine the sinuses and nasal cavity are used to diagnose paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. […] The prognosis and treatment options depend on: Where the tumor is in the paranasal sinus or nasal cavity and whether it has spread, The size of the tumor, The type of cancer, The patient’s age and general health, Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back). […] Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancers often have spread by the time they are diagnosed and are hard to cure. After treatment, a lifetime of frequent and careful follow-up is important because there is an increased risk of developing a second kind of cancer in the head or neck.

• #67 Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancers

  Chemotherapy before surgery may decrease the size of the tumor to make surgical removal more manageable. Chemotherapy administered after surgery is intended to destroy any remaining cancer cells. […] Prognosis depends on the tumor’s stage and location and the patient’s age and condition. Patients with cancer localized to the nasal cavity have a five-year survival rate of 86 percent.

• #68 Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer | Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/sinus-and-nasal-cavity-cancer/

  Recovery depends on the location, type, and stage of the cancer, and the patients overall health. The five-year survival rates are 80 to 90 percent for small cancers that have not spread, and 10 to 20 percent for advanced cancers. […] Patients benefit from the leading research conducted at UT Southwestern, which often includes clinical trials offered at few other centers in the country. Our clinical trials help speed better treatment to patients.

• #69 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, a Narrative Reappraisal of the Current Evidence

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/11/2835

  Malignant transformation of Schneiderian papillomas is a known phenomenon, particularly for an inverted papilloma, whose transformation rate to SCC is reported as being as high as 10%. […] Tobacco smoking is thought to be a factor promoting transformation of Schneiderian papillomas into SNSCC. […] The differential diagnosis of poorly differentiated SNSCC is challenging and includes: SNUC (including those characterized by molecular identifiers, such as IDH2-mutant SNUC, SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma, and SMARCB1/INI1-deficient carcinoma), NECs, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. […] The current literature is uniform in highlighting the prognostic significance of achieving negative margins, as opposed to leaving microscopic or macroscopic residual disease. […] Rarity, biological diversity, and heterogeneity of management are the main factors limiting the understanding of SNSCC. […] The present review has highlighted a number of recent refinements in the molecular definition of sinonasal epithelial cancers.

• #70 Tumors of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Promoting Factors and Molecular Mechanisms-A Systematic Review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36768990/

  Sinonasal neoplasms are uncommon diseases, characterized by heterogeneous biological behavior, which frequently results in challenges in differential diagnosis and treatment choice. […] The aim of this review was to examine the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumor initiation and growth, in order to better define diagnostic and therapeutic strategies as well as the prognostic impact of these rare neoplasms. […] The genetic and epigenetic changes underlying the oncogenic process were discussed, through a qualitative synthesis of the included studies. […] The identification of a comprehensive model of carcinogenesis for each sinonasal cancer subtype is needed, in order to pave the way toward tailored treatment approaches and improve survival for this rare and challenging group of cancers.

Zobacz więcej